Comparison and Performance Evaluation of

Orthogonal Frequency and Multi-Carrier Code

Division Multiple Access Systems
Ahmed Hassan Mansour
Manufacturing Engineering Dept.
Arab Organization for Industrialization
Cairo, Egypt
eng_ amed_ hassan2005@yahoo.com
Abstract-Future mobile communication systems aim to provide
extremely high speed data transmission, especially in the
downlink. Broadband orthogonal frequency code division
multiple access (OFCDMA) with two-dimensional (2D) time and
frequency domain spreading is becoming a very promising
technique for high speed wireless communications due to its
advantages over multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC
CDMA), direct sequence CDMA (DS-CDMA) and orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). This paper presents a
comparison, through simulation, between the performance of
OFCDMA and MC-CDMA systems operating under the same
condition. The paper also explains the basic structure of multi
carrier direct sequence CDMA (MC-DS-CDMA) technique, its
advantages and OFCDMA system structure. It is shown that
OFCDMA is superior to the above mentioned systems.
Keywords: OFDM; OFCDMA; DS-CDMA; MC-CDMA; MC
DS-CDMA; two dimensional spreading
1. INTRODUCTION
Fourth generation (4G) systems will support multimedia
services like high speed interet access and broadcast services
fom inforation sites. Due to the nature of these multimedia
services, the data traffc in the downlink is expected to be
signifcantly higher than the uplink [1]. Various wireless access
schemes have been proposed for the broadband downlink
transmission in 4G systems. In single-caier direct sequence
code division multiple access (SC-DS-CDMA), the symbols of
each user are spread by a user-specifc code, which expands the
bandwidth compared to the data rate and decreases chip
duration [2], [3] which makes it unsuitable over a broadband
channel due to multipath interference (MPT) which results fom
transmission on a single wideband carrier [4]. On the other
hand, a multi-carrier approach, orthogonal fequency division
multiplexing (OFDM), has drawn a lot of attention in high
speed wireless communications. OFDM employs a large
number of orthogonal subcarriers to transmit symbols in
parallel, so the symbol duration is increased substantially and
the system can combat inter-symbol interference (lSI) which
results fom MPT. Since the modulation/demodulation of a
large number of subcariers can be realized by inverse fast
Fourier transfor (lFFT)/FFT, OFDM is easy to implement
and is cost effective. Orthogonal fequency domain multiple
978-1-4577-0128-3/11/$26.00 2011 IEEE 161
Salwa H. Elramly, Mirete Sadek
Electronics and Communications Dept.
Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University
Cairo, Egypt
sramlye@netscape.net, mirettesadek@gmail.com
access (OFDMA) can provide multiple access by addressing a
subset of subcarriers to individual receivers. Moreover, it can
use multiple antenna techniques to enhance receiver efciency.
Also MC-CDMA has become a very attractive technique in
broadband wireless communication as it transmits on more
than one carrier, i.e.; it enables fequency diversity. In addition
since MC-CDMA uses fequency domain spreading, this factor
lowers system performance because the orthogonality between
used codes is lost over fequency selective fading channels.
Although OFDM is atactive for high speed wireless
communications, it does not have coherent fequency diversity.
Moreover, in mobile cellular systems, OFDM suffers fom
adjacent cell interference unless the same subcarriers are not
used among adjacent cells. Thus, spreading has been
introduced to OFDM to provide fequency diversity and
facilitate one cell fequency reuse in a cellular environment.
Combining OFDM with 2D spreading (time and fequency
domain spreading), an OFCDMA system has been proposed
for the downlink transmission in fture 4G networks [4]. Based
on OFDM, OFCDMA provides not only all advantages of
OFDM, but also additional benefts by means of 2D spreading.
For example, fequency diversity gain can be achieved through
fequency domain despreading due to different fading
experienced by subcariers in a broadband channel.
Furtherore, with the introduction of time domain (TD)
spreading, the system can provide fexible transmission rates.
The time and fequency domain spreading factors NT and NT
can be changed adaptively to provide variable spreading factor
(VSF) in order for the system to work in different cell
environments and channel conditions.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section IT
intoduces multi-caier direct sequence CDMA (MC-DS
CDMA), including 2D spreading. Section TIT is devoted to the
study of OFCDMA system stucture. Section IV presents
numerical results. Finally, Section V draws conclusions.
II. MC-DS-CDMA USING 2D SPREADING
MC-DS-CDMA transmits TD DS-spread signals using
multiple subcarriers but the MC-DS-CDMA scheme
considered here is more general which employs fequency
domain (FD) spreading in addition to TD spreading (i.e.,
employs TFD spreading) [5]. The corresponding MC-DS
CDMA transmitter scheme, as shown in Fig. 1, includes a
serial to parallel (SIP) converter, which reduces the subcarrier
data rate by mapping the serial data to a number of reduced
rate parallel streams. In MC-DS-CDMA systems DS-based
TD subcarrier spreading is invoked to increase the achievable
processing gain associated with each subcarrier signal, while
FD spreading across several subcarriers is employed to frther
increase the total attainable processing gain. The total
processing gain is usually determined by the product of the
TD and FD spreading factors, (N) and (N respectively.
According to Fig. 1, the transmitted MC-DS-CDMA signal
for kth user using BPSK modulation can be expressed as:
S'Mn()=
, _ |)|/)/ (I / 'f |)|;
.
),) (I)
where P and Ie represent the transmitted power and carrier
fequency, respectively and Pr represents the chip waveform
defmed over the interval [0, r]. c
t
[h] represents the hth
chip of the TD spreading code, while Ct [s] represents the
sth chip of the FD spreading code.
The M = S x U number of subcarrier fequencies are
represented by {Fu
.
] for u = 0, 1, ... , U - 1; s = 0, 1, ... , S
- 1. As in (I), formulated in the context of MC-DS-CDMA, S
number of sub carriers is used for FD spreading of the same
data bit, and we have the maximum possible fequency
spacing between any two of the S subcarriers. Furtherore, in
(1) U represents the number of bits that are SIP converted,
where each transmitted symbol contains U data bits.
-
frequency
Tie domai
Domi

