Channel Estimation using PN Sequence as GI for MIMO-OFDM Communication Systems using ML Estimation

Department of ECE

AbstractOrthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, an FDM modulation technique for transmitting large amounts of digital data over a radio wave. Multi Input and Multi Output signals are transmitted through multiple antennas instead of only one antenna like FDM. PN sequence is used as GI for transmitting messages in the presence of interference or noise.Channel estimation is used here to increase the capacity of OFDM access systems by improving the system performance interms of bit error rate. In Maximum Likelihood(ML) there are minimum variance unbiased estimators as the sample size increases, also it provides a consistent approach to parameter estimation problems. The performance measures show that the there is significant decrease in normalized mean square error after applying this technique by plotting graph between normalized mean square error Vs bit error rate for LS and ML estimation using MATLAB

KeywordsOFDM,MIMOOFDM,ML,MMSE,Additive White Gaussian Noise(AWGN),PN,GI

I.

INTRODUCTION

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) is a combination of modulation and multiplexing. In this technique, the given resource (bandwidth) is shared among individual modulated data sources. Normal modulation techniques (like AM, PM, FM, BPSK, QPSK, etc.., ) are single carrier modulation techniques, in which the incoming information is modulated over a single carrier. OFDM is a multi-carrier modulation technique, which employs several carriers, within the allocated bandwidth, to convey the information from source to destination. Each carrier may employ one of the

several available digital modulation techniques (BPSK, QPSK, QAM etc..,). The orthogonality in this technique which prevents the demodulators from seeing frequencies other than their own.OFDM makes efficient use of the spectrum by allowing overlap.The major advantage of OFDM is its robustness against multi path propagation.By dividing the channel into narrowband flat fading sub channels, OFDM is more resistant to frequency selective fading than single carrier systems. Eliminates ISI and IFI through use of a cyclic prefix.Channel equalization becomes simpler than by using adaptive equalization techniques with single carrier systems. OFDM is computationally efficient by using FFT techniques to implement the modulation and demodulation functions. MIMO is an acronym that stands for Multiple Input Multiple Output. MIMO (multiple input, multiple output) is an antenna technology for wireless communications in which multiple antennas are used at both the source (transmitter) and the destination (receiver). Channel estimation is used here to increase the capacity of OFDM access systems by improving the system performance interms of bit error rate. The graph between bit error rate Vs normalised mean square error was plotted for LS & ML estimation using MATLAB. On comparing the graph we observe that the normalised mean square error decreases for ML estimation than the LS estimation.

II.

MIMO(MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT)

MIMO is one of several forms of smart antenna technology. MIMO (multiple input, multiple output) is an antenna technology for wireless communications in which multiple antennas are used at both the source and the destination. The antennas at each end of the

communications circuit are combined minimize errors and optimize data speed.

to

on the input sequence. It is an important and necessary function for wireless systems. Evenwith a limited knowledge of the wireless channel properties, a receiver can gain in sight into the data sent over by the transmitter. The main goal of Channel Estimation is to measure the effects of the channel on know nor partially known set of transmissions. Orthogonal Frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) Systems are especially suited for channel estimation. The sub carriers are closely spaced. While the system is generally used in high speed applications that are capable of computing channel estimates with minimum delay.

Types of Channel estimation

Pilot based channel Estimation Blind Channel Estimation Estimation is the process of determining approximate values for parameters of dierent populations or events. How well the parameter is approximated can depend on the method, the type of data and other factors.

Properties of Estimators
Unbiasedness :If the distribution of the random variable is skewed by outliers, the estimates can be biased. Thus some will over estimate, and some will underestimate the true . Eciency: The estimator with the lowest variance is the most precise. For two unbiased estimators,the one with lower variance is preferable since it is the one that is more leptokurtic (peaked), Suciency: an estimator is determined to be sucient if no other information from the data can be used to improve the estimator. Consistiency :An estimator is said to be consistent when the value of converges in probability to as the sample size gets innitely large.
IV.
EXISTING METHODS

General block diagram of MIMO systems MIMO advantage is that it has the better spectral efficiency at low cost. MIMO-OFDM is a technique in which the signals are transmitted through Multiple Antennas instead of Only one Antennas like FDM. It has the potential of dramatic increase of data transmitter in wireless environment.It removes the problem of multipath fading and its Efficiency is more.
III.

