Psychology 2B3 November, 2013

First Name ___________________ Last Name ______________________

Midterm Test #2: Maslow, Rogers, Bandura & Mischel

______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Instructions: You have 50 minutes to complete the following 40 multiple-choice questions. Please print your name at the top of this paper, and return it with your scan sheet. On the scan sheet, print your ID number in the leftmost 7 boxes in the section at the top left marked "IDENTIFICATION NUMBER", and fill in the appropriate circle beneath each box. Please be sure to code your ID correctly, since it is the ONLY way the computer has of identifying you!! Please PRINT your name in the space marked "NAME" at the top right of the form. In answering questions, be sure to mark darkly. IF YOU CAN STILL READ THE NUMBER IN THE BUBBLE YOUR MARKING IS TOO LIGHT. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Which of the following statements is LEAST CONSISTENT with the views of humanistic personality theories? a. Understanding the wholeness of personality is more important than searching for the basic units out of which personality is constructed. b. We should not allow subjective perceptions of what is relevant guide objective research in personality. [correct] c. The search for meaning and meaningfulness is at the heart of personality development. d. The development of full potential is each individual's most important motive. e. All of the above are CONSISTENT with the humanistic approach. Which of the following comparisons concerning Maslow's views on human motivation is NOT TRUE? a. Like Freud and Jung, Maslow believed that all human motives are innate. b. Like Freud, Jung, and Rogers, Maslow believed that there are only a limited number of basic human motives. c. Like Jung and Rogers, Maslow believed that different motives govern behavior at different ages, or stages of life. [correct] d. Like Jung, but unlike Rogers, Maslow believed that self actualization was not achieved by most people. e. All of the above ARE TRUE. Maslow argued our behaviors are overdetermined. By this he meant that each behavior: a. is closely linked to a particular need in the hierarchy. b. is simultaneously motivated by a number of different needs. [correct] c. uses up more instinctual energy than is actually required for its execution. d. is determined both by our innate needs, and by social pressures and personal experiences. e. none of the above. When Maslow described human needs as 'instinctoid', he meant to suggest that human needs: a. were a product of evolutionary pressures, and were shared with many other animal species. b. were not innate, but shaped by society, culture and personal experience. c. (unlike animal instincts) could be repressed, or modified by experience. [correct] d. were innate, and resistant to environmental or cultural modification. e. none of the above. With respect to the hierarchical nature of D-motives, Maslow believed that: a. needs to give and receive love emerge earlier in an individual's life than do needs for respect and esteem from others. b. humans evolved the need for safety and predictability before they evolved the need to belong to human groups. c. the need to know and to satisfy curiosity emerges later in an individual's life than does the need for love. d. aesthetic needs do not emerge until the need for esteem has been at least partially satisfied. e. More than one of the above [correct] Which of the following is NOT true of Maslow' D-perception (D-cognition)? a. It is rarely characteristic of individuals who are self-actualized. b. It narrows our focus of attention to stimuli that are most relevant to our current needs. c. It leads us to be very active in searching for objects, people and activities that will meet our current needs. d. It makes us more acutely aware of everything that is going on around us. [correct] e. All of the above ARE TRUE of D-perception.

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2B3, Test #2: Page 2 of 6 7. Maslow recognized several exceptions to the rule that the D-motives always occur in a fixed hierarchy. Which of the following is an example of one such exception? a. John moved from the lowest to the highest level in the need hierarchy without any intervening motives ever appearing. b. Sue had never experienced hunger in her life. When she finally went hungry while working at a medical clinic in Uganda, she was able to ignore this low-level need to satisfy higher-level values. [correct] c. Born into the middle of a lengthy civil war, Hakim had never known safety and security. When they were finally satisfied at war's end, all higher level needs emerged immediately and simultaneously. d. All of the above are exceptions mentioned by Maslow. e. Only b and c are exceptions mentioned by Maslow. "I believe it is very important that we take full responsibility for everything we do, and for all the choices that we make". This statement illustrates which of Maslow's B-values? a. dichotomy transcendence. b. thoughtfulness. c. honesty. [correct] d. growth choices. e. none of the above. As your text notes, the psychological state of flow, as described by Csikszentmihalyi, involves a number of psychological states. Which of the following is NOT one of them? a. A focused state of consciousness. b. A disrupted sense of time. c. Intense feelings of joy and happiness. [correct] d. Tremendous concentration. e. All of the above ARE psychological states occurring in flow.