. pre<dilg

Spreadg
milg tie
domai code
With
With -
N,
Serial to
NT processing processing
Parallel

gam gain
converter
SIP
-
-
u
-
-
Tie domai Frequency
spreadl1g
Dri
Uingtie
Spreadg
- domai code
1-
W,th
With
N,
Nlprocessiug
processing
gai
- gm
-
Figure 1 MC-DS CDMA wit T-F domain spreading
. i
..
f
1+1
. f,
. l
162
2V + 1 represents the number of U bit symbols conveyed by a
transmitted data burst and bi [u] {+ 1, -1 } represents the u Ih
bit of the i Ih transmitted symbol. The MC-DS-CDMA signal
has symbol duration of Ts as well as chip duration of Tc with
TD spreading factor equal TJT,. Similar to SC-DS-CDMA but
in contrast to MC-CDMA, the DS spread subcarrier signals of
MC-DS-CDMA may experience fequency selective fading.
Hence, the total number of users supported by MC-DS-CDMA
is jointly deterined by the TD and FD spreading factors, as
well as by the auto-correlation and cross-corelation
characteristics of the spreading codes employed.
In conventional MC-DS-CDMA, which employs no FD
spreading, the chips of a DS spread subcarier signal can be
repeated across S subcariers, which is referred to here as FD
repetition, in order to achieve a higher grade of fequency
diversity. Instead of solely using FD repetition, the transmitted
data steam can be spread in both the TD and FD (i.e., in TFD)
as indicated in (I). As will be shown later, the employment of
TFD spreading will allow us to mitigate the defciency that the
number of users supported by MC-DS-CDMA decreases on
increasing repetition depth S.
A. Advantages of2D spreading

Broadband MC-DS-CDMA is capable of mitigating
the requirements of high-chip-rate based signal
processing, as encountered in broadband SC DS
CDMA. This is achieved by introducing multi-carier
transmission using IFFT/FFT. Broadband MC-DS
CDMA is also capable of mitigating the worst case
peak to average power fuctuation experienced, since
with the solution of using DS spreading of the
subcarriers we have a signifcantly decreased number
of subcarriers fom MC-CDMA.

