Sulh Al Hassan

SulhAlHassan ThePeaceTreatyofalHasan by:ShaykhRadiAlYasin Publisher'sPreface Introduction Author'sPreface Chapter1:ImamAlHasan(PeaceBeOnHim) Chapter2:BeforeThePledgeOfAllegiance Chapter3:ThePledgeOfAllegiance Chapter4:KufaDuringTheDaysOfThePledgeOfAllegiance TheKharijites Chapter5:DeterminationToWageWar Chapter6:JihadAndLeadership Chapter7:TheNumberOfTheArmy Chapter8:TheMembersOfTheArmy
mbersOfTheArmy Chapter9:'UbaydAllahIbn'Abbas Chapter10:TheBeginningOfTheEnd Chapter10:TheBeginningOfTheEnd/1 Chapter11:AttitudeTowardsConfusion
Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

Chapter12:BetweenTheDoctrineAndSupremeAuthority Chapter13:Sacrifice Chapter14:SecretOfTheAttitude 1.MartyrdomforAllah Supplement Supplement/1 Chapter15:TheMotivesOfTheTwoPartiesForMakingPeace Chapter16:PeaceTreaty Chapter17:ProminentTextsInThePeaceTreaty Chapter18:MeetingInKufa Chapter19:NewField Chapter20:FulfillingTheStipulations Chapter21:Mu'awiyaAndTheShi'aOf'Ali,PeaceBeUponHim A.PatientMartyrs TheMartyrsfromHujr'sCompanions 4.RushaydalHajri[2] Chapter22:Conclusion Chapter23:ComparisonBetweenTheConditionsOfAlHasanAndTheConditionsOfAlHusayn

Publisher'sPreface (XI) IntheNameofAllah,MostGracious,MostMerciful Thisvaluablebook,SulhalHasan,is,amongtheworksofthegreatShaykhRadiAlYasin.Itis alsoamongtheimportantwritingsonthesubject.Sowemaysaythatitismatchless.Worth mentioning,writingaboutsuchasubject,SulhalHasan(peacebeonhim)isamongthe difficultmatters.ThatisbecausethetimeofImamalHasan,Peacebeonhim,isamongthe vaguestperiodsinthehistoryofIslam.Inotherwordsitisdifficulttogetthefactsaboutthe eventsastheyhadhappened.Meanwhiletheyareinneedofmuchstudyingandresearching. ThankAllah.ThegreatresearcherShaykhRadiAlYasinwasgrantedsuccessinmaking importantresearchesandstudiesaboutthistopic.Thushehasleftbehindthisimmortalwork. Itisanactofpridethatweweregrantedpermissiontotranslate,toprintandtodistributeit. ThatisbecauseMuslimsareinurgentneedofit.InthemeantimeMuslimlipariesareempty ofit.Afteraperiodofeffortandfatigue,wewereabletopublishthebookbeforeyoutohelp theseekerofknowledgeandtruthtomakeuseofit. Noteworthy,Sayyid'AliKhamana'i,leaderoftheIslamicRevolutioninIran,hadtranslatedthe book,SulhalHasan,fromArabicintoPersianbeforetherevolution.Thebookwastranslated andprintedinanexcellentmanner.SoPersianspeakershavemadeuseofit. WeaskAllah,theMostHigh,tograntussuccesstorendermoreservices.Meanwhileweask thegentlereadertoshowhis/hersuggestionsaboutthebook.IndeedsuccessisfromAllah.
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Introduction (XIII) IntheNameofAllah,MostGracious,MostMerciful

ThePeaceTreatyofalHasan,peacebeonhim,withMu'awiyawasamongthemostdifficult problemsfromwhichtheImamsofthemembersoftheHouse(AhlalBayt)suffered.Thisis becausetheMuslimcommunityafterAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,criticized themverymuch. BecauseofthisPeaceTreaty,alHasan,peacebeonhim,facedunbearableadversities.Noone wasabletobearthoseadversitiesbutwiththehelpofAllah,theGreatandAlmighty.Anyhow,al HasanborethemwithpatiencetoseekAllah'spleasure.Hepassedthemsuccessfully.Forhe wantedtobeloyaltoAllah,theExalted,HisBook,HisApostle,andallMuslims.Soallhiswords anddeedswerehonest. ThosewhohaveaccusedalHasan,peacebeonhim,ofincliningtorestthroughhisPeaceTreaty withMu'awiyaarenotimportant,norarehisShi'a(followers).Enthusiasmhasmotivatedthem. ThustheysaidthatalHasanshouldhavefoughtagainstMu'awiya.Hehadtoreachlifethrough thewayofdeath.Besideshehadtowinvictoryandconquestinthewaythathispother(al Husayn)adoptedattheBattleofKarbala',whenhewonagloriousvictoryandaclearconquest. ItisstrangethatthepeoplehavenotunderstoodthePeaceTreatyofalHasansincethen.Inother wordsnoonehasexplainedhisviewpointwithtraditionalandlogicalproofs.I(i.e.,SayyidAbdal HusaynSharafalDin)hadtriedtoachievethistask.However,Allah,theGreatandAlmighty,had decreedtosingleouttheauthorofthisnewbook,namely'SulhalHasan,'toaccomplishthistask insteadofme.Inhisbook,theauthorhasshownasoundjudgment,detailed (XIV) correctness,andaseparatinglimitbetweenthetruthandfalsehood. I(i.e.,SayyidAbdalHusaynSharafalDin)havestudiedtheoutstandingchaptersofthebook.SoI haveunderstoodthatthey(thechapters)representtheoutstandingmeritoftheirnoble, righteousauthor.Fortheyaresimilartoeachotherinstudy,exactness,moderation,plain explanation,proof,floweriness,observation,thepietyofquoting,gooddebates,andthe appropriatecomprehensionofthesubjects.Alsotheyaresimilartoeachotherinthesimplestyle, thelogicalcoherence,theeloquentconciseness,andtheacceptedwordiness. Sothebookhasbeencontrolledbyanorganizing,creativemindthatisregardedasaproof.For,in it,thestylematchescomprehension,andclaritymatchesdeepunderstanding.Inotherwords thesearetheelementsofanalyticcriticism.

Asfortheauthor,mayAllahpromotehisrank,youcanconcludehisqualitiesfromhisabilitiesin thisbook.Althoughyouhavenotseentheauthor,youcandrawhispicturewhenyoureadhis featuresinthisbook.Foritshowsyouthattheauthorhasaclearbeginning.Hehasapightface. Hehassweetwords,agoodtemper,goodheartedness,clemency,greatmind,plentiful knowledge,manyreports,artwritings,goodhints,andnicemetonymies,andwonderful metaphors.Alsothisbookshowsyouthatwisdommanifestsitselfthroughhisgoodwordsand deeds.Youcannotfindapersonwhosemannersarebetterthanhis.Theauthorhasalotof informationaboutthesciencesofthefamilyofMuhammad,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily. Heisascholarandresearcher.HehasdeeplystudiedthesecretsofthefamilyofMuhammad, mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Sohehasdiscoveredtheirsecrets.Nothinghasescapedhim becauseofhisoutstandingqualitiesthathisbookrepresentsclearly. Whoeverconsidersthecontentsofthebookcarefully,namelyMu'awiya'sandalHasan's conditions,knowsthatthey(Mu'awiyaandalHasanweretwocaliphswithtwodifferent manners.AsforthemannersofalHasan,theyarethemannersoftheQur'anandoftheSunnah (theProphet'swordsanddeeds).InotherwordstheyarethemannersoftheProphetMuhammad andofImam'Ali.Asforthe (XV) mannersofMu'awiya,theyarethemannersoftheUmayyads.Namelytheywerethemannersof AbuSufyanandofHind. Whoeverwantstostudyindetailthehistoryofthetwofamilies(thefamilyofMuhammadandof Mu'awiya),willknowtheirdifferentmanners. WhenIslamcame,AllahhelpedHisServantandApostletoachievethatclearconquestandtowin thatgloriousvictory.SotheUmayyad'swickedintentionsdisappeared. ThenAbuSufyan,hissons,andhisrelativeswereforcedtosurrenderinordertosparetheir blood.Foriftheyhadnotsurrendered,theirbloodwouldhavebeenshed.SotheyempacedIslam asthepeopledid,whiletheirheartswerefullofmalice.Sotheywaitedforanopportunitytocarry outtheirwickedplansagainstMuhammadandhisfamily.ThoughAllah'sApostle,mayAllahbless himandhisfamily,wasacquaintedwiththeirattitude,hetreatedthemkindlyinordertoreform them. TheProphet'skindtreatmenttowardsAbuSufyan,hisson,andhisrelativescompelledthemto hidetheirenmitytowardshim.Thatisbecausetheywereafraidofhimandeagerformoney.So afterthecomingofIslam,thepeoplewereabouttoforgettheUmayyadsevenintheirnarrow

homeland,namelyMecca. AsforthebattlesofconquestafterAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,thepeople knewnothingabouttheUmayyads.TheyonlyknewthattheybelongedtotheProphet'sfamily andhisCompanions. Then,aftertheProphet,somepeople,whodidnotbelongtotheProphet'sfamily,wereableto takethereinsofpower.Soundertheirshade,Mu'awiyabecamethegreatestofallthegovernors inpower,words,anddeeds. AtthattimeMu'awiyausedhisclevernesstomakeIslamapidgetocrosstopower.tocorrupt Allah'sreligion,toenslaveHiscreatures,andtowastethePublictreasury.Allah'sApostletoldthe MuslimsaboutthesedeedsofMu'awiya.ThesedeedsoccurredastheProphetsaid.Sotheywere amongthesignsofhisProphethood. (XIV) Mu'awiyabecameactiveduringthetimeofthesecondandthirdCaliphs.Fortheymadehima governoroverSham(Syria)fortwentyyears.Sohewasabletocontroltheorgansofgovernment strongly.InthemeantimehefedandpibedthepeopleofSham(Syria).Sotheywerehis supportersthere.Accordingly,hewasadangeragainstIslam.Forthepeopleknewthathewas fromQuraysh(thefamilyoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily),andthathewas amongtheCompanionsoftheProphet.Thesequalitiesmadehimmorefamousthantheforemost Companions,suchasAbuDharr,'Ammar,alMiqdad,andthelikewithwhomAllahwaspleased, andwhowerepleasedwithHim. InthismannertheUmayyadscametopoweragain.TheybegancompetingwiththeHashimites usingtheirnameopenly.Stillthey(theUmayyads)plottedagainstthemsecretly.They(the Umayyads)seizedtheopportunitytodeceivethecommonpeoplewiththeircunning.Inthe meantimetheyboughttheprominentpeople.Theyshoweredthemwiththemoneythat belongedtothecommonpeople.AlsotheygavethempositionspayingnoattentiontoAllah's will.ThatisbecauseAllahrefusedtogivesuchpositionstothetraitorslikethem.Theytook advantageoftheconditionsoftheconquestandthepleasureoftheCaliphswiththem. WhentheUmayyadstookthereinsofpowerthroughMu'awiya'scunning,theyfollowedsatanic methodstocorruptthereligiouscommandments.FortheywantedtheMuslimcommunitytolead thepreIslamiclifestylethatwasfullofrecklessnessandatheism.Toachievetheirinterests throughsuchkindoflifestyle,theUmayyadsadoptedapaganmethodandautilitarianplan.

However,allpeopledidnotunderstandthepaganmethodandtheutilitarianplanofthe Umayyads.FortheyadoptedanIslamicrulethatsays:"Islamabolisheswhathadbeenbeforeit." ThusIslamconcealedtheatrocitiesoftheUmayyads.Moreover,Allah'sApostle,mayAllahbless himandhisfamily,forgavethemandtreatedthemkindly.TheCaliphstookthemasclose companions,madethemgovernorsoverMuslims,andgavethempowersofwhichnogovernor had.SotheUmayyadsappliedtheirpolicytoSham(Syria)fortwentyyears. (XVII) However,theydidnotrefrainfromcommittinguglyacts,nordidtheypreventotherpeoplefrom doingthem. TheSecondCaliph(i.e.,'Umar)keptaneyeonhisgovernors.Hepunishedthemseverely.For example,hepunishedKhalidb.(bin)alWalid,whowashisgovernoroverQansarin.Whenhe heardthatthelattergavealAsh'athtenthousanddirhams,heorderedBilalalHabashitotiehim withhisturban.Thenhe(theSecondCaliph)madeKhalidstopbeforehimononelegandwithout aturban.HepunishedhimbeforethepoliticalleadersandtheprominentfiguresatalMasjidal Jami'inHams.Thenhebegantoaskhimaboutthetenthousanddirhamsandwhetherthey belongedtothepublictreasuryortohisownproperty.Ifthetenthousanddirhamshadbelonged tohisownproperty,thenitwouldhavebeenanactofextravagance.ForAllahdoesnotlovethe extravagant.Ifthetenthousanddirhamshadbelongedtothepublictreasury,thenitwouldhave beenanactoftreason.ForAllahdoesnotlovethetraitors.ThentheSecondCaliphremoved Khalidfromofficeforever. TheSecondCaliphsummonedAbuHurayraandsaidtohim:"YouknowthatIhavemadeyoua governoroverBahrain,whileyouhadnosandals.Now,Ihaveheardthatyousoldsomehorsesfor athousandandsixhundreddinars."AbuHurayrasaid:"Wehadsomehorsesandthey reproduced.Wereceivedgiftsonebyone."TheSecondCaliphsaid:"Ihavefixedyourlivelihood andprovisions.Thisisanaddition.Youshouldpayit."AbuHurayrasaid:"Thisadditiondoesnot belongtoyou."TheSecondCaliphsaid:"Payit;otherwiseIwillhurtyourback."Thenhe(i.e.,the SecondCaliph)stoodupandwhippedAbuHurayraontheheadtillhebled.Thenhesaid:"Fetchit (i.e.,theaddition)."AbuHurayrasaid:"SacrificeitinanticipationofAllah'sreward."TheSecond Caliphsaid:"Thatwouldberightifyoutookit(theaddition)legallyandpaiditwithobedience.Do younotknowthatthepeoplecollectmoneyevenfromtheremoteststoneofBahrain?.Doesthis moneybelongtoyouordoesitbelongtoAllahandthepeople?" InthisconnectionAbuHurayrasaid:"When'UmarremovedmefromBahrain,hesaidtome: 'EnemyofAllahandenemyofHisBook, (XVIII)

youhavestolenthemoneyofAllah!'SoIsaid:'IamnottheenemyofAllah,noramItheenemyof HisBook.RatherIamtheenemyofyourenemies.IhavenotstolenthemoneyofAllah.'He ('Umar)said:'Fromwherehaveyoupoughtthistenthousanddirhams?'SoI(i.e.,AbuHurayra) said:'Somehorsesreproduced,giftscameonebyone,andsharescameregularly.'"He(i.e.,Abu Hurayra)said:"Sohe('Umar)tookit(thetenthousanddirhams)fromme." 'UmartreatedhisgovernorsashetreatedKhalidb.alWalidandAbuHurayra.Thosewhohave studied'Umar'spolicyknowhistreatmenttowardshisgovernors.Forexample,hedismissedAbu MusaalAsh'ari,Quddamab.Maz'un,alHarithb.Wahab,andoneofthesonsofLaythb.Bakr[1] afterhehaddividedthemoneyamongthem. Thiswasthepolicyof'Umartowardshisgovernors.Inotherwordshetreatedthemseverely. However,Mu'awiyawashisclosecompanionthoughhewasopposedtohispolicy.'Umardidnot preventMu'awiyafromdoinganything,nordidhepunishhimfordoinguglydeeds.Ratherhesaid tohim:"Idonotorderyou,nordoIpreventyou."Besideshelethimdoaccordingtohis viewpoint. Thistreatmentof'UmarmadeMu'awiyaatyrantandencouragedhimtocarryouthisUmayyad plans.SoalHasanandalHusaynwereindangerbecauseofMu'awiya'scunning.Islamwasalsoin dangerbecausehesparednoefforttodestroyitinthenameofIslamandtoputoutthelightof thetruthwiththenameofthetruth.Accordingly,toremoveMu'awiya'sdanger,alHasanandal Husaynwerebeforetwochoices:eithertoresistMu'awiyaortosurrendertohim.Asforthe resistanceundertheleadershipofalHasan,theythoughtthatitwouldcertainlydestroythose whoprotectedthereligionanditsfollowers.Alsoitwoulddestroythosewhoguidedpeopleto Allah,theGreatandAlmighty,andtoHisstraightpath.Ontheotherhand,hispotheralHusayn sacrificedhislifeattheBattleof [1]AlZubayrb.Bakkar,alMuwaffaqiyat.ConcerningthebiographyofalHarithb.Wahab,b.Hajar hasreportedtheabovementionedwordsinhisbook'alIsaba,'ChapterOne,ontheauthorityof alZubayrb.Bakkar. (XIX) Karbala'.HegatheredtheHashimitesandtheirfollowers.Hewagedwaragainstthestrong Umayyads.IfalHasanhadsacrificedhislifeinthismanner,thebattlewouldhaveresultedin killingthemall.[1]

NamelytheUmayyadswouldhavegainedavictoryoverthemandachievedtheirhopesand desires.IfalHasanandhisfollowershadbeenkilled,theUmayyadswouldbetheonlyrulersover theMuslimcommunity.SoalHasan,farbeitfromhim,wouldfallintowhatheescapedfromin theworstmanner.Alsohissacrificewouldhavenoeffectonthepublicopinionexceptblameand refute.[2] FromherealHasan,peacebeonhim,decidedtoleaveMu'awiyaplaywithhistyrannyandtotest himwithauthority.However,alHasanobligatedMu'awiyatoconformtotheQur'anandthe Sunna(theProphet'swordsandacts).AlsoheobligatedhimnottopunishtheShi'aforacertain mistaketheyhaddonetowardstheUmayyads,torespectthem,andtogivethemtheirrightsfully liketheotherMuslims.BesidesalHasanobligatedMu'awiyatocarryoutotherconditionsthough heknewthatthelatterwouldnotfulfillhispromiseorwoulddotheopposite.[3] [1]AsShaykhRadiAlYasinhasexplainedinthisbook. [2]ThatisbecauseMu'awiyainsistedonmakingapeacetreatywithalHasan.Hedeclaredthat hewasreadytocarryoutallconditionsofalHasanforAllahandthecommunity.Hebesought himtopreventthebloodshedofthecommunityofhisgrandfather.He(Mu'awiya)declaredhis request,sothetwopartiesknewit.Ifthebattlehadlasted,Mu'awiyawouldhavedefeatedal Hasan.AlHasan,Mu'awiya,andtheirsoldiersknewtheresultofthebattle.SoifalHasanhad insistedonfightingMu'awiyahewouldhavebeendefeatedandblamed.Moreover,ifalHasan hadsaidthatMu'awiyawouldnotfulfillhisconditions,thecommonpeoplewouldhavenot believedhimbecausetheyadmiredMu'awiya,aswehavealreadymentioned,andbecausethe defectsoftheUmayyadswerenotclearforthemtosupportalHasanandtoabandonMu'awiya. However,thedefectsoftheUmayyadsduringthelifetimeoftheLordofmartyrs(i.e.,alHusayn) weresoclearthathissacrificeplayedanimportantroleinsupportingthetruthanditsfollowers, praisebetoAllah.Readthechapter:"theSecretoftheAttitude"inthisbook. [3]ReadthePeaceTreatyinthisbook. (XX) AlHasan,peacebeonhim,madetheseconditionstoshowthepeopletheartificialqualitiesof theUmayyadsandtoshowthemthefalseaspectsofMu'awiya.InotherwordsalHasanwanted toshowthepeoplethatMu'awiyaandtheUmayyadswereignorant,farawayfromthetrueIslam, andfullofspites.ThoughIslamtreatedthem(theUmayyads)kindly,theyrememberedtheir defeatsatthebattlesofBadr,'Uhud,andalAhzab(theallies). Generallyspeaking,alHasanplannedtocreateastormyrevolutionthroughthatnecessaryPeace Treaty.HemadepeacewithMu'awiyabecauseofhiscriticalcircumstances:thepeopleatthat timewerenotabletodistinguishbetweenrightandwrong,andthetyrantsstronglycontrolled

authority. AlHasan,peacebeonhim,didnotstartthisplan,nordidheendit.Ratherhetookitfromhis grandfather,andthenhisgrandsonsadoptedit.He,liketheotherImams,wantedtoguidethe peoplethroughhisdeeds.Allahtestedhimwiththisplan.Sohe(alHasan)yieldedtoitpatiently toobtainAllah'spleasure.ThenhepassedtheDivinetestsuccessfully. AlHasan,peacebeonhim,learnedthisplanfromthepeacetreatyofalHudaybiya.Namely,he learneditfromthepolicyofhisgrandfather(ProphetMuhammad),mayAllahblesshimandhis family.Inotherwordshefollowedthegoodexampleofhisgrandfather.Stillsomeofhis prominentcompanionsandfollowerscriticizedhimforthePeaceTreatyhemadewithMu'awiya. However,he(alHasan)wasindifferenttotheirblame. AlHasan,peacebeonhim,madethisplan(PeaceTreaty).Hewantedittobeanexampleforhis potheralHusayn,theLordoftheyouthofParadise,andthenineImamsafterhim.Sothenine ImamsbasedtheirwisepolicyonalHasan'ssuccessfulplanduringtheircriticalconditions. Accordingly,alHasan'splanwasapartoftheHashimitepolicy.HeandtheotherImamsadopted ittosupportthetruth,nottowinvictoryfortheirownselves. ThisPeaceTreatypavedthewayforalHasan,peacebeonhim,toambushMu'awiyathroughhis ownsoldiersandtokillhimwhilehedidnotknow.AlsothePeaceTreatyhelpedalHasantoturn the (XXI) victoryoftheUmayyadsintoamutinyagainstthem. ImmediatelyafterthePeaceTreaty,thesignsofthemutinyagainstMu'awiyastarted.For example,theIraqisrebelledagainsthim.Soheaddressedthem,saying:"Iraqis,byAllah,Ihave notfoughtagainstyoutomakeyoupray,nortofast,nortopayalms(zakat)nortoperformthe hajj.RatherIhavefoughtagainstyoutobearuleroveryou.Allahhasgivenmethat(authority), whileyouarereluctantto(it).IhaveputthePeaceTreatywithalHasanb.'Aliundermytwo feet." WhenthepeoplepledgedallegiancetoMu'awiya,hedeliveredaspeech.Duringhisspeech,he mentionedImam'AliandalHasantodefamethem.SoalHusaynrosetoreply.However,alHasan saidtoalHusayn:"pother,slowly!"ThenalHasan,peacebeonhim,stoodupandspoke:"You whomentioned'Ali,IamalHasanand'Aliwasmyfather.YouareMu'awiyaandyourfatherwas Sakhr.MymotherwasFatimaandyourmotherwasHind.MygrandfatherwasAllah'sApostleand

yourgrandfatherwasHarb.MygrandmotherwasKhadijaandyourgrandmotherwasFutayla. MayAllahcursehimwhoisinferiortousinfameandancestry,andwhoistheoldestoneinevil, unbelief,andhypocrisy."Sosomegroupsofthosewhowerepresentinthemosquesaid:"Amen!" ThenMu'awiyaadoptedacertainpolicytoopposetheQur'anandtheSunna(theProphet's practice).Forexample,hedidnotpreventpeoplefromdoingevildeeds.Hekilledtherighteous, disgracedthegoodones,stolemoney,imprisonedthenoble,andmadethereformershomeless. Moreover,hesupportedthecorruptpersonsandmadethemhisministerssuchasb.al'As,b. Shu'ba,b.Said,b.Artat,b.Jundub,b.alSamt,b.alHakam,b.Marjana,b.'Aqaba,andb. Sumayya.ItisworthmentioningthatMu'awiyaseparatedb.Sumayyafromhislegitimatefather. Sob.SumayyabecameMu'awiya'spother.ThenMu'awiyaappointedb.Sumayyaagovernorover theShi'ainIraq.He(i.e.,b.Sumayya)killedtheirchildren,enslavedtheirwomen,soweddivision amongthem,burnttheirhouses,andstoletheirmoney.Generallyspeaking,hedidhisbestto persecutethem. Mu'awiyaendedoffhisabominableactswithappointinghis (XXII) corruptsonYazidaruleroverMuslims.Yazidthecorruptsparednoefforttodestroythereligion ofMuslimsandtospoiltheirlifeinthisworld.Forexample,hekilledalHusayn,peacebeonhim, andhiscompanionsattheBattleofKarbala'.AttheBattleofalHurra,heorderedMuslimb. 'AqabatoravageMedinaforthreedays.Moreover,heorderedthecommanderofhisarmytouse mangonelstothrowfiresandstonesatMecca. ThiswastheendofthedeedsofMu'awiya.Thisendwasquiteappropriateforthebeginningof hisblackacts. Betweenthebeginningandtheend,adversitiesdoubled,misfortunesoccurred,andordeals overcrowded.I(SayyidAbdalHusaynSharafalDin)donotknowhowthattimecontainedsuch adversities,misfortunes,andordeals.Idonotknowhowthatsocietyenduredthem.Forifthey weredistributedthroughoutatime,thetimewouldnotcontainthem.Iftheyweredistributedall overaworld,theworldwouldbecomeanunbearableinferno. However,theeventsoccurredtoexplainalHasan'splan.Theyshowedthepeoplethatthe Umayyadswerewicked.AlsotheyshowedthemthatalHasanwantedtopreventtheUmayyads fromdestroyingthemessageofhisgrandfather. AlHasan,peacebeonhim,wasabletodisclosetheevilintentionsoftheUmayyadswithhisplan.

SotheUmayyadswereoverthrown,praisebetoAllah. Withhisplan,alHasanpavedthewaytohispotheralHusayn,theLordofmartyrs.SoalHusayn wasabletodeclarehisrevolutionwithwhichAllahhasexplainedintheQur'anandmadeita lessonforthewise. AlHasanandalHusayn,peacebeonthem,weretwofacesofthemessage.Inotherwordsthey hadequalattitudestowardsit. AlHasanwasreadytogranthislifeforAllah.AlHusaynwasnotmoregenerousthanalHasanin grantinglifeforAllah.However,alHasankepthislifetoleadasilentstruggle.Whenthetime came,alHusayndiedamartyrattheBattleofKarbala'.However,thismartyrdomhadbelongedto alHasanbeforeitbelongedtoalHusayn. (XXIII) ThewisedeeplyknowthatthesacrificeattheBattleofSabatwasmoremeaningfulthanthatat theBattleofKarbala'.ForalHasan,peacebeonhim,practicedpaverypatiently.Inotherwords heenduredhardshipsinapeacefulway. ThemartyrdomattheBattleofKarbalahbelongedtoalHasan,andthenitbelongedtoalHusayn. ThatisbecausealHasanhadripeneditsresultsandpavedthewaytoit. ThebloodyvictoryofalHasandependedonthetruthwhichheclarifiedforhispotheralHusayn withhispatienceandwisdom.Sowhenthistruthbecameclear,alHusaynwonavictoryoverhis enemies. ItisasifthatalHasanandalHusayn,peacebeonthem,wereinagreementonthedesignofthe plan.Namely,alHasantooktheroleofthepatient,wiseperson,whilealHusayntooktheroleof thegenerousrevolutionist.Sotheyhelpedeachothertomakeaperfectplanwithonepurpose. AftertheBattlesofKarbala'andSabat,thepeoplebegantoconsidertheeventscarefully.Sothey concludedthattheUmayyadswereanabominable,ignorantgroup.Alsotheyconcludedthatthe UmayyadsplayedthemostdangerousroletodestroyIslamandMuslims.Forthey(the Umayyads)werefullofmalice. ThepeopleunderstoodthattheUmayyadssharedthesamewickednature,andthatIslamwas unabletoeducatesuchakindofnaturewithitskindtreatment.Forexample,Hindmadeaplanto killHamza(theProphet'suncle).WhenHamzawaskilled,Hindcametohim,rippedopenhis

chest,andbeganeatinghisliver.AttheBattleofKarbala',Yazidgatheredhisfighterstoattackal Husaynandhiscompanions.WhenalHusaynwaskilled,Yazidorderedhisfighterstopeakal Husayn'schestwiththehoovesoftheirhorses.Besidesheorderedthemtocutoffhishead,and toleavehimnakedintheopenairtobeeatenbythebirdsandthebeastsofprey.Moreover, Yazidorderedhisfighterstotaketheprophet'sgranddaughtersasprisoners. ThepeopleknewthatMu'awiyawentonhiswickedplantowardsalHasantillhepoisonedhim. TheyknewthatMu'awiyawas (XXIV) indifferenttothePeaceTreaty,whichhemadewithalHasan.AlsotheyknewthatalHusayn revoltedagainsttheUmayyadsbecausetheiroppressionreacheditszenith. Accordingly,itwasnaturalforthepeopletoconsiderthoseeventscarefully.Theywantedtoknow whytheUmayyadsdeviatedfromthefamilyofMuhammad,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily. Theyalsowantedtoknowwhythatcunning,oppressive,Umayyadregimetookthereinsof authority.Moreover,theywantedtoknowwhysucharegimesparednoefforttoputoutthelight ofthefamilyofMuhammadortopreventitfromreachingthecommunity. Yes,thepeopleknewthewickedplanoftheUmayyadsbecauseofalHasan'sandalHusayn's effortsandtheirwiseplan. ThepeopleknewthattherewasastrongenmitybetweenIslamandtheUmayyads.Wesaidthat theUmayyadstookthereinsofauthoritythroughMu'awiyaandhisPeaceTreatywithalHasan. Then,whydidMu'awiyapersecutealHasanandpoisonhim?Whydidhedohisbesttoputan endtotherighteousfollowersofalHasan? AlsoYazidkilledalHusaynandtookthereinsofauthority,butwhydidhekillalHusayn's followersmercilessly? Indeed,wemustleavethegoodoneswhoareacquaintedwiththeIslamichistorytodiscoverthe realityofthestrugglebetweenthefamilyoftheProphetandtheUmayyads.Thatisbecausewe havedetailedthismatterintheintroductionofthebook:'AlMajalisalFakhirafiMa'atimal'Ittra alTahira'.Seethisbook.Now,itisenoughformetomentionthatalHasanandalHusaynhelped eachothertoshowpeopletherealfaceoftheUmayyads.SoIwanttounderlinethisfactagain: ThemartyrdomattheBattleofKarbala'belongedtoalHasanfirst,andthenitbelongedtoal Husayn.ThewisedeeplyknowthatthesacrificeattheBattleofSabatwasmoremeaningfulthan thatattheBattleofKarbala'.

Thankstoourmaster,ourprototype,theprominentfigureofthecommunity,expertinthe secretsoftheImams,HujjatalIslamandMuslims,ourholyShaykh,ShaykhRadiAlYasin,may Allahpromotehisrank.Forhewasthefirsttodiscoverthesecretofthe (XXV) relationshipbetweenthePeaceTreatyofalHasanandtherevolutionofalHusayn. Besides,wemustacknowledgethatnooneofthegreatfiguresdevotedhimselftothistaskas ShaykhRadiAlYasindidinthisvaluablebook.SomayAllahrewardhimanddwellhiminthe highestHeaven:"withthoseuponwhomAllahhasbestowedfavorsfromtheprophetsandthe truthfulandthemartyrsandthegood,andaconsiderablecompanyarethey!" HisEminenceAyatAllah,Imam,GreatReformer, SayyidAbdalHusaynSharafalDinalMusawi,al'Amili (Mayhisgravebesanctified) Sur(JabalAmil)onthefifteenthofthemonthofRajab, intheyear1372A.H. Author'sPreface (XI) "IntheNameofAllah,MostGracious,MostMerciful PraisebelongstoAllah,theLordoftheworlds. MayAllahblessMuhammad,hisfamily,andhiscompanions." Now,Iwanttoputtheconclusionofthestudiesinfrontofthegentlereader.Thisconclusionhas beenbasedonfactsfromreallife.Theyarefreefromanydoubt.Theyarenotsubjectedtoany effectoftheoppressedhistoricalperiod,whichouroldhistorianshadnotpresentedinan appropriateway,norhaveourcontemporaryauthorsanalyzeditinasuitablemanner. ThisperiodoftimerepresentedthesuccessionofalHasanb.'Ali,peacebeonthem.Thisperiod

hashistoricallybeendistortedbecauseoftheambitionsoftheforemostauthorsandthe carelessnessofthemodernones.Thisperiod,likeotherhistoricalperiods,hasbeenliableto deliberateblackout,forgetfulnessoffacts,negligence,anddistortion.Sorasheasternandwestern authorshavedescribedalHasanb.'Ali,thebestblessingandpeaceonhimandonhisfather,asa caliphwithweakpolicy,theonewhoabsorbedinlovingwomen,andwhosoldMu'awiyathe successionformoney.Alsotherearesimilaroppressivebaselessaccusationstotheseones. Sointhefollowingchapters,I(theauthor)willexplainthisimportantshortperiod.Foritissimilar tothegreathistoricalperiodsofIslamafterthedeathoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhis family.Thatisbecausethisperiodwasuniqueinthehistoryoftheothercaliphs.Namely,itwas thebeginningofanewrulethatdistinguishedbetweenthespiritualpowersandthetemporal onesinIslam.Itwastheperiodwhoseeventsconfirmedthetraditioninwhich (XXVIII) theProphettoldthepeoplethatoppressiverulerswouldtakethereinsofauthority.Itwasthe periodwhentribalspitesappearedforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofIslamicbeliefs. However,thelittleeffortsinthechaptersofthisbookarenotenoughtoexplainthefactsabout theperiodofalHasan'ssuccession.Thatisbecausesuchfactsareaboutinvariousbooks. TheselittleeffortshaveshownusthatalHasanb.'Ali(peacebeonhim),thoughtheperiodofhis successionwasshort,wasthecleverestofallCaliphsinpolicy,andsolvingtheproblems.They haveshownusthatalHasanwasverycarefuloftheplansandplotsofMu'awiyab.AbuSufyan. Theyhaveshownusthathemarriedmanywomentoshowhisgreatpositionamongpeople. Moreover,theyhaveshownusthathemadeaPeaceTreatywithMu'awiyatoindicatethe almightyplanthroughwhichhedestroyedhisenemiesinhistory.SoalHasandidnotsell Mu'awiyathesuccessionformoney,nordidhebargainwithhim.Moreover,alldeedsofthis Imam(i.e.,alHasan)haveunderlinedhisgreatpositionamongpeople.However,somepeople haveignoredhisdeedsandhistoryhasoppressedthem. Themosthorribleungratefulnessforthetalentsofthegreatfiguresisthatignorantpeoplewrite abouttheirhistoryandclassifytheirranks. SuchignorantpeopledonotharmalHasanb.'Ali.Forthereareotherpeoplewhohavetheability todistinguishbetweentherightandthewrong.ForthepaveattitudeofthisImam(i.e.,alHasan), hisgreattalents,andhismeaningfulaimshavemadehimoccupythehighestpositionofthegreat immortalfigures. Itisenoughforustomentionthefollowingchapterstoshowthecorrectlogicalmethodwhich

peopleshouldfollowtodenotethatImamalHasanwasgreat,andfreefromalldefects. SoimpudentauthorshavecondemnedthepolicyofalHasan,peacebeonhim,fortakingasum ofmoney.ThissumofmoneywasthereasonforcreatingsuchahistoricalproblemtoalHasan, peacebeonhim.ThatisbecausesuchauthorshavenotstudiedtheprivateconditionsofalHasan thoroughly.Besidestheyhavedecidedto (XXIX) supporttheirpartyactivities,tocomplywiththewishesoftherulingpolicy,andtomakepeople forgetthisgreatImam. SotheauthorshaveregardedalHasanasanunsuccessfulleader.However,theyhavenot consideredcarefullythereasonsforthisclaimedfailurethathasreflectedthestateofthepeople whomalHasanledduringthatperiod.Inotherwordstheauthorsshouldconsidercarefullythe temptationsofthenewconqueststhatprevailedthepeopleatthattime.Accordingly,theauthors willknowthattheleaderhasnodefectwhenhiscommunitybecomescorrupt,hissoldiers becometraitors,andhispeoplelosetheirsocialconscience. TheauthorshaveforgottentoregardalHasanasthemostprominentpolitician.Fortheyhavenot knownthathestudiedthepsychologicalfeaturesofhisopponents,thedesiresofhissociety,and thesituationsofhistime.Moreover,theyhavenotknownthatalHasanmadeplans.Theyhave notknownthathedecidedtheresults.Theyhavenotknownthathekeptthefutureofallhis communitywithhisplans.Theyhavenotknownthathedugthegravesofhisopponentsoneby onewithhisconclusions.ThoughalHasanwassurroundedbythehardshipsofhistime,hewas thepeacemakerwhosesuccesswascertain,andwhoseheadwasraisedthroughthesummons torighteousness.Thenhedied.However,herefusedtowasteevenaninchofhisright.I(the author)wonder,whichgreatnessisbetterthanthatofalHasanwhenthepedanticcriticsstudy hisconditionswithhonesty? Ourbookwillgiveyouclearevidenceforwhatwehavementionedabove.Thatisbecauseits chaptershavebeenbasedonaccuratestudies.Thegentlereaderwillfindthesestudiesthe nearestthingtorealityortheyaretherealityitself.Alsohewillfindthatwehaveprovedthem withlogicalcriteria. ThereaderwillfindthatthisbookisnotabouttheconditionsofImamalHasan,peacebeonhim, ingeneral.Ratherthebookisabouthispoliticalattitudes.Anyhow,itisnecessaryforusto mentionachapterabouthislife. Ourmatter(thePeaceTreatyofalHasan)iswideanddifficult.However,thereferencebooksare

veryfew.Thatisbecausemostof (XXX) ouroldbookswereliabletobemissing.Forexample,wehavenotfoundthesebooks: 1)SulhalHasanandMu'awiyabyAhmadb.Muhammadb.Saidb.AbdalRahmanalSubay'ial Hamadani(died333A.H.),SulhalHasanbyIpahimb.Muhammadb.Saidb.Hilalb.'Asimb.Said b.Mas'udalThaqafi(died283A.H.),AmralHasanby'Abdal'Azizb.YahyaalJalludialBasri, AkhbaralHasanbyalHaythemb.'AdialTha'labi(died207),AkhbaralHasanb.'AlibyAbuIshaq Ipahimb.MuhammadalIsfahani'alThaqafi[1]andthelike. Asforthebooks,whichwehavefound,theyareallinagreementonthePeaceTreatyofalHasan (SulhalHasan).However,theyareindisagreementonpresentinganeventnarratingasermon, reportingadeclaration,anddecidingacertainnumber.Rather,eventwochainsofauthorityin thesebooksareindisagreementonappointingtheexactdateofaneventorasermon.Theyare indisagreementonlimitingthenameoftheleader,forexample,ortheorderoftheleadership betweentwooramongthreeleaders.Theyareindisagreementonreportingthewaysoftheplot whichwasmadeagainstalHasan,peacebeonhim,athiscamps.Theyareindisagreementon expressinghispeace,andhiskillingatlast.Moreover,theyareindisagreementonthesmalland thegreatnewsofthestoryfromthebeginningtotheend. Inthesebookstherearemanyfactorsthatplayedadangerousroleintreatingthesensitive matters. Attributingthesefactstotheircorrectchainofauthoritywasthemostdifficultstageforme duringthiswriting.However,itwaseasyformetoachievethispurposethroughresortingtothe relationsoftheconditionsandthecoordinationoftheeventswithwhichwecanevaluatea certainsituation. Amongthebestchancesisthatwehavedependedontheplain (XXXI) proofinchoosingthewaytoorderthereportsthatarehereandthereinbooks.Sothesereports, thoughincomplete,areallourperfectproofsforthecoordinationandthestudywehavechosen. Thisisthemostwonderfulsuccess,whichIhaveachieved. Weconsideredcarefullytheattitude(i.e.,thePeaceTreaty)throughoutitsstages.Wedepended

onreasonmorethanthereports.Weresortedtothepersonaldeclarations(i.e.,thewordsofal Hasan)toindicatethepurpose(thePeaceTreaty)morethanthereportsofmanyhistorians. Moreover,it(thisstudy)ismylittlegoods.FromitIdonotwantanything.However,Iwantitto beacluefornewstudiestoremovethevaguenessthathascoveredthePeaceTreatyofalHasan throughouthistory. Ifmystudyissuccessfulinachievingthat,thenIwillbegivenmuchgood"WithnonebutAllahis mysuccess,onHimdoIrelyandtoHimdoIturn." [1]Youcanfindthesebookswithinthebiographiesoftheirauthorsinthebiographicalbooks, suchasalFihrastbyb.alNadimandalNajashi,andthelike.Alsoyoucanfindthemwiththe namesofotherbooksconcerningalHasan's,peacebeonhim,peaceandkilling.Wedonotwant tospeakatlengthaboutthem,fortheyhavebecomemerenames. Chapter1:ImamAlHasan(PeaceBeOnHim) (3) HisfatherwastheCommanderofthefaithful(Amiralmu'minin),'Alib.AbuTalib.Hismotherwas themistressofthewomenoftheworlds,FatimathedaughteroftheApostleofAllah,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily. HisBirth HewasborninMedinaonthenightofthemiddledayofthemonthofRamadan,intheyear3 A.H.Hewastheeldestson. WhenalHasanwasborn,theProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,tookhim.Thenthe Prophetsaidtheadhan(calltoprayer)inalHasan'srightear,andsaidtheiqama(wordssimilarto theadhan)inhisleftear.Thenhesacrificedaramforhim(intheceremonyof'aqiqa).Thenhe shavedhishair.He(i.e.,theProphet)gavesilverequaltohishair.SotheweightofalHasan'shair wasadirhamandsomeofsilver.Thenheorderedhishairtoperfumed.Sothe'aqiqaandgiving almsasequalastheweightofhairhavebecomeSunna(anactoftheProphet). TheProphetnamedhimHasan.PeopledidnotknowsuchanameinthepreIslamicperiod.Also hegavehimKunya(i.e.,thenamebywhichanArabisusuallyreferredtoandwhichreferstohim

asthefatherofsomeone,usuallyhiseldestson)asAbuMuhammad.AlHasanhadnoKunya otherthanthis(AbuMuhammad). (4) HisNickNames alSibt,alSayyid,alZaki,alMujtaba,alTaqi. HisWives AlHasanmarriedUmmIshaqbint(thedaughterof)Talhab.'UbaydAllah,Hafsabint(the daughterof)'AbdalRahmanb.AbuBakr,Hindbint(thedaughterof)Suhaylb.'Amru,andJu'da bint(thedaughterof)alAsh'athb.Qays,whomMu'awiyatemptedtokillalHasan.Soshekilled himwithpoison. HisChildren AlHasanhadfifteenchildren,bothmaleandfemale:Zayd,alHasan,'Amru,alQasim,'AbdAllah, 'AbdalRahman,alHasanalAthram,andTalha,UmmalHasan,UmmalHusayn,Fatima,Umm Salama,Ruqayya,Umm'AbdAllah,andFatima. HisCharacteristics NoonewasmoreliketheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,thanalHasanb. 'Ali,peacebeonhim,inform,manner,andnobility. InthismannerthedescribershavedescribedalHasanandsaid:"He(alHasan)hadawhite, reddishface.Hehadblackeyes,smoothcheeks,thickbeard,andcurly,plentifulhair.Hisneckwas aswhiteasajugofsilver.Hisbodywasgood.Hehadlargeshoulders,andbigfleshybones.He wasofmediumheight;neitherlongnorshort.Hewashandsome;thebestofallpeopleinface. AlHasan,peacebeonhim,wasasthepoetsaid: Whensomehandsomenesscreepsintotheinsightsofimaginations, He(alHasan)hasthespecialshare. (5)

Hisforeheadfromunderhisforelockislike Thefullmoonthatilluminatesthedarknight. Hisambergrisandmuskisfarabovetheperfumeof Thepeopleoftheearth,soheistheheavenlyperfume. IbnSa'dsaid:"AlHasanandalHusaynusedtodyeblack." Wasilb.'Ata'said:"AlHasanb.'Ali,peacebeonthem,hadthevisageofprophetsandthegloryof kings." HisWorship AlHasan,peacebeonhim,performedthehajjonfoottwentyfivetimes.Whenhementioned death,hewept. Whenhementionedthegrave,hewept.Whenhementionedtheresurrection,hewept.Whenhe mentionedcrossingthesirat(akindofpidgewhichonlytherighteouscancrossontheroadto Paradise),hewept.WhenhementionedthestandingbeforeAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,he fainted.WhenhementionedParadiseandFire,heshockasthesickpersondid.SoheaskedAllah tomakehimenterParadiseandtoprotecthimfromFire. WhenalHasanperformedanablutionforprayers,heshockalloverandhisfacebecamepale. AlHasan,peacebeonhim,sharedhispropertywithAllahthreetimes.Hegavepeoplefromhis propertytwiceinthewayofAllah,theExalted.HementionedAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,inall conditionswhetherpleasantorotherwise. They(thehistorians)said:"He(alHasan,peacebeonhim)wasthebestofallpeoplein worshippingAllahandrefrainingfromthelifeinthisworld." (6) HisEthics AlHasan'sethicswereexcellentexamplesforpeople.Soeveryonerespectedhim.Everyoneloved himwhenheassociatedwithhim.Whenhisfriendorhisenemyheardhimtalkingordeliveringa speech,hewassorrythathe(alHasan)wouldendhistalkingorhisspeech. Inhisbook,vo1.8,p.37,b.Kathirhasreportedontheauthorityofb.alZubayr,whosaid:"By Allah,nowomanhasborn(ababy)likealHasanb.'Ali." Muhammadb.Ishaqsaid:"AfterAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,noonehada

highsocialpositionasalHasanb.'Alihad.(Mats)werespreadoutatthedoorofhishouse.When hecameoutandsat,thestreetwasovercrowded.SonooneofAllah'screaturescouldpassto showrespectforhim.Whenheknewthat,hestoodupandenteredhishouse.Sothepeople couldpass." AlHasandismountedhiscamelontheroadtoMecca,soallthosewhosawhimdismountedtheir camels.AlsoSa'adb.AbuWaqqasdismountedhiscamelandwalkedbesidehim. Ibn'AbbascaughtthestirrupforalHasanandalHusayn,peacebeonthem,andarrangedtheir clothes.SoMudrikb.Ziyadsaidtohim:"Youareolderthanthem,sowhydoyoucatchthestirrup forthem?"Ibn"'Abbassaid:"Woeuntoyou!Doyouknowwhotheyare?Theyarethegrandsons oftheApostleofAllah.WhatagreatblessingisthatAllahhasmademecatchthestirrupforthem andarrangetheirclothes!" AlthoughalHasan,peacebeonhim,hadahighsocialrank,hewaskindtopeople.Onedayhe passedbypoorpersons.Thepoorpersonsweresittingontheground.Therewerepiecesofpead beforethem.Theywerepickingupthepiecesofpeadandeatingthem.WhentheysawalHasan, peacebeonhim,theysaidtohim:"SonoftheApostleofAllah,cometolunch!"Sohedismounted hiscamelandsaid:"Indeed,Allahdoesnotlovetheproud."Hebeganeatingwiththem.Thenhe invitedthem,sohegavethemfoodandclothes. (7) ThefollowingaresomeexamplesaboutalHasan'sgenerosity:Amancametohimandaskedhim foraneed.He(alHasan)saidtotheman:"Writeyourneedonapieceofpaperandsubmititto me."Themansubmittedhisneedtohim.He(alHasan)doubledtheman'sneed.Sosomeof thosewhoweresittingwithalHasansaidtohim:"SonoftheApostleofAllah,theblessingofthe pieceofpaperwasgreatfortheman."SoalHasansaid:"Itsblessingforusisgreater,forAllahhas madeusappropriatefordoinggood.Doyounotknowthatdoinggoodshouldbeoptional, namelywithoutrequest.Asforhimwhomyougiveaftertherequest,yougivehimafterhehas lostface.Hemayspendhisnightrestlessandsleepless.Herocksbetweendespairandhope.He doesnotknowwhetherhewillfaceasadansweroragladsuccess.Hecomestoyouwhilehe shakesalloverandhisheartisafraid(ofyou).Thenifyoumethisneedthroughlosingface,that (losingface)wouldbegreaterthanwhathehasobtainedfromyourfavor." AlHasan,peacebeonhim,gaveapoet(somemoney).Sooneofthosewhoweresittingwithhim saidtohim:"GlorybetoAllah!DoyougivethepoetwhodisobeystheMerciful(Allah)andtells lies?"AlHasan,peacebeonhim,said:"ServantofAllah,thebestofyourmoneyiswhatyou spendtoprotectyourdignity.Itisanactofkindnesstoavoidtheevil."

AmanaskedalHasan,peacebeonhim,foraneed.SoalHasangavethemanonethousand dirhamsandfivehundreddinarsandsaidtohim:"Fetchacarriertohelpyou."Themanfetcheda carrier.SoalHasangavethecarrierhiscloakandsaid:"Thisisthewageofthecarrier. ABedouincametoalHasan,peacebeonhim,andaskedhimforaneed.SoalHasansaid:"Give himallthemoneyinthesafe."Thereweretwentythousanddirhamsinthesafe.Allthemoney wasgiventotheBedouin,sohesaid:"Mymaster,doyounotletmetellyouaboutmyneedand praiseyou?"AlHasan,peacebeonhim,begansaying: OurgiftsaremanyThehopefulenjoythem. (8) Ourselvesgivegenerouslybeforetherequest Forfearoflosingface. AlMada'inisaid:"AlHasan,alHusayn,and'AbdAllahb.Ja'farwentout.However,theirluggage wentbeforethem.Sotheybecamehungryandthirsty.Theysawanoldwomansittinginatent. Theyaskedtheoldwomanforwater.Shesaidtothem:'Milkthisewe.'Theydid.Thentheyasked herforfood.Shedid:'Ihavenothingbutthisewe.Letoneofyouslaughterit.Sooneofthem slaughteredandskinnedit.Thenshegrilledsomemeatoftheeweforthem.Theyatethemeat andtookanapattheoldwoman'stent.Whentheygotup,theysaidtoher:'Weareagroupof peoplefromQuraysh.Wewanttogothroughthisdirection.Whenwecomeback,visitus.Forwe willdogoodforyou.'Thentheywentaway.Whentheoldwoman'shusbandcame,shetoldhim aboutherentertainment.Herhusbandsaid:'Woeuntoyou!Youhavesacrificedmyewefor peoplewhomyoudonotknow,thenyousaythattheyarefromQuraysh.'Dayspassed.Theold woman'sconditionbecameworse.SoshedepartedtillshepassedthroughMedina.AlHasan, peacebeonhim,sawherandrecognizedher.Hesaidtoher:'Doyouknowme?''No,'she answered.Hesaid:'Iwasyourguestonthedaysoandso.'Thenhegaveheronethousandewes andonethousanddinars,andhesenthertoalHusayn,peacebeonhim.AlHusayngaveherlike that(number)andsentherto'AbdAllahb.Ja'far.Thelattergaveherlikethat(number)." AHashimitemanandanUmayyadquarreledwithoneanother(aboutgenerosity).TheHashimite mansaid:"Mypeoplearemoregenerous(thanyours)."TheUmayyadonesaid:"Mypeopleare moregenerous(thanyours)."TheHashimitemansaidtotheUmayyadone:"Goandasktenof yourpeople(formoney)"TheUmayyadmanwentandaskedtenofhispeople(formoney).Each oneofthetenpeoplegavehimtenthousanddirhams.InthemeantimetheHashimitemanwent

toalHasanb.'Ali.SoalHasangavehimonehundredandfiftythousanddirhams.Thenthe HashimitemanwenttoalHusayn.SoalHusaynaskedhim:"Hadyouaskedanyoneformoney beforeme?" "IhadaskedalHasan,"answeredtheHashimiteman.Al (9) Husaynsaid:"Icannotgivemorethanwhatmymaster(alHasan)hasgivenyou."ThenalHusayn gavetheHashimitemanonehundredandfiftythousanddirhams.ThentheUmayyadmancame backwithonehundredthousanddirhamsfromtenpeople,whiletheHashimitemancameback withthreehundredthousanddirhamsfromtwopeople.SotheUmayyadmanbecameangryand returnedthemoneytoitsownerswhoreceivedit.MeanwhiletheHashimitemanwenttoal HasanandalHusayntoreturnthemoney,buttheyrefusedtoacceptit.Thentheysaid:"Wedo notmindwhetheryoutakethemoneyorthrowitawayontheroad." OnedayalHasan,peacebeonhim,sawablackboy.Theblackboywaseatingapieceofpeadand givingapieceofpeadtohisdog.SoalHasansaidtohim:"Whathasmadeyoudothis?""Ifeel shameofmydogwhenIeatanddonotfeedhim,"answeredtheblackboy.ThenalHasansaidto him:"DonotleaveyournexttillIcometoyou."AtthatmomentalHasanwenttotheblackboy's master.Heboughttheblackboyandthewall(thegarden)wherehelived.He(alHasan)freedthe blackboyandmadehimpossessthewall. ThetraditionsaboutalHasan'sgenerosityarenumerous,butwedonotintendtomentionthem all. AsforalHasan'sclemency,itwasasheavyasthemountains,asMarwansaidconcerningal Hasan. AlHasan,peacebeonhim,renouncedworldlypleasuresverymuch.SoMuhammadb.'Alib.al Husaynb.Babawayh,whodiedintheyear381A.H.,wroteabook.Hecalledthebook'Zuhdal Hasan.'HowanoutstandingmeritwasthatalHasanrenouncedalllifeinthisworldforthesakeof thereligion! HisOutstandingMerits AlHasan,peacebeonhim,istheLordoftheyouthofHeaven.Hewasoneofthetwopersonsin whomtheprogenyoftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,waslimited.Hewas oneofthefourpersonsthroughwhomtheProphetmadethecontestofprayerwiththe

ChristiansofNajran.Hewasoneofthefivepersonswhom (10) theProphetcoveredwithhiscloak.HewasoneofthetwelveImamswhoseobedienceAllahmade incumbentonpeople.HewasamongthosewhowerepurifiedfromsinsastheQur'ansays.He wasamongthosewhoseloveAllahmaderewardforthemessage.Hewasamongthosewhomthe ApostleofAllahmadeoneofthetwovaluablethings(thaqalayn).Thuswhoevercleavestothem doesnotgoastray.HewastheplantofthesweetbasiloftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshim andhisfamily.TheProphetlovedhimandaskedAllahtolovethosewholovehim. AlHasanhadotheroutstandingmerits.Thesemeritsareinneedofalongexplanation.Stillthe explanationdoesnotencompassthemevenifitislong. Thepeoplepledgedallegiancetohimafterthedeathofhisfather,peacebeonthem.Sohe assumedthesuccessioninthebestmannerthoughthetimeofhissuccessionwasshort.Alsohe madeaPeaceTreatywithMu'awiyaonthefifteenthofthemonthofJamadial'Ula'intheyear41 A.H.,accordingtothemostcorrectreports.Sohewasabletoprotectthereligionandtosparethe bloodofthebelievers.InthePeaceTreaty,hefollowedtheteachings,whichhereportedonthe authorityofhisfatherontheauthorityofhisgrandfather,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily. Apparently,hissuccessionwassevenmonthsandtwentydays. AfterthePeaceTreatyhadbeenconcluded,alHasan,peacebeonhim,camebacktoMedinato staythere.Sohishousebecameasasecondharam(asacredsanctuary)forpeopletovisit. Throughthesetwosacrednexts(alHasan'shouseandMedina),alHasan,peacebeonhim, becametheriseofguidance.HewasthestrongholdofknowledgeandshelterofMuslims. Meanwhilethereweremanyknowledgeablepeopleallaroundhim.Anyhowsuchknowledgeable peoplewerethestudentsofalHusayn.Sotheylearnedknowledgefromhimandreportediton hisauthority.AllahgrantedalHasanplentifulknowledgeandahighsocialpositionintheheartsof Muslims.Thushe(alHasan)wasabletoguidethecommunity,toleadMuslimsspiritually,to correcttheIslamicbeliefs,andtounifythepeopleofmonotheism. (11) AlHasan,peacebeonhim,performedtheearlymorningprayerinthemosqueoftheApostleof Allah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.HesattherepraisingAllahtillthesunrose.Inthe meantimeheansweredthequestionsofthegreatMuslimfigures.Inhisbook'alFusulal Muhimma',p.159,b.alSabbaghsaid:"Thepeoplegatheredaroundhim(alHasan).He(alHasan)

answeredthequestionersperfectlyandrefutedtheproofsofthedisputers." WhenalHasan,peacebeonhim,performedthehajjorwentaroundtheKaaba,thepeoplewere abouttodestroyhim.Fortheyovercrowdedtowelcomehim. HisDeath AlHasan,peacebeonhim,wasgivenpoisonseveraltimes.Wewilldetailthismatterwhenwe discussthefulfillmentoftheconditionsofthePeaceTreaty.WhenalHasan,peacebeonhim,felt thedangerinthelastattempt,hesaidtohispotheralHusayn,peacebeonhim:"Mypother,Iam leavingyouandmeetingmyLord.Ihavebeengivenpoisontodrink,andhavespewedmyliver intothebasin.IamawareofthepersonwhopoisonedmeandfromwhereIhavebeenmadea subjecttothisdeceitfulaction.IwillopposehimbeforeAllah,theGreatandAlmighty."Thenhe said:"BurymewiththeApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.ForIamworthierof himandhisfamily[1](thanothers).Iftheypreventyoufromdoingthat,then [1]AlHasan,peacebeonhim,wasworthieroftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily, thanothers,becausehewashisgrandsonandapieceofhim.RatheralHasanwasthepieceof theProphet.Nooneisworthierofthegrandfatherthanthegrandson.Inotherwordsthepieceis worthieroftheentiretythanothers. AlHasan,peacebeonhim,wasworthieroftheProphet'sfamily,becausehewashislegitimate inheritorthroughhismotherthetruthfulandchasteone,peacebeonher.Shewastheonly inheritorofherfather,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Soshe(Fatima,theProphet'sdaughter) hadtherighttoinheritherfatherasSolomoninheritedDavid.Forthereisnothingthatcan specializethegeneralinheritance. (12) ImakeyouswearbytherelationwhichAllahhasmadeclosetoyouandbythebloodrelationto theApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimfamily,nottoshedevenyourbloodintothecupping glassin(carryingout)mycommand,tillwemeettheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,toopposethepeoplebeforehimandtotellhimaboutwhatwehavesufferedfromthem." ThenalHasan,peacebeonhim,madehistestamentarybequeststohisfamilyandhischildren. (HegavealHusayn)hisheirloomsandthethingswhichtheCommanderofthefaithful(Imam'Ali), peacebeonhim,hadbequeathedtohimwhenhehadmadehimhissuccessor,haddeclaredhim worthytooccupyhisposition,andhadindicatedtohisShi'athathe(alHasan)washissuccessor.

ThenalHasan,peacebeonhim,diedontheseventhofthemonthofSufar,intheyear49A.H. AbualFarajalIsfahanisaid:"Mu'awiyawantedthepeopletopledgeallegiancetohissonYazid. However,theexistenceofalHasanb.'AliandofSa'db.AbuWaqqastroubledhimverymuch.So hegavethempoisontodrink,andtheydiedofit." TheabominabledisastersofthiskindshooktheconscienceoftheMuslimcountries.Sothere werevariousrevolutionsthroughout Herethecomparativedegree'worthier'concernsthemafdulin(lessexcellent),namelyAbuBakr and'Umar.FortheyregardedthemselvesasworthierofburyingintheroomoftheApostleof Allah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,thanothers.However,hisgrandson(alHasan)was worthierofthatthanthem.Thatisbecausethey(AbuBakrand'Umar)thoughtthatthewifehad therighttoinheritherhusband.Muslimjuristshavedisagreedonthismattersincethen.'A'isha, thedaughterofAbuBakr,andHafsa,thedaughterof'Umar,had,accordingtothecorrectnessof theirinheritanceastwowives,ashareofseventytwosharesintheroomwheretheApostleof Allah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,wasburied.Fortheyweretwoofninewives.Andallthe ninewiveshadoneeighthwhichtheydividedamongthemselvesaccordingtothisrate.Asforthe holyroomwhosewidenesswedonotknowexactlyshouldbewideenoughtoholdseventytwo graves;otherwisetheinheritorsofthetruthful,chasteone(FatimadidnotpermitAbuBakrand 'Umartobeburiedinit.Sowhatisotherthanthis(explanation)?Accordingly,wemustadmitthat alHasan,peacebeonhim,wasworthieroftheApostleofAllahandofhishousethantheothers. (13) history.InthisconnectionAllah,theExalted,says:"Andtheywhoactunjustlyshallknowtowhat finalnextofturningtheyshallturnback." HisBurial Sibtb.alJawzireportedontheauthorityofb.Sa'dontheauthorityofalWaqidi,whosaid: "WhenalHasanwasabouttodie,hesaid:'Burymebesidemyfather.'HemeanttheApostleof Allah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.However,banu(thesonsof)UmayyaandMarwanb.al HakamandSaidb.al'As,whowasthegovernoroverMedina,preventedhim."IbnSa'dsaid: "Amongthemwas'A'isha,whosaid:'NooneisburiedbesidetheApostleofAllah.'" AbualFarajalAmawialIsfahanireportedontheauthorityofYahyab.alHasan,whosaid:"I heard'Alib.Tahirb.Zaydsay:'WhentheywantedtoburyalHasan,she('A'isha)mountedamule andaskedthehelpofbanu(thesonsof)Umayya,Marwan,thosewhoweretherefromthem

(banuUmayya)andfromtheirservants.Sosomeonesaid:'Oneday(shewas)onamule,andone day(shewas)onacamel.'" AlMas'udihasmentionedthat'A'ishamountedagraymuleandledtheUmayyadstodeclarea secondbattleagainstthemembersoftheHouse(AhlalBayt.He(alMas'udi)said:"SoalQasimb. Muhammadb.AbuBakrcametoher('A'isha)andsaid:'Aunt,we,,havenotwashedourheads sincetheBattleoftheCamel.[2]Doyou'wantpeopleto callthisdaytheBattleoftheGrayMule?'Soshecame [2]Inhisbook'AlMahasinwaalMasawi',vol.1,p.35,alBayhaqihasreportedsimilarwords.He (alBayhaqi)said:"OntheauthorityofalHasanalBasrithatalAhnafb.Qayssaidto'A'ishaatthe BattleoftheCamel:'Motherofthebelievers,hastheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,authorizedyouthismovement?'Shesaid:'OAllah,no.'Hesaid:'Haveyoufoundit(this movement)intheBookofAllah,theExalted?'Shesaid:'Wedonotreadbutwhatyouread.'He said:'HaveyouseenthattheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,askedthehelp ofhiswiveswhenhewasfewinnumberandthepolytheistsweremany?'Shesaid:'OAllah,no.' AlAhnafsaid:'Therefore,whatisourguilt?" (14) back." ManypeoplegatheredtogetherwithalHusaynb.'Aliandsaidtohim:"Leaveuswiththechildren ofMarwan.ByAllah,theyare,withus,nothingbutanitchingofthehead."AlHusaynsaid:'By Allah,iftherehadbeennoinjunctiontomefromalHasan,peacebeonhim,toprevent bloodshedandthatIshouldnotevenpourbloodintoacuppingglassin(carryingout)his command,youwouldhaveknownhowtheswordsofAllahwouldhavetakentheirtollfromyou. Youhavepokentheagreementwhichwasmadebetweenyouandus.Youhaveignoredthe conditionswhichwemadewithyouforourselves."HerealHusayn,peacebeonhim,reminded themoftheconditionsofthePeaceTreaty. Thentheywentonwith(thebodyof)alHasan,peacebeonhim,andtheyburiedhimin(the cemeteryof)alBaqi'besidehisgrandmother,FatimadaughterofAsadb.Hashimb.'AbdManaf, mayAllahbepleasedwithher. Inhisbook'alIsaba',he(AhmadShahabalDinal'Asqalani)said:Dawudb.Sinaninformedus: Tha'labab.AbuMaliktoldus:"I(Tha'labab.AbuMalik)sawalHasanonthedaywhenhedied andwasburiedin(thecemeteryof)alBaqi'.Isawthatifaneedlehadbeenthrownawayin(the

cemeteryof)alBaqi',it(theneedle)wouldhavenotfallenbutontheheadofaperson." Chapter2:BeforeThePledgeOfAllegiance (17) Now,wearediscussingamatter.Wedonotknowexactlytowhatextentthematterwasaffected bythepreviousconditions.Stillitisenoughforustopresentsomeofthesocialconditionswhich theMuslimsknewforthefirsttimeafterthedeathoftheProphet.ThatisbecausetheProphet hadastrongeffectontheselves,astrongpowerinformingsociety,andapowerfulhandin buildingtheelementsoftheactivityofbeliefs. Wearerecallingthememoriestodrawatransientpicturehere.Thusitisenoughforustotakean appropriatethingfromeveryeventortotakethesuitableeventsforoursubjectandleavethe others.Thatisbecausewewant,inthelightofthismethod,toknowwhetheroursubject(i.e.,the PeaceTreatyofalHasan)wasaffectedbythepreviouscircumstancesornot. ThegreatesteventinthehistoryofIslamwasthedeathoftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahbless himandhisfamily.Thusthatheavenlyradiationgavethisworldallgoodceased.Suddenly,the worldbecamedarkandpeoplebegantopreparethemselvestocommitevildeeds.Whenthe ApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,died,theearthseparatedfromthesky.For theProphetwastheonlymeansbetweenthem.Istheearthinnoneedofthesky?Ofcoursenot. Forthesustenanceoftheearth,itsgood,itslife,itsactivity,itslight,anditsreligionareallfrom thesky.Thisevent(thedeathoftheProphet)wouldhavecausedintenselonelinessinthisworld andaheavylossforMuslimsifhe(theProphet)hadtotallyendedhisrelationwiththeworldand Muslims.However,theApostle (18) ofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,wasawarethatthebelieverswouldbetestedafter himthroughfacinggreatmisfortunes.TheProphetwaskindtothebelievers.Thushetoldthem thatonlyoneropewouldcontinuetherelationbetweenthemandthesky.Soistherearope worthierofclingingthantheropeoftheskyinthetimewheninspirationhasceased?Forthis reason,theProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:"Ihaveleftamongyouthatwhichif

youclingto,youshallnotgoastrayafterme:thebookofAllah,(which)istheextendedropefrom theskytotheearth,andmyfamily,themembersofmyhouse.They(Allah'sBookandthe Prophet'sfamily)shallnotabandoneachothertilltheycometomeattheHawd(theriverin Paradise).Sothink,howwillyoutreatthemafterme?"[1] Accordingly,wehavetherighttobasetheresearchthatisbetweenourhands,ontheseeventsto concludetheattitudeofthecommunitytowardsthefamilyoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshim andhisfamily,ortheattitudeofthosegroupswhoclaimedthattheyhadtherighttorepresent thecommunity.Thatisbecausewewanttoknowhowthatcommunityandthosegroupstreated thefamilyoftheProphetafterhim.Inthemeantimewewanttoconcludetheappropriateevents foroursubject.Soifthewordal'itrameans'asbiraorthekinoftheman,then'Aliwasthemost prominentmanofthemallafterAllah'sApostle.Ifthementionedwordmeansdhurriya(progeny), thenalHasanwastheeldestoneinthefamilyoftheProphetafterhim.For,inArabic,theword al'itraisusedforboth'ashira(kin)anddhurriya(progeny). However,afterthedeathoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,theMuslim communitydisagreedonthematterofthesuccession.ThatisbecausesomeMuslimsdepended ontheir [1]AlTirmidhi,Kanzal'Ummal,vol.l,p.44,traditionno.874.Therearemanytraditionssimilarto thistradition.Forexample,amongthemis:"Iamleavingtwocaliphsamongyou:theBookof Allah,(which)isextendedbetweentheskyandtheearthor(which)isbetweentheskyandthe earth,andmyfamily,themembersofmyHouse,andtheyshallnotabandoneachothertillthey cometomeatalHawd(theriverinParadise)(ImamAhmad,alMusnad.AlTabarani,alKabir). (19) viewpoints.SomeofthemcleavedtothecleartraditionsoftheirProphet,whosaidmany traditionsconcerningnominatingthesuccessorafterhim.However,thisisnotthenextto mentionallthesetraditions.Meanwhilewedonotintendtodiscusswiththosewhodependedon theirpersonalinterpretations,nordoweintendtodiscusswiththosewhoworshippedAllah accordingtothecleartraditionsoftheirProphet.Foreverythingonwhichweagreeanddisagree withthemallorwithapartyofthemendedasitwasatitstime.Theresearch,whichweare doing,nowhasnothingtochangetheadoptedideas. Wedonotlookforexcusesforthosewhodependedontheirviewpoints.Inspiteoftheir disagreementonthetraditionsoftheirProphet,wesay:TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshim andhisfamily,regardedtheQur'anandhisfamilyashisdeputiesafterhimasintheforegoing traditionsandsimilarones.However,thosewhodependedontheirviewpointstreatedthe

Prophet'sdeputies(theQur'anandtheProphet'sfamily)accordingtotheirpoliticalideasthat meanthattheyacceptedthetraditionsoftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily. Inotherwordstheythoughtthattheinterestshouldbetakenintoconsideration.Alsothey thoughtthatobeyingtheordersoftheProphetwasinchargeoftheexperiencedoldmen.Ifthey confirmedwhattheProphetwanted,thenitwasokay.IftheydidnotconfirmwhattheProphet wanted,theyputintoeffectwhatevertheywanted. InthismannerthesuccessionwastakenfromtheProphet'sfamily.Inthismanner,itwaspossible oradvisableforagreatnumberofthosewhobelievedinMuhammad,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,togiveMu'awiyatherighttocompetewiththeothersforthesuccessionofIslamandto produceoldage[1]asevidenceforit.Inthemeantimetheoldmensuch'Amrb.al'As,al Mughirab.Shu'ba,AbuHurayraalDousi,andthelikeconfirmedhisclaim.ThisclaimofMu'awiya, thatincludeddisdainatthesacrednessofIslam,wasnot [1]IbnAbualHadid,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.13. (20) forthefirsttime.Ratherithadhistoricalbackgrounds.[1] ItisobviousthatthesehistoricalbackgroundsledtoanunexpectedtrendinMedinawhenthe peopleheldameetingintheShelter(saqifa)ofbanu(thesonsof)Sa'idatofindanewropeother thanthatoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,intheforegoingtradition.Inthis connection,PolisSalamasaid: EventsoccurredonebyoneundertheShelter(Saqifa) Theyprovokedhiddenthingsandinclinations Tendenciesdividedlikethepanchesof Thetenderboxthron.[2] Theowneroftheright(Imam'Ali)inthesuccessionadoptedanhonorableattitudetowardshis potherswhodependedontheirviewpoints.Hisattitudeinitselfunderlinedthathewantedto protectIslamfromcollapse.Alsosuchanattitudeunderlinedthathewastheonlymeansorrope betweenthepeopleandthesky.He(Imam'Ali)failedforaveryshorttimetopledgeallegiance (toAbuBakr).Thatis [1]AlMas'udi,Hashimb.alAthir,vol.6,pp.7879.Manyofouroldpoets,basedtheirgood poemsonthesehistoricalbackgrounds.Forexample,MihyaralDaylamireferredtothemwhen

hesaid:Asforthetwoevilones:b.(thesonof)Hindandhisson,Eveniftheiraffairbecame tyrannicalafterfearTheydidnotcreate(anything)inwhattheyhadpought.Rathertheyfollowed thoseways.Mihyar'steacher,alSharifalRadi,mayAllahhavemercyon,hadreferredtothem: Thedeedofthelatterones,thoughrisesoverTheuglydeedoftheearlyones,isnotmore.Al Kumaythadreferredtotheabovementionedhistoricalbackgroundsbeforethesetwopoets:The bowmenhitit(thetarget)withthebowofotherthanthemSothelatter,gavehimthetrousers. Thereareotherpoeticlinessimilartotheseinmeaning. [2]BolisSalama. (21) becausehisIslamicmindshowedhimhisusurpedright.Thenhewasforcedtopledgeallegiance. [1]Sosomeofhiscompanionsaskedhim:"Howdidyourpeopledepriveyouofthisposition (Caliphate)whileyouareworthierofitthanthem?"He(Imam'Ali)said:"Itwasaselfishacton whichtheheartsofpeoplehasbecomegreedywhilesomepeopledidnotcareforit.TheArbiter isAllahandtoHimisthereturnontheDayofJudgment.Nowleavethisstoryofdevastation aboutwhichthereishueandcry." ThesewordsshowyouthatImam'Aliwasinternallyangrybutwasexternallysubmissive.[2] TheenemiesofImam'Alihavebecomeblindtohislight(outstandingmerits).Inotherwordsthe coveringofenmityisontheireyes.Sotheyhaveignoredhim.However,theyhavenotignoredhis earlyIslam,hisjihad(struggle),hiscloserelationtotheProphet,hisaffinitywithhim,his potherhoodtohim,hisknowledge,andhisworship.Moreover,theyhavenotignoredthe traditionsoftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,concerninghim.They understoodthesequalitiesofhisthenmorethanweunderstandthematthepresenttime. However,theenemiesofImam'Ali,peacebeonhim,showedenmitytowardshimbecauseofhis manyoutstandingmerits,hisintensejustice,andhisswordwithwhichhekilledmanyofthemin thefieldsoftheholybattles. Also'Ali'senemiesshowedenmitytowardshimbecausehewasinthefourthdecadeofhislife. Nowonder,fortheythoughtthatthecaliphaftertheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,shouldbeintheseventhdecadeofagetobefullyexperienced. 'Ali'senemieshaveforgottenthattheImamateinIslamisreligionlikeProphethooditself.Whatis permittedinProphethoodispermitted [1]Mu'awiyasaidinwhathewrotetohim(Imam'Ali)withAbuImamaalBahili:"Andyoufailed topledgeallegiancetohim(i.e.,AbuBakr)tillyouwereforcedto(pledgeallegiance)tohim.You

weredraggedwiththereinsofforceastheinjuredcameldragged." [2]Imam'Ali,NahjalBalagha,(explainedbyMuhammad'Abda),vol.1,p.299. (22) intheImamate.AlsowhatisnotpermittedintheImamatewhatisnotpermittedinProphethood thoughgreat.Sowhatistherelationshipbetweenijtihad(theabilitytoconcludereligious verdicts)andanagewhenthereisatextualnomination?Whatistheimportanceofpolitical intereststowardsAllah'sWordsandthetraditionsofhisApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhis family?.'Ali'sagewhentheProphetdiedwasequaltothatof'isab.Maryam(Jesus,Mary'sson) whenAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,raisedhim(Jesus)tothesky.Itwaspossiblefor'isatobea prophetintheearthatsuchanage.Sowhywasitimpossiblefor'Alitobeacaliphattheageof thirtythree?WorthmentioningAllahwillchoosesuchanageforthepeopleofParadiseonthe DayofJudgment.Ifthisagewasnotthebestyearsofthehumanbeing,Allahwouldnotchooseit forhisservantsinthegardens. 'Ali'senemiesharboredmaliceagainsthimbecauseofhiscloserelationtotheProphet,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily.SotheyhatedtoseethattheImamateandProphethoodcometogether inonehouse.Wedonotknowwhytheoutstandingmerit,accordingtothislogic,hascausedthis malice.Wedonotknowwhy'Ali'scloserelationtotheProphetmadehisenemiespreventhim fromtakingthereinsoftheCaliphate. They('Ali'senemies)thoughtthattheydidgoodthingsforIslamandMuslimswhenthey separatedtheImamatefromthefamilyofProphethood,andwhentheyhelpedotherfamiliesto usurpthehighreligiousposition. Moreover,theyforgottheprecautionarystepsoftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,whenhelimitedthesuccessiontohisfamily. ThetraditionsoftheProphethavedrawntheattentionofthewisementothemistakesofthe people.BesidestheyhavedrawntheirattentiontothecorrectnessoftheApostleofAllah,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily. SotheoperationofseparationbetweentheCaliphateandthefamilyoftheProphethasmoved historicaldifferencesamongtheloversoftheCaliphatethroughoutvariousgenerations.Alsoit hascausedugly (23)

disastersforMuslimsanddistortedtheidealbeliefsofIslam.Allthesedifferencesanddisasters wouldhavenothappenediftheCaliphatehadbeengiventoitsrealowners.Inotherwordsifthe peoplehadobeyedAllahandHisApostleasinthisverse:"Anditbehoovesnotabelievingman andabelievingwomanthattheyshouldhaveanychoiceintheirmatterwhenAllahandHis Apostlehavedecidedamatter;andwhoeverdisobeysAllahandHisApostle,hesurelystraysoffa manifeststraying."(1) AllthesedifferencesanddisastershavetakennextamongMuslimsbecausetheambitiousones havebeenpermittedtocompetewiththerighteousfortheCaliphate. Forexample,bloodybattlestooknextbetweenbanu(thesons)ofHashimandbanu(thesonsof) Umayya,betweenbanualZubayrandbanuUmayya,betweenbanual'AbbasandbanuUmayya, andbetweenbanu'Aliandbanual'Abbas.Allthesebloodybattlestooknextbecauseofthat separationbetweenthefamilyoftheProphetandtheCaliphate.NoteworthytheProphet underlinedthesuccessionafterhimthroughhistraditionstopreventthosebloodybattlesand regretfuleventsfromhappeninginIslam. ThemembersoftheHouse(AhlalBayt)sufferedfromvariousmisfortunes.Theywereliableto assassinations,capturing,andhomelessness.Theysufferedfromallthesemisfortunes.Thatwas becauseofthefirstmistakewhichwasmadetodisobeythepolicywhichtheProphet,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily,adoptedtoprotecthiscommunityandhisfamily.Unfortunately,the peopledisobeyedhiminwhathewanted. However,theymisunderstoodthemeaningofthiswisepolicy.Fortheyhatedtoseethatthe CaliphateandProphethoodcometogetherinonefamily.Meanwhiletheywantedtofollow anotherpolicy. Theagewastheirapparentjustification,whichtheyexplainedforthepeople.NoonebutAllah knowsthehiddenreasons.Theirspitefulmemoriesresultedfromthebattlesbetweenthemand theearly [1]TheQuran,33,36. (24) Muslimsorfromenvythat"eatsreligionasfireeatswood,"asintheholytradition. Theloveofleadershipandthedesireforauthorityhavebeendangerousdiseasesfromwhich peoplesuffer.Alsotheyaredeeprooteddiseasesinthenatureofpowerfulleaders.

However,ProphethoodandtheImamate,astwoDivineoffices,aredifferentfromthefamiliar meaninginthepoliticalfields.InotherwordsPropheticpolicyresultsfromreligionandbelongsto it.SotheonlysourceinpoliticalaffairsistheOwnerofreligion(theProphet),andhiswordsare decisiveinthem. Ifyouwanttoknowthecloserelationshipbetweenthiseventandoursubject,youhavetoread thefollowingwordsofalHusaynb.'Ali,peacebeonhim.ForyouwillknowthatalHasan expressedhisdissatisfactioninthefollowingletterofhiswhenthepeoplepledgedallegianceto Mu'awiyainKufa.AlHasan,peacebeonhim,said:"Whenhe(Allah'sApostle),mayAllahbless himandhisfamily,,passedaway,theArabsdifferedoverthesuccessionafterhim.SotheQuraysh said:'Wearehistribe,hisfamily,andhisfriends.Youhavetherighttodisputewithusoverthe successionafterMuhammad.'SotheArabsbelievedthewordsofQurayshandtheirproofforthat (succession)againsthimwhodisputedwiththemoverthesuccessionafterMuhammad.Soyou bestoweduponthemandyieldedtothem.Thenweargued[1]withtheQurayshastheArabsdid. However,theQurayshdidnottreatuswithjusticeastheArabstreatedthem.They(Quraysh), withtheexclusionoftheArabs,tookthismatterthrough(asking)equityandprotest.We,the membersoftheHouseofMuhammadandhisfriend,disputedwiththeQuraysh.Weaskedthem totreatuswith [1]TheugliestspitesconcerningthematterofthemembersoftheHouse(AhlalBayt),peacebe onthem,isthatthosedebatesdisappearedfromhistory.Sowehavefoundnothingofthembut bitsandpeiceswhichtheenemy'sobservationignoredwithoutintention.Sohere,I(theauthor) havementionedthefollowingwordsoftherenewingpoetalHajj'AbdalHusaynalAzdi:Read whatthedesireswriteatyourtime.(That)tellsaboutwhatoccurredinthepasttimes. (25) justice.However,theyturnedawayfromus'seized(power),andgatheredtogethertooppress andforceus.Sowesufferedfromtheirpersecutionstowardus.SothepromiseisAllah.Heisthe LordandHelper. "Webecamesurprisedatthosewhotookunjustlyourrightandthesuccessionofourfamily.If they(theQuraysh)hadanoutstandingrightandpriorityinIslam,wewouldrefrainfromdisputing withthem.Wedonotwantthehypocritesandtheallies(ahzab)tofindagapinthereligionto corruptit. "Sotoday,Mu'awiya,thepersonissurprisedwhenyouhaveunjustlytakentheauthoritywhile youareinappropriateforit.Youhavenoknownmeritinreligion,norhaveyoualaudableactin

Islam.Youarethesonofanally(hizb)oftheallies(ahzab).Youarethesonofthemosthostile oneofalltheQurayshtowardstheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,andHis Book.Allahaloneissufficientforyou.YoushallbereturnedtoHim,andyoushallknowtowhom thefinalresultshallbe."[1] AlHasan,peacebeonhim,expressedhisastonishmenttoshowtherelationshipbetween Mu'awiya'susurpingtherightofthemembersoftheHouse(AhlalBaytandthatoftheearlyones fromQuraysh.TherelationshipbetweenthematterofalHusaynandthatoftheearlyCaliphs resultedfromthisevent.InthemeantimemattersotherthanalHusayn'smatterappeared.Some ofthesemattersrelatedtothetwopothers;someofthemrelatedtotheparents;andsomeof themrelatedtothegeneralright. Wewillnotmentionanyofthesemattershere.Forwedonotwanttodiscussresearchconducted withintheselines,butthemattersthathavearelationtooursubject. Wehaveknownthattherewasaskillful,politicalactivityafterthedeathoftheApostleofAllah, mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.TheactivityenabledAbuBakrtowintheattitude(i.e.,the Caliphate).'UmarcalledthatactivityAlta(i.e.,unexpectedevent).Mu'awiya [1]IbnAbualHadid,vo1.4,p.12. (26) calledit:"Usurpingtherightanddisagreementonauthority."[1]Sothequicksuccesswhichthat politicalactivitymadeunderlinedthepreviousdeterminationofthoseinpower.Fromthis determination,wecaneasilyunderstandthattherewasaspecialtrendtowardsthefamilyof Muhammad,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Thistrendcausedeffectsduringandafterits time. SothefamilyoftheProphetwashelpless,andwereintentionallyremoved(fromauthority)inall prominentdevelopmentswhichhistorywitnessedthen.[2] ThepersonwhoknewtheCaliphate(AbuBakr)didnotpreferthem(theProphet'sfamily)to others.BesidesthepersonwholimitedtheCaliphatetothethreeofsixpeople(i.e.,'Umar)did nottreatthemwithjustice.WerenotfortheelectionmadebythepeopleaftertheEventofthe House(hadithaldar),theProphet'sfamilywouldhavehadnoportioninauthoritythroughoutthe varioustimes. Thenthisspecialtrendhadaneffectincreatingastrongopposition

[1]YoucanclearlyfindthatinwhatMu'awiyawrotetoMuhammadb.AbuBakrconcerningImam 'Ali,peacebeonhim.He(Mu'awiya)said:"Yourfatherandhiscompanionswerethefirsttousurp hisrightanddisagreedwithhimonauthority.Theyagreedandwereharmoniousonthat.Then theysummonedhimtopledgeallegiancetothem.However,hewasslowincomingtothemand failedtoanswerthem.Sotheyaskedhimtobequick,andtheyintendedtodoagreatthing againsthim.Thenhe(Imam'Ali)pledgedallegiancetothemandyieldedtothem.However,they preventedhimfromtakingpartintheirauthority.Andtheydidnotinformhimoftheirsecretstill Allahmadethemdie."Thenhe(Mu'awiya)added:"Ifwhatweareinwasright,thenyourfather seizeditandwewerehispartners.Werenotforyourfather'spreviousact,wewouldhave obeyedb.AbuTalibandyieldedtohim.However,yourfatherhaddonethat(disobedience) beforeus.Sowefollowedhim."SeealMas'udi,Hashimb.alAthir,vol.6,pp.7879. [2]WefindmanyexamplesconcerningthispointinthewordsoftheCommanderofthefaithful (Amiralmu'mineenpeacebeonhim).Inthisconnectionhesaid:"ByAllah,Iamstilldeprivedof myright.(Somepeople)havebeenpreferredtomesinceAllahmadeHisApostledietillthisday ofpeople."AndHesaid:"Allah,IaskyoutoshowyourenmitytowardsQurayshandthosewho helpthem.Fortheyhaveseveredtherelationsbetweenmeandmyrelatives,belittledmygreat position,gatheredtogethertodisputewithmeovertheauthoritywhichbelongstome." (27) againstthetwoCaliphswhoconsultedthefamilyofMuhammad,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,abouttheiraffairs. AttheBattlesofBasrahandSiffin,therearemanyproofsforwhatwehavesaid. Alsothereareotherproofsconcerningtheattitudeofb.(thesonof)'Umar,[1]Sa'db.Abu Waqqas,Usamab.Zayd,Muhammadb.Muslima,Qadamab.Maz'un,'AbdAllahb.Salam,Hassan b.Thabit,AbuSaidalKhudari,Zaydb.Thabit,alNu'manb.Bashir.TheywerecalledalQu'ad(the neutrals).Fortheypreferredneutralitytojihad(holywar)andrefrainedfrompledgingallegiance toImam'AliandhissonalHasan,peacebeonthem. Thisoppositionhaddifferentfieldsandvariouskinds.Someofthemweretheimproper,negative attitudesfromwhichtheleadersoftheProphet'sfamilysufferedinMedina,andtheninKufa. ForthisreasonImam'Ali,peacebeonhim,addressedthepeoplefromhispulpitinKufa:"You whoarelikemen,andnotmen!Yourintelligenceisthatofchildrenandyourwitisthatof women.IwishIhadnotseenyounorknownyou.ByAllahthisacquaintancehaspoughtabout

shameandresultedinrepentance.MayAllahkillyou.Youhavefilledmyheartwithpussand loadedmybosomwithrage.Youmademedrinkmouthfulsofgriefoneaftertheother.You shatteredmycounselthroughdisobeyingandleavingme." Imam'Ali,peacebeonhim,madenumerous,similarspeechesonvariousoccasions. Itwastheopposerswhoplantedevilintentionsalloverthecitiesof [1]AnextonthebankoftheEuphrates,between'AnaandDiralSha'ar. (28) 'Ali,andprovokedthepeopletorefrainfromsupportinghimusingallpretexts. I(theauthor)havebelievedinthisfactor.MeanwhileIdonotwanttoforgettheotherfactors thattookpartincreatingtheabovementioned,specialtrend.Namelythefactorsthattookpartin creatingthatoppositionthathadapositive,armedattitudeandabetraying,negativeonetowards theProphet'sfamilyduringtheholyHashimitetime. I(theauthor)havenodoubtthatstrictjusticeandaccurateequalitythatprevailedtheHashimite timesdisturbedthepeopleorsomeofthem.Sothepeoplewerenotreadytoshowobedience andloyaltythatwerenecessaryforwarandpeace.Besidesthebootyoftheconqueredcountries madethosepeopleclingtothelifeinthisworld. Inspiteofthatspecialtrend,whichwasformedwithintwentyfiveyears,thetimeofthe CaliphateofImam'Ali,peacebeonhim,hadappearedbeforepledgingallegiancetoalHasan, peacebeonhim,inKufa. AlHasanwastheeldestsonof'Ali,peacebeonhim,andthesuccessorafterhim.He(alHasan) tookpartinthegooddaysandbaddaysofhisfather.Hesharedhimhissorrowsandpains.At thattime,he(alHasan)wasawareofthehardshipswhichhisfatherfacedfromhispeople,his subjects,andhisenemies.ThosehardshipsmadealHasansad.Theyremindedhimofhis grandfatherMuhammad,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Forthelatterorderedhiscommunity toclingtotheBookofAllahandtotreathisfamilykindly:"Thinkhowyouwilltreatthem(my family)afterme." ThoughalHasan,peacebeonhim,wasfullofsorrow,hesometimesresortedtohope.Thushe rememberedthegoodcompanions'help.Alsoherememberedtheiractivity,theirsacrifice,and theirloyalty.Accordingly,heconcludedthattheirdeedswerefreefromthepoliticalambitionsin thisworld.

Amongthosecompanionswerearmyleaders,excellentorators,jurists,readersoftheQur'an,and therestofthegoodoneswhofixedIslam. (29) TheCommanderofthefaithful(Amiralmu'minm)reliedonthosecompanionsduringhisbattles andhispeace.AlsotheHashimitesreliedonthemtoprotectIslamfromdangers. Imam'Ali'scompanionswerefromtheMuslimswhowereloyaltotheApostleofAllah,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily.Fortheypromisedhimtoprotecthimastheyprotectedtheirownselves. SoalHasanwashopefulthattheywouldsupporthiminachievingtheauthorityofhisfatherorhis ownauthority. They('Ali'scompanions)believedintheWordsofAllahconcerningthemembersoftheHouseof theirProphet.Alsotheybelievedinthetrusteeofauthority(wasi)aftertheirProphet.They understood'Alithoroughly.'AliwastheheroaftertheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimand hisfamily.Hewasthebestofthiscommunityafterhim(i.e.,theProphet)inloyaltytothetruth, sacrificingforIslam,advisingtheMuslims,soundjustice,andabundantknowledge.Generally speaking,'Ali'soutstandingmeritsmadehisenemiesjealousofhim. Someof'Ali'sgoodcompanionswere'Ammarb.Yasir,Khuzaymab.Thabit(theonewithtwo testimonies),Hudhayfab.alYamman,'AbdAllahb.Badil,Malikb.alHarithalAshtar,Khababb. alArat,Muhammadb.AbuBakr,AbualHaythemb.alTayhan,Hashimb.'Utbab.AbuWaqqas (alMirqal),Sahlb.Hunayf,Thabitb.QaysalAnsari,'Aqabab.'Amru,Sa'db.alHarithb.al Samman,AbuFadalaalAnsari,Ka'bb.'AmralAnte,Qurdab'Ka'balAnsari,'Aufb.alHarithb. 'Auf,Kilabb.alAskaralKinani,AbuLaylab.Balil,andthelike.Theywereleadersinthefieldsof warandworshippersinprayer.Theyorderedpeopletodogoodandpreventedthemfromdoing evil.TheycompetedwitheachotherfordeathinthewayofAllah,whileotherthanthey competedwitheachotherforworldlydesires. Itisnecessarytomentionthatalltheabovementionedgoodcompanionsdiedmartyrsatthe battlesheadedby'Ali,peacebeonhim.Besides,sixtythreeBadricompanionsdiedmartyrsat theBattle (30) ofSiffin.[1]Manycompanionsof'Alidiedmartyrsatthethreesuccessivebattles. ThecampofImam'Ali,peacebeonhim,becameemptyofthosegood,reliablecompanions.

Accordingly,hewasheardsaying:"Allah,makehastetheunhappinessofalMuradi(i.e.,'Abdal Rahmanb.Muljim).""Whatpreventsthemostwretchedpersonofit(thecommunity)from coloringit(hisbeard)withthebloodofthatwhichisaboveit(i.e.,hishead).""Indeed,byAllah,I wishthatAllahtookmeoutofyourexistenceandtookmetohismercyfromyou." Peacebeon('Ali)onthedaywhenhewasborn,onthedaywhenhewasthefirsttobelieveIslam, onthedaywhenhefixedIslamwithhissword,onthedaywhenhewastested,onthedaywhen hedied,andonthedaywhenhewillberaisedfromthedead. Therefore,alHasanhadtofacethehardshipsofthetimewhenhisfatherlived.Namely,hehadto facethehardships,whichhisfatherfaced:thepovertyofalAnsar(thesupporters),thearmed hostility,andthebetrayingboycott. Chapter3:ThePledgeOfAllegiance (31) ThereligionofIslamiswhattheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,propagated.Forhe (theProphet):"Doesnotspeakoutofdesire.Itisnaughtbutrevelationthatisrevealed."Sothe ProphethadtherighttonominatetheMuslimsuccessorforthesuccession.Thatisbecausethe successionisthehighresponsibleauthorityforthelawful.ThereforealHasanb.'Aliwasthe legitimatesuccessorwhetherthepeoplepledgedallegiancetohimornot. TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,mentionedalHasanwithinthechainof thenamesofthetwelveimams.TheProphetsaidmanytraditionsconcerningalHasanandhis potheralHusayn.TheSunnischolarshavereportedthesetraditions. [1]AlltheShi'itescholarshaveagreedonthereportofthesetraditions.Inotherwordsthetwo parties(SunnaandShi'a)haveagreedonthesetraditions.Amongthesetraditionsare:"You(al HasanandalHusayn)aretwoImams.Yourmotherhastheintercession. [2]"This(i.e.,alHusayn)isanImam,thesonofanImam,thepotherofanImam,andthefatherof thenineImams. [3]WhenImam'Aligotill,heorderedhisson(alHasan)toleadthepeopleinprayer.WhenImam 'Aliwasabouttodie,heentrustedal [1]AlQunduzi,Yanabi'alMawadda,vo1.2,p.440.IbnalKhashshab,Ta'rikh.IbnalSabbagh,al

FusulalMuhimma.AlHafizalKunji,alBayan.As'adb.Ipahimb.alHasanb.'AlialHanbali,al Arba'iniya.HafizalBukhari(KhajaBarsa),FaslalKhitab. [2]AlShipawialShafi'i,alIthafbiHubalAshraf(Egypt),p.129.AlSafurialShafi'i,vol.2,p.148. [3]IbnTaymiya,alMinhaj,vol.4,p.210. (32) Hasanandsaid:"Myson,youarethetrusteeofauthorityandofblood."Imam'Alimadeal Husayn,Muhammad(b.alHanafiya),allhissons,thechiefsofhisShi'a(followers),andthe membersofhisHousebearwitnessforhisbequest.Imam'AligavealHasantheBookandthe weapon,thenhesaidtohim:"Myson,theApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily, hasorderedmetoentrustyouandtogiveyoumybooksandmyweaponastheApostleofAllah entrustedmeandgavemehisbooksandhisweapons.Alsohe(theProphet)hasorderedmeto orderyouthatwhendeathcomestoyou,givethem(thebooksandtheweapon)toyourpother alHusayn."ThenImam'AliturnedtoalHusaynandsaid:"TheApostleofAllahhasorderedyouto givethemtothissonofyou."[1]Thenhetookthehandof'Alib.alHusaynandsaid:"TheApostle ofAllahhasorderedyoutogivethemtoyoursonMuhammad.Sendhimthegreetingsofthe ApostleofAllahandmy(greetings).[2] Alltraditionbookshavementionedthistraditionthroughauthenticreliablechainsofnarrations ontheauthorityofthemembersoftheHouse(AhlalBayt),peacebeonthem.Thistraditionof'Ali wasappropriatefortheexpectedconditions.TheImamiShi'ausethismethodtoprovethe Imamate.TheSunnischolarshavereportedsuccessiveProphetictraditionsthroughtheir methods.AlsononSunnischolarshaveclearlyreportedthesametraditionsthroughtheir methods.They(thetraditions)havelimitedtheImamatetotwelveImamswhowereallfrom Quraysh.[3]AlsotheysometimesmentiontheirnamesImambyImamtothelastoneofthem, whoistheawaitedMahdi(therightlyguidedone),withwhomAllahwillfilltheearthwithjustice whenitisfullofoppressionandinjustice. [1]AlMas'udi,Hamishb.alAthir,vol.6,61. [2]'UsulalKafi,p.151.KashfalGhumma,p.159. [3]Inhisbookcalled'alSahih,vol.2,p.119,Chapter:PeopleweretheFollowersofQuraysh, MuslimhasreportedontheauthorityofJabirb.Samra,whosaid:"I(i.e.,Jabir)heardtheApostle ofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,saying:'Thereligionwilllasttillthehour(i.e.,theDay ofJudgment)starts,andtherewillbetwelveImamsoverthem(people),whoareallfrom Quraysh.'"Asimilartraditionhasbeenreportedby:alBukhari,alTirmidhi,alHamidi,andthe like. (33)

Moreover,therearepersonaltextswhichtheimamssaidtonominateeachother. Thenthesupremacyofeachimaminknowledge,acts,miracles,andoutstandingmerits underlinesbothkindsoftheabovementionedtraditions. Asforthepledgeofallegianceofpeople,itisnotaconditionintheimamateoftheImam.Inother words,peopleshouldpledgeallegiancetothosewhomtheProphetictraditionshaveunderlined. TheImamisregardpledgingallegiancetootherthantheImamasacorrectact.It(pledging allegiance)isnotacceptedfromanyonebutatthetimeofcompulsion. TheconditionspreventedthecommunityfrompledgingallegiancetothenominatedImamsbut twoofthem,whowere'AliandalHasanpeacebeonthem. AfteralHasan,theformalsuccessionstarted.Suchkindofsuccessionwasusurpedthrough weaponsormoney.Namely,suchkindofsuccessionoccurredasalGhazalisaid:"Thepeople assumedthesuccessionwithoutanymerit."[1] ItwasbetterfortheMuslimsortheMuslimhistoriansinparticulartoregardtheendofalHasan's successionasthebeginningofthetimeofthekingdom.Sotheywouldbeabletoknowthattime clearlythroughitsaspects,itspolicies,anditsnonIslamicdeeds.Ifthey(theMuslimsandthe Muslimhistorians)haddonethat,theywouldhavemaintainedtheideal,Islamicbeliefswhich thatidealsuccessionfollowed.FortheyfollowedtheexampleoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshim andhisfamily.Alsothey(theyMuslimsandtheMuslimhistorians)wouldhaveprotectedIslam fromthosekingswhoimposedtheirsuccessiononMuslims. Unfortunately,theMuslimhistorianshavecalledthosekingssuccessorswhilethey(thekings) werenotworthyofthistitle.Forthisreason,thementionedhistorianshavewrongedIslam thoughtheywantedtodogoodforit. I(theauthor)wonder:wasitappropriateforthesuccessor,whohad [1]FaridWajdi,Da'iratalMa'arif,vo1.3,p.231. (34) tobeliketheProphetinhiswordsandacts,toperformtheFridayprayeronWednesdayorto performitagaininthemorning?WasitappropriateforhimtodoIslamicallyforbiddenacts?In otherwords,wasitappropriateforhimtosellgoldforthatwhichismorethanitinweight,to

attributethecorruptpersonstothefamilyoftheProphet,tomurderthebelievingpeople,andto supplytheunbelieverswithmoneytowagewaragainsthisMuslimpothers,andthelike?Sowhy hadthehistoriansnotcalledsuchpersonskingsinsteadofcallingthemsuccessor?Justimagine thosepersonswhosucceededMu'awiya.DidtheynotbelongtothetreewhichAllahhascursedin theQur'an?JustimagineYazid,AbdalMalik,alWalid,andthelike! AlltheseactsshouldurgeMuslimstosupportIslam.TheyshouldnotattributetotheIslamic authoritybuttothoseidealImamswhofollowedtheexampleoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshim andhisfamily. AswehavesaidthatalHasanwasthemostsimilarpersontotheApostleofAllah,mayAllahbless himandhisfamily,inform,manner,andnobility.[1]Hehadthevisageofprophetsandtheglory ofkings.HeisthelordoftheyouthofParadiseinthehereafter.Thelordinthehereaftermustbe alordinthisworld.HisgrandfathertheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily, surnamedhimtheabsolutelord. WehaveknownthatalHasanwasthenoblestpersoninancestry.Hewasthebestofmenin father,mother,uncle,aunt,grandmother,andgrandfather,asMalikb.'Ajlandescribedhim duringthemeetingofMu'awiya.[2] [1]AlMufid,alIrshad,p.167.AlYa'qubi,alTa'rikh,vol.1,p.201. [2]OnedayMu'awiyasaidtothenoblepeoplefromQurayshandothers:"Tellmeaboutthebest personinfather,mother,uncle,aunt,grandmother,andgrandfather."SoMalikb.'Ajlanstoodup, pointedtoalHasan,andsaid:"Thereheis!Hisfatherwas'Alib.AbuTalib.HismotherwasFatima, thedaughteroftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.HisunclewasJa'faral Tayyar(theonewhofliesinthegardens).HisauntwasUmmHani'thedaughterofAbuTalib.His unclewasalQasimthesonoftheApostleofAllah.HisauntwasZaynabthedaughterofthe (35) AsalHasanhadthesenobletraitsandatextualnomination,thenwhydidn'tthepeoplepledge Allegiancetohim?Whydidn'ttheylethimassumethehighreligiousposition(i.e.,the succession)?IfitisdifficultforustounderstandtheImamateandthesuccessionthroughthese excellentabilitiesandoutstandingmerits,thenwhichqualitycanrenextthemallandhelpus understandtheImamateorthesuccession? AlHasan,peacebeonhim,carneouttomeetthepeople.Hewasindifferenttotheirattitude towardshim.Thushestoodonthepulpitofhisfatherpeacebeonhimtopraisehim.Hesaid: "Therehasdiedtonightamanwhowasthefirstamongtheearly(Muslims)in(good)actions.Nor

didanylater(Muslims)attainhislevelin(good)actions.HeusedtofightalongsidetheApostleof Allah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,andprotecthimwithhisownlife.TheApostleofAllah, mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,usedtosendhimforwardwithhisstandardwhileGapiel supportedhimonhisrightandMichaelsupportedhimonhisleft.HewouldnotreturnuntilAllah poughtvictorythroughhishands.He,peacebeonhim,hasdiedonthisnightonwhichJesus,son ofMary,wastakenup(toHeaven),onwhichJoshua,sonofNun,thetestamentarytrustee(wasr) ofMoses,peacebeonhim,died.Hehasleftbehindhimnogoldandsilverexceptsevenhundred dirhamsofhisstipend('ata),withwhichhewasintendingtobuyaservantforhisfamily."[1] ThispraiseofalHusaynisunique.Alsohisstyleisoratorical.Wehaveneverreadsuchkindof style.ForalHasan,asyousee,hasnotmentionedtheknownqualitiesofthegreatlateImam. Peopleusedtohearthesequalitiesduringsuchattitudeswhengreatmenarepraised.People usedtopraisegreatmentoshowtheirnoblequalitiessuchasknowledge,patience,eloquence, pavery,generosity,lineage,nobility,faithfulness,refusal,andthelike.Amongthegreatmen was'Ali,whoastonishedthepraisers.Thereforewhydidal ApostleofAllah.HisgrandfatherwasAllah'sApostle.AndHisgrandmotherwasKhadijabint(the daughterof)Khuwaylid."(alBayhaqi,vol.l,p.62). [1]AlYa'qubi,Ta'rikh,vol.2,p.190.IbnalAthir,vol.2,p.190.MaqatilalTalibiyyin. (36) Hasan,peacebeonhim,refrainfromfollowingtheknownmethodinpraisingthegreatones?I (theauthor)wonder:Didthestrongshockresultingfromhisfather'sdeathpreventhimfrom that?Inotherwords,alHasanwasaneloquentorator.Hewasthesonofthemosteloquent personinoration.Thereforewhydidhenotmentionhisfather'sknownqualities?Didhe intentionallyusethisstyle?SoalHasanwasthemosteloquentoratorinusingappropriatewords forsuchanoccasion.Besideshewasthelongestoftheminorationthoughhiswordswereshort. Yes,alHasanpraisedhisfatherinthemannerwhichnoonehadusedbeforehiminhistory.He mentionedcertainqualitiestopraisehisfather.Thequalitieswerenotappropriateforanyonein historyexcept'Ali.Namely,nooneofgreatmenhassuchqualities.ThereforetheyareAlidtraits. AlHasanmentionedtheDivinequalitiesofhisfather.Hewantedtoindicatethattherewasno onelikehisfatherthroughouthistory. Imam'Aliwasaman.However,theearlypeoplewerenotlikehim,norwerethelaterones.He

wasahumanbeing.However,hewasbetweenGapielandMichael.Hisspiritwastakenup(to Heaven)onthenightonwhichJesuswastakenup(toHeaven),onwhichMosesdied,andon whichtheQur'ancamedowntotheearth.Hespentallstagesofhislifewithacloseangel,asent prophet,andasentdownBook.HewaswiththeApostleofAllah.Hewasreadytosacrificehislife forhim.SothenoblequalitiesinthisworldarenotimportantincomparisonwiththeDivineones. Forthisreason,alHasandidnotmentionthenobletraitsinthisworldwhenhepraisedhisfather. Now,youmayagreewithmeonthisuniquestylewhichalHasanusedtopraisehisfather,peace beonthem.Namely,heusedthemosteloquentpraiseandthemostappropriatestyleforthelate Imamatthattime. ThisisoneofalHasan'soratoricalattitudesthatindicatehiscloserelationtohisfatherandhis grandfather,mayAllahblessthemandtheirfamilies.AlHasan,theSuccessor,peacebeonhim, deliveredmanysermonsafterhisfather'sdeath.Forthepeoplepledgedallegiancetohim. Moreover,hefacedmanycriticalsituations. (37) 'UbaydAllahb.'Abbasb.'AbdalMuttalib,alHasan'scousin,stoodbythepulpitinalMasjidal Jami'thatwasfullofpeople.HewaswaitingforthepeopletostopweepingafteralHasan's praiseforhisfather,peacebeonthem. Then'UbaydAllahsaidthefollowingwordswithhissoundinginheritedvoicethatboomedinthe earthasitboomedinthesky.Fromthefirstday,hepropagatedthemessageoftheskyinthe earth:"ThisisyourImam.HeisthegrandsonofyourProphetandtrusteeofauthorityofyour Imam.Sopledgeallegiancetohim.'WithhimAllahguidesthosewhowillfollowHispleasureinto thewaysofsafetyandpingsthemoutofutterdarknessintolightbyHiswillandguidesthemto therightpath.'" ManypeoplerememberedthetraditionoftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,tillthedaywhenImam'Alidied.ThetraditionwasconcerningthesuccessionofalHasan afterhisfather.Sothepeoplesaid:"Howdearishe(alHasan)withus!Howobligatoryishisright onus!Whatappropriateisheforthesuccession!"Thentheyrushedwillinglytopledgeallegiance tohim. That(thepledgeofallegiance)wasonthetwentyfirstofthemonthofRamadan,ontheday whenhisfather(peacebeonhim)died,intheyear40A.H.[1] Inthismanner,KufawasthefirsttopledgeallegiancetoalHasan,peacebeonhim.ThenBasrah

andalMada'inpledgedallegiancetohim.ThenallIraqispledgedallegiancetohim.ThenHijaz (SaudiArabia)andtheYemen,headedbythegreatleaderJariyab.Qaddama,pledgedallegiance tohim.ThenPersia(Iran)pledgedallegiancetohimwiththehelpofitsleaderZiyadb.'Ubayd. Moreover,thegreatfiguresoftheEmigrants(muhajrin)andoftheSupporters(Ansar)pledged allegiancetohim.Generallyspeaking,noonerefusedtopledge allegiancetoalHasan,peacebeonhim,butMu'awiyaandhis [1]IbnAbualHadid,vol.4,p.11.Otherthanb.AbualHadid,hasmention'AbdAllahinsteadof hispother'UbaydAllah. InChapter'LeadershipandWar,'wewillmentionthat'AbdAllahwasnotinKufawhenthepeople pledgedallegiancetoalHasan,peacebeonhim. (38) followers.SoMu'awiyaledhisfollowerstothewayofmisguidance.Besidesotherpersons adoptedaneutralattitude,sotheywerecalledalquad(theneutral). Thereligioussuccessionwasachievedaccordingtoitsgeneralphenomenonthroughthefree pledgeofallegiance.Thiswasthesecondpledgeofallegianceinthehistoryofthefamilyof Muhammad,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.SoalHasan'sImamatecametotheMuslims throughtheholywayinwhichProphethoodcametothemhalfacenturybefore.SoalHasan's ImamatehadacloserelationtotheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Foritis regardedascontinuationforthePropheticmissionthroughwhichthepeoplewereguided.In otherwords,thenewSuccessor(i.e.,alHasan)wasidealmateriallyandspiritually. Accordingtotheseoutstandingmerits,alHasan,peacebeonhim,wasthemostappropriate personforthesuccessionasthepoetsaid: Heobtainedthesuccessionbecauseitwaspredeterminedforhim. AsMusa(Moses)cametohisLordduetopredetermination. AfterthepeoplehadpledgedallegiancetoImamalHasan,peacebeonhim,hestartedhisnew timethroughhishistorical,eloquentspeech.Throughthisspeechhementionedtheoutstanding meritsofthemembersoftheHouse(AhlalBayt)andtheirclearrighttoauthority.Thenhetold thepeopleabouttheexpecteddangersfromwhichIslamwouldsuffer.Thefollowingissomeof hiseloquentspeech:"WearethevictoriouspartyofAllah.WearetheclosefamilyoftheApostle ofAllah.Wearethegood,puremembersofhisHouse.Weareoneofthetwovaluablethings(al

thaqalayn)whichtheApostleofAllahleftbehindhiminhiscommunity.TheotheristheBookof Allah,inwhichtherearedetailsforeverything.'Falseshallnotcometoitfrombeforeitnorfrom behindit.'Sorelianceisonusinexplainingit.Wedonotdependondoubtsinexplainingit.Rather wearecertainofitsfacts.Thereforeobeyus,forourobedienceisobligatory.Itisasobligatoryas theobediencetotheApostleofAllah.Allah,theGreatandAlmightysaid:'Oyouwhobelieve! ObeyAllahandobeytheApostleandthoseinauthorityfromyou;thenifyouquarrelaboutany thing,referittoAllahandtheApostle.'ThenHe (39) said:'.AndiftheyhadreferredittotheProphetandtothoseinauthorityamongthem,those amongthemwhocansearchouttheknowledgeofitwouldhaveknownit.'" Intheendofhisspeech,alHasan,peacebeonhimsaid:"Iwarnyounottolistentothe temptationoftheSatan,forheisaclearenemyforyou.Thereforeyouwillbelikehisfollowersto whomhesaid:'Nooneofthepeoplecanovercomeyouthisday,andsurelyIamyourprotector; butwhenthetwopartiescameinsightofeachotherheturneduponhisheels,andsaid:SurelyI amclearofyou,surelyIseewhatyoudonotsee.'So'Onthedaywhensomeofthesignsofyour Lordshallcome,itsfaithshallnotprofitasoulthatdidnotbelievebefore,orearngoodthrough itsfaith.'"[1] ThenalHasan,peacebeonhim,gotoffhispulpittoregulatethegovernors,toappointthe commanders,andtotakecareoftheaffairs.[2] AcceptingtheSuccession SomepedanticcriticsthoughtthatalHasan,peacebeonhim,washastywhenheacceptedthe successionatthattimewhenthepeoplepledgedallegiancetohim.Forthattimewasaboutto resultinhardships. TounderstandwhetheralHasan,peacebeonhim,washastyornotaccordingtothiscriticism, wemustexplainthereasonwhyalHasan,peacebeonhim,acceptedthesuccession: 1.AsitwasareligiousdutyonthepeopletopledgeallegiancetothenominatedImam,itwas incumbentontheImam,whohadsupporters,toacceptthesuccessionfromthepeople. AlHasan,peacebeonhim,hadmanysupporters.ForthepeopleallovertheMuslimcountries gatheredtogethertopledgeallegianceto

[1]Hishamb.Hasanhasreportedthissermon.Hesaid:"It(thesermon)issomeofhis(i.e.,al Hasan's)sermonsafterthepledgeofallegiancetohim.SeeBiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.99.Alsosee alMas'udi [2]Mosthistorianshavereportedthistext. (40) him.Sohehadnorighttofailtoaccepttheobligatorysuccession.Forthesituationwas appropriate. 2.ThiscriticismconcerningthesuccessionofalHasan,peacebeonhim,hasresultedfromapure worldlyviewpoint.Thustheresearchermusttakethereligiousviewpointintoaccount.Forthere isagreatdifferencebetweenthereligiousviewpointandtheworldlyone.Fromhere,thismatter subjectisvictory,notloss,aswewillexplainitinitspropernext.Althoughthepledgeof allegiancetoalHasan,peacebeonhim,resultedinhardships,thehardshipswereforthesakeof Islam.ThenwhowasbetterthanalHasan,peacebeonhim,inbearingthehardshipsforIslam? 3.AlHasanhadahighsocialrankamongtheMuslimleaders,noblelineage,andplentiful knowledge.Thushewasunabletoabandonthepeopleevenifhewantedthatintentionally,nor didthepeopleabandonhimevenifhewantedtoabandonthem.Moreover,manyviolentevents occurredsuccessivelyintheMuslimsociety.Sucheventsurgedhimtotakeonanattitudeto enforcetherightandtoforbidthewrong,ashispotheralHusayn,peacebeonhim,didathis time. IfalHasan,peacebeonhim,hadabandonedthepeopleandturnedawayfromtheirpledgeof allegiancetohim,andifthepeoplehadabandonedhimandrefrainedfrompledgingallegianceto him,theoppressiverulerswouldhavenotlefthim.Fortheythoughtthathewasafearfulghost. Thatisbecausehishighsocialrank,hisnobleancestry,andhisplentifulknowledgespread righteousnessamongthepeople.Meanwhilethepeoplewereindignantwiththatsituation.Thus theyopposedtherulers,andpropagatedthereligionofAllah.Atthattime,thepeopledidnot findanyonebetterthanthebelovedgrandsonoftheApostleofAllahtorefertointheirreligious affairs.Apartfromthis,delegationscametoalHasan,peacebeonhim,andtoldhimthatthey werereadytoopposetheUmayyadrulerstopingbacktheusurpedright.Thisunderlinestheclear wraththatprevailedtheMuslim society,then.[1]Ofcourse,theauthorityoftheoppressorswas [1]AlImamawaalSiyasa (41)

shakyaslongasthisprominentfigure(i.e.,alHasan)wasamongthepeoplewhoreferredtohim intheirreligiousaffairs. WemustalwaysrememberthatalHasan,peacebeonhim,wasgivenpoisontodrink.Whydid they(theUmayyadrulers)killhimwhilehemadepeacewiththemandleftallthisworldfor them?Doesthisnotmeanthattheywereafraidofhim?Forhewouldshaketheirauthorityand preventtheheartsofthepeoplefromincliningtowardsthem.Besides,doesthisnotindicatethat thepeoplerefusedtoconsultanyoneconcerningtheirreligiousaffairsexcepthim? AlltheseeventsoccurredafterthePeaceTreaty.Stillsomegroupsofhisfollowersandotherthan theyhavecriticizedhimforhispeacefulattitudewithMu'awiya. I(theauthor)wonder:howwouldtheMuslimshavetreatedalHasan,peacebeonhim,ifhehad refusedthesuccessionfromthebeginning?Thatisbecausetheywerelongingverymuchforhis succession.Accordingly,wasitpossibleforalHasan,peacebeonhim,tobetherayofhopeand shelterfortheindignantandtheopposers?Wasitpossibleforhiscarefuleyestosleepandleave theirworld? SowhichmindacceptsthatalHasan,peacebeonhim,washastywhenheacceptedthe succession? Thesuccession,initsorigin,wasthepositionofhisfather.Sohe(alHasan)andhispother(al Husayn)inheritedit.ThatiswhatImamMusab.Ja'far,peacebeonthem,said. Asforthedisturbanceswhichthesecriticshavementioned,theywerecreatedbytheopposersin Kufa.Inthemeantime,nooneofthosedisturbancesharmedalHasan,peacebeonhim,aslong asthepeoplesupportedhim.Itisworthmentioningthateverycaliphorleaderhasopposers. Soacceptingthesuccessionwasthemostfeasibleideainallcircumstances.Rather,itwas incumbentonalHasan,peacebeonhim,toacceptthesuccessiontomaintainthepublicinterest andtoenforcetheright. Chapter4:KufaDuringTheDaysOfThePledgeOfAllegiance

(43) Sa'sa'ab.Sawhanal'Abdi[1]describedKufaas:"thedomeofIslamandtopofspeech."However, therewererudepersonsinKufa.Theypreventedthepeoplefromobeyingthosewhowerein chargeofauthority(i.e.,theProphet'sfamily).Alsotheypreventedthepeoplefrommeeting them.Thesewerethemannersofthepossessors. TheMuslimsinhabitedKufaintheyear17A.H.,namelydirectlyaftertheconquestofIraq.[2] TheearlyhousesofKufawerebuiltofreed.However,theyburneddown.Sotheywerebuiltof adobes.ThestreetsofKufaweretwentycubitswide.Itslanesweresevencubitswide.Thenexts ofthebuildingswereamongitsstreets.Theywerefortycubitswide.Alsoalqatay'(plotsofland) wereamongitsstreets.Theyweresixtycubitswide. TheMosquewasthefirstthingtobebuiltinKufa.ItwasbuiltintheMiddleoftheareawhichwas chosentobuildthecity.Astrongmanthrewarrowsatalldirections.Thenthehouseswerebuilt beyondthearrows.SotheareabeforethearrowswasallottedtobuildtheMosqueanditsyard. InfrontoftheMosque,they(theMuslims)built [1]Seechapter:TheLeadersoftheShi'a,inthisbook.AlMas'udi,Hamishb.alAthir,vo1.6,p.118. [2]AlBaladhuri,FutuhalBuldan.AlBuraqi,Ta'rikhalKufa.AlHamawi,alMu'jam.However,al Hamawiopposedhimwhenhesaid:"BasrahwasinhabitedsixmonthsbeforeKufaintheyear14 A.H." (44) aporchonwhichtheybuiltpillarsmadeofmarble,whichthefollowersofKasra(aPersianking) poughtfromtheruinsofalHira.They(theMuslims)dugatrencharoundtheyardoftheMosque topreventthepeoplefrombuildinghousesnearit. Suddenly,thebuildingsofKufaincreased.FortheCommanderofthefaithful(Amiralmu'minin) emigratedtoit.ThenheregardeditasaheadquartersaftertheBattleoftheCamelonthetwelfth ofthemonthofRajab,intheyear36A.H. Amongthemotivesofthisinitiative(theEmigrationofImam'AlitoKufa)wasthattheresources ofHijaz(SaudiArabi)becamesoweakthatthiscountrydependedonotherresourcesfromother countries.Themostharmfulthingforacertaincountryisthatitdependsontheresourcesof othercountries.However,KufaandIraqdidnotsufferfromthepaucityofresources.Inother

wordstheirresourcesweremorethantheirneeds.Therewerealsomilitaryfactors.Forexample militaryrebelsusedIraqasabasefortheirhostileacts. ProminentMuslimfigurescamesuccessivelytoKufa,fromvariousMuslimcountries.Foritwas thecapitaloftheCaliphate.TheArabtribesfromtheYemenandHijaz,andthePersian communitiesfromalMada'inandIraninhabitedKufa.Trademarketsbecameactiveinit. Scientificstudiesbecamepightinit.Gardensandvillageswerebuiltaroundit.Glorioushistory, arts,scienceslastedinitforalongtime. Shi'ism(tashayu)forImam'Aliandhissons,peacebeonthem,prevailedKufaunderthe Hashimiteruling.Thisphenomenonhasbeeninitsincethattime.Becauseofthemixedgroups whoinhabitedthenewcity,otherhostiledesiresappearedtherebesideShi'ism.Afterashort time,suchhostilemotivesbecamethereasonforcreatinghistoricaleventsinKufa. ThepledgeofallegiancetoalHasan,peacebeonhim,occurredwhenKufapledgedallegianceto him.Thenallthepeoplethereagreedonhisnominationthoughtheyrarelyagreedonacertain idea. Throughouthislifeinthiscity,alHasan,peacebeonhim,showed (45) thenoblequalitieswhichthefamilyofMuhammad,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,inherited. Thosenoblequalitieswere:goodness,goodmanners,noblefeelings,gentletraits,widepatience, excellentmind,knowledge,religiousdevotion,worship,andthelike.Sotheheartsofthepeople inclinedtowardshim. ThePulpitofthesuccession,thoughsadforthelateImam('Ali),smiledatthePropheticqualities inheritedbyitsnewSuccessor.Forhewasthebestpersoninpiety,refrainingfromthelifeinthis world,andcollectingallgoodtraits.Forthisreason,he(alHasan)wasauniquefigure.Thusall differentpersonsagreedonhimwillingly.Moreover,alltheelementsofleadershipnecessaryfor theleaderofanationortheImamofpeoplegatheredinalHasan. ThefestivalsofthepledgeofallegiancetoalHasan,peacebeonhim,inKufaendedinthehoped manner.Theyresultedinstrength,activity,andmobilization.However,fatehasrulesthatdonot occuraccordingtothemeasuresofminds,nordotheyoccuraccordingtothedesiresofselves.So thepoliticalatmosphereinthecityof(Kufa),thatcelepatedtheappointmentoftheSuccessorfor thefirsttimeinitshistory,wasstillstagnant,clouded,andmingledwithmuchsuspicious disturbance.ThatwaswhatKufasufferedfrombecauseoftheeffectsoftheviolentbattlesthat

happenedintheneighboringnexts,namelyinBasrah,Nahrwan,andSiffin.InKufa,atthattime, thereweremanysupportersforthemartyrsandvictimsofthesebattlesfrombothparties.Those supporterswereveryeagertoavengethebloodoftheirmartyrs.Sotheysparednoefforttocarry outtheirpurposes.Someofthesepurposesweregood,whilesomeofthemwereevil.Theevil purposeswerethereasonforcreatingdisagreementintheMuslimcommunity. ThoughalHasanwasinthebeginningofhissuccession,alltheheartsinclinedtowardshim.Forhe wasthesonofthedaughteroftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Tolove himwasamongtheconditionsofbelief.Toobeyhimwasamongtheconditionsofthepledgeof allegiancetohim. (46) IbnKathirsaid:"They(theKufans)lovedhim(i.e.,alHasan)morethantheylovedhisfather.[1] AlHasan,peacebeonhim,wasstillsafefromallparties.Thatisbecausehedidnotreactto destroythepurposesofsomepeopleortoinjurethesensitivecordofthestubbornideasofsome people.ThatisbecausethewaysthroughwhichIslamlivedatthattimeweresometimes subjected,insuchMuslims,topersonalaimsandweresometimestofanaticopinions. Manyofthosepeoplewereselfishandambitious.Theirselfishnessandambitionsexceededthe limitsofIslam.Thustheythoughtthattheywouldachievetheirambitionsthroughpledging allegiancetoalHasan.AlHasan'sgoodmannersmadethempledgeallegiancetohim.Forhis mannersremindedthemofthemannersofhisgrandfather,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily. AlsotheymemorizedatraditionfromtheCompanionsoftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshim andhisfamily.ThetraditionsaidthatalHasanwasthemostsimilarpersontoAllah'sApostle,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily,informandnobility. Infact,they(theKufans)understoodalHasan'sgreatmannersastheywere. ManyofthosewhowereopposedtoalHasan'sideasandthoughtscompetedwitheachotherfor theabovementionedambitions.Sotheypledgedallegiancetohimoftheirownaccordasthe loyalbelieversdid.Thenthey,afterashorttime,werethequickestofallthepeopleinescaping fromhiscamps.Thatisbecausetheythoughtthattheywouldobtaintheirambitionsthroughthe leniencyofalHasan,peacebeonhim.However,theyfounditdifficultforthemtogettheir ambitionswhenalHasanassumedthesuccession.ForhewasverystrictinenforcingtheIslamic lawevenwithhiscloserelativessuchashispotherandcousin. Forthisreason,itwasnaturalfortheleadersinKufatoopposealHasan,peacebeonhim,asthey

hadopposedthelateImam(i.e., [1]IbnKathir,alBidayawaalNihaya,vol.8,p.41. (47) Imam'Ali)whosaidtothem:"Youhavefilledmyheartwithpussandloadedmybosomwithrage. Youmademedrinkmouthfulsofgriefoneaftertheother."Inthismanner,thatcorruptgroupof peopleclungtotheirangrypartisanship.Meanwhiletheyfoundastrongsupporterapoad(i.e., Mu'awiyainSyria).Alsointhismanner,variouskindsofproblemsbegantoappearbecauseof thatabominablepartisanship. Groupsoftheopportuniststookadvantageofthatcriticalstage.Theywereabletocommunicate withthepeopleofKufatoprovokethemtomutinyagainsttheobligatorySuccessor,toviolate morals,andtopeakthepledgeofAllegiancetohim,peacebeonhim.Thesekindofpeople,who were'likemen,'resortedtoriot,boycott,anddisobediencewhentheIslamicSuccessionwas movedtothenewcity(Kufa)inIraq.FortheIslamicSuccessiontherewasclearincarryingoutthe Islamiclawsandwassevereinenforcingjustice.Theywererestlessbecausetheywerehopeless oftheworldofthatsuccession.Forsuchakindofsuccessionwasreligious,notworldly.Alsothey knewthatthesuccessionwouldnotallowthemtoachievetheirworldlyambitions. Sothey(therebelsinKufa)tookadvantageofthedisagreementbetweenthenewSuccessorin KufaandMu'awiyainSham(Syria).Theyfoundthatdisagreementappropriateforthemtorenew theiractivitiestogetpossibleurgentintereststhroughdeceivingthetwoparties(i.e.,alHasan andMu'awiya).Thustheywerebeforetwochoices:eithertheygettheirambitionsthroughthe newsuccessionortheycooperatewitheachothertocorruptanddestroyit.Inthemeantime, Mu'awiyapromisedtoachievetheirambitions.Accordingly,moneyandpromiseswerethe strongestweaponstherulersinShamusedtodestroythenewsuccessioninKufathroughoutthat time. Inthismanner,thechangeabledesires,thedifferentideas,thebadmanners,andtheimpudent quarrelswereabletoweakentheattitudeofalHasan,peacebeonhim,inKufa. ThusthepeopleduringthepledgeofallegiancetoalHasan,peacebeonhim,weremanyparties. Wemayclassifythemasfollows: (48) TheUmayyadParty

Thegreatestpersonswhobelongedtothispartywere:'Amrb.Hurayth,'Ammarab.alWalidb. 'Aqaba,Hajarb.'Amru,'Umarb.Sa'db.AbuWaqqas,AbuBurdab.AbuMusaalAsh'ari,Isma'il andIshaqthetwosonsofTalhab.'UbaydAllah,andthelike.Strongelementswithfollowersand influencebelongedtothisparty.Theyplayedadangerousroleindestroyingthesuccessionofal Hasan,peacebeonhim,throughtheirriot,plots,anddisobedience. "SotheywrotesecretlytoMu'awiyatolistenandobeyhim.Theyurgedhimtocomequicklyto them.TheyguaranteedtohandoveralHasanwhentheygottohiscamp,ortokillhim treacherously."[1] Inhisbook'Ta'rikh,alMas'uditoldus[2]:"Manyofthem(theKufans)wrotesecretlytohim (Mu'awiya).Theybecamehastyinpromisesforhimandaskedhimforpowers." "Mu'awiyaplottedagainst'Amrb.Hurayth,alAsh'athb.Qays,Hajjarb.Abjar,andShibthb.Rib'i throughhisspies.Inthemeantimehesaidtooneofhisspies:"IfyoukillalHasan,Iwillgiveyou onehundredthousanddirhams,anarmyofthearmiesofSham(Syria),andadaughterofmy daughters."AlHasan,peacebeonhim,heardofthat.Soheworehispeastplate.Heguarded againstthemanddidnot headtheminprayer.Sooneofthem(theabovementioned [1]AlMufid,alIrshad,p.170.AlTupisi,A'lamalWard. [2]AlMas'udi,Hamishb.alAthir,vol.6,p.42.I(theauthor)say:Ithinkthatmanypeoplefrom ShammighthavewrittentoalHasan,peacebeonhim,atthattimeastheKufanswroteto Mu'awiya.Wehaveknownthatthetwoparties(theKufansandtheSyrians)werereadytopeak theirpromiseswheneverworldlydesirestemptedthem.Youhavetosee'alMahasinwaal Masawi',vol.2,p.200,byalBayhaqi,toknowthatthefollowersofMu'awiyawrotetoimam'Ali, peacebeonhim.AlsotrytoseeTa'rikh,vol.3,p.12,byalYa'qubi,toknowthatallfollowersof 'AbdalMalikb.MarwanwrotetoMas'abb.alZubayrandaskedhimforsafetyandgifts.Sowe mustunderstandthattheSyrianswrotetoalHasan,buttheirlettershaveremainedsecretforus, foralHasandidnotrevealthesecretasMu'awiyadid,orthehistorianshaveintentionallyignored thismatterastheyhaveignoredmanymatters. (49) persons)threwanarrowathim.However,thearrowdidnothithimbecauseofhispeastplate.[1] OneofthesetextsisenoughtoexplainMu'awiya'sintentions.Inthismanner,they(theKufans) didevildeedsintentionally.Theydidthedeedsofthetraitorwhowaitedforanopportunity.Their

meanattemptswereclearevenunderthecloudsofdeceptionandhypocrisy.Inotherwordstheir attemptsseemedexposedandblatantatthehourofthesummonstotheobligation. Alsointhismanner,they(theKufans)werethroughoutthattimetheleadersofriot,helpersof plots,andfingersoftheenemyinthecity(ofKufa). TheKharijitescooperatedwiththem(theKufans)tooverthrowtheHashimiteCaliphateduringits twoholytimes.ThatisbecausetheKharijitesandtheKufanssharedthesameplan.Theevidence forthisiswhathasbeeninthelasttextconcerningtheparticipationofalAsh'athb.Qaysand Shibthb.Rib'i,whowereamongtheleadersoftheKharijitesinKufa. TheKharijites TheyweretheenemiesofImam'Ali,peacebeonhim,fromthedaywhentheeventofthe arbitration(altahkim)tooknext.AlsotheyweretheenemiesofMu'awiya. TheleadersoftheKharijitesinKufawere:'AbdAllahb.WahabalRasibi,Shibthb.Rib'i,alAsh'ath b.Qays,andShimrb.DhialJawshan. TheKharijitesinsistedonwagingwaragainstMu'awiyamorethantheotherpeopleinKufadid.It wastheywhopledgedallegiancetoalHasan,peacebeonhim,ontheconditionthatheshould fightagainstthosewhowentastray(i.e.,theSyrians).However,alHasanrefusedtheirpledgeof allegianceaccordingtothiscondition.Hewantedthemtopledgeallegiancetohimtoconformto "listeningandobeying." [1]'IlalalSharai',p.82. (50) Moreover,heaskedthemtofightagainsthimwhomhefoughtagainstandtomakepeacewith himwhomhemadepeacewith.SotheKharijiteswenttohispotheralHusayn,peacebeonhim. Theysaidtohim:"Stretchoutyourhandtopledgeallegiancetoyouaswehadpledgedallegiance toyourfathertofightthosewhowentastray(i.e.,theSyrians)."SoalHusayn,peacebeonhim, saidtothem:"IseekprotectionwithAllah,Icannotacceptyourpledgeofallegianceaslongasal Hasanisliving."Sothey(theKharijites)wenttoalHasanagainandpledgedtheirallegiancetohim ashehadstipulatedbefore.[1] I(theauthor)thinkthattherewasnoaspectofenmitywhentheKharijiteswantedtopledge

allegiancetoalHasan,peacebeonhim.Besidestherewasnoaspectofenmitywhenthey insistedonfightingthosewhowentastrayfromtheSyrians.Inthemeantime,somefollowersof alHasan,peacebeonhim,supportedtheKharijitestodeclarewar.However,whenyoureadthe stagesofthematterofalHasan,youwillunderstandthattheKharijiteswerethereasonfor creatingcriticalconditionsfromwhichalHasansuffered.Youhavereadintheforegoingtextthat twoleadersoftheKharijitestookpartintheugliestUmayyadplotinKufa TheKharijitesusedeffective,fearfulmethodswhentheyprovokedthepeopleagainstthe Umayyads.Theirmethodsunderminedthebeliefofmanypeoplewithdoubts.Thatwasthe reasonforthespreadingoftheKharijitesaftertheirdecisivedefeatattheBattleofalNahrwan. ConcerningthemethodsoftheKharijites,Ziyadb.Abihsaid:"Indeed,thewordsofthese (Kharijites)goesquickertotheheartsthanthefiregoestothereeds."Inthisconnection,al Mughirab.Shu'basaid:"Whenthey(theKharijites)stayedatanextfortwodays,theycorrupted thosewhomtheyassociated.[2] TheKharijitestoldliesandthoughtthattheytoldthetruth.Theydidevildeedsandthoughtthat theydidgooddeeds.Theyreliedon [1]AlImamawaalSiyasa,p.150. [2]AlTabari,Ta'rikh,vol.6,p.109. (51) Allah,buttherewasnoreligiousrelationbetweenHimandthem. WewillmentiontheKharijitesagainwhenwediscussthemembersoftheArmyinthefollowing chapters. TheDoubters WehavereadsomethingaboutthedoubtersinwhatalMufid,mayAllahhavemercyonhim,has mentionedconcerningthemembersoftheArmyofalHasan,peacebeonhim.Wethinkthatthey havebeencalledthedoubtersbecausetheywereaffectedbytheideasoftheKharijiteswhile theydidnotbelongtothem.Theywerehesitating.Namelytheydidnotbelongtoacertainparty. I(theauthor)haveknownthatalMurtadahasmentionedthedoubtersatagreatlengthand regardedthemasunbelieversinhisbook'alAnal',vol.3,p.93.Itisasifthatheunderstoodthat thedoubtershaddoubtsabouttheoriginofthereligion.

ThedoubterswereagroupofthepeopleofKufa.Theywerefromthedefeatedrabblethere.They hadnointentiontodogood,norhadtheyanabilitytodoevil.However,theirexistenceinitself wasevil.Itwasahelpforcorruption,andatoolinthehandsofthewrongdoers. AlHamra' TheybelongedtothearmedmeninKufa.Theirnumberwastwentythousandmen,asalTabari saidinhisbook'Ta'rikh'.WhenKufahadbeendividedintoonesevenths,theylivedintheone seventhwhichwasallottedtotheirallieswhobelongedtotheBanu(sonsof)'AbdalQays.They (theHamra')didnotbelongtotheBanuof'AbdalQays,nordidtheybelongtotheArabs.Rather theywereamixedbandfromthefriendsandtheslaves.Maybe,mostofthemwerefromthe sonsofthePersianwomenwhoweretakenprisonersattheBattlesof'AynalTamrandJalawla'in theyears1217A.H.SotheycarriedweaponsinthecrisisofalHasanintheyear41A.H.,andin thecrisisofalHusaynintheyear61A.H. (52) TheHamra'werethepolicemenofZiyadwhokilledtheShi'aintheyear51A.H.Theywerefrom thosewhocarriedouttheirdutieswellwhentheeviltemptedthem.Merelikely,theywerethe soldiersofthevictorioustyrants. TheHamra'becamepowerfulbecausetheyhelpedZiyadsuppresstheeventsandthe disturbancestooknextinKufaduringthefirstcenturyA.H.Moreover,theybecamemore powerfulinKufawhentheyascribedittothemselves.SoKufawascalledtheKufaoftheHamra' (KufatalHamra). Basrah,likeKufa,hadmixedgroupsofpeople(Hamra').Ziyad,whowasthegovernorofBasrah then,wasafraidoftheirpowerthere,sohetriedtodestroythem.However,alAhnafb.Qays preventedhimfromdoingthat. SomemodernwritershaveattributedtheHamrd'totheShi'a,whiletheywerefarawayfrom them.FortheysparednoefforttodestroytheShi'aandtheirImams.Wedonotdenythatthere mightbesomeofthemwhoadoptedthebeliefsoftheShi'a.However,theShi'aarenotjudgedby thefewpersons.ThefollowersofalHasan,peacebeonhim,livedinKufabesidethesehostile people.ThefollowersofalHasanweregreaterinnumberthantheHamra'inthecapitalofImam 'Ali,peacebeonhim.AmongalHasan'sfollowerswasanumberoftheEmigrants(muhajrin)and theSupporters(ansar).Theyfollowed'AlitoKufa.Theyhadahighsocialrank.Thepeople respectedthembecausetheyweretheCompanionsoftheApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhis

family. ThegreatfiguresoftheShi'ainKufaprovedtheirloyaltytothemembersoftheHouse(Ahlal Bayt),peacebeonthem.TheypledgedallegiancetoalHasan,peacebeonhim.Thushe(al Hasan)summonedthemtojihad(holywar)afterhissuccessionduringthecriticalsituations.If thoseShi'ahadbeensafefromtheplotsoftheothercitizens,theywouldhavedefendedKufa againstthedangersoftheSyrians.Noonecandenytheabilityandtheactivityofthatblessed groupofpeople.BytheactivitywemeantheabilitiesthathelpedthatShi'itegrouptobearand understandthehardships.Alsotheyhelpthemfindsolutionstothesehardships. (53) AmongthatblessedShi'itegroupwere:Qaysb.Sa'db.'AbbadaalAnsari,Hujrb.'AbualKindi, 'Amrb.alHamqalKhiza'i,Saidb.QaysalHamadani,Habibb.MuzahiralAsadi,'Adib.Hatamal Ta'i,alMusayyabb.Nujayya,Ziyadb.Sa'sa'a,andthelike. Asforthereckless,opposingforeigners,andthemercenaries,theydidtheirbesttoovercome thoseabilitiesandtochangethatpower. AlHasan,peacebeonhim,wasawareofthatatmospherefullofvariousinclinations, disturbances,andopinions.Itwasnecessaryforhim,atthebeginningofhissuccession,totellthe peoplefranklyabouthisplanandhisattitudewhichhehadconcludedfromhisrealconditions bothinKufaandapoad. ItwasMu'awiyawhowastheenemyapoad.ThushedisturbedKufathroughhisvariousplots. Alsohehadtakenthereinsofauthority.Moreover,hisowncountrySham(Syria)wasstable.It wasnotpermittedforalHasan,peacebeonhim,tooverlookMu'awiya.Thatisbecausethelatter wasnotaneasyenemy.MeanwhilealHasanwouldhavenotbeensafefromhisplotsifhehad overlookedhim.IndeedalHasanhadbeenthemostreadypersontodestroyMu'awiyaifhehad foundavailablemeanstoachievethatduringhisconditions. AsforKufa,ithadadangerousopposition.TheoppositionwasneartoalHasan,peacebeonhim, innext.However,itwasfarawayfromhiminspirit,meaning,andaims.Sothiskindofopposition engagedtheImamandheldhisattention. ItwassorrowfulforalHasan,peacebeonhim,toseesuchofpeopleinhiscapital(i.e.,Kufa).For theirdesiresandambitionshadcontrolledthem,andtheiropinionsdividedthem.Besides,they didnotknowthemeaningofloyalty,thesafeguardofthereligion,andtherightsoftheneighbor. Theyabandonedtheirmorals,sotheybecameanexploitedtoolforopposition,treason,and

corruption.Theyfollowedeverycrowerandrambledineveryvalley.Sotheywerenotappropriate forapoliticalfield,norweretheyappropriateforawarfield.Itisenoughforyoutoknowthat theywerethereasonforcreatingdisturbances,riots,andfear. (54) Inthisway,sincetheancienttimes,theIraqishavetheabilitytounderstandopinionsandviolent revoltsonvariousoccasions. Throughhistestedattitude,alHasan,peacebeonhim,showedhistalentsthatwerealwaysthe goodnewsofapightvictory.However,hesufferedfromawfuladversitiescamedownonhis attitudeasthedecreecamedownfromthesky. AlHasan,peacebeonhim,hadpredictedmanyeventsbeforetheyoccurred.However,the precautionaryprocedurespreventedhimfrommentioningthoseeventsopenly.Sohemadehints forthem.ForthisreasonhesaidthefollowingvaguewordswhichhequotedfromtheQur'an:"I seewhatyoudonotsee." I(theauthor)wonder:AtthattimealHasan,peacebeonhim,sawthoseactivefestivalswhich theMuslimcommunityheldtoexpresstheirloyaltytotheirnewSuccessor.However,whydidthe newSuccessorseewhattheydidnotsee? ItwastheinsightthatwasamongthequalitiesofalHasan,peacebeonhim.Heusedsuchan insightinwarandpeace,andinallhisstepstowardshisenemiesandhisfriends. Unfortunately,thehistoricalencyclopediashavenotpaidattentiontomanyexamples.Thatis becausetheyarenecessaryforustoindicatethehistoricalpolicyofalHasan,peacebeonhim, especiallyduringthefirstperiodofhisshorttime.Namelytheperiodthatprecededthe declarationofholywar(jihad)inKufa.Sowehavecollectedsomeextractsfromhereandthereto showhisskillfulpolicythatisbeyonddoubt.Soheledthatshakycommunitywisely. ThefollowingaresomeexamplesaboutalHasan'swiseleadership: 1.AlHasan,peacebeonhim,madeacertainformforthosewhowantedtopledgeallegianceto him,andherefrainedfromacceptingtheconditionswhichtheothersmadetopledgeallegiance tohim.Hewasreadytoacceptthatpledgeofallegiancefromthepeopleprovidedthatthey shouldlistenandobeyhim,fightthosewhomhefoughtagainst,andmakepeacewiththose whomhemadepeacewith.Thusthepeopleadmiredhisabilitytorunwarandpeaceatthesame time.

(55) InthiswayhewasabletopleasethetwopartiesinKufa,namelythosewhowantedwarand thosewhowantedpeace.ThatisbecausethegeneralsituationinKufaforcedhimtotakesuch wiseprecautionsforacertaintime. 2.AlHasan,peacebeonhim,raisedthesalariesofthefightersto100%.Thatwasthefirststephe tookwhenhebecameasuccessor.Thenthesuccessorsafterhimfollowedhisexample.[1] ThisstepalHasan,peacebeonhim,adoptedtopromotethesalariesrefreshedthemoraleofhis armyandmadealargenumberofpeoplereadytorendertheirservicesforjihad(holywar). AlsothisstepmeansthatalHasan,peacebeonhim,wasreadytodeclarewar.However,itdoes notshowusclearlythathewasresolutetowagewaraslongasitwasastepofrefreshmentat thatnewtime.BesidesthisstepwasamonghiswiseactsthatledtheMuslimstounity,notto discord.Inthemeantimeitwaswisereadinessforthefuturethatwouldforcehimtowagean expectedwar. 3.AlHasan,peacebeonhim,orderedthetwomentobekilled,fortheyspiedforhisenemies. AlsohethreatenedthosewhomightspyonhiminKufaandBasrah.AlMufid,mayAllahhave mercyonhim,said:"WhenMu'awiyab.AbuSufyanlearnedofthedeathoftheCommanderof thefaithful(Amiralmu'minin),peacebeonhim,andthepeople'spledgeofallegiancetohisson, alHasan,peacebeonhim,hesentamanfromHimyarsecretlytoKufaandamanfromBanual QayntoBasrah.TheyweretowritereportstohimtoundermineaffairsforalHasan,peacebeon him.AlHasan,peacebeonhim,learnedofthat.HeorderedtheHimyaritobepoughtoutfrom (thetribeof)LakhminKufa.Hehadhimpoughtoutandexecuted.(AlHasan)wrotetoBasrah,. orderingtheQaynitobepoughtfromtheBanuSulaym.Hewaspoughtoutandexecuted."[2] AbualFarajalIsfahanihasmentionedareportsimilartowhat [1]IbnAbualHadid,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.12. [2]AlMufid,alIrshad,p.168.alAnwar.KashfalGhumma. (56) alMufidhasmentioned:"Yousentmentousedeceptionandtocarryoutassassinationsandyou sentoutspiesasifyouwanttomeet(inbattle).Thatissomethingthatwillsoonhappen,sowait forit,ifAllahwills.Ihavelearnedthatyouhavebecomehaughtyinawaythatnowisemanwould

becomehaughty.InthatyouarejustasalAwwaldescribed: Saytohimwhodesiresthecontraryoftheonewhohasdied: Prepareforanotherlikehim,asif(fromthesame)root. Iandtheoneamonguswhohasdiedareliketheonewho goesintheeveningsothat(theother)maycomeinthemorning. ManypeopleurgedalHasan,peacebeonhim,towagewaragainstMu'awiyafromthedaywhen hetookthereinsofauthorityinKufa.However,heconsideredtheirviewpointscarefully. InChapter5,whichyouwillreadsoon,wewillanalyzethepoliticalattitudeatthattime.Youwill knowthatthisdeliberationwastheonlymeasureatthattimeofalHasan,peacebeonhim. 5.AlHasan,peacebeonhim,madeMu'awiyaforgethisshaky,baselessattitudethrough exchangingletters.ThroughMu'awiya'sanswersfullofinsultstoalHasan,peacebeonhim,the peoplewereabletoknowtheformer'scharacterwhichwasunknownforthem.Besidesthe letterspavedthewayforalHasantoshowthereasonsforhiswaragainstMu'awiya.Suddenly, Mu'awiyabecamethedefeatedpartyaccordingtothelogicalviewpointofthewisethoughhe wasvictorious,afterthat,accordingtothelogicalviewpointofthosewhodependonforce. OneoftheseskillfulmeasureswhichalHasan,peacebeonhim,usedtocarryouthispoliticalplan duringhisshorttime,betweenthedeathofhisfather(peacebeonhim)andhisdeterminationto wagewar,isenoughtoexplainalHasan'swisepolicy. Chapter5:DeterminationToWageWar (57) Thestudiesthroughoutthevarioushistoricalperiodshavemaintainedthatthevictoryofreligion inacertainsocietyisofgreatimportanceforspreadingethics.Thatisbecausenationsfollowthe exampleoftheirleadersandadopttheaimsoftheirlaws.Ifreligionhadnothingbuttoenjoin peopletodogooddeeds,preventthemfromdoingevildeeds,andpurifyingtheselffromclinging toworldlydesires,thenitwouldbeenough.

Thisgroup(i.e.,theUmayyads)wasfromtheremainsofthepreIslamicpaganism.They propagatedclassicism.Theyusedtoclingtothehabitsoftheirfathersandgrandfathers,ancient regulations,andunjustattitudes.Theywerethemortalenemiesofthereligion.Aftertheyhad followedthereligion,theyregardeditasmeansforachievingtheirworldlyambitions. Theaimsofthereligionhavebecomelostbecauseoftheseambitions.Besidessocietyhaslostits necessaryrighteousness.Sothepeoplehaveclungtotheirworldlyambitions.Moreover,the religionhasbecomeasImamHusayn,peacebeonhim,said:"lickingonthetonguesofthe people.Theyencompassitaslongastheirlivelihoodstream.However,whentheyaretestedwith thetribulation,thefollowersofthereligionbecomefew." ThefamilyofMuhammad,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,hadtheirownmessage.Theydid notretreatfromit.Fortheywantedtosavepeople(fromoppression)nottoachievetheirown interest.Theywantedtospreadtheteachingsofthereligionnottoestablishtheirownthorns. Theywantedtopreservemoralsnottopreservetheirownselves. (58) However,Mu'awiyaopposedtheseobjectives.Hewagedwaragainstthosewhowantedto propagatethem(theobjectives).Heinsistedonhisoppressionandenmity.Hesoughtthefameof authority.Helookedafterhisfeelingsandideas.ThereforeitwasincumbentonalHasan,peace beonhim,toleadtheMuslimstofightagainsthim,andtopunishhimaccordingtotheLawsof Allah,theGreatandAlmighty. AbualFarajalIsfahanisaid:"ThefirstthingwhichalHasan,peacebeonhim,didwasthathe raisedthesalariesofthefighterto100%.'Ali,peacebeonhim,didthatontheday(Battle)ofthe Camel.ThenalHasandiditassoonashebecameasuccessor.Sothesuccessorsdidthatafter him." He(i.e.,AbualFarajalIsfahani)said:"AlHasan,peacebeonhim,wrotetoMu'awiyaandHarbb. 'AbdAllahalAzdi:FromalHasanb.'Ali,theCommanderofthefaithful,toMu'awiyab.Abu Sufyan.Salamun'alayka(peacebeonyou).Indeed,IthankAllah,WhothereisnogodbutHe, insteadofyou.Nowthen,verily,Allah,theGreatandAlmighty,appointedMuhammadasmercy forworlds,andasfavorforthebelieversandallpeople.(Heappointedhim)towarnthosewho arestillliving,andtoenforcethewordsontheunbelievers.Sohe(Muhammad)propagatedthe messagesofhisLord.HecarriedouttheorderofAllah.Hedidnotfallbehindorneglectanything. ThenAllahcausedhimtodieafterHehadshownthetruthanddestroyedpolytheismthrough him.

He(Allah)singledoutQurayshthroughhim(Muhammad).SoHe(Allah)saidtohim:'Andit(the Qur'an)isareminderforyouandforyourpeople.'Whenhe(Muhammad)died,theArabs differedoverhisauthority.SoQurayshsaid:'Wearehistribe,hisfamily,andhisfriends.Youhave norighttodisputewithusovertheauthorityofMuhammadandhisright.'ThustheArabs believedthewordsofQurayshandtheirproofforthat(succession)againsthimwhodisputed withthemovertheauthorityofMuhammad.Soyoubestoweduponthemandyieldedtothem. ThenwearguedwithQurayshastheArabsdid.However,Qurayshdidnottreatuswithjusticeas theArabstreatedthem.They(Quraysh),withexclusionof (59) theArabs,tookthismatterthrough(asking)equityandprotest.Whenwe,themembersofthe HouseofMuhammadandhisfriends,begandisputingwiththem(Quraysh)andaskedthemto treatuswithjustice,theyturnedawayfromus,seized(power),andgatheredtogethertooppress andforceus.Sowesufferedfromtheirpersecutionstowardsus. "Webecameastonishedatthosewhotookunjustlyourrightandtheauthorityofourfamily.If they(Quraysh)hadanoutstandingmeritandpriorityinIslam,wewouldrefrainfromdisputing withthemforfearthatthehypocritesandtheallies(ahzab)mightfindagaptocorruptthe religion. "Sotoday,Mu'awiya,thepersonisastonishedatyou.Foryouhaveusurpedtheauthority. However,youarenotappropriateforit.Youhavenoknownmeritinthereligion.Youhaveno laudableactinIslam.Yourarethesonofanally(hizb)oftheallies(ahzab).Youarethesonofthe mosteviloneofallQurayshtowardstheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,and HisBook.Allahaloneissufficientforyou.YoushallreturntoHim.Youshallknowtowhomthe finalresultoftheabodeshallbe.ByAllah,youshallmeetyourLordsoon.ThenHeshallpunish youbecauseofwhatyourhandshavedone.Allahisnotunjustfortheservants. "Indeed,when'Alipassedaway(themercyofAllahbeonhimonthedaywhenhedied,onthe daywhenAllahbestowedIslamonhim,andonthedaywhenhewillberaisedfromthedead)the Muslimsmademeasuccessor.SoIaskAllahnottogiveusinthistransitworldathingwithwhich HedecreasesourdignitywhichHehas.Thethingthatmademewritetoyouisanexcusebetween Allah,theGreatandAlmighty,andmeconcerningyouraffair.Ifyoudothat,youwillhavegreat luck,andtheMuslimswillhaverighteousness. "Thereforeavoidgoingtoofarinfalsehood,andpledgeallegiancetomeasthepeoplehavedone. YouknowthatIamworthierofthisauthoritythanyouwithAllahandwitheveryloyalrepentant, andarepentingheart.FearAllah,abandonoppression,andsparethebloodoftheMuslims.Enter

peaceandobedience.Donotdisputewiththepeopleofauthorityovertheirauthority,andwith thosewhoare (60) worthierofitthanyou.WiththatAllahwillputoutthisdisturbance,unify(theMuslims),and settletheenmity. "Ifyouinsistonyourerror,IwilladvanceagainstyouwiththeMuslimsandpunishyoutillAllah judgebetweenyouandme,andHeisthebestofalljudges."[1] Initslastwords,theletterofalHasan,peacebeonhim,showsyouthatalHasanclearly threatenedMu'awiyawithwar.ItwasnecessaryforalHasantofollowthismethod.Foritwas appropriateforMu'awiya.Heaskedhim"toavoidgoingonfalsehoodandtopledgeallegianceto himasthepeopledid."ThiswasthewisepoliticalmethodwhichalHasanusedtounderminethe resistanceoftheenemythroughundermininghisdetermination.ThenalHasan,peacebeonhim, saidthesewordstoMu'awiyaaftertellinghimaboutthepreviousargumentoftheProphet's familywithQuraysh. SoalHasan,peacebeonhim,summonedMu'awiyatostopgoingonfalsehoodandtopledge allegiancetohim.Thushegavehimpiecesofadvice,thenhethreatenedhim,andthenheclearly warnedhimwithwar. AlHasan,peacebeonhim,followedtheplanofhisfathertowardsMu'awiya.Indeed,alHasan didashisfatherdid.Hetreatedtheconditionsandtheenemiesashisfatherdid.Itisasifthatal Hasanandhisfather,theCommanderofthefaithful,peacebeonhim,livedduringthesametime inKufa.Warwasaninevitablenecessityduringthetimeofthelatefather(i.e.,Imam'Ali),peace beonhim.Thusitwasalsoaninevitablenecessityduringthetimeoftheson(i.e.,alHasan)who assumedthesuccession. ItwasnecessaryforalHasantoadornthenewsuccession.Thusitwasincumbentonhimtomake itpilliantduringitsnewtimethroughhavingapowerfulauthority.Alsoitwasnecessaryforthe newSuccessortopunishthewrongdoerstospreadrespectintheselves,andtofindhiswayto takethereinsofauthority.Therefore,thereisnowonder,whentheletterofalHasan,peacebe onhim,wasclearin [1]IbnAbualHadid,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.12. (61)

threatening,severeinpreaching,stronginpresentingthewordsthatorderedMu'awiyaand preventedhim:"FearAllah,abandonoppression,andsparethebloodoftheMuslims.Bepeaceful andobedient.Donotdisputewiththepeopleofauthorityandthosewhoareworthierofitthan you.Enterpeaceandobedience." However,theUmayyadsinSham(Syria)wentonshowingtheirenmitytowardstheHashimite SuccessioninKufa.TheyrefusedtopledgeallegiancetoalHasan,peacebeonhim,astheyhad refusedtopledgeallegiancetohisfatherbefore.Thesincere,advisinglettersofalHasandidnot availMu'awiya,nordidtheirwisestylesandtheirplainproofskeepbackhisdisobedience. IfwerunoverthelettersofalHasan,peacebeonhim,toMu'awiya,wefindthemfullofproofs forhisrightinauthority.Inthemeantimetheyindicatetherightofhisfamilybecauseoftheirlove whichAllahhasimposedonpeople.TheQur'andenotesthattheywerefreefromsins,andithints totheirauthorityoverpeople.TheauthentictraditionsoftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahbless himandhisfamily,concerningtheImamateandtheImamaffirmtheirrightinauthority,too. NeverthelessalHasan,peacebeonhim,askedMu'awiyatoobeyhim,tosparethebloodofthe Muslims,toputoutthedisturbance,andtosettletheenmity. AlsoMu'awiyasentletterstoalHasan,peacebeonhim.Fromtheseletterswehaveunderstood thattheyoftentookcareofthenonessentialthingsofthematterwhiletheyignoredthe essentialones.BesidestheirwordsmovedspitesandstirredupdiscordamongtheMuslim pothers. ItisanactoftruthfulnesstomentionthatMu'awiyawasthefirstinthehistoryofIslamtomove thetribalfeelingsthroughrenewingspitesandfanaticalinstincts.Sohewasthefirsttoscatterthe Muslimunityonwhichthereligionofmonotheismwasbased.Hedidhisbesttodestroythisunity thatis,indeed,theessenceoftherighteousnessofthereligionandthesecretofitssuccess amongthereligions. Mu'awiyawasunabletoconvinceeventheignorantonesthroughtwoways.Namely,hewas unabletoconvincethemtobelieveinhim (62) andhisfatherAbuSufyanb.Harb.FortheMuslimsknewthebackgroundsofthesetwoways throughnumbersanddates.SoMu'awiyabeganwritingletterstoalHasanmakinguseofthe nameofAbuBakr,'Umar,andAbu'Ubayda.Inhisletters,hehintedtothedisagreementofthe membersoftheHouse(AhlalBayt)peacebeonthem,onthepledgeofallegiancetoAbuBakr.

AllthelettersofMu'awiyawereinneedofproducingevidenceinsupportofhislegalrightinthe holythrone.Eventhebaselesspretext(i.e.,avengingthebloodof'Uthman)whichMu'awiyaused towagelongtermbattlesagainst'Ali,peacebeonhim,wasforgottenwhenthefirstImam(i.e., 'Ali)died.However,Mu'awiyarenewedthispretextagainstthesecondImam(i.e.,alHasan).He forgotthatalHasansatatthedooroftheHouseof'Uthmanonthedaywhenhewaskilled.Al Hasanguarded'Uthmanagainstthepeople.Sohewaswoundedandcoloredwithhisownblood. Allhistorianshavereportedthisevent.Forexample,inhisbook'Ta'rikh',alTaqtaqisaid:"Indeed, alHasanfoughtpavelyfor'Uthman.Hestoodsidebysidewithhimwhilehewasfightingforhim. He(alHasan)wasreadytosacrificehislifeforhim('Uthman)."[1] Nevertheless,inthecriticalattitude,theothersprovokedthepeopleagainst'Uthman,andhis closerelativesbetrayedhim.[2] [1]AlFakhri,p.74. [2]Maybe,itisgoodforthosewhowantmoredetailsaboutthispiefideatoreadwhat'AbdAllah al'Alayalihasmentionedconcerningtheconditionsofthesocietyduringthetimeof'Uthman. Please,seehisbookAyyamalHasan,pp.112128.Weshouldsummarizewhathehasmentioned asfollows:"They(theUmayyads)werenotsatisfiedwhentheyimposedthemselvesandtheir imaginaryexistenceoflifeandeffort(onthepeople).Rather,theyexceededthiswhenthey dividedthesocietyintoclasses.Suddenly,fabulouswealthgatheredtogetherinthehandsofthe Umayyadsandtheirsupporters.Suddenly,Marwanalonepossessedthehighfatesaccordingto hisdesires.Suddenly,mostregionsbecamefeudalestatesbetweensoandso.SoYa'lib.Umayya hadaboutonehundredthousanddinars,apartfromhismanyrealestates.'AbdalRahmanb.'Auf hadaboutfivehundredthousanddinars.Zaydb.Thabithadgoldandsilverwhichwerepoken withaxes.Therefore,nowonderwhenthemajorityexpressedtheirdissatisfactionwiththeplan ofthisnewone(i.e.,Mu'awiya).Nowonder (63) whenthey(themajority)confrontedhissupportersandaccusedthemofrenouncingtheir religion.Andnowonderwhenthey(themajority)beganconflictingagainstthem(Mu'awiyaand hissupporters).Theconflictbegansecretly,andthenitspreadopenly. "Thegeneralconditionmaybesummarizedintwowords:Thegovernmentplottedagainstthe people,andthepeopleplottedagainstthegovernment.However,thepeoplealwayshavethe high,finalword.Itisanactofjusticeandgoodtomentionthatthepeople,inspiteofthat,were notlightheadedduringtheirrevolt.Rather,theycommunicatedwiththepossessorsoftheaffairs andauthority,andtheydeclaredtheirdemandsseveraltimesthroughtheirrepresentatives.

However,everytimetheirdemandsfailed.Itwasaquick,continuousfailure,anditwasofthe excitingkind. "Inthemeantime,'Amrb.al'Asprovokedthepeopleagainst'Uthman,abolishedhispolicy openly,spiedonhim,disclosedthetalksthathappenedinhishouse,andmadetheheartsof thosewhomhemethatehim.When'Uthmanaddressedagroupofnoisyrebels,he('Umrub.al 'As)saidtohim:"Commanderofthefaithful,youhavecommittedsinsandwecommittedthem withyou.Sorepent,andwerepent.'When'Uthmanwasaddressing(thepeople),'A'ishaspread theProphet'sshirt,daredandsaid:'ThisistheshirtoftheProphet.Ithasnotwornoutyet,while youhavewornouthisSunna(practice)'.TalhaandalZubayrhelpedtherevolutionarieswith money.Although'Alisufferedfrommanyhardships,hewasthefirsttosendhistwosons.For theyhadimportantconsiderations.Alsohesenthisfollowerstoputanendtothoseviolent events. "Whenhe(Imam'Ali)heardthatthepeoplebesiegedhim('Uthman)andpreventedhimfrom drinkingwater,hesenthimthreewaterskinsandsaidtoalHasanandalHusayn:'Gowithyour swords,stopathisdoor,anddonotallowanybodytohurthim.SoalHasanwascoloredwith blood,andQanbar,his('Ali's)servant,waswounded. "Thisiswhathistoryhasmentionedabout'Aliandhissonstowardstheevent,while,ontheother hand,it(history)hasmentionedthatwhen'Uthmanwasbesieged,hewrotetoMu'awiya,who wasinSham(Syria):'Indeed,thepeopleofMedinahavedisbelieved(inAllah).Theyhave disobeyed(me).Andtheyhavepokentheirpledgeofallegiance(tome).Sosendmefightersfrom Shamoneveryobedientanddisobedientcamels'However,whenMu'awiyareceivedhis ('Uthman's)letter,hebetrayedhim.Hehated,asheclaimed,todisagreewiththeCompanionsof theApostle.Forheknewthattheyagreedonthat.Amongtheironiesoffatewerethat'Umrub. al'Asprovoked(thepeople)tokill'Uthman,A'ishablamedhimopenly,Mu'awiyarefusedtohelp himandhelpedbothTalhaandalZubayragainsthim.Thenthey(i.e.,Mu'awiya,'A'isha,Talha, andalZubayr)wenthereandthereaccusing'Aliofkilling'Uthman,while'Alib.AbuTalibgave himasincerepieceofadviceandwarnedhimagainstthatfate." (64) Yes,theonlyproofofMu'awiyainhisletterstoalHasanwasthisclaimofhis:"Iampriortoyouin authority,moreexperiencedthanyouinauthority,andolderthanyouinage."[1] IfMu'awiyahadpossessedanacceptableproofotherthantheserepeatedsentences,hewould havementionedit.Moreover,hewouldhaveleftinclinationtowardsrenewingspitesandstirring upfanaticalinstincts.

I(theauthor)wishIknewwhichexperiencesdidyoumean,AbuYazid(i.e.,Mu'awiya)? WereyourexperiencesonthedaywhentheSyrianspoughtsuitagainstyouto'Umar?Sohe summonedyou,andyouweremoreafraidofhimthanhisservantYarfa'.Wereyourexperiences onthedaywhen'Umarhityouwiththewhipontheheadwhenyoucametohimwearingyour greenclothes? Wereyourexperiencesonthedaywhenyouissuedorderswithoutpermissionfrom'Uthmanand said:"Thisistheorderof'Uthman?."Soyoutoldliestohimandwereamongthereasonsofhis disaster. OrwereyourexperiencesonthedaywhenyouandyourarmywagedwaragainsttheImamof yourtime(i.e.,Imam'Ali)drawingyourswordsoutofoppression,andpayingnoattentionto committingsins? Haveyouanoldexperiencewhichwemayregardasevidenceforyourworthinessofauthority? Therefore,I(theauthor)wonder:"Whatisyourworthinessofthesuccession(Khilafa)?" Yourauthoritywasbasedontellinglies,fapications,andbloodshed.Sodoesitindicatethatyou wereworthyofthathighreligiousposition? Yoursentencesarerepeated.Theyhaveonlyonemeaningthatislookingforaproofthrough"the longperiodoftime!" Theman(i.e.,Mu'awiya)maybethemostknowledgeableoneofall [1]IbnabualHadid,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol4,p.13. (65) peopleinbuyingtheconsciencesofmenorinstirringupdiscordamongmen.However,thisdoes notmeanthatsuchamanisworthyofthesuccessionoftheProphethoodinIslam. Themanmaybethemostrighteousoneofallmenincontrollinghisnervesandsuppressinghis desires.Perhapsthepeopleregardhimasoneofthegreat,clementfigures.However,thisisnot evidenceforthereligiousImamateoverpeople.Forthehypocriteleadersmayhaveclemencyas greatastheImamhas.

Themanmaybethemostexperiencedoneofallpeopleinarrangingthebelieversanddirecting thepeopletoadopthisownideas.HedidnotmindwhetherhisideasbelongedtoAllahorthey belongedtohisowndesires.However,thisindicatesthatsuchamanoriginatedheresiesinthe religion.Moreover,thisindicatesthathewasinappropriateforthesuccessionoverMuslims.That isbecausetheSuccessorhastohavenoopinionbuttheopinionoftheQur'an,nosupportbutthe hadith(tradition),andnoauthoritybutAllah,theGreatandAlmighty. Therefore,therewasnoappropriatepersonfortheMuslimsuccession(Khilafa)aftertheProphet butacreaturefromtherarecreatures.AllahselectedhimfromHisservants,andchosehimfrom Hiscreatures.Forsuchacreaturehadqualitiesandoutstandingmeritsofwhichnooneofthe peoplehad.Allah,theGlorified,createdpeople.SoHeisthemostknowledgeableoneinselecting andchoosingtherighteousservantwhohassuchqualitiesandoutstandingmerits.AlsoAllah inspiredHisApostleaboutthenameoftheImam.SoHe(Allah)selectedtheImamfromthe people.Accordingly,noonehadtherighttoelecthim. Now,thebackgroundsofMu'awiya,andofhisfather,themethodthroughwhichhebecame Muslim,themethodthroughwhichhisfatherbecameMuslim,andhisattitudestowards'Umar, 'Uthman,and'Ali(peacebeonhim)wereunabletomakehimworthyofthegreatestpositionin Islam.However,alHasanwasthegrandsonoftheApostleofAllahmayAllahblesshimandhis family.ThustheMuslimsallovertheMuslimlandspledgedallegiancetohim.Forthisreason, Mu'awiyasaidtohim:"Iampriortoyouinauthority,more (66) experiencedthanyouinauthority,andolderthanyouinage. Doyoufind,intheworldofproofs,aproofmoreeloquentthanthisoneindeclaringfeeblenessin provingthematter? Mu'awiyawrotetoalHasanagain.Howeveratthistime,hetriedtothreatenhimwith assassinationandtotempthimwithwords.ItisasifthatMu'awiyadidnotknowalHasanashe was.SoheresortedtothistritestylethatwasinappropriateforalHasan.Mu'awiyasaid:"Now then,indeed,AllahdoesforhisservantswhatHewills.ThereisnoreviewerforHisjudgment,and Heisquickinreckoning.Sobecarefulnotlettherabblefromthepeoplecauseyourdeath,and youarethemosthopelessoneinfindingdefectsinus.Thenthesuccession(Khilafa)isforyou afterme,foryouarethemostappropriatepersonforit,greetings."[1] AlHasansenttwomentoMu'awiya.TheywereJundubb.'AbdAllahalAzdi,andalHarthb.

SuwaydalTamimi.However,Mu'awiyasaidtothem:"Goback.Thereisnothingbetweenmeand youbutthesword."[2] Inthisway,Mu'awiyashowedenmitytowardsalHasan.HeintentionallydisobeyedtheSuccessor (i.e.,alHasan)whoseobediencewasobligatory.AlHasanwasthelegalsuccessor.Thusall MuslimspledgedallegiancetohimexceptMu'awiyaandhisfollowers.Mu'awiya'sfollowersdid notpledgeallegiancetoalHasanbecauseMu'awiyaeducatedandpoughtthemupaccordingto hisideas.Besideshepreventedthemfromassociatingwiththepeoplesothattheyobeyedno onebuthim.Mu'awiyaaskedSa'sa'ab.Sawhantodescribehisfollowers.Sohe(Sa'sa'a)said: "Theyarethemostobedientonesofallpeopletoacreature,andthemostdisobedientonesof themtotheCreator.TheyaredisobedienttotheAlmighty(Allah),andobedienttotheevilones." [3] ThesincereShi'iteKufansheardofMu'awiya'sthreatandofthenewsofhisadvanceagainstIraq. Sotheygotreadytomeethimand [1]IbnAbualHadid,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,pp.1314. [2]Ibid. [3]AlMas'udi,Hamishb.alAthir,vol.6,p.119. (67) hisarmy. Inthisway,theattitudebecameserious.Thusthetrusteeofauthority(i.e.,alHasan)wasforced torespondtothesuddenconditionandtoaccepttheaccomplishedfact. ItwasobligatoryforalHasan,peacebeonhim,tofightagainsttheaggressors.Heconcludedthis obligationfromhisfaithandhisreligiousprinciples.Hefeltthatthesuccessionwasindanger.So hetriedtoputanendtothatdivisionwhichMu'awiyaimposedontheMuslimsthroughhisarmed revoltsforthreesuccessiveyears.Noteworthy,theMuslimswereinneedofstabilityand readiness. TheSyriansstartedtheworstbattlesinthehistoryofIslam.Throughthosebattles,theyshed blood,lostrights,distortedfacts,supportedtherecklesspersons,andencouragedtheworldly, cheapdesires. Thehumanitarian,nobleprinciplesofIslampreventallMuslimsfromstartingwar.However,they permitthemtostartwartosupportAllah,todogoodforpeople,andtoprotectMuslimlands.In

otherwordsthehighprinciplesofIslampreventallMuslimsfromattackingtheborders,terrifying theinnocent,wagingwaragainstthenationswhobelieveinAllahandHisApostle.However, Mu'awiyaadoptedsuchdeeds,sohedividedtheMuslimsandimposedenmityonthem. SomefoolishpersonssupportedMu'awiyainthosebattles.Shibthb.Rib'idescribedsuchpersons asfoolishwhenhefacedMu'awiyaintheeventsoftheyear36A.H.Sohe(i.e.,Mu'awiya)took advantageoftheirbadmanners,tradedwiththeircorrupttastes,andthrewthemintothenexts ofdeath.Stilltheywereallsatisfiedwithhimandobedienttohim. TheHashimitesneverstartedfightinganyone.ThecommandmentsofalHasanto'UbaydAllahb. 'Abbas,thecommanderoftheArmyofalHasan,clearlyaffirmtheseoutstandingmannersofthe Hashimites.AlHasan,inparticular,hadinheritedcommandmentsandrules.Helearnedthem fromhisfather,theCommanderofthefaithfulandMasteroftheArabs.Ashistorytellsus,the CommanderofthefaithfultookcareofhissonalHasanverymuch:"He(i.e.,the (68) Commanderofthefaithful)honoredhimverymuch,glorifiedhim,andreveredhim."[1]These commandmentsofImam'Ali,peacebeonhim,areideals.Falsehooddoesnotapproachthem. Theydonotdeviatefromrighteousnessthoughtheyconcernvariousmatterssuchasthelifein thisworld,religion,education,ethics,andthelike.Amongthecommandmentsof'AlitoalHasan are:"Donotsummonanyonetofight.Ifyouaresummonedtoit,thenanswer.Fortheperson whosummonstoit(fight)isanaggressor,andtheaggressorisovercome. Forthisreason,wehaveknownthattheCompanionsofalHasanpledgedallegiancetohimand urgedhimstronglytowagewaragainstMu'awiya.However,hedidnotaccepttheideaofwar, nordidheactforitseriously,forheregardedwarasanabominablenecessity.Hethoughtthathe wouldresorttosuchanecessitywhenhehadnoothermeanstoavoidit.Besides,hetriedto organizeforcestowinwar.However,thecriticalcircumstancespreventedhimfromachieving whathewanted. Inthepreviouschapter,wehavementionedtheenthusiasticpartiesinKufa.Thesepartieswere theUmayyads,theKharijites(muhakima),thedoubters,andtheHamra.'Alsowehavementioned thatthesepartieswerereadytoresistthenewSuccessor(i.e.,alHasan)throughvarious methods. AlltheabovementionedfactorsmadealHasan,peacebeonhim,slowinwar.Thussomegroups ofhissincerecompanionsblamedhimforthatslowness.Fortheyreliedonthattimely,limited activitythatoccurredinKufaduringthepledgeofallegiancetoalHasan.Inotherwordsthey

thoughtthateverythingwasavailabletothenewSuccessor.However,theydidnottaketheaims ofthosepersonsintoconsideration. AsforalHasan,hethoughtabouthiscriticalconditionsthroughhiscarefulinsightmorethanhis companionsdid.Moreover,heknewtheirproblemswithhiswatchfulmindmorethantheydid. [1]IbnKathir,vol.8,pp.3637. (69) AlHasanunderstoodthatcriticalattitudeverywell,forheknewthosebadmannersthat prevailedagreatpartofthosewhowerewithhiminhisarmy,andofthosewhowerearoundhim inKufa.Hewasawarethatsuchcorruptpeoplewhosoldtheirreligionforthelifeofthisworld wouldhavehadbadeffectsonwarifhehadstartedonewithoutanecessity. AlHasanthoughtthathehadtobearthelittlecorruptionoftheabovementionedpeopleto achievemuchrighteousnessforhispolicyduringhisspecialcondition. AlHasantriedtotreatthatsituationaccordingtodifferentviewpoint.Sohetreatedthepeople kindly.Hedidnotturnawayfromanyoneofhissubjects,nordidheshowthemanything.Rather, hedependedonhisselfcontrol.Thatisbecausehedidnotwanttocreateawidegapanda generaldisturbance.Besideshethoughtthatitwouldbebetterforhimtopostponethe eliminationofthecorruptpeopletoanappropriatetime.Forhewantedtodependonboth generosityandthesword. Heretheresearchermayfaceaquestion.Soheshouldknowtheanswertothequestion.The questionis:WhentheheadofastatefacesacriticalsituationlikethatofalHasan,shouldhenot relyonadecisiontoputanendtothatcriticalsituation?Inotherwordsdoesheuseviolenceor kindtreatmentinstead? Therearethreeanswerstothisquestion.Youwillreadthemattheendofchaptereight.Here,we say:Thepolicyofviolenceisamongtheclearestmethodswhichareappliedtosuchconditions.If alHasanhadresortedtothispolicy,hewouldhaveintentionallymadethedisturbancehasty. Moreover,hewouldhaveopenedhisfieldforinternalrevoltsthatwouldbeasdangerousasthe battlesheadedbytheSyrians.Inthemeantime,Mu'awiyawashisenemywhowentonprovoking thepeopletorevoltagainsthiminKufathroughallhiswealthandhiscunning. Forthisreason,whatalHasanhadchosenwasthebestthingforhiscriticalsituation.

SomeofalHasan'scompanionsrecommendedhimtomakewar (70) athaste.Theyaskedhim:"tosurpriseMu'awiyathroughadvancingagainsthimtofightagainst himinhislands,hiscountry,andhiswork."[1]Inthisconnectionwesay:Thereweremany peoplewhowereopposedtoalHasaninKufa.Theyweretheleadersoftheparties,thelearned readersoftheQur'an,andthelike. SoifalHasanhadbeenthefirsttofightagainstMu'awiya,suchopposinggroupswouldhave takenadvantageofhisacttojustifytheirdisobedienceagainsthim.Inotherwords,theywould tellthemajorityofpeoplethatalHasanwasanaggressor.Sothepeoplewouldhaveanexcuseto mutinyagainsthim,andtopeakopenlytheirpledgeofallegiancetohim.Thismeansthatthe communityinKufawouldbeliabletoaninternaldivisionwithdangerousresults. Forthisreason,alHasanpreferredslownessinwartowagingit. ThenalHasanimprovisedtheorderofthearmedfighting(jihad). AlHasanorderedthepeopletowageholywar(jihad)againstMu'awiyabecauseoftheaccidental condition.AlHasancouldnotbearthatcondition.Soheorderedthepeopletowageholywar (jihad).ThatwaswhenMu'awiyawasthefirsttowagewaragainstalHasantoachievehis ambitionsthroughdominatingtheMuslimcountries.SoalHasanheadedforthepidgeofManbij, [2]namelyheadvancedagainstIraq.ThatwasafterthedeathoftheCommanderofthefaithfulin ashorttime.AlYa'qubi[3]decreasedthistimeverymuch.Hedecreasedittoeighteendays. WhenMu'awiyareachedthehighpartsoftheEuphrates,hehowledloudlytomakeroaringand rattlingtoscarethesafe,calmfortifiedborderlinecitiesandtoexcitethosewhowerelikelionsin [1]IbnAbualHadid,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.13. [2]Manbijwasabig,ancientcity.Therewerethreeleaguesbetweenitanditspidgeoverthe Euphrates.ThereweretenleaguesbetweenManbijandElepoe.InalMu'jam:"Twodayswere betweenthem.""FromManbijtoMaltiyafourdays,andtotheEuphratesoneday.Agroupof peoplewentoutofit.AmongthemwerealBukhari,AbuFirasalHamadani,andthelike." [3]AlYa'qubi,Ta'rikh,vol.2,p.191. (71) Kufatoinvitethemtofightagainsthim.

Mu'awiyaregardedthekillingof'Ali,peacebeonhim,asthebestopportunitytocarryoutthe decisivemeasuresbetweenKufaandSham(Syria).ThatwasthelastdecisiononwhichMu'awiya andhisadvisersagreed.Mu'awiya'sadviserscametohimdayandnight.Theyhelpedhim organizeamovementtoopposetheHashimiteSuccession.AmongthemwerealMughirab. Shu'ba,'Amrb.al'As,Marwanb.alHakam,alWalidb.'Utba,Yazidb.alHural'Abbasi,Muslimb. 'Aqaba,alDahhakb.QaysalFihri,andthelike. AlsoMu'awiyasucceededincreatinganannoyingriotintheKufaofalHasan.Hedidthatthrough muchcareheusedtobuythecheepconsciences,andthroughthespieswhospreadvariouslies duringtheirgoingtoKufaandpoughtnewsfromitaboutalHasan'splansandforces.This weaponofMu'awiyawasmorepowerfulthanhisotherweapons. Mu'awiyacalleduponhistribesandhisarmies.Hewroteletterstohisgovernors.Inhislettershe said:'Whentheselettersofminecometoyou'cometowardsmewithyourseriousness,your effort,andyourgoodequipment."[1] AsforalHasan,peacebeonhim,hewentonhisdecisiontogetreadytoanswerthataggression. Sohesummonedthepeopletowageholywar(jihad).Theloyalonesfromthosewhoknewthe Qur'anbyheart,theleadersofbattlesandthepiousinIslamsupportedhim.Amongthemwere: Hujrb.'AdialKindi,AbuAyyubalAnsari,'Amrb.QardaalAnsari,Yazidb.QaysalArhabi,'Adib. HatamalTa'i,Habibb.MuzahiralAsadi,Dararb.alKhattab,Ma'qalb.SananalAshja'i,Wailb. HajralHadrami,Hani'b.'UrwaalMuradi,RushaydalHajri,MaythamalTammar,Burayrb. KhudayralHamadani,Habbabal'Arani,Hudhayfab.'Usayd,Sahlb.Sa'd,alAsbaghb.Nabata, Sa'sa'ab.Sawhan,AbuHujja'Amrb.Muhsin,Hanib.Aus,Qaysb.Sa'db.'Abbada,Saidb.Qays, 'Abisb.Shabib,'AbdAllahb.YahyaalHadrami,Ipahimb.MalikalAshtaral [1]IbnAbualHadid,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.13. (72) Nakha'i,Muslimb.'Ausaja,'Amrb.alHamqalKhuza'i,BashiralHamadani,alMusayyabb. Nujayya,'Amirb.WathilaalKinani,Juwayriyab.Mushir,'AbdAllahb.Musmi'alHamadani,Qays b.MushiralSaydawi,'AbdalRahmanb.'AbdAllahb.ShaddadalArhabi,'Ammarab.'AbdAllah alSaluli,Hani'b.Hani'alSubay'i,Saidb.'AbdAllahalHanafi,Kathirb.Shahab,'AbdalRahmanb. JundubalAzdi,'AbdAllahb.'AzizalZindi,AbuThumamaalSa'idi,'Abbasb.Ju'daalJadali,'Abd alRahmanb.ShurayhalShaybani,alQa'qa'b.'Amr,Qaysb.Warqa',Jundubb.'AbdAllahalAzdi, alHarthb.SuwaydalTamimi,Ziyadb.Sa'sa'aalTamimi,'AbdAllahb.Wal,andMa'qalb.Qaysal Riyahi.

ThesefigureswerethestrongwinginthefrontofalHasan.Theyweremasters.AlHasan describedeachoneofthemmorethanabattalion.Hedescribedtheminsuchawaywhenhe appointed'UbaydAllahb.'Abbasasacommanderforhisarmy.DuringtheBattleofSiffin, Mu'awiyadescribedtheirheartsastheheartofoneman.Concerningthemhe(Mu'awiya)said: "Theywerenotkilledtilltheykilledasimilarnumbertothem."Itwastheywhomhemeantat thattimewhenhesaid:"WhenIremembertheireyesunderthearmors(alMaghafir)inSiffin,my mindbecomesconfused."Thetestimonyoftheenemyisthemosttruthfuloneofalltestimonies. Thesummonstothearmedfighting(jihad)excitedtheKufansverymuch.Violentoptimism prevailedthepeoplebecauseoftheiropponents.Suddenly,thepeoplecompetedwitheachother tofightagainsttheirenemies.Amongthemwerepersonswhowerenotknownfortheiractivities ingoodattitudes,righteousacts,andpureeffortsforAllah,theGreatandAlmighty. Apartfromtheloyalsupporters,theCampofalHasanincludedunknowngroupsofpeople,anda groupfromthefamiliesofthehypocrites.Itincludedacommunityoftheillintentionedpersons whodidnotagreewithalHasanonhisidea.Rathertheyspiedonhimandhiscompanions.It(al Hasan'sCamp)includedweak,cowardlypersons.Iftheyhadbeenforcedtofight,theywould haveescaped.Besidestheyhadnohopebutbooty:"Theydonotagreewitheachotheronan ideaoradesire.Theyareindisagreement.Theyhaveno (73) intentioningoodnorinevil."[1]Moreover,theCampincludedpartyquarrelsthatplayeda dangerousroleinhinderingthenecessitiesofthebattle. Fromthefirstday,alHasanwasafraidofthesemixedgroupsofpeoplewhowereamongthe membersofhisarmy.Hewassureoftheirdesertionwhichsomebookshaveclearlymentioned. [2] AlHasan,peacebeonhim,lookedatthosegroupsofpeoplewhogatheredtogetherforthe battle.Hehadnoconfidenceintheirresistancewithhim,norhadhebeliefintheirloyaltytohis objectives. AlHasanconsideredthesemixedgroupsofpeople.Heknewthatsomeofthemweredouble facedfigures.ForIslamwasunabletoreformthem.AmongthemwerealAsh'athb.Qays,'Amrb. Hurayth,Mu'awiyab.Khadij,AbuBurdaalAsh'ari,alMutldhirb.alZubayr,Ishaqb.Talha,Hajrb. 'Amru,Yazidb.alHarithb.Ruwaym,Shibthb.Rib'i,'Ammarab.alWalid,Habibb.Muslima,'Amr b.Said,Zaydb.'Umayr,Hajjarb.Abjar,.'Urwab.Qays,Muhammadb.'Umayr,'AbdAllahb.

Muslimb.Sa'id,Asma'b.Kharija,alQa'qa'b.alShuralDhahli,andShimrb.DhialJawshanal Dababi. AlHasanknewthatsuchtypesofpeoplewouldsomedaycarryoutamutinyagainsthim. TheyweretherebelliousKufanswholegislatedmannersfortheirownselvesandforthepeople similartothem.StilltheyclaimedthattheywereMuslims.Islamreformedethicsandmade peopleleadgoodlives.However,thematerialdesiresofsuchkindsofcorruptpeopledefeatedit. SotherewasnorelationshipbetweenthemandIslam.TheybecameunabletofollowtheIslamic teachings.Althoughthey(therebelliousKufans)pledgedallegiancetoalHasantolistenandobey, theybecameagentsforhisenemies.Sotheybegancreatingriotanddisobedience.Theywaited forappropriateeventsandconditions. [1]ThewordsofalHasanhimself.Theywereamongthewordswithwhichhedescribedthe Kufans.SeeIbnalAthir,vol.3,p.62. [2]IbnAbualHadid,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.14. (74) Theyseizedtheopportunities,andcooperatedwitheachothertocommitabominableacts.They paidnoattentiontotheresultsoftheirdeeds.Moreover,theywereindifferenttodisgraceinthis lifeandthefireofthehereafter.ThesepeoplejoinedalHasan'sarmy.Thustheirdangerwas greaterthanthatofhisenemies.Forhisenemiesshowedenmitytowardshimfranklyandfaceto face. Therefore,itwasnaturalforthenewSuccessorofKufa(i.e.,alHasan)tobeafraidofthedesertion ofsuchkindsofpeople.Alsoitwasnaturalforhimtobeslowinwagingwar.Thatisbecausethe vagueresultshadtheirownrules.TheserulesthatimposedslownessonalHasanandreminded himofpatiencetoavoidtheloss. AlHasanwassummonedtofighting.Thusitwasbetterforhimtoresorttothevaluable inheritancetomakeuseofthetalentsofhisgreatfather.For"itisnecessaryforthe(lion)cubto cometothenatureofthelion." SoitwasincumbentonalHasantoresorttotherecommendationsofhisfathertohim.Among hisfather'srecommendationstohimwas:"Donotsummon(anyone)tofighting.However,ifyou aresummonedto,thenanswer.Thatisbecausethepersonwhosummonstoitisanaggressor." AlsoitwasincumbentonalHasantoresorttohisreligiousobligationthatwashisauthorityover

theMuslims.ForhewastheImamtowhomthepeoplepledgedallegiance.Thushehadnoright tooverlookopenly,evildeedsandaggressionagainstIslamwhatevertheymaybe. ThatisbecauseAllah,theMostHigh,says:"Andiftwopartiesofthebelieversquarrel,make peacebetweenthem,butifoneofthemtransgresses,thenfightthatwhichtransgressesuntilit returnstoAllah'scommand."TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,says: "Whoeversummons(people)forhimselforforanybody,andthereisanImamoverthepeople, thenthecurseofAllahisonhim,sokillhim." AlHasanhadtoforbidevildeedsbyforce.Forhehadmilitary (75) forcesalloverKufaandthefortifiedborderlinecitieswhichhegoverned.Thismakesuscertain thattherewereenoughforcestowagewarinspiteoftheunusualconditionstowhichthe traitorouspersonsinKufainclined. InthemiddleyearsofthefirstcenturyA.H.,theMuslimStatehadagreatarmy.However,itwas necessaryforalHasantoconformtotherulesofdefense.NamelyhehadtoguardtheMuslim distantborderswithagreatnumberofsoldiers.Besideshehadtosuppressthosemutiniesthat tooknextnearthecapital.Noteworthy,thelogisticoperationsweredifficult. ThenumberofthearmyassignedtoprotectKufawasninetyoronehundredthousandsoldiers. [1]ThenumberofthearmyassignedtodefendBasrahwaseightythousandsoldiers. [2]They(themembersofthetwoarmies)receivedsalariesfromthetreasuryoftheMuslimState. Inthemilitarycities(i.e.,KufaandBasrah),therewasasimilarnumbertothese(twoarmies).It wasfromthefollowersofthemembersofthetwoarmies,theirfriends,andthevolunteerswho cametotakepartinthearmedfighting(jihad). SothetotalnumberofalHasan'sarmywasaboutthreehundredandfiftythousandIraqisoldiers. Apartfromthis,alHasanhadarmiesfromPersia(Iran),theYemen,Hijaz(SaudiArabia),andother countries. TheShi'awereeagertostartthebattlewhichalHasanheaded.TheKharijitesinsistedonfighting againstthosewhowentastrayfromthepeopleofSham(Syria).FortheKharijitesthoughtthatthe Syrianshadgoneastray.Thepeoplecameingroupsonthedaywhenthesummons

tojihadinKufabecamesuccessful.Allthesefactorsare enoughforustothinkthatalHasanhadenoughforces.Thushe [1]AlYa'qubi,alTa'rikh,vol.2,p.94.IbnQutaybaalDinawari,alImamawaalSiyasa,p.151. [2]JamilMadwar,HidaratalIslamfidaralSalam. (76) wouldhavewonthebattleifthesegroupsofpeoplehadbeentruthfulinwhattheypromised Allahonthedaywhenthepartiesmetandthebattlebecamehot. Chapter6:JihadAndLeadership (77) ThecallerofKufacalled:"Theprayerisageneralone(whichallshouldhaveattained)(alsalat jami'a)."Thepeoplegathered.AlHasan,peacebeonhim,wentout.Hewentuponthepulpit.He praisedAllah,laudedHim,andsaid:"Nowthen,indeed,Allahhasenjoinedjihad(fighting)onyou, andhascalleditdislike.ThenHesaidtothemujahidin(holyfighters):'Bepatient.Indeed,Allahis withthepatient.'People,youdonotobtainwhatyoulikebutthroughenduringwhatyoudislike.I have heardthatMu'awiyahasadvancedagainstus.Therefore,mayAllahhavemercyonyou,go outtoyourcampatalNukhayla[1]sothatwemaylookandyoulook,wemayseeandyousee. Thehistoriansoftheeventsaid:"Thepeoplekeptsilent.Theydidnotspeaktohim,nordidthey answerhimwithaletter." 'Adib.Hatamwasthechiefof(thetribeof)Tay.Hewasanotableleaderforhisgloriousdeeds.He wasacompanionofboththeProphetand'Ali,thetrusteeofauthority(wasi),mayAllahbless them.Whenhesawthat(attitude),hewasfullofanger.Hisvoiceboomedandshookthe gatheringpeople.Sotheyturnedtohimtounderstandhiswordsandtotakecareofhisaffair. Manypeopleknewthehistoryofb.HatamalTa'i.Theyknewhisrighteousness,andhisresistance forthetruth.Theleader(i.e.,'Adib.Hatam)usedeffectivewordsandintensescolding.He

condemnedthesilenceofthepeople,anddenouncedtheirabominableweakness. [1]Littledatepalm,anextnearKufa,towardsSham(Syria).I(theauthor)say:Today,thereis, towardsKarbala',abuildingcalledKhanalNukhayla.TherearetwelvemilesbetweenitandKufa. (78) Then'Adisaid:"Iam'Adib.Hatam.Howuglythisattitudeis!WhydoyounotansweryourImam, thesonofthedaughterofyourProphet?Wherearetheoratorsofthecity?Wherearetheir tonguesthatarelikethepenetratingswordsduringpeace?Whydotheytricklikethefoxduring seriousness?DoyounotfearAllah'sdisgust?Doyounotfeelshameforthedefectandthe disgraceofit(theattitude)?" Then'Adib.HatamturnedhisfacetoalHasanandsaid:"MayAllahachieverightguidance throughyou,guardyouagainstmisfortunes,andgrantyousuccesstodolaudableacts.Wehave heardyourwords.Wehaveobeyedyourorder.Wehavelistenedtoyou.Wehaveobeyedyouin whatyouhavesaidandseen.Now,Iamheadingforourcamp." Thenhesaid:"Sowhoeverwantstocome,lethimcome."Thenhewentoutofthemosque.His ridinganimalwasatthedoor(ofthemosque).SohemounteditandheadedforalNukhayla.He orderedhisservanttofollowhimtosupplyhimwithhisnecessities.Forthisreasonhewasthe firsttogotothecamp, [1]tosetagoodexampletotheotherobedientmujahids(fighters).In(thetribeofTay),there wereathousandfighterswhoobeyed'Adiineverything.[2] After'Adib.Hatam,otheroratorsbecameactive.TheyaddressedalHasaninthesamemanner 'Adiused.SoalHasan,peacebeonhim,saidtothem:"MayAllahhavemercyonyou.Istillknow yoursincereintentions,yourfaithfulness,andyourlove.SomayAllahrewardyouwithgood." AlHasan,appointedhiscousin,alMughirab.Noufalb.alHarithb.'AbdalMuttalib,ashis successoroverKufaandorderedhimtourgethepeopletojoinhimatalNukhayla. AlHasanwentoutwiththosewhowerewithhim.Hisgoingoutwasthefirstdayofthe declarationofjihad.InthemeantimeitwasthestrongestproofalHasanusedtourgethepeople totakepartinjihad. ThebattalionsofalNukhaylaincludedthebestcompanionsfrom

[1]IbnAbualHadid,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.14. [2]AlYa'qubi,Ta'rikh,vol.2,p.171. (79) thefollowers(Shi'a)ofalHasanandfromthecompanionsofhisfather,andthelike. AlMughirab.Noufalbecameactiveinurgingthepeopletotakepartinjihad.Thepeopleheld activefestivalsduringthepledgeofallegiancetothenewSuccessor.Itwasexpectedforthenew SuccessiontourgethepeopleinKufatoanswerthesummonsoftheImam(i.e.,alHasan)with enthusiasm.However,nothingofthatoccurred.Noteworthy,therewerereadycompanies.They hadfortythousandfighters.TheCommanderofthefaithful(i.e.,Imam'Ali)formedthemtoresist theattacksoftheSyriansbeforehisdeath.However,thesereadycompaniesdividedandmostof themmutiniedagainstalHasan.AlsomostofthearmedmeninKufafollowedthemindisobeying alHasan'sorders. SomehesitatingKufanchiefsbecameveryactiveduringthecriticalmomentwhentheattitude becameserious. ThehistorianshavementionedthefollowingwordsontheauthorityofalHarithalHamadani, whosaid:"Thosewhowantedtogooutrodewithhim(i.e.,alHasan).Manypeoplerefusedtogo withhim.Theydidnotfulfillwhattheyhadsaidandpromised.Theydeceivedhimastheyhad deceivedtheCommanderofthefaithfulbeforehim.AlHasancampedatalNukhaylafortendays. Noonejoinedhimexceptfourthousandfighters.SohecamebacktoKufatourgepeople.There hedeliveredasermoninwhichhesaid:"Youhavedeceivedmeasyouhaddeceivedthosewho werebeforeme."[1] I(theauthor)say:WedonotknowexactlythenumberofthosewhojoinedalHasan.However, weknowthathe"leftKufawithagreatarmy"asb.AbualHadidsaidinhisbook'SharhNahjal Balagha.' Inthechapterentitled,'theNumberoftheArmy',wewilldiscusstheideasofthehistoriansto choosetheaccuratenumberofthesoldiersofalHasan,peacebeonhim. AlHasanleftalNukhaylaandreachedDir'AbdalRahman.He [1]AlRawandi,alKharaijwaalJaraih,p.228,(Iran). (80)

stayedthereforthreedays.Atthatnextothermujahidin(fighters)joinedhim,butwedonot knowtheirnumber. Dirof'AbdalRahmanwassituatedbetweenthetwocampsofImamalHasaninalMada'in[1] andMaskan.[2] [1]ItwastheSassanidcapital.Itlastedforonethousandyears.ItwastheinheritorofBabil (Babylon)ingreatness.Today,noneofitsruinshasremainedbutTaqKasra,andtheShrineofthe greatCompanion(SalmanalFarisi),mayAllahhavemercyonhim.Thereweresevenfacingcities, namelytheyfacedeachotheronthebanksofTigris.TheMuslimsconquereditintheyear15A.H. AtthattimeitwasthecapitalofallthePersianEast.SointheWesternsidewereSaluqiya, Darzjan,Bahrsir,andJindisabur(Kauka)inthedistrictofMazlamSabatwhichwasrelatedtoNahr alMalik(theRiveroftheking).AndintheEasternsidewereAsfanbar,Romya,andTishfonwhich hadTaqKasra. MorethanonehundredyearshadpassedbeforetheextinctionofalMada'inbecauseofthe foundationofBaghdadintheyear150A.H.Duringthatperiodoftime,alMada'insuppliedKufa withindustries,resources,andcrops.ThatwasthroughsendingPersianfriendstoit,whobecame Muslims. AlMada'infollowedtheexampleofthefamilyofMuhammad,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily, fromthedaywhenSalmanbecameagovernoroverit.AlsointheseventhcenturyA.H.,al Mada'inwasavillagewhichnooneinhabitedbuttheeagerShi'a. AlMas'udimentionedalMada'inwhenhementionedIraq.Hesaid:"AndthecitiesofIraqwereal Mada'inandthesurroundingcities.ThepeopleofalMada'inhadthemostmoderatecolors,the purestperfumes,thebesttempers,andthemostobedientnatures.Inthemwereinclusive virtues,andpeerlesssounddeeds." [2]ThenameofalTasujfromwhichAwanawas.ItwassituatedonthebankoftheriverDujayl. Thereweremanygardensofdatepalmsandtreesinit.AbualFarajalSawadi(fromthepoetsof thesixthcenturyA.H.)meantitwhenhesaid: AndtheyregardeditasvirgingrewinAwana Hiddenfromherfianceeswiththevessels. ThereweretenleaguesbetweenMaskanandBaghdad.AtMaskan,abattletooknextbetween 'AbdalMalikb.MarwanandMas'abb.alZubayrintheyear72A.H.Mas'abandIpahimb.Malik alAshtarwerekilledatthatbattle.Theywereburiedwheretheywerekilled.Theirgravesarestill

visible.Thereisahumbledome overthetwograves.TheArabsofSumaykacallthisdomethe GraveofShaykhIpahim(QapShaykhlpahim).Thereareabout (81) AsforalMada'in,itwasatthepidgeheadtowardsPersiaandtheneighboringarea.Becauseofits geographicalsituation,alMada'inwastheonlyareathatprotectedthethreelinesthatconnected Kufa,Basrah,andPersiawitheachother.Becauseofitsmilitaryimportance,itdrovebackthe eventswhichtheconditionsofwarcaused.Persiawasthenextfromwhichtherevoltsagainstthe Statestarted.OverPersiawasZiyadb.'UbaydwhowasappointedbytheImam,andwhowenton hispreviousnaturethatchangedeverythinginhim. AsforMaskan,itwasthesensitivepointinthehistoryofthejihadofalHasan,peacebeonhim. ThatisbecauseitwasthefieldwhichalHasanwassupposedtomeettheenemyfacetoface.At thattimeitwasonthefarnorthernbordersofHashimiteIraq,ortheareasdominatedbythe Kufanauthorityfromthisdirection.AtMaskan,therewereagriculturallands,inhabitedlands,and manyfamousvillagessuchasAwana,'Ukbara,andal'Alththatwasthelastvillageonthe northernbordersofMaskan[1].Facingal'AlthwasavillagecalledalJinubiyatowardswhich Mu'awiyaandhisarmyadvancedwhentheyleftthepidgeofManbijwherethetwoarmiesmet. ItisknowntodaythatthesituationofMaskanisatthesewideplainsthataresituatedbetween thevillageofSumaykaandthevillageofBalad,withtheexceptionofSamarra.' Maskanhadnaturerichinresources,nearrivers,andwideplains.Becauseofthesenatural features,Maskanwasthebestnextforwar.Itwas,forthefirsttimeinitshistory,thebattlefield towardswhichalHasanandMu'awiyaadvanced.ThenmanybattlesbetweenIraqandSham (Syria)occurredthere. AlHasan,peacebeonhim,thoughtthatitwasbetterforhimto sixtykilometersbetweenthisdomeandBaghdad,andtenkilometersbetweenitandTigris.So Maskanwastheareathatsurroundedthisgrave,includingtheriverDujayl.AlsoAwanawasthere. [1]InalAhkamalSultaniya,alMawardihasmentionedthefollowingontheauthorityofal Hamawi,whosaid:"Al'AlthisthefirstpartofIraqfromthisdirection."I(theauthor)say:Al'Alth issituatedbetween'UkbaraandSamarra'.'UkbaraisamongthevillagesofDujayl,nearAwanan. (82)

usealMada'in,becauseofitsmilitaryimportance,asaheadquartersforhishighcommandto receivemilitarysuppliesfromthethreeneighboringcitiesandtobeatthebackofhisfieldwhere hemetMu'awiyaandtheSyrians,namelyatMaskan.Therewerenomorethanfifteenleagues betweenthetwoHashimitecamps,namelyalMada'inandMaskan. Thatwastheexcellentplanofwhichtherewasnoalternativeforthatsituationofwar.Inthisway, namelythroughdrawinghiswarplans,alHasanhasshownusthathewastheinspiredleaderwho hadcommandofwartacticsasthepeopleofhistimecalled.Moreover,alHasanusedgradual stepstoresisthisenemy.Namely,hetestedthetime,chosethesituations,andledthearmies.All thesestepshaveindicatedthathehadoutstandingmilitarytalentsthatwereequaltothetalents hehadinpolicy,loyalty,andsacrifice. AlHasan,peacebeonhim,lookedleftandright.Thenheconsideredcarefullytheprominent figureswhowerewithhim.Theywerefromtheleadersofhisfollowers(Shi'a)andofhisfamily. Hewantedtochoosealeaderfromthemforhisadvanceguardswhomhedeterminedtosendto Maskan.AmongthegentleonesofthetribeandtheloyalAnsar(supporters),hefoundnoone moreeagerandsincererfortheattitudeofhiscousin'UbaydAllah[1]b.'Abbasb.'Abdal [1]AlMufid,alIrshad,p.170.IbnAbualHadid,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.14.AlYa'qubi, Ta'rikh,vol.2,p.191. Anotherhistorianhasmentionedthatitwashispother'AbdAllahb.'Abbas.Thatisincorrect,for 'AbdAllahwasnotinKufaduringthedaysoftheSuccessionofalHasan.Rather,hewasinMecca, andwrotetoalHasanaletterinwhichhehintedatwar.Youfinddetailsabouthimin'SharhNahj alBalagha',vol.4,pp.89.If'AbdAllahwasinKufaatthattime,hisnamewouldnotbehidden duringthoseevents.Inhisbook'alTa'rikh',vol.6,p.81,alTabarisaid:"Intheopinionofall historians,'AbdAllahb.'AbbaswentoutofBasrahandreachedMecca.Somehistorianshave deniedthatandclaimedthattheCommanderofthefaithful,peacebeonhim,appointedhima governoroverBasrah.Hegovernedittillhe(theCommanderofthefaithful)waskilled.(Hewas stillagovernoroverBasrah)afterthekillingof'AlitillalHasanmadepeace(withMu'awiya).Then heleft(Basrah)atthattimeforMecca."I(i.e.,theauthor) say:'AbdAllahb.'AbbaswasnotinBasrah.Ifhe hadbeenthere,thearmywouldnothavedelayed.ForalHasan (83)

Muttalib,Qaysb.Sa'db.'AbbadaalAnsari,andSaidb.QaysalHamadani,theheadofthe YemenisinKufa.SoalHasanconfinedsuccessivelytheleadershiptothesethreeleaders. 'UbaydAllahb.'Abbaswasamongthosewhowereeagerforwar,andwasindifferenttolife. Religiouszealmovedhim,andthetribalenthusiasmstirredhimup.Sohewasmeltedinhis fanaticismfortheHashimitethroneasthemeltedsteel.Hewasamongtheleadersofthe Hashimites.Astheysay:"Thebereavedwomanofachildisunlikethehiredone."Asforhis outstandingbackgrounds,hewastheEmirofthehajjintheyear36A.H.(accordingtothe narrationinthebookalIsaba')orintheyear39A.H.(accordingtothereportofalTabari)orhe wastheEmirofthehajjinbothyears.HewastherulerofBahrainandtheYemen[1]andtheir subsequentpartsduringthelifetimeofthe wasinapressingneedofitinalMada'in.IbnalAthir(vol.3,p.166)hasunderlinedthat'Abd Allahb.'Abbasleft'Aliduringhislifetime. Wethinkthatitisthesimilaritybetweenthetwopothersinfatherandnamehasmadesuchan errorinattributingtheleadershipto'AbdAllah.Anotherhistorianmadeamistakesothathehas attributedtheleadershipofthevanguardtoQaysb.Sa'dwhowastheleaderofthefighterswho wereinfrontofthevanguardasIbnalAthirhasmentioned.Thatmaybethereasonforthis imagination.Thenthink. [1]Somehistorianstriedtodoubtthehistoricalbackgroundsof'UbaydAllahthroughtheevent thatforcedhimtogooutoftheYemen.Itisanactoftruthfulnesstoadmitthatthegarrisonof theYemenwastooweaktoresisttheattackofBisrb.Artatatthattime.Moreover,someofthe YemenisdesertedtheHashimiteauthority.TheywroteletterstoMu'awiya.Theydismissedtheir EmirSaidb.Nimranfromthearmy.Andtheydisobeyedtheirruler'UbaydAllah.Allthesefactors andothersindicatethat'UbaydAllahwasinnocentofthedoubts.If'UbaydAllahhadtriedto resistBisr,thelatterwouldhavebeenabletodefeathimwiththehelpofthe'Uthmanisinthe Yemen.'UbaydAllahdidnotdomorethanwhathispeersdidinMeccaandMedinawhenthey escapedfromBisr.ThegovernorofMu'awiyaoverthethreecapitalsattackedthepeoplewhere in.Sohekilledaboutthirtythousandinnocentpeople. Wehaveknownthat'UbaydAllahintendedtogotoKufawhenhelefttheYemen.Andifhehad beensuspicious,hewouldhavenotheadedforKufa.BesideswehaveknownthatSaidb.Nimran apologizedtotheCommanderofthefaithful,peacebeon him,whenhesaidtothelatter:"Isummonedthepeople(i.e.,thepeople oftheYemen)tofighting.Agroupofthemanswered (84)

Commanderofthefaithful(i.e.,Imam'Ali).ThepilgrimsinMeccaborewitnessthathewas generous.ThenhewasthefirsttopledgeallegiancetoalHasanwhenthepeoplepledged allegiancetohim. Accordingtotheseexcellentbackgrounds,ImamalHasan,peacebeonhim,hadgreatconfidence in'UbaydAllah.[1]ThenalHasansummonedhimandgavehimcommandmentswhichhavenot fullybeenreportedtous.Rathersomebookshavepieflymentionedthem. Inthesecommandments,alHasan,peacebeonhim,said:"Cousin,Iamgoingtosendwithyou twelvethousandfromthehorsemenoftheArabsandthereadersoftheQur'aninthecity.The manfromthemismorethanabattalion.Soleadthemandtreatthemkindly. ThatisbecausetheyaretherestofthereliablecompanionsoftheCommanderofthefaithful. LeadthemtotheEuphrates.Thengoon(youradvancing)tillyoumakethemmeetMu'awiyaface toface.If me.SoIfoughtweakly.Thenthepeopleleftme,andIwentaway.I(theauthor)say:Willthe experienceofb.Nimrannotcorrecttheapologyof'UbaydAllahb.'Abbas?Thatisbecausethe backgroundsofthismanhadnodefect.Therefore,nowonderwhenalHasanwassatisfiedwith himbecauseofhisreliablebackgrounds. [1]IbnAbualHadid,vol.4,p.14.AlMufid,alIrshad,pp.168169.AlYa'qubi,Ta'rikh,vol.2,p. 191. OnlyalYa'qubididnotmentionthethirdleaderfromtheleadersofthevanguard,thenhesaid: "AlHasanordered'UbaydAllahtoobeytheorderandideaofQaysb.Sa'd.So'UbaydAllah advancedtowardstheIsland(i.e.,Mesopotamia).WhenMu'awiyaheardofthekillingof'Ali, peacebeonhim,heheadedforMousileighteendaysafterthekillingof'Ali.I(theauthor)say: MousilwasamongthevillagesofMaskan.OurmasterMuhammadb.Imam'AlialMidiwasburied nearMousilasalHamawihasmentionedinhisbook'alMujam'.Itisotherthanthepresentcity ofMousil(inIraq).ThereisnodifferencebetweenwhatalYa'qubiandwhattheothersreported aboutlimitingthesituationwherethearmyofMu'awiyastoppedduringhiswaragainstalHasan. ThatisbecauseMousil,alHaywada,alJinubiyawereallamongthevillagesofMaskanatthat time.Maybe,thearmyoccupiedallthesevillages,sotheirnameshavebeenmentionedinvarious reports.Alsosomereportshavebeenconfinedtosomenamesasyousee.Asforus,wehaveonly chosenalJinubiyadependingontheletterQaysb.Sa'dwrotetoalHasanaswewillmentionin thefollowingchapters. (85)

youfindhim(i.e.,Mu'awiya),thenwithholdhimtillIcometoyou,forIamabouttofollowyou. Letyournewscometomeeveryday.Asktheadviceofthesetwo(persons)(i.e.,Qaysb.Sa'd,and Saidb.Qays).IfyoumeetMu'awiya,thendonotstartfightingagainsthimtillhestartsfighting againstyou.Ifhedoes,thenfighthim.Ifyouwerestruck(i.e.,killedorwounded),thenQaysb. Sa'dwouldbe(theleader)overthepeople.Ifhewerestruck,thenSaidb.Qayswouldbe(the leader)overthepeople. AsyouseethatImamalHasanpeacebeonhim,didnotmean'UbaydAllahthroughhis commandments.RatherhemeanthisCompanions.Sohe(alHasan)praisedthem,laudedtheir pavery,andaddedthemtohisfather,theCommanderofthefaithful,peacebeonhim.Withall thispraiseandlaud,alHasanwantedtoraisethemorale,tostiruptheirenthusiasm,andtomove theirfeelings.ThenalHasanordered'UbaydAllahtotreatthemkindly.AlHasangavethese commandmentsto'UbaydAllahtocreateexchangeableconfidencebetweenthecommanderand thearmy.Thisconfidence,inthewarthatsufferedfromthepaucityofthemodernmilitary regulations,wastheworthiestofimportanceofalltheelementshopedfortheblack(bad)days. They(thecommandments)areinfourjoinedsentences.Theyunderlineeachother.Thenthey haveonlyonemeaning.I(theauthor)wonder:Isitpossibleforustomakeuseofthisintentional repetitionofthesesentences?They,throughtheiremphasizing,triedtouprootacertainmanner in'UbaydAllah(thenewcommander).Thatisbecausethereweregreatfigureswithhiminhis army.Theyhadgloriousbackgroundsandreputation.Thustheywerenotunabletobearhis proudmanner,norweretheyabletobearhisrudeness.Forhewouldenjoinandpreventthem.In otherwordstheywereunabletobearthesequalitiesinthatHashimiteyoungmanwhowasnot thebestoftheminmerit,jihad,piety,andage.[1] AfterthatarethesewordsofalHasan:"Asktheadviceofthesetwopersons."Thesewordsare anotherevidenceforthatalHasan [1]'UbaydAllahb.'Abbaswas39yearsoldonthedaywhenheledthisarmy. (86) intendedtoreformtherudebehaviorof'UbaydAllah.TheImamknewthathiscousinhadsucha kindofbehaviorthatwouldhinderhisvictoryatthebattle. I(theauthor)say:Thatrudemanner,ifthedoubtistrue,wouldnotprevent'UbaydAllahfrom beingworthyoftheleadership.Inotherwordsmanyotherconditionsforcedhimtousethatrude manners,forthereisacloserelationbetweenrudenessandmilitarylifeinthepastandpresent

times. Inthisconnection,wemayraiseaquestion:WhydidalHasan,peacebeonhim,appoint'Ubayd Allahoverthevanguardofhisarmy?Didn'thisarmyhavegreatfiguressuchasQaysb.Sa'db. 'AbbadalAnsari?Wasn'tthelatterknownforhismilitarymerit,hisloyaltytothefamilyofthe Prophet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,andhishonesty? Wemayanswerthesequestionsasfollows: 1.WhenalHasanappointed'UbaydAllahoverthevanguard,heorderedhimtoasktheadviceof bothQaysb.Sa'dandSaidb.Qays.Thatiswhathisclearcommandmentsindicate.Throughthis measure,alHasanwasabletoavoidpreferring'UbaydAllahtotheothers.Forhewouldbe criticizedforthispreference.Inthemeantimethispreferencewouldaffectthatattitude.Inthis waytheleadershipbecameaconsultationamongthethreepersonswhowerethemost appropriateonesofalHasan'smen.Amongtheseprominentfigures,whowereknownfortheir leadershipatthebattlefields,loyalty,jihad,andbackgrounds,wereAbuAyyubalAnsari,Hujrb. 'AdialKindi,'Adib.HatamalTa'i,andthelike.Wehavealreadymentionedthem. Generallyspeaking,alHasangavepriorityto'UbaydAllah,whowasalHasan'sandtheProphet's cousin,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,overthetwootherleaders.Heappointedhimasa leaderonlyinname.HeorderedhimtoasktheadviceofQaysandhiscompanion,aswehave mentionedabove.Thesestepsputanendtoanydisagreementontheleadershiporany competitionforit. 2.Amongtheexcellentprecautionarymeasuresforthegeneralsituationsatthattimewasthatno onewouldbealeaderwithal (87) HasanbutaHashimiteone. Toexplainthat,wemaysaythattheintenseweaknessthataccompaniedthematterofalHasan inKufawasstillveryominousinhisconsideration.SoalHasanhadtotakepossiblemeasuresto avoidinhispresentandfuturetimes,thecensureofthepeople,theiraccusinghimofanerror, andtheircriticism.Itiseasyforpeopletoaccusesomeoneofanerrorortocriticizehimwhen theyfindweakness,failure,anddeprivationinhim.IfthematterofalHasaninMaskanhadfailed, thepeoplewouldhaveblamedhimforthatfailure.Theywouldsaythatiftheleaderhadbeen fromthefamilyofalHasan,hewouldhavebeenthemostappropriatepersonforenduringthe greatadversities,andthematterwouldhavenotcometothisresult.

SoalHasanwasrightwhenhegotreadyforthedisastersofthattimethroughappointinga Hashimiteleader.Thismeasurewasveryimportant. 3.'UbaydAllahwasmoreangrywithMu'awiyathananyotherman.Hewasangrierwithhimthan QaysandthesonofQays.Thatisbecause'UbaydAllah'stwosonswerekilledwhenBisrb.Artat attackedtheYemen.(Thiseventisamongthefamouseventsinhistory.) ThusitwasveryappropriateforalHasantochoosesuchaleaderwhowasfullofanger,andwas eagertofightagainstthekillerofhistwosons. Themajorityofthearmyofthevanguardheadedby'UbaydAllahwasfromthearmywhichthe CommanderofthefaithfulpreparedinKufatofightagainsttheSyrians.Itsworthmentioning that,Qaysb.Sa'db.'Abbadawasthecommanderofthisarmyduringthelifetimeofthe Commanderofthefaithful(i.e.,Imam'Ali),peacebeonhim.[1] Thesebackgroundswereofgreatimportanceinstrengtheningthelinksbetweenthecommander andhissoldiers.Itwaseasyforthecommanderwhohadgreatinfluenceonhissoldierstoincline, [1]IbnKathir,Ta'rikh,vol.8,p.14. (88) wheneverhewanted,tofreeconduct.Thiskindoffreedomwouldindicatethattherewasno positiverelationbetweenthecommanderandtheSupremeAuthority.SoalHasanhadtobe carefulofsuchaposition,foritwasthemostimportthingduringthatattitude. AlthoughwerespectourmasterQaysverymuch,wedonotdenyhispersonalabilitiesthatwould makehiminclinetosuchakindoffreeconduct. WedonotforgetthatQays,onthedaywhenheheadedthisarmy,stoodamonghissoldiersand orderedthemtochooseeitherfollowingtheImam'sPeaceTreatyorgoingonfightingagainst Mu'awiyawithoutanImam. Accordingly,ImamalHasancarriedoutthebesttwoideas.Inotherwords,heappointedaperson asacommanderforhisarmy.Inthemeantimehemade'UbaydAllahb.'Abbasamilitaryadviser tomakeuseofhisabilitiesandcleverness. I(theauthor)say:AppointingQaysasasuccessorafter'UbaydAllahdidnotharmthispolicy(i.e.,

alHasan'spolicy).ThatisbecauseQayswould,afterthekillingofhispredecessorinthe battlefieldsofMaskanaccordingtotheitemsoftheconvention,followtheplan,whichhis predecessorhadfollowed.Fortheconditionsofthebattlebetweenthetwoparties(i.e.,alHasan andMu'awiya)didnotpermithimtochangetheplan.Moreover,he(Qays)wouldbeunderthe directleadershipoftheImam(whowas)thehighleader.Fromwhatwehavealreadymentioned, wehaveknownthattheImampromisedthevanguardofhisarmythathewasabouttofollow them. Afterthis(explanation),therewasnodangerinappointingQaysasasuccessorafter'UbaydAllah aslongastheformerwasorderedtofollowacertainplan,andwasunderthedirectsupervision oftheImam. Chapter7:TheNumberOfTheArmy (89) Thenumberofthearmy,thatwasinKufainthemiddleyearsofthefirstcentury,A.H.wasforty thousandfighters.Everyyeartenthousandfightersofitmadeacampaign(againsttheenemiesof Islam).(Thisiswhatthereliablebookshavementioned). WehaveknownthattheCommanderofthefaithful(Imam'Ali),peacebeonhim,preparedforty thousandorfiftythousandfightersaccordingtotwodifferentreportstoattacktheSyrians. However, hehaddiedbeforehemadeanattackwiththem.WethinkthatalHasan'sarmywasa groupofthearmywhichtheCommanderofthefaithfulpreparedtofightagainstMu'awiya. ThenweknownothingabouttheattitudeofthesearmiestowardsalHasanb.'Ali,peacebeon them,whenhesummonedthemtojihad(armedstruggle).Besideswehaveknown,frommore thanonereferencebook,thatthevanguardwhichalHasansenttomeetMu'awiyaatMaskan wasestimatedattwelvethousandfighters.Theacceptableideaisthatthisvanguardwasfromthe groupsofthearmywhichtheCommanderofthefaithfulformedbeforehedied.Sosomeofthese groupssupportedalHasanwhiletherestrefusedthat. Then,fromanotherreference,wehaveknownthatthe.Kufansbecameexcitedonthedayofal Hasan,sotheycalledupotherfourthousandfighters.[1]

Thusthesearesixteenthousandfighterswhomtheunquestionabletexthaveshown. Alsothereareotherfiguresconcerningthenumberofthearmy. [1]AlRawandi,alKharaijwaalJaraih,p.228. (90) Thehistorianshavementionedthem,andtheimportantdeclarationshaveincludedthem. However,theircorrectnessisliabletotestanddiscussion. Thefollowingaresometextsaboutthesedifferentfigures.Firstwewillmentionthesefiguresas theyare.Thenwewillcheckthemproperly. 1.Inhisbook(BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.110),he(i.e.,MuhammadBaqiralMajlisi)said:"Thenhe (i.e.,alHasan)dispatchedtohim(i.e.,Mu'awiya)aleaderwithfourthousand(fighters).He(the leader)wasfromKinda.He(alHasan)orderedhim(theleader)tocampinAnbar[1]andnottodo anythingtillhis(alHasan's)ordercametohim.Whenhe(theleader)headedforAnbarand stoppedthere,Mu'awiyaknewofthat.Thushesentmessengerstohim,andwrotetohim: 'Indeed,ifyoucametome,IwouldappointyouasaruleroversomedistrictsofSham(Syria)and oftheIsland(aljazirah),andthelike.'He(Mu'awiya)senthim(theleader)fivehundredthousand dirhams.SoalKinditookthemoney.HedesertedalHasan.HewenttoMu'awiyawithtwo hundredmenfromhisnotablesandthememberofhisfamily.AlHasanheardofthat.Soherose anddeliveredasermon:'AlKindiwenttoMu'awiya.Hedesertedmeandyou.Itoldyouatime afteratime(that)youhavenofaithfulness.Youaretheslavesofthisworld.Iamgoingtosend anothermantorenexthim.Iknowthathe(theman)willdotowardsyouandmeasyourfriend (i.e.,alKindi)did.HewillneverfearAllahconcerningmeandyou.'Sohe(alHasan)senthim (Mu'awiya)amanfrom(thetribeof)Muradwithfourthousand(fighters).He(alHasan)came towardhim(theman)beforetheveryeyesofthepeople,confirmedhim,andtoldhimthathe (theman)woulddesertasalKindidid.Sohe(theman)tookasolemnoathbeforehim(alHasan) thathe(theman)wouldnotdothat.SoalHasansaid:'Hewill [1]AcitywasonthebankoftheEuphrates(westofBaghdad).Anbarwastenleaguesfarfrom Baghdad.Itwascalledso,forthestores('anabir)ofwheatandbarleyweregatheredtogetherinit duringthedaysofthePersians.Abual'AbbasalSaffihal'Abbasiresidedinittillhedied.He rebuiltpalacesandhouseinit,buttheyhavebecomeextinct. (91)

desert.'Whenhe(theman)headedforAnbaI,Mu'awiyasenthimmessengers.Hewrotetohimas he(Mu'awiya)wrotetohis(theman's)companion.Hesenthimfivethousand(maybehe,the reporter,meantfivehundredthousand)dirhams.Hemadehimdesireforanydistrictheliked fromthedistrictsofShamandoftheIsland.Sohe(theman)desertedalHasan,wentto Mu'awiya,anddidnotkeephisword." Afterthistext,alMajlisimentionedthatalHasantookalNukhaylaasacampforhim,andthatal Hasanwentthere. 2.Inhisbook(SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.14),b.AbualHadidsaid:"Thepeoplewentout. Theybecameactiveforgoingout.ThenalHasanwentouttothecamp.Hehadappointedal Mughirab.Noufalb.alHarthb.'AbdalMuttalibasasuccessoroverKufa.Heorderedhimtourge anddispatchthepeopletohim.Sohe(i.e.,alMughira)beganurginganddispatchingthemtothe extentthatthecampwasfull(ofpeople).ThenalHasanwentwithagreatarmyandgood equipmenttillhestoppedatDir'AbdalRahman.Hestayedthereforthree(days)tillthepeople gathered.Thenhesummoned'UbaydAllahb.al'Abbasb.'AbdalMuttalib,andsaidtohim: 'Cousin,Iamgoingtosendwithyoutwelvethousand(men)fromthehorsemenoftheArabsand (theQur'anreaders)ofthecity.'" 3.AlTabari(vol.6,p.94.)reportedontheauthorityofalZuhri,whosaid:"WhenMu'awiyagotrid of'UbaydAllahb.'AbbasandalHasan,peacebeonhim,hecametoplotagainstamanwhowas themostimportantofthepeopleinplottingagainsthim(Mu'awiya).Therewerefortythousand (fighters)withhim.Mu'awiya,'Amru,andtheSyriansmetthem." 4.Inhisbook(SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.6),b.AbualHadidhasmentionedthefollowingon theauthorityofalMada'ini[1]ontheauthorityofalMusayyabb.Nujayya,whosaidtoalHasan [1]HewasAbualHasanb.Muhammadb.AbuSayfalBasri.HelivedinalMada'in,thenmovedto Baghdad,anddiedthereintheyear215A.H.IbnAbualHadidreportedmanytraditionsonhis authority.He,mayAllahhavemercyonhim,hasabouttwohundredbooksonvariousmatters. (92) whenheblamedhimforhisPeaceTreatywithMu'awiya'Myastonishmentatyoudoesnotend. YouhavemadepeacewithMu'awiya,(while)youhavefortythousand(fighters).Orhe(al Musayyab)said:'Youhavepledgedallegianceto(Mu'awiya)',duetodifferentreporters." 5.Inhisbook(alKamilfialTa'rikh,vol.3,p.61),IbnalAthirsaid:"Fortythousandfighters pledgedallegiancetotheCommanderofthefaithful('Ali).Theywerereadytodieforhimwhen

hetoldthemaboutsomethingconcerningSham(Syria)andtheyappeared.Whilehewasgetting readytoadvancetowards(Syria),hewaskilled.IfAllahwillsathing,nooneisabletorepulseit (thething).Whenhewaskilled,thepeoplepledgedallegiancetohisson,alHasan.He(alHasan) heardoftheadvanceofMu'awiyaandtheSyrianstowardshim.Sohe(alHasan)andthearmy thathadpledgedallegianceto'AligotreadyandleftKufatomeetMu'awiya,whohadstoppedat Maskan.SoalHasanarrivedinalMada'in.ThereheappointedQaysb.'AbbadaalAnsarioverhis vanguardwithtwelvethousand(fighters).ItwassaidthatalHasanappointed'AbdAllah[1]b. 'Abbasoverhis(alHasan's)vanguard.Sohe(alHasan)appointed'AbdAllahb.'Abbasoverhis vanguardintheadvanceguardsofQaysb.Sa'db.'Abbada." I(theauthor)say:IbnKathirfollowedsuchatradition.Apparentlyhehastakenitletterbyletter fromthebook'alKamil.' 6.AlMada'ini[2]hasreportedthewordsofalHasan,peacebeonhim,inresponsetotheman whosaidtohim:"Wereyourightinwhatyouhavedone?"SoalHasansaid:"Yes,butIamafraid thatseventythousandoreightthousand(fighters)willcomeontheDayofResurrection.Their jugularveinswillbleed.SotheywillaskAllahwhytheirbloodhadbeenshed." 7.Inhisbook(alImamawaalSiyasa,p.151),b.Qutaybaal [1]Hewas'UbaydAllah,neither'AbdAllahnorQays.Wehavealreadymentionedthereasonsfor theerrorinmentioningeachofthem. [2]IbnAbualHadid,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.7.IbnKathir,alKamilfialTa'rikhvol.8,p. 42. (93) Dinawarihasreported:"TheymentionedthatthepeoplepledgedallegiancetoMu'awiya.Thenhe (Mu'awiya)camebacktoSham(Syria).AfterwardsSulaymanb.SirtalKhaza'i,whowasabsent fromKufaandwasthemasterandchiefoftheIraqis,cametoalHasanandsaidtohim:'Youwho havehumiliatedthebelievers,alsalamu'alayka'!AlHasansaid:'wa'alaykaalsalam,sitdown, mayAllahhavemercyonyourfather.'He(b.Qutayba)said:Sulaymansatdownandsaid:'Now then,ourastonishmentatyoudoesnotendbecauseofyourpledgeofallegiancetoMu'awiya. YouhaveonehundredIraqifighterswhoreceivesalaries.Youhaveasimilarnumbertothemfrom theirsonsandfriends.Moreover,youhavefollowers(Shi'a)inBasrahandHijaz." I(theauthor)say:Inhisbook(TanzihalAnbiya')alMurtada,inhisbook(alManaqib)Ibn Shahrashub,andinhisbook(alBihar)alMajlisihavereportedthecompletetextofwhat happenedbetweenSulaymanb.SirtandhiscompanionsandalHasan,peacebeonhim.Noone

ofthem(theauthors)havenarratedontheauthorityofSulaymanandhiscompanionsthatthe numberofthearmywasmorethanfortythousand(fighters). Soonlyb.QutaybahasreportedontheauthorityofSulaymanthatthenumberofthearmywas onehundred(fighters).Alsoonlyheusedtheword'pledgeofallegiance'(albay'a)insteadofthe word'Peace'(Sulh). 8.Zyyadb.Abih,whowasthegovernorofalHasanoverPersia,saidthefollowinginresponseto Mu'awiya'sthreat:"Indeed,thesonofshewhoatethelivers(i.e.,Hind),oftheshelterof hypocrisy,andoftherestoftheallies(ahzab)haswrittentometothreatenme.Betweenmeand himarethetwograndsonsoftheApostleofAllah.Theyhaveninetythousand(fighters) {accordingtoareportseventythousand(fighters)},whohaveputthehiltsoftheirswordsunder theirchins. Nooneofthemturnstillhedies.Indeed,byAllah,ifhe(i.e.,Mu'awiya)cametome,hewouldfind mestronger(thanhim)in (94) hittingwiththesword."[1] Discussion Inthismanner,thesetextswithvariousformshavesuggesteddifferentfiguresaboutthenumber ofthearmy.Thelargefiguresinthesetextsarefortythousand,eightythousand,andonehundred thousand(fighters). Indeed,allthesethreefiguresareliabletodoubtandcheck,eventhesmallestofthem.Now,you readthefollowingexplanations: 1.Thelargestfigureisonehundredthousandorninetythousand(fighters).Ziyadb.Abihreferred tothisfigure.OnlyalDinawarihasattributedittoSulaymanb.SirtalKhaza'i.Thisfigureis unacceptableforseveralreasons: Themostimportantonesofthesereasonsare: A.Bothleaders(i.e.,SulaymanandZiyad)didnotattendthepledgeofallegiancetoalHasan. TheydidnottakepartinthejihadofalHasan.Theywerenotpresentduringthesuccessionofal HasaninKufa.Generallyspeaking,theylefttheirhomelandinIraqfortwoyears.[2]

ThustheydidnotattendthesituationthatprevailedKufaatthattime.Namely,theydidnot witnessthestrongformationofthepartiesandtheignobletardinessthatspreadalloverKufa, andwithwhichtheKufansfacedtheirImamtowhomtheypledgedallegiance.Therefore [1]AlYa'qubi,Ta'rikh,vol.2,p.194.IbnalAthir,alKamilfialTa'rikh,vol.3,p.166. Theformerhasnarratedthatthenumberofthearmywasninety'thousandfighters,whilethe latterhasmentionedthatitwasseventythousandfighters. [2]IbnQutayba(inalImamawaalSiyasa),andalMurtada(inTanzihalAnbiya')havementioned thatSulaymanwasnotinKufafortwoyears.AsforZiyad,hewasthegovernorofBasrah.Then 'AbdAllahb.'AbbasdispatchedhimtoPersia,tobeagovernoroveritintheyear39A.H.Inthe eventsoftheyear39A.H,alTabarimentionedthatZiyadwasinBasrahbeforetheyear39. (95) thefigurestheyhavementionedareworthless. WhenSulaymanandZiyadmentionedthesefiguresofthefighters,theycomparedthepresent periodofKufawithitspast..TheythoughtthattheKufansmobilizedfightersduringthetimeofal Hasanastheydidduringthetimeofhisfather,theCommanderofthefaithful,intheyears37and 38A.H. B.Theattitudeofbothmen(i.e.,SulaymanandZiyad)attheemotionalmomentwhenthey mentionedthesefiguresindicatethattheyinclinedtoexaggeration.Thisexaggerationaboutthe numberofthearmyresultedfromSulayman'sstronganger.ThushecensuredImamalHasan, peacebeonhim,formakingpeacewithMu'awiya.AlsoitresultedfromthethreatZiyadmadein responsetoMu'awiya'sthreat. Thereforethereisnothingcorrectinthesetwofigures.Thuswemustnotrelyonthemto determinethenumberofthearmy. BesideswehaveknownthatSulaymanwasthefriendofalMusayyabb.Nujayya.Inotherwords SulaymanhadtieswithalMusayyabotherthanthepersonalfriendship.Intextno.4,youhave readthatalMusayyabadmonishedalHasanformakingpeacewithMu'awiya:"Youhaveforty thousand(fighters)."Itisundeniablethatthesetwofriendsdidnotdifferovertheaffairsofthe membersoftheHouse(AhlalBayt)peacebeonthem,astheydifferedoverthesefigures.

