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*FM 3-19.13
Field Manual No. 3-19.13 Headquarters, Department of the Army Washington, DC, 10 January 2005
PREFACE ....................................................................................................................ix
PART ONE
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Distribution Restriction: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. *This publication supersedes FM 19-20, 25 November 1985.
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Chapter 4
INTERVIEWS AND INTERROGATIONS ................................................................ 4-1 Overview.................................................................................................................. 4-1 Testimonial Evidence .............................................................................................. 4-1 Interview Types ....................................................................................................... 4-2 Interview or Interrogation Setting............................................................................. 4-8 General Rapport Building ........................................................................................ 4-8 Custodial Versus Noncustodial Settings................................................................ 4-10 Department of the Army Form 3881 ...................................................................... 4-11 Trickery and Deceit................................................................................................ 4-16 Selection of an Interview or Interrogation Style ..................................................... 4-17 Observation of Behavior (Verbal and Nonverbal) .................................................. 4-18 Interrogation Process ............................................................................................ 4-22 Interrogation Phases ............................................................................................. 4-23 Interrogation Themes ............................................................................................ 4-27 Approaches .......................................................................................................... 4-28 Alternative Questions ............................................................................................ 4-30 Proximal and Haptic Techniques ........................................................................... 4-31 False Confessions ................................................................................................. 4-31 Documentation of Statements ............................................................................... 4-32 Special Considerations ......................................................................................... 4-42
PART TWO
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
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Explosives .............................................................................................................. 7-12 Chapter 8 ASSAULT ................................................................................................................ 8-1 Definitions and Legal Considerations....................................................................... 8-1 Assault Investigations .............................................................................................. 8-2 Crime Scene Search ................................................................................................ 8-6 Identification of Witnesses and Suspects................................................................. 8-6 BLACK MARKETING .............................................................................................. 9-1 Detect Black Market Activity..................................................................................... 9-1 Obtain Information.................................................................................................... 9-3 Locate a Supply Source ........................................................................................... 9-3 Identify Suspects...................................................................................................... 9-4 BURGLARY, HOUSEBREAKING, AND LARCENY INVESTIGATIONS ............. Overview ................................................................................................................ Legal Description of Burglary ................................................................................. Legal Description of Housebreaking ...................................................................... Legal Description of Unlawful Entry ....................................................................... Legal Description of Larceny and Wrongful Appropriation..................................... Investigative Procedures........................................................................................ COMPUTER CRIMES ............................................................................................ Overview ................................................................................................................ Electronic Evidence................................................................................................ Investigative Tools and Equipment ........................................................................ Crime Scene Security and Evaluation.................................................................... Crime Scene Documentation ................................................................................. Authorization to Seize Electronic Evidence ........................................................... Evidence Collection................................................................................................ On-Site Searches Without Seizure Authorization .................................................. Evidence Packaging, Transporting, and Storing .................................................... 10-1 10-1 10-1 10-1 10-2 10-2 10-3 11-1 11-1 11-1 11-2 11-3 11-4 11-5 11-6 11-8 11-9
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
DEATH SCENE INVESTIGATIONS ...................................................................... 12-1 Responsibilities ...................................................................................................... 12-1 Investigative Procedures ....................................................................................... 12-2 Scene Documentation and Evaluation ................................................................... 12-6 Body Documentation and Evaluation ..................................................................... 12-8 Decedent Profile Information Establishment and Record .................................... 12-12 Investigation Completion...................................................................................... 12-14 Types of Death..................................................................................................... 12-16 Death Investigation Tools and Equipment ........................................................... 12-41 DRUG TYPES AND IDENTIFICATION ................................................................. 13-1 Legal Considerations ............................................................................................. 13-1
Chapter 13
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Preliminary Identification of Drugs ......................................................................... 13-1 Clandestine Laboratories..................................................................................... 13-11 Chapter 14 ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMES ............................................................................... Overview ............................................................................................................... Definition of an Environmental Crime .................................................................... Hazardous-Incident Response .............................................................................. General Considerations ........................................................................................ 14-1 14-1 14-2 14-3 14-4
Chapter 15