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10. Maslow listed eight ways in which individuals self-actualize, or eight processes that are involved in self-actualization. One of these is through peak experiences. Another way, as Maslow described it, is: a. judgement: Described as recognizing our own flaws in the failure of others, and accepting rather than evaluating others. b. self awareness: Described as knowing and accepting who we are. [correct] c. calculation: Described as thinking through any problem we face before making a decision for action. d. expansion of consciousness: Described as trying to keep from absorbing all our attention and interest on any one thing. e. all of the above. 11. Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of Maslow's self-actualized individual? a. He perceives reality accurately, unhampered by defensiveness. b. She accepts herself and others, and the world in general. c. He is concerned with real-world problems, rather than with himself. d. She has the capacity for self-extension, and the formation of many interpersonal relationships. [correct] e. All of ARE characteristics of the self-actualized individual. 12. Maslow believed that the environment in which an individual lives is important in determining whether or not she can become self-actualized. Which of the following statements is one Maslow would DISAGREE with? a. Women today are better able to self-actualize than women 100 years ago, because the former are under less pressure to conform to sexual stereotypes. b. People in democratic societies are better able to become self-actualized than those in totalitarian societies because the former have more freedom to inquire, learn, and take action on that information. c. People in developed countries are better able to self-actualize than people in poor countries, because the former are less concerned about satisfying basic D-motives. d. In general, people are better able to self-actualize if their life contains a very high level of stimulation and challenge. [correct] e. Maslow would AGREE with all of the above. 13. For Carl Rogers, the phenomenal field: a. is the set of stimuli and feelings that are available to the individual's conscious awareness at any given moment. [correct] b. consists of whatever memories and feelings cannot be allowed to gain access to consciousness. c. is the relationship between two individuals when they are in full and empathic contact. d. is that part of internal and external experience that is felt as uniquely part of the Self. e. none of the above.

2B3, Test #2: Page 3 of 6 14. If we compare Carl Rogers' description of self-actualization (the actualizing tendency) with that of Jung and Maslow we find that Rogers believed that: a. self-actualization is a process that takes place primarily in the unconscious. Both Jung and Maslow believed this. b. self-actualization did not begin until the individual had first satisfied other needs. Both Jung and Maslow agreed. c. all people are motivated by the actualizing tendency, Maslow agreed, but Jung did not. d. self-actualization includes all biological drives. Maslow agreed. e. none of the above [correct]. 15. In Rogers' theory, the relationship between the actualizing tendency (AT) and the organismic valuing process (OVP) is such that: a. the OVP draws the individual toward experiences or situations which are most appropriate for expressing the AT. [correct] b. the OVP contains (or is) the innate motivational energy that the AT uses to power behavior. c. the AT selects growth experiences or situations, and the OVP causes the individual to be attracted to such experiences or situations. d. the OVP ensures that the AT is not directed toward goals that are inconsistent with the ideal self. e. none of the above. 16. Rogers believes that unconditional positive regard is important to the individual because: a. with it, the individual will not experience or develop conditions of worth. [correct] b. without it, the organismic valuing process will not develop. c. with it, the actualizing tendency will cease to function. d. without it, the individual will not develop a Self. e. none of the above. 17. Rogers conception of the Self involves the idea that the Self: a. is present at birth, and guides the individual's personality development. b. develops after birth, and is a special part of the individual's phenomenal field. [correct] c. fails to develop (or ceases to exist) if the individual does not receive unconditional positive regard. d. is one of the two structures of the psyche, partly conscious and partly unconscious. e. both b and c. 18. According to Rogers, the relationship between the self and the ideal self is such that: a. the development of the ideal self hinders the natural and normal development of the self. [correct] b. it is the cooperative and synergistic relationship between the self and ideal self that leads to personality growth. c. the ideal self is the innate, biologically-determined image of perfection that we all possess, and toward which the self develops. d. the ideal self develops as an unconscious mirror image of the self, balancing, complementing and completing the conscious self. e. both b and c. 19. According to Rogers, the conditions of worth: a. do not exist until the ideal Self develops. b. are the conditions we must meet in order to received positive regard from others. [correct] c. begin to develop as the individual experiences incongruence between the Self and ideal Self. d. are necessary if the Self is to develop in a way that is consistent with the organismic valuing process. e. none of the above.