In broadband MC-DS-CDMA the orthogonality of
the TD spreading codes remains unimpaired by
fading-induced dispersion, since each subcarrier
signal experiences fat fading. Therefore, for
downlink transmission, users can be signatured using
different TD spreading codes.

In MC-DS-CDMA using FD repetition (solely TD
spreading), it can be shown that the number of users
(K) decreases upon increasing the repetition depth, S.
This is because the number of DS spreading codes
with good corelation characteristics is determined by
the number of chips per symbol (i.e. as number of
bits per symbol (U) increase, this give high
processing gain (N = UT tT e) for constant chip rate,
and hence, high number of users), and also due to
relationship of M = S x U, so for given number of
subcariers, number of bit per symbol (U) decreases
upon increasing the repetition depth, S. Hence, for a
given total system bandwidth (given certain number
of subcarriers), there is a tradeoff between the
maximum number of users supported and the
fequency diversity gain achieved by using F domain
repetition. This is not a desirable result. We would
like to achieve the maximum possible transmit
diversity gain as well as the required fequency
diversity gain without having to accept any frther
tradeoffs (i.e., without decreasing the total number of
users supported by the system). This can be achieved
by using both TD and FD (i.e., TFD) spreading in
MC-DS-CDMA systems. Specifcally, as suggested
by Fig. 1 and (1), each user in the system employs an
FD spreading code in addition to a TD spreading
code. Consequently, the total number of users
supported by the TFD spread broadband MC-DS
CDMA scheme is determined by the product of the
TD spreading factor, Nr, and the FD spreading factor,
S (, that is, by NT X S = (UTbITc) x (M/U) =
MT iTc. Explicitly, the number of users supported by
TF domain spread MC-DS-CDMA is independent of
the fequency diversity order S.
B. Disadvantages of2D spreading
The Doppler fequency shif of the lowest and
highest subcarriers may be substantially different.
m. OFCDMA SYSTEM STRUCTURE
Tn VSF-OFCDMA systems, users access the systems with
orthogonal spreading factor codes using VSF-OFCDM. Tn
VSF-OFCDMA systems, for each user code with a spreading
factor of N = NTXNp, the transmitter performs 2D spreading
by using a TD spreading code with length (spreading factor)
Nl and a FD spreading code with length NF Both TD and FD
spreading codes are generated fom orthogonal VSF (OVSF)
codes [4]. More details about OFCDM system structure can be
found in [6], [7], and [8].
Spreading factors for time and fequency domain spreading
are varied according to channel conditions to achieve high
system performance. Since channels with different TD
spreading codes are orthogonal to each other, the multicode
interference (MCI) fom code chanels with different TD
spreading codes approaches zero in slow fading and A WGN
channels. Frequency diversity is provided due to FD
spreading. Similarly, fequency domain spreading codes are
orthogonal to each other. Tn Gaussian chanels, there is no
MCT among fequency domain spreading codes. However,
because fading parameters on subcarriers bearing the same
information are not the same, orthogonality in the fequency
domain no longer maintains among code chanels at the
receiver. Thus, MCI results .Consider the /" user data stream
as in Fig. 2. The symbol sequence is frst serial to parallel
converted to M (suppose M/NF is an integer and M is the
total number of subcariers) parallel sequences and then
spread by a TD spreading code LCH i . Each TD spreading
T
signal is duplicated into NF parallel copies for NF subcarriers.
Each copy is multiplied by a chip of the fequency domain
spreading code, which is the combination of a short
channelization code C
CH
} (n) and a cell-specifc long
p,
. (SC) (CH)
L
(CH)
scramblmg code C . . (n) . C