FRAUD INVESTIGATIONS .................................................................................. 15-1 Overview ............................................................................................................... 15-1 Identity Theft .......................................................................................................... 15-1 Check Fraud .......................................................................................................... 15-3 Credit Card Fraud .................................................................................................. 15-5 Fraud Against the Government ............................................................................. 15-5 Claims Fraud ......................................................................................................... 15-7 Supply Fraud ......................................................................................................... 15-8 Petroleum Distribution Fraud ................................................................................. 15-9 Contracting Fraud ................................................................................................ 15-10 Standards-of-Conduct Violation........................................................................... 15-11 ROBBERY ............................................................................................................ Overview ............................................................................................................... Elements of a Robbery .......................................................................................... Investigation of a Robbery ..................................................................................... Establishment of Modus Operandi ....................................................................... Strong-Arm Robbery or Muggings ......................................................................... Robbery of Money-Handling Facilities ................................................................... 16-1 16-1 16-2 16-3 16-6 16-7 16-8
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
SEX OFFENSES .................................................................................................. 17-1 Overview ............................................................................................................... 17-1 Types of Offenses and Activities ........................................................................... 17-2 Investigation of Sex Offenses ................................................................................ 17-4 Evidence Obtained From Victims .......................................................................... 17-6 Evidence Obtained From Suspects ....................................................................... 17-9 Scene Processing................................................................................................ 17-10 Consent Determination ........................................................................................ 17-10 Suspect Identification .......................................................................................... 17-11 WAR CRIMES ...................................................................................................... Overview................................................................................................................ Coordination of Support......................................................................................... Identification of War Crimes .................................................................................. War Crime Investigations ...................................................................................... 18-1 18-1 18-2 18-3 18-4
Chapter 18
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Chapter 20
Chapter 21
FIREARMS, AMMUNITION, AND TOOLMARKS ................................................ 21-1 Overview ................................................................................................................ 21-1 Recovery and Preservation of Evidence ................................................................ 21-1 Evidence Marking................................................................................................... 21-2 Evidence Transmittal.............................................................................................. 21-4 Laboratory Testing ................................................................................................. 21-5 Test Firing .............................................................................................................. 21-6 Toolmarks .............................................................................................................. 21-6 Serial Numbers ...................................................................................................... 21-9 Jewelers Marks ................................................................................................... 21-10 IMPRESSIONS AND CASTS ............................................................................... 22-1 Footwear and Tire Track Impressions.................................................................... 22-1 Impression Searches ............................................................................................. 22-1 Impression Collection and Preservation................................................................. 22-3 Special Considerations for Tire Track Impressions................................................ 22-5 Two-Dimensional Impression Lifting ...................................................................... 22-5 Three-Dimensional Impression Casting ................................................................. 22-7 Snow Casting ......................................................................................................... 22-9 Water Casting ........................................................................................................ 22-9 Crime Laboratory Submission.............................................................................. 22-10
Chapter 22
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Chapter 23
QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS .............................................................................. 23-1 Overview ............................................................................................................... 23-1 Evidence Collection ............................................................................................... 23-1 Interviews .............................................................................................................. 23-2 Handwriting and Handwriting Comparisons........................................................... 23-3 Line Quality............................................................................................................ 23-4 Known Writings...................................................................................................... 23-5 Tracings and Simulations ...................................................................................... 23-7 Writings on Walls and Similar Surfaces................................................................. 23-7 Writing Indentations ............................................................................................... 23-8 Alterations.............................................................................................................. 23-8 Typewritten Documents ......................................................................................... 23-8 Typewriter Ribbons and Correction Tapes .......................................................... 23-10 Computer Printer Documents .............................................................................. 23-10 Photocopied Documents ..................................................................................... 23-10 Photocopier Exemplars ....................................................................................... 23-11 Printed Documents .............................................................................................. 23-11 Mechanical Impressions ...................................................................................... 23-12 Rubber Stamps.................................................................................................... 23-12 Ink Examinations ................................................................................................. 23-13 Paper Examinations ............................................................................................ 23-13 Torn, Cut, and Shredded Documents .................................................................. 23-13 Document Dates .................................................................................................. 23-14 Charred Documents ............................................................................................ 23-14 Copies as Evidence ............................................................................................. 23-14 Court Authentication ............................................................................................ 23-15 Latent Prints on Documents ................................................................................ 23-15 Evidence Submitted............................................................................................. 23-15 On-Site Assistance ............................................................................................. 23-16 DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID EVIDENCE ........................................................... Deoxyribonucleic Acid ........................................................................................... Body Fluids ............................................................................................................ Hairs ..................................................................................................................... Fingernail Scrapings and Broken Fingernails ........................................................ Combined Deoxyribonucleic Acid Index System ................................................... Combined Deoxyribonucleic Acid Index System Procedures................................ TRACE EVIDENCE ............................................................................................... Overview................................................................................................................ Gunshot Residue Analysis .................................................................................... Fibers..................................................................................................................... Soil......................................................................................................................... 24-1 24-1 24-4 24-5 24-7 24-7 24-8 25-1 25-1 25-1 25-3 25-6
