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"
= constant 'where
s
% where v
s
= specific volume(
Types of steam nozzles
! steam nozzle is a passage of varying cross)section% which converts heat energy of steam
into *inetic energy. The increase in velocity of steam jet at e#it of nozzle is obtained due to
decrease in total enthalpy of steam. This conversion of energy is done with minimum loss.
+ollowing three types of nozzles are important,
1. Convergent Nozzle
-hen the cross section of a nozzle decreases continuously from entrance to e#it% it is
called a convergent nozzle. This acts as subsonic nozzle.
2. Divergent Nozzle
-hen cross section of nozzle increases continuously from entrance to e#it% it is called
divergent nozzle. This acts as supersonic nozzle.
3. Convergent-Divergent Nozzle
Thermal Engg.
-hen the cross section of nozzle first decreases from its entrance to throat and then
increases from throat to e#it% it is called convergent divergent nozzle.
Throat
The smallest cross section of the nozzle is called the throat.
"elocity '"
$
( of steam at any section considered in m.s is calculated using steady flow
e&uation%
"
$
= ( ) ) ( 2000
2 1
2
1
h h V + converting enthalpy from */.*g to /.*g
"
$
=
( ) ) ( 2000
d
h
since "
is negligible and h
d
= Enthalpy or heat drop during e#pansion of steam in a nozzle
"
$
=
d
h 72 . 44
"
$
= d
Kh 72 . 44
-here 0 = the nozzle coefficient or nozzle efficiency due to friction.
Concept of Mach Number
Mach 1umber% M=
a
V
Mach number is the ratio of velocity '"( at a state in a flowing fluid to the value of sonic
velocity 'a( ie velocity of sound at the same state.
-hen M2% flow is called supersonic%
-hen M= % flow is called sonic%
-hen M3% flow is called subsonic%
-hen M22% flow is called 4ypersonic.
Critical Pressure Ratio
! nozzle is normally designed for ma#imum
discharge by designing a certain throat pressure%
which produces this condition.
The one value of the ratio
1
3
P
P
which will produce
ma#imum discharge is called critical pressure
ratio.
1
1
3
1
2
,
_
n
n
n P
P
-here 5
6
= 5ressure of steam at throat in 1.m
$
5
,
_
+
,
_
1
2
1
1
max
1
2
1
2
n
n v
P
n
n
A m
-here% v
( in m
6
! = cross sectional area at throat in m
$
5
Thermal Engg.
+rom condenser% condensate e&ual to ')m( *g is fed to feed heater.
4ere it e#changes heat from m
c
=
e temperatur water Cooling Inlet e Temperatur Vacuum
water Cooling of Rise e Temperatur
=
i v
i
t t
t t
0
where t
>
= outlet temperature of cooling water%
t
i
= 7nlet temperature of cooling water%
t
v
= "acuum temperature which is saturation temperature corresponding to the
condenser pressure.
ources of Air -ea0a"e Into The Condenser
The main sources through which the air may enter into the condenser are
A
Thermal Engg.
a. The dissolved air in the feed water enters into the boiler which in turn enters into the
condenser with the e#haust steam.
b. The air lea*s into the condenser% through various joints% due to high vacuum pressure in
the condenser.
c. 7n case of jet condensers% dissolved air with the injection water enters into the
condenser.
Effects of Air -ea0a"e
The effects of air lea*age on the performance of condensing plants are
a. 7t reduces the vacuum pressure in the condenser.
b. 8ince air is a poor heat conductor% particularly at low densities% it reduces the rate of heat
transmission.
c. 7t re&uires a larger air pump. Moreover% an increased power is re&uired to drive the
pump.
Coolin" To.ers
The function of the cooling tower is to cool the hot water from the condenser by e#posing
it to the atmospheric air% so that the cold water may be used again for circulation.
The cooling towers are used in steam power plants where there is a limited supply of
cooling water.
7t is placed at a certain height 'at about E meters from the ground level(.
The hot water falls down in radial sprays from a height and the atmospheric air enters
from the base of the tower.
The partial evaporation of water ta*es place which reduces the temperature of circulating
water.
This cooled water is collected in the pond at the base of the tower and pumped into the
condenser.
Cooling Towers are classified as follows
a. A$$ordin" to t%e t-)e o( drau"%t
i. Natural Draught Cooling To#ers
7n this% the circulation of air is produced by the pressure difference of air inside and
outside the cooling tower.
ii. "or!e% Draught Cooling To#ers
D
Thermal Engg.
7n this% the circulation of air is produced by means of fans placed at the base of the
tower.
/or$ed 'rau"%t Coo!in" To0ers Indu$ed 'rau"%t Coo!in"
To0ers
iii. In%u!e% Draught Cooling To#ers
7n this% the circulation of air is produced by means of fan placed at the top of the tower.
b. A$$ordin" to t%e materia! Used
i. Timber Cooling To#ers
These towers have short life% high maintenance charges% limited cooling capacity% rots
easily due to e#posure to sun% wind% water% etc% and design does not facilitate proper
circulation of air.
ii. Con!rete Cooling To#ers
These towers have large capacity% improved draught and air circulation% increased
stability under pressure and low maintenance.
iii. +teel Du!t T,pe Cooling To#ers
The duct type cooling towers are rarely used in case of modern power plants due to their
small capacity.
CHAPTER 5 Steam Turbines and Condensers
1uestions /rom Pre&ious Board Pa)ers
. 8tate the KaltonCs law of partial pressure. May > '@( Kec $ May Kec > May >E
Kec >D '$(
$. -rite basic function of condenser. 4ow condensers are classifiedL
May $ '9(
6. E#plain construction and wor*ing of down flow type surface condenser with neat s*etch.
May >D
'@(
E#plain construction and wor*ing of surface condenser with neat s*etch.
Kec > '9(
Give classification of steam condensers. E#plain the wor*ing of surface condenser.
Kec $ 'D(
9. -rite sources of air lea*age into the condenser and its effects on the performance of
condenser.
E
Thermal Engg.
May Kec % Kec >E% May >E '@(% Kec
>D '9(
-hat are sources of air lea*ages in condenserL 4ow these can be detectedL
May $ '9(
:. Compare jet and surface condensers on the basis of construction% performance and
application.
Kec >D '9(
@. 8tate function of steam condenser. May >
'$(
A. -hat is condenserL 8tate its function. 1ame two types and two demerits of it.
May > '@(
D. -hat is vacuum efficiency of condenserL May $
'$(
E. -hat is vacuum efficiency and condenser efficiencyL
Kec '9(
>. -hat are the primary and secondary functions of condenserL E#plain.
Kec '9(
. Kefine nozzle and its function. Give its types and write two application of nozzle.
May Kec
>D% May >D '9(
$. Kefine and state significance of Mach number.
May >D '9(
6. 8tate applications of steam nozzles and e#plain critical pressure. Kec $
'9(
9. -hat is nozzleL Kraw the s*etches of different types of nozzles and also write four
applications of it. May $ '9( May >E '9( Kec
>D Kec >E '@(
:. -hy compounding of steam turbine is necessaryL 8tate the methods of compounding.
Kescribe any one method with neat s*etch. Kec $ May Kec > '9( May
> Kec >D 'D(
-hat do you mean by compounding of steam turbineL May
>E '9(
8tate necessity of compounding of steam turbines. E#plain pressure compounding with
s*etch.
May $ 'D(
E#plain the pressure) velocity compounding method of steam turbine.
Kec '9(
@. E#plain the term BMleeding of steamC used in steam turbine plant with a neat s*etch.
May '9(
A. -hat is regenerative feed heatingL -hat are its advantages and disadvantagesL E#plain
this process with neat s*etch.
May >D 'D(
E#plain with neat s*etch regenerative feed heating and state its advantages.
May $ '9( Kec
% May >E 'D(
D. Kifferentiate between impulse turbine and reaction turbine.
Kec $ '9(
$>
Thermal Engg.
E. Kescribe the construction of impulse turbine with neat s*etch.
May $'9(
$>. E#plain wor*ing of impulse steam turbine by using pressure velocity variation diagram.
May
'9(
$. E#plain clearly with the help of neat s*etch the wor*ing of a reaction turbine. !lso show
pressure and velocity variation for the same. Kec >E
'D(
$$. -ith pressure)velocity diagram% e#plain how stored energy of steam is converted into
mechanical energy in case of reaction turbine.
Kec 'D(
$6. Classify steam turbine with respect to a( !ction of steam over moving blade% b(
E#pansion stages% c( 5ressure of steam entering% d( E#haust steam pressure.
Kec >E '9(
$9. E#plain with neat s*etch cooling tower any oneL 8tate any two merits and demerits of
cooling tower.
May > '9(
-hat is function of cooling tower in steam power plantL Give various types of cooling
towers only by s*etch.
May '9(
$:. E#plain natural draught cooling tower with s*etch. May $
'9(
$@. -ith s*etch e#plain wor*ing of forced draught cooling tower.
Kec $ '9(
$A. Kifferentiate between natural draught and forced draught cooling tower. E#plain with neat
s*etch induced draught cooling tower.
Kec 'D(
$