"k (n) and

NJ ,
k
are
real valued binary channelization codes taking the value of
l,whereas C
(SC)
(n) is a real valued binary scrambling
code that is the same for all code channels in a cell. K is the
total number of parallel users code with different
combinations of time and fequency domain channelization
d {c
(CH)
C
(CH)
( ) l - } h e co es
N k '

k
n , - 0, . . . ,K-l . T erelore, m
j , F,
VSF-OFCDMA, each data symbol is impressed over NF
subcarriers by NT OFCDMA symbols (chips) in each
subcarrier. To aid chanel estimation at the receiver, a
common pilot channel with spreading factor of Npilot is
employed. Note that En is the chip energy of the transmitted
symbol on data channel, is the power ratio of pilot channel
to one code data channel, and for the m
t
(m = 1, . . . , M)
subcarrier the pilot symbol dm,F is known to the receiver and
the spreading code for pilot channel is an all-l sequence. In
order to exploit fequency diversity, a fequency interleaver is
employed before OFDM modulation. Therefore, the largest
possible fequency separation between subcarriers carying the
same information is achieved. Afer fequency interleaving
with TFFT, spread signals occupy all M subcarriers. Similar to
OFDM, in the transmitter, a guard interval is used between
every OFCDMA symbol to avoid the lSI caused by multipath
propagation. In general, when K <NT, the K code channels can
be assigned with different TD spreading codes, but the same
FD spreading code C , so that MCI in TD is avoided.
Although there are NF different fequency domain spreading
codes available, only NT - 1 different TD spreading codes are
available, since one remained code C) cannot be used due
to its connection with the pilot channel.
Data
stream
for
kt
C1 el
SIP
Spreading signals
eCH; e -N
F
1)
e

S
C )
(M 1
F
+ 1) fm athercade
, F'
channels far
IFFT
subc.arrier 1
--
(
S
C)
l f e
()
Spreading signals fom other code channels for snbcarie. M
Figure 2 OFCDM Trasmiter
163
Snbcarrier M
Thus, the maximum number of codes available is (N
-
1) Nr,
which must be equal to or greater than K When K: NT, where
K is assumed to be integer times of Nr- 1, the same NT -
lcodes have to be assigned repeatedly with the other different
FD spreading codes. Then, MCI may result due to different
fading gains on subcarriers. As previously mentioned, K is the
total number of code channels. For the kth code channel, the
code set of other K-l code channels can be divided into two
subsets: one set, Dr, with the same TD spreading code as the
klh code but different fequency domain spreading codes and
the other set, Dr, with different TD spreading codes, given
respectively by (2) and (3).
k
F
=
O, ..... ,N
F
-1 but k
F
* k
J
- -
n
=
{C
(k
]
)
C
(k J
) l
N] ' NI J
k T
=
O, ..... ,N
T
-1 but k
r
* k
r
(2)
(3)
*0
According to the orthogonality of codes in FD or TD
spreading, one obtains:
NF-
l
C
(k F
)C (k
F
) =

L
k
F
*k
(4) NF,I NF,I F
i=
O
and
NT -
1
L
C (kr )c (kr)
=
k T *k
(5)
NT ,I NT ,f T
i=
O
The Code channels in different sub-sets (Dr or D1 have
different contribution to the MCT on the klh code channel. Tn
highly fequency selective channels, code channels fom Dr
cause severe MCT to the klh code channel because their
orthogonality in fequency domain is distorted by fequency
selective fading on subcarriers. On the other hand, in a slow
fading channel or in a short packet, the orthogonality in TD
between any code channel fom Dr and the klh code chanel is
maintained. Thus, there is no MCI fom Dr. Therefore, only
code chanels fom Dr cause MCT to the klh code channel. The
number of effective interference code channels is equal to the
number of code channels in Dr, which is defned as Kc. As
there is a total of N r - 1 TD orthogonal codes for data
channels, when K is less than or equal to Nr- 1, orthogonality
between any two code channels can be maintained by
assigning channels with different TD orthogonal codes. Tn this
case, Dr does not exist. However, when K > Nr - 1, reuse of
the same TD spreading codes is unavoidable and Dr must
exist, so that MCI results. To keep MCI small for each code
channel, TD spreading codes should be assigned frst and the
code assignment will be carried out as mentioned previously.
For example, assume Nr = 4, Nr = 2 and K = 6 then;
164
C
t) for TD spreading for pilot channel.
{C
1
) ,C iO)}, 2D spreading code for k = l.
{C 2) ,C iO)}, 2D spreading code for k = 2.
{C 3) ,C iO)}, 2D spreading code for k = 3.
{C pl ,C i
l
l}, 2D spreading code for k = 4.
{C 2l ,C i
l)} , 2D spreading code for k = 5.
{C 3l ,Ci
l
l}, 2D spreading code for k= 6.
Then, for k = 1 example, it has K -1 interferences which are 5
can be classifed as following:

Dr group (the same TD spreading code as the k = 1
code but different fequency domain spreading
codes) = one interference due to k = 4.

DT group (different TD spreading codes) 4
interferences due to k = 2,3,5 and 6.
IV. SIMULATIONS
Tn this section, we test OFCDMA via computer
simulations and compare the performance with MC-CDMA
under the same channel conditions.
The simulation is performed frst for OFCDMA system in a
fading chanel with 2 simultaneous users, Nr = 8 and Nr=
4.Then, the simulation is performed for MC-CDMA system
for 2 simultaneous users under the same channel conditions of
OFCDMA system. The simulation investigates the effect of a
number of factors, e.g. the number of active users and the used
spreading factor (S.F). Finally, we compare between
OFCDMA and MC-CDMA systems performances. The
conclusions obtained fom the results are presented. Table T
summarizes the system confguration, which is used in
OFCDMA system simulation.
TABLE I. OFCDMA SYSTEM CONFIGURATION USED IN
SIMULATION
Parameter Value
TD spreading factor (Nr) 8
Frequency domain spreading
4
factor (N
Number ofOFDM subcarriers
8
(M
Number of SIP branches (N =
2
M
L VS L0/ND D| D||P SyS0S
-10D||CB|L D| C DP PVLN
P10D||CB| L K| C DP By||g0 L0BPP|
- I 0| ||D| |B D| \LLNPSyS0,BD|Pg, WD US|S,N
[
~O,N
I
~Z
0| ||D| |B K| \LLNP SyS0,BD|Pg,WDUS|S,N
[
~O,N
I
~
J
1
..
o Z
L0/ND, D
Figure 3 OFCDMA simulation results for A WGN+fquency selective fading,
NF = 2 and N r 4 assuming two users and NT= 8
In Fig. 3, the performance of OFCDMA system for multi-user
case is assessed in A WON and fequency selective fading
channel under the application of system confguration in table I
but with exceptions; the used NF = 2, M = 4. It can be seen that,
there is performance degradation in terms of BER in case of N p
= 2 over NF= 4. This is because increasing FD spreading factor
leads to increasing the diversity order, which in t improves
BER perfonnance in case of fading chanel.
<
r
0
g
w
L VS L0|ND D| D||P SyS0S
-10D||CB| L D| C DP PVLN
P10D||CB| L D| C DP By||g0 L0BPP|
0| ||D| |B D| NL-LLNP SyS0 |P BD|Pg C0BPP| W|0 DP US|
I \LLNP |SU|S D| N
1
~O, N
I
~Z, DP US| BPD BD|Pg C0BPP|
- I \LLNP |SU|S D| N
1
~O,N
I
~,DP US|,BD|Pg C0BPP|
J
1
, ,
o J
L0|ND,D
J

Z
Figure 4 MC-CDMA simulation results for A WGN + frquency selective
fading,one user and GMe = 4 compared to OFCDMA results
LVS L0|NDK| D||P SyS0S
-10D||CB| L K| C DP PVLN
P10D||CB| L K| C DP By||0 L0BPP|
- 0| ||D| |B D| LLLNP SyS0,|Pg C0BPP|,DP US|,N
1
~J,N
I
~Z
m 0| ||D| |B D| LLLNP SyS0,D|Pg C0BPP|,DP US|,N
1
~J,N
I
~
<
r
0:
w
o J
L0|ND, D
J Z
Figure 5 OFCDMA results for single user transmission, N f 2, Nf = 4 and NT = 1
165
In Fig. 4, the perforance of MC-CDMA system is assessed
in A WON and fequency selective fading channel under the
application of FD processing gain (GMc) equal 4 and single
user transmission and then compared with OFCDMA results.
The following points can be noticed:
1- Redundancy is added by the TD spreading and
transmission of one bit information over many
carriers which enable fequency diversity which is
made by using fequency domain spreading in case of
OFCDMA system.
2- Due to the point mentioned above, there is
improvement (either in case of NF= 2 or NF = 4) over
transmission using MC-CDMA system through
fading channel. This is because MC-CDMA system
uses ID spreading, which is FD spreading but
OFCDMA system uses 2D spreading which was
mentioned in the previous point. This addition of
redundancy improves OFCDMA over MC-CDMA
system performance. This improvement results fom
the addition of redundancy, which in tur decreases
bit rate. So this BER improvement effect data bit rate.
Also It must be noted fom Fig. 5 that, in case of NT = 1,
there is signifcant difference between Np= 4 and Np = 2 as the
redundancy induced using TD spreading is removed and the
OFCDMA system will be the same as MC-CDMA system.
When increasing FD spreading factor (N, it increases the
diversity order and improves BER system perfonnance.
Finally Fig. 6 compares between MC-CDMA and
OFCDMA systems under applying the same channel
conditions and also both systems have the same bit rate and
the same signal to noise ratio.
C
r
0
g
l
ii
BER Vs Eb/No on Rayleigh Channel
-Theoretical BER fr BPSK on AWGN
Theoretical BER for BPSK on Rayleigh Channel -
10

Simulated BER fr User1 for MC-COMA
Simulated BER fr User2 for MC-COMA _
o
-Simulated BER fr User1 fr OFCOMA system
-Simulated BER fr User2 fr OFCOMA s stem
5 10
Eb/No, dB
15 20
Figure 6 simulation results for MC-CDMA and OFCDMA systems, two users
transmission, frequency fading channel model and the same used bit rate for
both systems
As previously mentioned, the code chanels in different
subsets (Dr or Dr) have different contributions to the MCT on
the J code channel. In highly fequency selective broadband
channels, code chanels fom Dr cause severe MCT (MCT-F)
to the J code channel because their orthogonality in the
fequency domain is distorted by fequency selective fading
on interleaved subcarriers. On the other hand, in fast fading
channels code channels fom Dr are no longer orthogonal to
the kth code channel in the TD. Thus, there is also MCI fom
Dr (MCT -T). However, since a short packet length is
considered, the MCI-T is anticipated to be much lower than
the MCT-F since the chanel variation within one packet
duration in the TD is much less serious than that on
interleaved subcariers in the fequency domain. Thus, in Fig.
6, OFCDMA exhibits better performance than MC-CDMA
because the orthogonality of the TD spreading codes remains
unimpaired by fading induced dispersion, since each
subcarrier signal experiences fat fading. Therefore, for
downlink transmission, users signatured using different TD
spreading codes can be detected with a performance close to
that of single user performance without employing multi-user
detection (MUD). The desired signal can be detected using
conventional low complexity single user detectors. On the
other hand MC-CDMA system is affected by Dr interference
which lowers the system performance.
V. CONCLUSIONS
A new wireless communication system (OFCDMA),
which is the combination of OFDM and mean of two
166
dimensional spreading namely time domain and fequency
domain spreading, was analyzed in this paper.
Tn order to focus much attention on the OFCDMA
performance, MC-CDMA system is introduced for
comparison purposes. We deduce the following:
The OFCDMA system outperfors MC-CDMA at the
same channel conditions and used data rate due to the
following reasons:
First, it uses TD spreading. This serves as separate physical
channels for different users, resulting in unity fequency reuse.
The differentiation between the users occurs in the time
domain, unlike MC-COMA, which uses fequency domain
differentiation. This proves to be an advantage since code
orthogonality is preserved better in case of time domain
spreading for relatively short packets.
Second, broadband OFCDMA is capable of mitigating the
requirements of high chip rate based signal processing, as
encountered in broadband SC-DS-CDMA. This is achieved by
introducing computationally efcient fast Fourier transform
(FFT)-based parallel processing, carrying out
modulationdemodulation for all subcarriers in a single FFT
step. Broadband OFCDMA is also capable of mitigating the
worst case peak to average power fuctuation experienced,
since with the solution of using DS spreading of the subcariers
we have a signifcantly decreased number of subcarriers fom
MC-CDMA.
Third, the use of 2D spreading gives the system many
degrees of feedom, which renders the system easy to adapt
according to the cell confguration (isolated cell or cellular
system) and to channel conditions.
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