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
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Building Materials, Safe Insulations, and Similar Evidence ................................... 25-7 Glass Fractures and Fragments............................................................................. 25-8 Field Examination of Fractures ............................................................................ 25-12 Laboratory Examination of Fragments and Fractures.......................................... 25-13 Paint ..................................................................................................................... 25-14
PART FIVE
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
Chapter 28
METRIC CONVERSION CHART ............................................................................ A-1 CRIME SCENE PREDEPLOYMENT EQUIPMENT LIST ....................................... B-1 EVIDENCE ROOM INSPECTION OR INVENTORY CHECKLIST ......................... C-1 ELECTRONIC DEVICES ........................................................................................ D-1 Computer Systems.................................................................................................. D-1 Smart Cards, Dongles, and Biometric Scanners..................................................... D-4
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Network Components .............................................................................................. D-4 Miscellaneous Electronic Items ............................................................................... D-5 Appendix E Appendix F Appendix G Appendix H Appendix I Appendix J AFFIDAVIT/AUTHORIZATION TO SEARCH AND SEIZE OR APPREHEND ELECTRONIC DEVICES .................................................................................................. E-1 VIOLENT CRIME SCENE CHECKLIST.................................................................. F-1 FINGERPRINTING PROCEDURES....................................................................... G-1 TIRE CHART ........................................................................................................... H-1 PHARMACY FOLD .................................................................................................. I-1 TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE .................................................................................. J-1 Basic ABC Procedure With Normal Pedestrian Traffic ............................................ J-1 Variations on ABC Procedure With Little Pedestrian Traffic.................................... J-1 ABC Procedure on a Very Crowded Street ............................................................. J-2 On-Foot Leading Surveillance ................................................................................. J-2 Position Changes .................................................................................................... J-3 One-Vehicle Surveillance ........................................................................................ J-5 Two-Vehicle or Multiple-Vehicle Surveillance.......................................................... J-6 Vehicle Leading Surveillance ................................................................................ J-13 Parallel Surveillance .............................................................................................. J-14 Progressive Surveillance ....................................................................................... J-14 Foot and Vehicle Surveillance ............................................................................... J-16 Surveillants Evasive Tactics Responses .............................................................. J-16 UNDERCOVER MISSION CHECKLIST ................................................................. K-1 OPERATION PLAN TEMPLATE FOR UNDERCOVER OPERATIONS ................ L-1 RISK ASSESSMENT MATRIX............................................................................... M-1 RISK MITIGATION WORK SHEET......................................................................... N-1 GLOSSARY ................................................................................................ Glossary-1 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................... Bibliography-1 INDEX ............................................................................................................... Index-1
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Preface
This field manual (FM) is a guide for military police, military police investigators (MPIs), and United States (US) Army Criminal Investigations Command (USACIDC) special agents operating in all levels of tactical and garrison environments. This manual makes no distinction between the various levels of investigation, whether it is done by a uniformed military policeman, an MPI, or a USACIDC special agent. Where appropriate, this manual describes nationally recognized methods of investigation and evidence examination adopted from the Department of Justice (DOJ); Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI); Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (BATF); National Association of Fire Investigators (NAFI); National Institute of Justice; and US Army Criminal Investigation Laboratory (USACIL). In addition to the techniques and procedures described in this manual, Army law enforcement personnel are encouraged to seek guidance on police and investigative matters from other approved official law enforcement sources. Special terms used are explained in the glossary. The proponent for this publication is HQ, TRADOC. Send comments and recommended changes on Department of the Army (DA) Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) directly to Commandant, US Army Military Police School (USAMPS), ATTN: ATSJ-DD, 401 MANSCEN Loop, Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri 65473-8926. Appendix A complies with current Army directives, which state that the metric system will be incorporated into all new publications. Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns or pronouns do not refer exclusively to men.
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PART ONE
Chapter 1
Criminal Investigations
Military criminal investigations are official inquiries into crimes involving the military community. A criminal investigation is the process of searching, collecting, preparing, identifying, and presenting evidence to prove the truth or falsity of an issue of law.
OVERVIEW
1-1. For criminal investigations to be successful, the investigator must understand the general rules of evidence; provisions and restrictions of the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 2000 (MCM 2000); and the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) . Army law enforcement investigators must also be familiar with the capabilities and limitations of the USACIL. As investigators adopt a more scientific approach to criminal investigations and rely more on tangible evidence than on the confessions of suspects or eyewitness accounts, the relationship between the investigator and evidence examiners becomes crucial to the success of the investigation. 1-2. Most criminal investigations begin at the scene of a crime (the actual site or location in which the incident took place). It is important that the first officer on the scene properly protects the evidence. The entire investigation hinges on the initial law enforcement responder being able to properly identify, isolate, and secure the scene. Crime scenes should be secured by establishing a restricted perimeter. The purpose of securing the scene is to restrict access and prevent evidence destruction. There are many factors that
FM 3-19.13
dictate how a crime scene should be protected. However, nationally recognized standards for crime scene protection suggest the following three-layer or tier perimeter: