Arya bhatta -1 arya bhattiya Varahmihara brihat samhita Kalyana verma saravali Bramha gupta bramha sputa siddhanta

ta Bhoja sidhanta- raja bhoja Siddhanta shiromni - bhaskarachaya Siddhanta sundara- gnana raja Mantreswara-phala deepika Ganesha-graha

Celestial Sphere or the Cosmic Sphere The imaginary sphere in the space surrounding our entire Solar system, is known as the celestial sphere or the cosmic sphere. Celestial Poles If the Earth's axis is extended infinitely towards North and South, it will meet the imaginary surface of the cosmic sphere or the celestial sphere at some point. These points on the surface ofcosmic sphere are known as the CelestialPoles . and the extended axis becomes the imaginary axis of the celestial sphere Celestial Equator The projection of earth's equator or the terrestrial equator on the imaginary surface of the celestial sphere is known as the Celestial Equator Ecliptic (Ravi Marg) The apparent path ofthe Sun in the space along which it seems to move around the earth is known as Ecliptic. This is also known as Ravi Marg. The Ecliptic or the Ravi Marg, like the orbits of other planets is not a circle but is elliptical or oval in shape. Ecliptic can also be defined as a projection of Earth's orbit around the Sun on to the surface of cosmic sphere. Zodiac This imaginary belt/band stretching about 9 north and 9 south of the ecliptic which the planets and the Moon remain in course of their movement in the heavens, is known as Zodiac. In astrology we refer to this broad band of 18 instead of referring to the entire sky. Celestial Longitude This is the arc of the ecliptic intercepted between the first point of Aries (Nirayana) and a perpendicular arc to the ecliptic drawn through the body (planet) and the poles of the ecliptic.

3.9 Ascendant or Lagna

The ascendant or thelagna point is the point of intersection of the ecliptic at the given time with the horizon of the place.

Earth is comparatively more similar to that of an orange or a melon rather than that of a perfect sphere. Even then, for easy comprehension/calculations and understanding the various phenomenon, we consider the earth's globe to be a perfect sphere, though it is actually not so. In Para 1.6 above we have seen that the imaginary plane cuts the earth's surface in a great circle known as earth's equator. However, if the same plane was to cut the earth's globe (or the sphere) " into two parts, each part will be exactly half of the sphere . and will therefore be known as the Hemisphere. The hemisphere towards the North end of the axis of the earth is known as Northern Hemisphere. Similarly the hemispheretowards the south end of the axis of the earth is known as 'Southern Hemisphere

Mathematical Astrology

(a) Lunar Month or Chandra Maan : It has 30 lunar

days or Tithis and is measured from New Moon to next new Moon. At some other places it is measured from Full Moon to next Full Moon. (h) Solar Month or Saur Maan : It is the time the 'Sun takes to move in one sign and is measured from one Sankranti to the next Sankranti. 4.9 Years In Hindus there are three types ofdifferent years in vogue which are as follows. (a) The Savanayear : It has 360 mean solar days (b) The Lunar year: It has 354 mean solar days (c) The Nakshatra year : It has 324 mean solar days 4.10 Tropical Year The Tropical Year or the year of seasons, is the time of the passage of the sun from one Vernal Equinox to the next ,Vernal Equinox. The VE. point slips to the west at the rate of 50.x" per year.