20. According to Rogers, the relationship between positive regard, the Self, and conditions of worth is that: a. if the Self receives only conditional positive regard, then conditions of worth are established. [correct] b. if the Self receives only conditional positive regard, then the conditions of worth cannot develop. c. the Self develops only if the individual's conditions of worth receive unconditional positive regard. d. the Self is the internalized version of the conditions of worth, which are established through unconditional positive regard. e. none of the above. 21. For Rogers, 'incongruence': a. occurs in psychotherapy if the client and therapist are not sharing the same phenomenal field. b. occurs when an individual's behavior or feelings are inconsistent with the organismic valuing process. c. occurs when the individual has feelings or experiences that are inconsistent with the actualizing tendency. d. is important, because it is a signal to the individual that his behavior or feelings are inconsistent with the actualizing tendency. e. none of the above. [correct]

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22. Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of Rogers fully functioning individual? a. She has a strong need for privacy and personal space. [correct] b. He perceives the world accurately, without defensiveness or distortion. c. She takes control of her life situation, refusing to simply accept passively whatever life chooses to offer. d. He has the impression or feeling that his life is full of options, and that he is free to live life as he chooses. e. all of the above ARE characteristic of Rogers' fully-functioning individual. 23. Which of the following is NOT one of the outcomes Rogers expects from a successful therapeutic relationship? a. Clients experience life events more objectively. b. Clients feel themselves to be the locus of evaluation and control in their lives. c. Clients reorganize their concept of the Self to include incongruent experiences. d. Clients are better able to detect incongruities between their concept of the self and their experiences. e. all of the above ARE expected outcomes. [correct] 24. As your text notes, according to Sartre, angst can be analyzed into what three separate sensations? a. nothingness, nausea, alienation. b. loneliness, despair, hopelessness. c. helplessness, hopelessness, worthlessness. d. anguish, forlornness, despair. [correct] e. None of the above. 25. Your text describes several criticisms of the strategies typically used to evaluate the effects of Rogerian psychotherapy. Which of the following is NOT one of them? a. It is not clear that the match between perceived self and ideal self is an adequate criterion for psychological adjustment. b. No measurable variables have been used to evaluate Rogerian therapy. [correct] c. The results may be due to clients changing their ideal views. d. The criterion used for determining adjustment could lead us to consider people with obvious disorders as being well- adjusted. e. All of the above ARE concerns raised in your text. 26. According to your text, which of the following statements best describes the state of the evidence regarding individualist versus collectivist cultures and the sense of self? a. Individuals in both collectivist and individualist cultures have a sense of self. [correct] b. Only a very few members of collectivist cultures have a distinct sense of self. c. A sense of self takes longer to develop in individualist as opposed to collectivist cultures. d. A sense of self takes longer to develop in collectivist as opposed to individualist cultures. e. More than one of the above. 27. According to your text, Canadians who failed an experimental task ________ on a second task, whereas Japanese participants who failed an experimental task ________. a. performed better; persisted less. b. worked harder to improve themselves; retreated from a second task. c. persisted less; worked harder on a second task [correct] d. worked harder; worked much more slowly on a second task e. None of the above. 28. According to your text, self- esteem is part of: a. the procedural self b. the declarative self [correct] c. the I self d. the ought self e. None of the above 29. According to your text, which of the following is NOT one of the self- relevant schemas that are part of self- discrepancy theory? a. the rejected self [correct] b. the actual self c. the ideal self d. the ought self e. All of the above ARE part of self-discrepancy theory

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30. What was radical about John B. Watson's radical behaviorism? a. It argued that psychology could use only one kind of data: Objective, observable behavior. b. It denied the validity of introspection as a method of investigating psychological processes. c. It denied the reality of internal mental or psychological states. [correct] d. It rejected psychological theory, arguing that only observed relationships between environmental variables and observable behavior were important. e. It denied that learning processes were the same in all organisms, and should be studied first in infrahuman species. 31. According to your text, which of the following is one of the main principles of Dollard and Millers approach-avoidance conflict theory? a. Weaker drives typically cause an individual to approach a goal. b. The tendency to approach a positive goal declines the closer an individual is to the goal. c. Whenever there are two competing responses, the weaker one prevails. d. The avoidance gradient is steeper than the approach gradient. [correct] e. More than one of the above. 32. The views of Bandura and Mischel differ from those of classical learning theorists like Skinner in that Bandura and Mischel: a. recognize the importance of internal cognitive processes. b. add a new form of learning - social or observational learning c. leave room for person variables in addition to situation variables in determining behavior. d. all of the above. [correct] e. none of the above. 33. The importance of Donald Broadbents work in what has been called the cognitive revolution was that: a. he developed the first cognitive theory of human memory. b. he developed the first purely cognitive theory of human perceptual processes. [correct] c. he was the first to use a computer-based metaphor to analyze human decision-making. d. he was the first psychologist since Freud to argue for the primary importance of unconscious processes in cognition. e. none of the above. 34. Kenneth Spence and Clark Hull are well known in the history of psychology for: a. designing the first digital computer. b. proposing the first cognitive model of human memory. c. developing mathematical models of human and animal learning. [correct] d. applying Watsons radical behaviorism to the study of cognitive processes. e. none of the above. 35. An important implication of Bandura & Mischel's concept of reciprocal determinism is that: a. when an individual takes action in a situation, her behavior alters the situation. b. an individual behaves as she does as a result of her cognitive interpretation of a situation. c. an individual's perceptions of a situation are more important than the objective realities of that situation in determining how she will behave. d. all of the above. [correct] e. a and b only. 36. As your text notes, Banduras concept of efficacy is similar to what Rotter called: a. situational relativism b. reinforcement values c. expectancies [correct] d. behavior potential e. None of the above 37. According to Mischel and Bandura, social learning person variables: a. are the cognitive processes that an individual uses to perceive and evaluate a situation. [correct] b. are the traits that characterize an individual's consistent behavior in a variety of situations. c. are those characteristics of an individual that allow him or her to acquire new behaviors by observing the actions of others. d. are those aspects of an individual's cognitive processing that are derived from early childhood experiences of reward and punishment, especially for imitating the behavior of others. e. none of the above.

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38. Sam believes that if he studies hard for his Biology exam he has the skills to do well. James believes that even if he studies hard he lacks the intellectual ability to do well in any science course. From the point of view of Mischel and Bandura, Same and James most clearly differ in term of their: a. subjective values. b. personal constructs. c. self-regulatory systems. d. self-efficacy expectancies. [correct] e. behavior-outcome expectancies. 39. Jen has always been an A student, and is very disappointed when she earns only a B+ on her English Lit exam. Angie is usually a C+- B- student, and is delighted when she earns a B on the same English Lit exam. From the point of view of Mischel and Bandura, this situation most clearly illustrates differences between Jen and Angie in terms of: a. subjective values. b. personal constructs. c. self-regulatory systems. [correct] d. self-efficacy expectancies. e. behavior-outcome expectancies. 40. According to Mischel and Bandura, the most common cause of psychopathology and psychological distress is: a. negative self constructs. b. dysfunctional expectancies, especially about self-efficacy. [correct] c. inappropriate strategies for dealing with self-regulatory systems. d. maladaptive subjective values, and the resulting inappropriate goal choices. e. none of the above.

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