CHANNEL ESTIMATION

Channel estimation is the propagation of the signal from the transmitter to the receiver. It is used for increasing the capacity of MIMO OFDM by improving the system performance in terms of Bit Error Rate and it also increases the capacity of orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) system. Channel Estimation is the process of characterizing the effect of the physical medium

Different types of estimation with their advantages and disadvantages are given below.

A. LS Estimation

The Least Squares Error (LSE) estimation method can be used to estimate the system h[m] by minimizing the squared error between estimation and detection. In matrix form, it can be written as y = Xh So the error e can be defined as e = y-y where y is the expected output. The squared error (S) can be defined as S = | e |2 S = ( y- y )2 S = ( y- y )*( y- y )t

include one or more of the other parameters. Often, these equations include nested terms, like the Gaussian Peak equation (amplitude version) you see here, thats linear with parameters a and b, but non-linear with parameters c and d Y= a+b exp[-1/2((x-c)/d)^2]

Procedure steps for non-linear equations

Specify the equation that you want to fit to the data: Provide an equation. Contrary to many people's beliefs, the algorithm won't find the best fitting equation for you. Provide an initial set of estimates for the parameters in the equation Specify convergence criteria and constraints: Most algorithms will automatically converge at 1e-8, but you can change this. Some parameters may require a constraint for the model to be valid, like "B must be greater than 0", "C must be between 1 and 2.5", etc. In the Gaussian Peak example, parameter D must not be equal to 0.Continue iterating until the curve fitting algorithm converges: The algorithm will begin the computations. Some of the most popular non-linear fitting algorithms are Newtons Method, Method of Steepest Descent, Simplex, or Levenburg-Marquardt. The algorithm will modify each parameter value until the algorithm converges an a final solution based on the convergence criteria, or fails to converge.

LS Estimation procedure Linear equation

A linear equation is one whose parameters appear linearly in the expression. The famous quadratic equation from trigonometry is an example equation that is linear in all three parameter: Y=(ax+bx+cx)^2 Linear equations only refer to the relationship between the parameters and the terms in the equation, not to the graphical appearance of the equation.Linear equations are solved in a single step using a linear Least Squares matrix procedure, by taking the partial derivatives with respect to each parameter.

Procedure steps for linear equation

The partial derivatives with respect to each parameter is calculated on, not to the graphical appearance of the equation. To minimize the chi-square function, we take the partial derivative with respect to each parameter, and set each equal to zero. Mathematically, this will break down to a series of three simultaneous equations. The final solution will provide the values of the parameters a, b, and c that will minimize the Chi-Square function.Linear equations only refer to the relationship between the parameters and the terms in the equation, not to the graphical appearance of the equation.

Advantages estimation

and Disadvantages

of

LS

Non-linear equations
Non-linear equations require an iterative curve fitting procedure because the partial derivatives for each parameter would

Non-linear least squares software may be available in many statistical software packages that do not support maximum likelihood estimates.It can be applied more generally than maximum likelihood. That is, if the software provides non-linear fitting and it has the ability to specify the probability function you are interested in, then you can generate least squares estimates for that distribution. This will allow you to obtain reasonable estimates for distributions even if the software does not provide maximum likelihood estimates.Nonlinear least squares fitting is available in many general purpose statistical software programs It is not readily applicable to censored data.It is generally considered to have less

desirable optimality properties than maximum likelihood.It can be quite sensitive to the choice of starting values.

B. MMSE estimation
In signal processing a minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimator is an estimation method which minimizes the mean square error,(MSE) of the fitted values of a dependent variable, which is a common measure of estimator quality.

We observe data X and aim to estimate Y using the estimator Y = g(X).The optimization criterion is to minimize the expected squared error, E{(Y Y)2 } = E{(Y g(X))2 } Normally, g(X) is dependent on a parameter vector, : g(X) = g(X, ).The MMSE estimator: MMSE = argminE{(Y g(X, ))2 }

Advantages & disadvantages of MMSE estimation

This estimation has the desirable mathematical properties.More statistical software packages are availableThis estimation cannot provide consistent approach to parameterestimation problem.
V. SYSTEM DESIGN

Mean square error of an estimator

Here,c is the unknown value of a parameter of a distribution, and X is an estimator of this parameter. In this context, it is usual to denote the estimator by * (instead of X) , and the value of the parameter by 0 (instead of c). is called the "estimation error" of *. A good estimator is close to 0 on the average. Just how close is usually measured by the mean of the squared estimation error . This quantity is called the Mean Square Error (MSE) of the estimator *; MSE = E[(* - 0) MSE = Var( *) + Bias( *) So,an unbiased estimator should always be preferred to an biased one with a small variance

Properties
X * is an unbiased estimator of E[X]. In other words, X and X * have the same expectation :E[X *] = E[X] The expectation of the error = (X * - X) is 0 : E[] = 0 Decomposition of the variance of X : The variance of X is the sum of the variance of the estimator X * and the variance of the error : Var(X) = Var(X *) + Var() The variance of the MMSE estimator is always smaller than the variance of the estimated random variable the estimator X* is always optimistic

MMSE Principle

ML estimation Maximum-likelihood estimation (MLE) is a method of estimating the parameters of a statistical model.When applied to a data set and given a statistical model, maximumlikelihood estimation provides estimates for the model's parameters. The method of maximum likelihood corresponds to many well-known estimation methods in statistics.A statistical method for estimating population parameters (as the mean and variance) from sample data that selects as estimates those parameter values maximizing the probability Maximum likelihood estimation begins with the mathematical expression known as a likelihood function of the sample data. pseudo random noise is a signal similar to noise which satisfies one or more of the standard tests for statistical randomness.Although it seems to lack any definite pattern, pseudo random noise consists of a deterministic sequence of pulses that will repeat itself after its period.In cryptographic devices, the pseudo random noise pattern is determined by a key and the repetition period can be very long, even millions of digits.Pseudo random noise is used in some electronic musical instruments, either by itself or as an input to subtractive synthesis, and in many white noise machines.

Properties of ML estimation
They become unbiased minimum variance estimators as the sample size increases.They have approximate normal distributions and approximate sample variances that can be calculated and used to generate confidence bounds likelihood functions can be used to test hypotheses about models and parameters

Where, Xi denotes transmitted symbols, Yi denotes received symbols.The value of P(X/Y) is calculated for various symbols, among them Which one gives maximum value of probability estimated value is nothing but estimated value. This is known as Maximum Likelihood Estimation, Which gives reduced MMSE for given SNR.
VI. CONCLUSION

Procedure of ML estimation
Maximum likelihood estimation begins with writing a mathematical expression known as the Likelihood Function of the sample data. Loosely speaking, the likelihood of a set of data is the probability of obtaining that particular set of data, given the chosen probability distribution model. This expression contains the unknown model parameters. The values of these parameters that maximize the sample likelihood are known as the Maximum Likelihood Estimates or MLE's.Maximum likelihood estimation is a totally analytic maximization procedure. It applies to every form of censored or multi-censored data, and it is even possible to use the technique across several stress cells and estimate acceleration model parameters at the same time as life distribution parameters. Let m denotes a message vector,and x denotes the corresponding code vector applied by the encoder to the input of a discrete memoryless channel. Let y denotes the received vector,which may be differ from the transmitted code vector due to channel noise.Given the received vector y,the decoder is required to estimate m^ of the message vector.since there is one to one correspondence between message vector m and the code vector x,the decoder may equivalently produce an estimate of x^ of the code vector. The decoding rule for choosing an estimate x^,given the received vector y,is said to be optimum when the probability of decoding error is minimized Let Xi and Yi denotes the ith elements of x and y.we have, P(Yi/Xi)={p if Yi != Xi={1-p if Yi =Xi ML estimation is calculated by using the formula, P(Xi/Yi)=d*ln(p)+(n-d)*ln(1-p)

In this paper, the channel estimation of OFDM system with PN sequence insertion in time domain has been investigated and developed. The main advantage of the proposed techniques is that they can provide more accurate channel information to equalize. From all of the numerical simulations, we conclude that all the proposed channel estimation techniques have excellent performance compared to other estimation methods. Maximum likelihood provides a consistent approach to parameter estimation problems. This means that maximum likelihood estimates can be developed for a large variety of estimation situations. For example, they can be applied in reliability analysis to censored data under various censoring models.Maximum likelihood methods have desirable mathematical and optimality properties. Channel estimation using PN sequence as GI for MIMO-OFDM systems was performed by ML estimation using MATLAB and corresponding simulation output can be obtained.
VII. TABLE OF FIGURES

TRANSMITTER
SERIAL TO PARALL EL CONV ERTER

SIGNAL GENERAT OR

QAM MODULATIO N

IFFT

AWGN PN SEQUEN CE AS GI PARALL EL TO SERIAL CONVERTOR SERIAL TO PARALLEL CONVERTOR

RECEIVER

RECEIVED SIGNAL

SERIAL TO PARALLEL CONVERTOR

GI REMOVAL

FFT

CHANNEL ESTIMATI ON USING LS,ML

PARALLELTO SERIAL CONVERTER

QAM DEMODULA -TION

RECEIV ED SIGNAL

10

SNR Vs NMSE for Mobile Communication Systems LS-MIMO ML-MIMO

Normalised Mean Square Error

10

10

10

-1

10

-2

10

15 SNR in dB

20

25

30

[5]D. D. Lin , R. A. Pacheco , T. J. Lim and D. Hatzinakos "Joint estimation of channel response, frequency offset, and phase noise in OFDM", IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 54, no. 9, pp.3542 -3554 200 [6]F. Septier , Y. Delignon , A. Menhaj-Rivenq and C. Garnier "Non-pilot-aided sequential Monte Carlo method to joint signal, phase noise, and frequency offset estimation in multicarrier systems", EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process., vol. 2008, 2008 [7]Strobach, P., Low-Rank Adaptive Filters, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 44, pp. 29322947. Dec. 1996 [8]J. Tao , J. Wu and C. Xiao "Estimation of channel transfer function and carrier frequency offset for OFDM systems with phase noise", IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 58, no. 8, pp.4380 -4387 [9]Van de Beek, J.-J., Edfors, O. S., Sandell, M., Wilson, S. K., and Brjesson, O. P., On channel estimation in OFDM systems, 45th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, Chicago, Il., vol. 2, pp. 815-819, July 1995. [10]S. Wu and Y. Bar-Ness "OFDM channel estimation in the presence of frequency offset and phase noise", Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Commun., vol. 5, pp.3366 -3370

VIII. REFERENCES

[1]Coleri, S., Ergen, M., Puri, A., and Bahai, A., Channel Estimation Techniques Based on Pilot Arrangement in OFDM Systems, IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, vol. 48, pp. 223229, Sept. 2002. [2]A. P. Dempster , N. M. Laird and D. B. Rubin "Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the EM algorithm", J. R. Stat. Soc. B, vol. 39, no. 1, pp.1 -38 1977 [3]Edfors, O., Sandell, M., Van de Beek, J.-J., Landstrm, D., and Sjberg, F., An Introduction to Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, Lule, Sweden: Lule Tekniska Universitet, 1996, pp. 158. [4]Edfors, O., Sandell, M., Van de Beek, J.-J., and Wilson, S. K., OFDM Channel Estimation by Singular Value Decomposition,IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 46, pp. 931939, July 1998..