Accordingly,thereasonfortheseunusualfiguresofSulaymanb.SirtisthatalDinawari,onlywho reportedsuchreportsaboutthematterofalHasan,didnotcheckthemout. Fatehaddecidedtopunishthesetwoleaders(SulaymanandZiyad)beforetheyleftthelifeinthis world.FortheyrecklesslyblamedImamAbuMuhammad(i.e.,alHasan),peacebeonhim,for makingpeacewithMu'awiya. Sointheyear65A.H.,eighteenthousandpeoplepledgedallegiancetoSulaymanandZiyadto avengethebloodofalHusayn,peacebeonhim.WhentheBattleof'AynalWardatooknext, mostpeopledesertedthem.Thussufferedfromthedesertionofthepeople. (96) Suchkindofdesertionremindedthemoftheattitudeofthepeopletowardsthemattersofthe membersoftheHouse(AhlalBayt),peacebeonthem. ThenSulaymanandalMusayyab,whoweretheleadersoftheMovementoftheRepentant,were killedattheBattleof'AynalWarda.Alsomostoftheirfollowerswerekilledonthatday. 2.Asforthenumbereightythousandorseventythousandfighters,itwasmentionedbyalHasan whenheansweredthemanwhoaskedhim:"Wereyourightinwhatyouhavedone." ThewordsofalHasan,infact,indicatethathehadnotmorethantwentythousandfighters accordingtothegreatestassessment.ThatisbecausewhenalHasanmentionedthose"whose jugularveinswillbleedontheDayofJudgment,"herangedtheirnumberfromseventythousand toeightythousandpersons.Bythisnumber,hedidnotmeanhissoldiersinparticular.Ratherhe meantthetotalnumberofthetwofightingarmies.Moreover,wehaveknownthatthenumberof theSyriansduringtheiradvanceagainstalHasanwassixtythousandfighters.Sotherestwasthe numberofalHasan'sprivatearmy. AlHasan'shesitationindeterminingthenumberisclearinwhatwehavementioned.Thatis becauseifhehadmeanthisarmywiththeexceptionofthearmyoftheothers,hewouldhave mentioneditsnumberwithouthesitation.Forhewasthemostknowledgeableofthepeoplein thenumberofhisarmy. 3.Asforthenumberfortythousandfighters,ithasbeenmentionedmorethanonehistorian.Also alMusayyabb.Nujayyahasmentionedit.Wehavenothingconcerningthisnumberbuttwo ideas:

A.ThisnumberdisagreeswithalHasan'swordswithwhichhereferredtothenumberofthe army.Youhaveknownthathiswordsdonotmeanmorethantwentythousandfightersaccording tothegreatestestimation.Alsothisnumberdisagreeswithhisotherwordswithwhichhe describedtheattitudeofthepeopletowardshim.Namely,hedescribedtheirattitudeas: "Sluggishnessinfighting."[1]Thusifal [1]AlMajlisi,BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.113. (97) Hasanhadfortythousandfighters,thepeoplewouldnothavebeensluggishinfightingalongside him.Sothenumberisstillliabletodoubt. B.Thedoubtimposedthenumberonthosewhobelievedinit.Sotheythoughtthatthe Commanderofthefaithful,peacebeonhim,preparedfortythousandfightersforhisfinal campaignagainstSham(Syria).ThenhisholylifehadendedbeforeheadvancedagainstSham withthisarmy.Sotheythoughtthatthesoldiersofthefather(i.e.,Imam'Ali)wereaddedtothe soldiersoftheson(i.e.,alHasan).However,theyforgottomentionthenumberofthepeople whodesertedthenewSuccessorinKufa. Therefore,thefigurebasedontheseerrorsisworthless. AlZuhri'sreportisveryunusual.ForitdenotesthattherewerefortythousandfighterswithQays b.Sa'db.'AbbadaalAnsari.TheybelongedtothearmyofalHasan.Namely,theywerewithQays whobecamethecommanderofthevanguardinMaskanwhen'UbaydAllahandhisfollowershad escaped.ThismeansthatonlythevanguardofalHasanhadfortyeightthousandfightersbefore theeventsofescaping. Thusthisideaisincorrectinhistory. ThereportsofalZuhriconcerningthemattersofthemembersofthehouse(AhlalBayt)arethe weakestofallreports,andthemostconfusedofthemallinsubjects.Theauthorofthebook (DirasatfialIslam)regardedalZuhriasamercenaryfortheUmayyads.Thisisenoughevidence fortheweaknessofhisreports. AlZuhrisaid:"Mu'awiya,'Amru,andtheSyriansstoppedatthem."Now,wewanttoactfreely withthisnarrationofhis.Wewanttocorrectthisintentionalconfusionasfollows:theabove mentionedwordscontainapronounthatis'them.'IfweattributethepronountoMu'awiya's armyandexcludeQays'army,thenthenumberwillconcernMu'awiya'ssoldierswithwhomhe

metQays.Theconcernedonesofthemwerethosewhoreceivedsalaries.Theconcernedonesof theSyrianswerethevolunteersotherthanthosewhoreceivedsalaries.Inthiswaytherewillbe coherencebetweenthisnarrationofhisand (98) theothernarrationthathasaddedthesoldiersofMu'awiyatothevanguardofalHasan. 4.IbnAbualHadidhasusedthephrase'thegreatarmy'todescribethemovementofalHasan fromalNukhaylatoDir'AbdalRahmanonhiswaytohiscamps.Thesewords,asyousee,are pief.Theyagreewiththenumberthatwehavealreadymentioned.Indeed,sixteenthousand fighterswereagreatarmy.Ifyourefusethat;thentheyweretwentythousandfighters. 5.Thenarrationinthebook'BiharalAnwar'isthebestofallreportswhichwehavementionedto understandwhathasbeenreportedaboutthismatter.Thereisanorderinthefrequenteventsof thisnarrationsothatsuchanorderimposesdoubtonit. Whenthisnarrationshowsthesameevents,itignoresthenamesofthetwoleaders(i.e.,alKindi andalMuradi).ForthisnarrationindicatesthattheymetMu'awiyabefore'UbaydAllah.Alsothey desertedalHasanbeforehim.Inthehistoryofsuchanevent,thepeopledonotknowthat ignoringthenamesoftwoleadersduringtwoeventsisamongtheugliesteventsofmanin history. Apartfromignoringthenamesofthetwoleaders,thisnarrationwhichisinBiharalAnwar underlinesthattheImam(alHasan)insistedonaccusingthetwoleaders(ofdesertion)beforehe dispatchedthem.Moreover,thisnarrationunderlinesthattheImamsentthemtomeetMu'awiya thoughhewasawareoftheirdesertion. Someofthis(explanation)isenoughsothatwewillnotgoondiscussingthisnarration,foritis veryeasytounderstand. I(theauthor)sayInspiteofthisdiscussion,wehavenotgottenanyresultaboutthematterwhich wehavementionedunderthetopic:TheNumberoftheArmy.Thesetexts,thoughmany,are someexamplesaboutthefapicationsfromwhichthematterofalHasansuffered.Nowonder whenwementionthisfact(matter),repeatit,regarditsdangerasgreat,condemnit,anddraw theattentionofpeopletoitsresults.Theseareeighttexts.Notoneofthemisabletoresistthe discussion,sowecannotusethemashistoricalproofs. Thenwehavenothingexceptthenumberofthearmyofthe

(99) vanguard,thatwastwelvethousandfighters,andthenumberofthevolunteersinKufa,thatwas fourthousandfighters.ThenwehavetomentionthegroupsofthepeoplewhocametoalHasan atDir'AbdalRahmanwhenhestayedthereforthreedays.Theywereabouttwentythousand fighters.AllthesegroupsofpeoplewerethearmyofalHasanwhenheheadedforhistwocamps atMaskanandalMada'in. AsforthefightersfromalMada'initself,theydidnottarryfromthebattlefieldsheadedby'Ali, peacebeonhim.Wehavealreadymentionedthat,soitwasimpossibleforthemtodeserthisson (alHasan)whenhecampedamongthem. Thisiswhatmakesusbelievethatthenumberofthearmyatbothcampswastwentythousand fightersorlittleover. Thisnumberwas'thegreatarmy'whichb.AbualHadidmeant.Alsoitisthenumberthatagrees withtheforegoingwordsofalHasan,peacebeonhim.ThereisnoproofbetterthanalHasan's wordsconcerninghismatters. ThenwedonotknowwhetheralHasan,peacebeonhim,receivedanyhelpfromanypartywhen hewasinalMada'in. Chapter8:TheMembersOfTheArmy (101) Inhisbook'alIrshadp.169,alMufidsaid:"AlHasansentHujrb.'Aditoordertheleaders (Ummal)tosetoutandtocallthepeopletogetherforwar(jihad).Theywereslowto(answer)him andthentheycameforward.(AlHasan)hadamixedbandofmen:someofthembelongedtohis Shi'aandtohisfather's;someofthemweremembersoftheMuhakkima(i.e.,Kharijites)who wereinfluencedby(thedesiresof)fightingMu'awiyawitheverymeans(possible);someofthem weremenwholoveddiscordsandwereanxiousforbooty;someofthemweredoubters;others weretribalsupporterswhofollowedtheleadersoftheirtribeswithoutreferencetoreligion."[1]

I(theauthor)say:Fromwhatwehavejustsaid,wehaveknownthatthenumberofalHasan's armywasabouttwentythousandfightersorlittlemore.However,wedonotknowindetailthe wayusedtoformthisarmy.However,Ithinkitwastheprimitivewaywhichwasnotbasedonthe succeeding,acquiredimprovements.ItwasthewaywhichtheMuslimcommunitiesfollowed duringthefirstcenturiesA.H.Itwasthewaythatdidnotstipulateanyqualitiesnecessaryfor acceptingthesoldierorthefighter(mujahid).Itdidnotstipulatepersonalabilitiesandage,nor diditstipulatecompulsorymilitaryserviceasitisinthepresenttime.FortheMuslimpersonwho wasabletocarrytheweaponhadareligiousmotive.Thushetookpartinjihadwillinglywhenhe heardthesummonstoitinthewayofAllah.Thismotivemadehimfeelhisreligiousobligation.So hewasreadytosacrificehislifeinthewayofAllah.Otherwise,hewasunableto [1]Alsosee:AlArbali,KashifalGhumma,p.161.AlMajlisi,BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.110. (102) carryouthisreligiousduty.Fortheworldlydesireswouldsuppressthisfeelinginhim.Moreover, theywouldhavedeprivedhimofhisshareoftherewardandbootyifAllahhadpredetermined victoryandbootyforthatwar. Modernmilitarylawsforcepeopletocarryoutmilitaryservice,summonthemincertainyears, andexaminetheirlimitedabilities.Theselawswerenotknownatthattime.Besidestheydisagree withtheIslamiclawthatisgeneralandtolerant. Islamiscertaincorrectfactssothatthepeopleobeyit.Inotherwordsthelawsofthisreligiondo notforceanyonetocarryoutanyobligation.ForIslamhasshowedpeopletwoways(i.e.,theway ofgoodandthewayofevil).Moreover,ithashelpedthemtochoosethewayofgoodthrough guidance:"And(asfor)thosewhostrivehardforus,WewillmostcertainlyguidethemtoOur ways."(Qur'an29:69).InthiswayIslamenjoinspeopletodogoodandforbidsthemfromdoing evil.AlsoMuslimleadershaveusedthesamewaytoenjoinpeopletodowellandtoprevent themfromdoingevil.Whentheydecidetowagewar(againsttheirenemies),theyfollowan excellentwaytourgepeopletotakepartinjihad(holywar)throughconvincingthemtocarrythe weapon. Amongthesewaysare:Theyincreasethesalariesoffighters,ordertheirgovernorstoencourage peopletotakepartinjihad,andspreadtheiroratorsandprominentfigurestourgepeopleto volunteertostriveinthewayofAllah,theGreatandAlmighty. AlHasan,peacebeonhim,followedallthesewaysfromthedaywhenheassumedthesuccession inKufa.Alsoheusedthemwhenhedeclaredjihad.Amonghismeasures,aswehavesaidearlier,

were:Heincreasedthesalariesofthefightersto100%.HesentHujrb.'Aditohisrulersto summonthemtojihad.His.notablecompanions,whowereorators,helpedhimwithhistask. Amongthemwere'Adib.Hatam,Ma'qalb.QaysalRiyahi,Ziyadb.Sa'sa'aalTamimi,and (103) Qaysb.Sa'dalAnsari.Theycriticizedthepeople[1]fortheirslownessandurgedthemtotake partinjihadforAllah.Thentheythemselvescompetedwitheachotherfortheirnextsinthe generalcamp,andtheycompetedwiththepeopleforthat. TheyspreadthestandardsofjihadalloverKufa.Theysummonedthepeople(toobey)Allah,the GreatandAlmighty,andthefamilyofMuhammad,peacebeonthem. Thusnewawarenessaroseintheslowcity.Namely,theKufansfelttheirobligations,andbecame readytocarrythemout. Theslownessinthewarhappenedbecauseeitherthepeopleinclinedtoworldlypleasuresorthe Syrianschangedtheirreligiousbeliefs.ThisslownessincludedsomeofthepeopleinKufaandthe regionsaroundit. Asforthisnewawarenesswhichtheeloquentoratorsmade,itsooncreatedmotivationinmany oftheslowpeople.Thewishstirredupanactivity.Soenthusiasmresultedfromtheactivity.To someextent,thesummonsoftheShi'atojihadwassuccessfulinmakingthemajorityeagerfor warinspiteoftheignobleattitudesoftheoppressorsinKufaatthattime."Thepeoplebecame activeforgoingouttotheircamp."[2] Moreover,thesummonsoftheShi'atojihadwassuccessful,toagreatextent,inwinningthe publicopinioninKufa,itssevenths(asba),itstribes,andtheneighboringoutskirtswhosedwellers usedtocometomarketsandofficialoffices. TheoratorsofalHasanweresoskillfulthattheyexploitedtheappropriatemindofthepeople.So theysparednoefforttosummonthemtosupportthemembersoftheHouse(AhlalBayt)under thepretextofthesummonstojihad. Thethroatsofthecompanionsbecamehoarsebecausetheymentionedmanylaudablequalities ofthefamilyofMuhammad.Inthemeantimetheyshowedthedefectsoftheirenemies.They resistedthe [1]IbnAbualHadid,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.14.

[2]Ibid. (104) differentclubsofKufa,itsdistricts,anditspublicnexts.Theydrewtheattentionofthepeopleto theexcellentpositionwhichnooneoftheMuslimsoccupiedbutthetwolordsoftheyouthof Paradise(i.e.,alHasanandalHusayn),peacebeonthem.Theyindicatedthereligiousfirmness inheritedbythemembersoftheHouseofInspiration.Theyspreadthedistinguishedqualitiesof thistribesuchasknowledge,purity,religiousdevotion,sacrificeforAllah,andreformingacts. Theyindicatedtheirobligatoryloveonthebelievers. Thenthey(theoratorsofalHasan)mentionedthepledgeofallegiancetoalHasan.They remindedthepeoplethatAllahwouldaskthemaboutobedienceoftheserulersandthe obligatorypledgeofallegiancetothem. They(theorators)mentionedthelineageintheirenthusiasticsermons.Suddenly,thislineagewas verynice,verytruthful,andveryeffective.Theybewilderedthepeopleandfilledthemwith admiration. TheoratorsmentionedalHasanandMu'awiya.Theysaid:"Whatagreatdifferenceisbetweenb. 'Aliandb.Sakhr!Whatagreatdifferenceisbetweenb.Fatimaandb.Hind!Whatagreat differenceisbetweenhis(i.e.,alHasan's)grandfathertheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshim andhisfamily,andhis(i.e.,Mu'awiya's)grandfather!Whatagreatdifferenceisbetweenhis(al Hasan's)grandmotherKhadijaandhis(i.e.,Mu'awiya's)grandmother!"Theycursedthemore unknownoneofthetwopersons(i.e.,alHasanandMu'awiya).Alsotheycursedthemoreignoble oneoftheminlineage,themoreeviloneoftheminthepastandthepresenttime,andtheolder oneoftheminunbeliefandhypocrisy.Sothepeopleshoutedandsaid:'Amen!'Thenthe generationscameafterthem(thepeople).WhenaMuslimpersonreadsthisnicecomparison,he willrecordanewamenagainstMu'awiya. Thesewisewaysandenthusiasticeloquentorationsplayedanimportantroleinmovingthe people.SotheywerereadytodesertSham(Syria)andtosupportKufa. InKufa,thenewpowerfulcity,thereweremixedbandsofpeople.TheybelongedtoAraband nonArabcommunities.TheyadoptedIslam,buttheyweredispleasedwithit.Inotherwords theyempaced (105)

Islamanduseditasmeanstoachievetheirimmediateinterests.Sotheyunderstoodthe summonstojihadasmeansforinterestsandbooty.Whenthesemixedbandsbecamesatisfied withthesuccessofthatwar,theyjoinedthearmyofalHasan,peacebeonhim,toachievetheir interestsandtotaketheirsharesofbooty.Sowhydidtheynotjointhosewhowerethefirstto takepartinjihad? Youmayagreewithmeondiscoveringthemotivesthatdrovetheserabblemixedgroupstojoin thearmyofalHasan,peacebeonhim.Suddenly,themenofdiscords,themenofbooty,themen oftribalism,thedoubters,andthelikebecamevolunteersinthearmyofalHasan. Aswehavepreviouslysaid,theregulationsoftheIslamicmobilizationatthattimedidnotprevent theabovementionedgroupsfromjoiningthearmyasfightersormujhahidin.Thatisbecause theseregulationsstipulatedonlyoneconditionthatwastheabilitytocarrytheweapon. ConcerningthereasonthaturgedtheKharijitestojointhearmyofalHasan,ShaykhalMufid,my Allahhavemercyonhim,said:"TheychosetofightMu'awiyawitheverymeans(possible)." However,we(i.e.,theauthor)donotbelieveinthisreasonthoughpief,andwedonotdenyit becauseithassomemeaningsWhatalMufidsaidmightbepartoftheiraim,andtheiraimmight beathingotherthanthis. TherelationsbetweenalHasan,peacebeonhim,andtheKharijitesdonotencourageustohave agoodopinionaboutthem.Besides,ifwestudytheevents(oftheBattle)ofalNahrwan,our doubtinthemwilldouble.SupposethattheywererightwhentheysummonedalHasantofight againstMu'awiya,andthattheyhadnoillintentiontowardshim,thenwhereweretheyduring thelifetimeofMu'awiya?Whydidn'ttheybandtogetheragainsthimastheydidagainst'Ali, peacebeonhim?Moreover,hasn'thistorykepttheirrevoltagainstthelatter? TheenmityandmaliceoftheKharijites,andthewayoftheirabominablesummonsmoveusto mistrusttheirpurposewhenthey (106) wantedtogooutwith:alHasan,peacebeonhim. WehaveknowntheconditionsoftheKharijitesbeforetheirgoingoutforthatwar.Namely,they cajoledthepeople.MeanwhiletheycomplimentedalHasanaftertheirunbelievingfighting againstthelateImam(i.e.,'Ali),peacebeonhim.Throughthat,theytriedtoavoidthegeneral abhorrencethatprevailedthemafterthatgreattragedy.

DoyounotthinkthattheKharijitesfollowedcunningways?Didn'ttheirtimelypressingconditions makethempretendtobeloyalsoldiers,volunteersinthearmyofalHasan?Withoutdoubtthey hadhiddentheirpurposesunderthispretense.Sotheybecamesoldierstoachievetheirhidden principleswhichnoonehasknownsincethen. TheideaoftheKharijitesrepresentedanevilbeginningthatresultedfromthematterofthe arbitration(altahkim)attheBattleofSiffin.Forthisreason,theywerecallalmuhakkim.The rootsofthisideawerefixedinthemselvesasafirmthought.Inthecourseoftime,theiridea spreadhereandthere.Thusmanypeoplefollowedit.Thereforeitcreatedvariouskindsof disastersandhardships. AlthoughtheKharijiteswereintenseinthematterofthereligion,theydidcunningverywell. SotheKharijitesseizedtheopportunitiesofthewarthattooknextbetweenthetwogreat enemies.TheyjoinedthisarmythatmovedfromKufatoMaskanandalMada'in. Throughtheseexplanations,IdonotwanttodenytheenmityoftheKharijitestowardsMu'awiya. Moreover,Idonotdenytheirchoicetofightagainsthimwitheverymeans(possible),asShaykh alMufid,mayAllahhavemercyonhim,hassaid.However,IthinkthattheKharijitesintendedto achievetwopurposesthroughtheirplan.Theyhadnopurposethroughtheirrevoltsandplotsbut todestroythegreatIslamicfiguresinIraq,Egypt,andSyria.Thepurposesofthesepeoplewere secretassassinations.Thesepurposesprevailedtheirotherplans.Forthisreason,theywentwith alHasantomakediscords.Theyfollowed thewayofjihadtomakecorruption.Forexample,they (107) achievedatraitorousactatMazlamSabat.[1]TheactharmedalHasanverymuch.Itwasthe seconddangerouspartoftheseriesofthecrimeswhichthisevilbandcommittedagainstthe great,Propheticfamily. Boththosetwocrimesresultedfromtheactive,secretplotswhichthefoolishKharijitesmastered onvariousoccasions. Ibn.SinanalAsadi[2]stabbedalHasan.AlsoIbn.MuljimalMuradi,Sinan'sfriend,stabbedthe Commanderofthefaithful,alHasan'sfather,peacebeonhim.ThroughHisfavor,Allahwanted thesetwostabstobedifferentfromeachother.

ThismeanplotrepresentedtheugliestestrangementtowardstheApostleofAllah,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily.For,throughthisstab,b.Sinantriedtokillhiseldestgrandson,andto renderarareservicetoMu'awiya.Thisstabbelongedtothepeople(i.e.,theKharijites)about whomitwassaid:"TheywentoutwithalHasanbecausetheychosetofightagainstMu'awiya witheverymeans(possible)." Inthisway,alHasanbecamecertainoftheintentionsofthemuhakkima(i.e.,theKharijites)in spiteoftheirfalseflatterforhim.Fromthebeginning,alHasanwasverycautiousofthem.Stillhe treatedthemkindlyinspiteoftheirhiddenspites. Thereisnoonemoredangerousthantheenemywhopretendsfriendship.Suchanenemyshows youfriendshipopenly,buthefightsagainstyousecretly.Sothemostdangerousenemyishewho fightsagainstyouwithhatred,malice,andtribalism,astheKharijitesdid [1]InArabic,Sabatmeansashelterbetweentwohousesthroughwhichthereisanopenway. SabatwasavillageinalMada'in.NearSabattherewasanarchovertheriveroftheKing(nahral malik).Maybeitwascalledsobecausetherewasarareshelteramongtheshelters(Sawabit)init. WethinkthatthisrareshelterwasMazlamSabat. [2]Inhisbook(alDawlaalAmawiyafialShamwaalAndalus,p.50,chapter4.),HasanMurad madeamistakewhenheattributedthestabofalHasan,peacebeonhim,withthedaggertothe followersoftheUmayyads,excludingtheKharijites.Inchapter,theSecretoftheAttitude,youwill readthetextsoftheeventwhichtheoldhistoriansreported,andwhichthemodernhistorians shouldunderstand. (108) againstalHasan. Inthisway,thearmyofalHasan,peacebeonhim,wasfullofthosemixedbandswho discourageditfromwinningthebattles.Itwasalsoafflictedbytheplotsofbothinternaland externalenemies,namelyinIraqandSyria(Sham). Itwasnaturalforsuchanarmytobeliabletointernaldiscordsandmutinyagainstits commanders. Theholywar(jihad)wasnotsomemeansformaterialgreed,norwasitafieldfordangerous plots,norwasitanaspectfortrivial,ignoranttribalism,norwasitanarenafortheexperiencesof thedoubters. So"theinsightofalHasanincreasedwhenthepeople(i.e.,themixedbands)desertedhim.[1] ManywordshavebeenreportedontheauthorityofalHasan.Theyindicatethathehadlow

confidenceinhisarmy. AlHasansaidveryeloquentwordswhenheaddressedhisarmyinalMada'in.Thesewordsare appropriateforthesubjectofthischapter.Thuswewillmentionthemhere:"Duringyour movementtowardsSiffin,yourreligionwasbeforeyourlifeinthisworld.Anyhowtoday,yourlife inthisworldisbeforeyourreligion.Soyouarebetweentwokilledpersons:onewaskilledat(the Battleof)Siffinandyouweepoverhim.Theotherwaskilledat(theBattleof)Nahrawan[2]and youavengehisblood.Asfortherest,theyarebetrayers.Asfortheweepers,theyare revolutionaries." ThisistheonlyorationofalHasan,inwhichhereferstotheinclinationsanddesiresofthemixed bandsinhisarmyduringthebattles. Asfortherevolutionaryweepers,alHasanreferstothelarge [1]AlMufid,alIrshad,p.170. [2]Inhisbook[alMalahimwaalFitan,p.142,(Najaf,1368)],IbnTawushasnarrated:"Andthe otherwaskilledat(theBattleof)Nahrwanandyouavengehisbloodonus." (109) numberfromhiscompanionsandhisbosomones.Asforthosewhowantedtoavengetheblood, hereferstotheKharijiteswhowereinhisarmy.Namely,theywantedtoavengethebloodof theircompanionsonalHasan.Asforthebetrayers,hereferstotheothergroupsfromthemenof thediscords,thefollowersoftheambitions,andtheworshippersofdesires. Gooverthepagesofhistory.Youwillfindgloomybloodylinesinthem.Thatwasbecauseofwhat thecaptivatedprominentfiguresfromthosemixedbandsfollowed.Alsoitwasbecauseoftheir terribledeedswithwhichtheycorruptedthefieldoftheholywar(jihad).Someoftheirdeeds weretreason,discords,peakingpledges,plots,forgettingthereligion,andthelike.Sotherestof thefamilyofMuhammad,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,wereliabletotheirattacks.Wewill mentionsomeofthesetragicpicturesintheirappropriatenextsinthisbook. Conclusion Here,wehavetolistentowhatsoundsinthemindofpeoplewhentheystudythissorrowful presentationaboutthebandsofthearmyofalHasan,peacebeonhim.Theyask:"Whydidal Hasanpermitthesemixedbandstojoinhisarmy?Aftertheirjoininghisarmy,whywasheslowin purifyinghisarmyfromthem?Whydidhenotusethemethodsthatcommandersofarmiesuse

topurifytheirarmiessuchasdismissingcorruptmembers,censuringthem,andbanishingthem? ThesequestionsarethesecretofthematterofalHasan.Inresponsetothesequestions,wesay: 1.Islamhasabolishedclassesinjihadasithasabolishedtheminsocietythroughitslawsand regulations.SoitisunfairfortherulerstodifferentiateamongtheclassesofMuslimswhowantto besoldiers.ThatisbecausesuchsoldiersbelieveinIslamandareabletocarryweapons.Asfor thosemixedbandswhofollowedalHasan,theybelievedinIslamandwereabletocarryweapons. ThusitwasincumbentontheImamtoacceptthemaccordingtotheIslamiclaw. 2.TheProphethimself,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,and (110) suchgroupsafflictedtheCommanderofthefaithfulduringtheirbattles.Itisreportedontheir authoritythattheypermittedsuchsoldierstoentertheirarmiesthoughtheysufferedfromtheir disturbancesatbattlefields. ConcerningtheBattleofHunayn,thehistorianssaid:"SomeMuslimssawthelargenumberof theirarmy,sotheyadmiredit.Thentheysaidthatthesmallarmyoftheirenemywouldnot overcome.However,thearmyoftheMuslimswasmixed.Amongthem(theMuslims)weremany ofthosewhocameforbooty." TheeventsofthereturningoftheMuslimsfromthecampaignagainsttheBanualMustalaq indicatestheexistenceofsuchmixedbandsinthearmyoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimand hisfamily. Alsoconcerningthearmyof'Ali,peacebeonhim,thehistorianssaid:"Thearmyof'Aliat(the Battleof)Siffinhadmixedbands.Theybelongedtovarioustribesandcommunities.Theywere disobedientandopposing.Theydidnotyieldtoanycommand,nordidtheytakeanyadvice." Inhisbook(alMahasinwaalMasawi'),alBayhaqihasnarratedthefollowingontheauthorityof Mu'awiya,whosaid:"He(i.e.,'Ali),peacebeonhim,wasamongthemostwickedarmyandthe mostoneofthemindisagreement.I(i.e.,Mu'awiya)wasamongthemostobedientarmyandthe leastofthemindisagreement." I(theauthor)say:SoalHasanhadtofollowtheSunna(practice)ofhisgrandfatherandthatofhis father.Foritwasenoughforhimtofollowtheirexample.

AlHasanconformedtoIslamandfearofAllahineverymovementandsilence.Stilltheopponents ofalHasandidnotconformtotheseIslamicmanners.Wereitnotforthat(i.e.,alHasan'sfearof AllahandhisconformingtoIslam),youwouldfindthatthehistoryofthatperiodwouldbewritten inawaydifferentfromwhatyoureadtoday. 3.Nevertheless,alHasanrefusedtotreatthesituationthroughtheseways.Thecommandersof armiesusewaystopurifytheirarmiesfromcorruptpersons.Forexample,theykillthem,remove themfrom (111) office,scoldthem,andthelike.Forhedidnotwanttohastenthedisasterbeforeitstime,aswe havementionedinchapterfour.Besideshedidwanttobethedirectreasonforstirringup discords,declaringdisagreement,andraisingthebannerofdisobedience,atleast,inhalfofhis army.ThismeansthatalHasanintentionallywantedtolightthefireoftherevoltinthecoreofhis army.Alsothismeansthattheholywar(Jihad)wouldturnintoviolentinternalwar.IfalHasan hadtakensuchsteps,hewouldhaveachievedMu'awiya'shopes.Forthelatterdidhisbesttosow divisionbetweenalHasanandhiscompanions.ThusalHasanwasverycarefulofMu'awiya's tricks. Moreover,alHasan,peacebeonhim,hadnoopportunitytoreformthosemixedbandsofpeople andtounifytheirideas,forhistimewasshortandwasfullofvariousdisasters.Inotherwords,no one,exceptAllah(theGreatandAlmighty),wasabletoreformthatsituationatthattime.Thatis becausethemanners,thereligion,andtheinheritedbackgroundsofthecommunitywereinneed ofreformduringthatshorttime.Moreover,theopposingtrendsthatpoughtaboutvariouskinds oftemptationtothatgenerationpreventedalHasanfromreformingthemembersofhisarmy andunifyingtheirideas.ThusalHasanhadtotreatthesituationthroughtheambitions themselves.Thismeansthathehadtocuretheillnessthroughtheillness.However,hewasnot readytofollowsuchaway,forhetookthefearofAllahintoconsideration. Chapter9:'UbaydAllahIbn'Abbas

(113) 'UbaydAllahwasfullofeagernessforthewar.HewasindignantwithMu'awiya,forthelatterwas thereasonforthekillingofhistwosonsintheYemen.Sofromthedaywhen'UbaydAllah withdrewhisarmyfromDir'AbdalRahman,hewentonhearingthenewsofKufa.Heknewthat therewereShi'itepropagatorswhowentontheirlovablewayandincreasingactivity.Hehoped thattheShi'itepropagatorswouldhelphimthroughtheirmobilization. 'UbaydAllaharrivedatMaskan,thenextwherethetwofightingarmiesmet.Heheardofthe summonsoftheactiveskillfulShi'itepropagatorsinKufa.Heknewthatthesummonsmobilized somegroupsoffightersfromtheoutskirtsofKufaandalMada'in.Apartfromthis,heknewthat theywenttotheircampsthere. Also'UbaydAllahknewthattheenemymaneuvers,whichsomeKufanleadersheaded,aborted manyeffortsoftheShi'itegreatfiguresandhinderedthegeneralmobilization. Nowonder!Thesepiecesofnewsmade'UbaydAllahb.'Abbasangry.Theyfilledhisheartwith wrath.Thushewasindignantwiththepeople. 'UbaydAllah'sfightersweakenedhishope.Fortheyrefrainedfromsendingurgentaidsforhim. ThushehadtomakeuseoftheselessonsthattheconditionsofKufaimposedonhim,andto resorttohisforcestofacetheenemyforces.Fortheenemyforceswerereadytofightagainsthim facetoface.HeheardthattheywereatleastsixtythousandSyrianfighterswhowereknownfor theirblindobediencefortheirrulersandcommanders.'UbaydAllahwasindifferenttothelarge numberoftheenemy (114) forces.However,hewasverycarefulofthespiritualqualitiesofthetwoparties(i.e.,Mu'awiya's and'UbaydAllah'ssoldiers).Alsoheattachedgreatimportancetothemoraleofhisarmy.Forhe hadonlythisarmytomeethisenemy. Tomakeabalancebetweenhisarmyandthehostileenemy,'UbaydAllahthoughtaboutthe mixedbandsinhisarmy.Alsohethoughtabouthiswarthatwasinneedofmanyloyalstrong fighters.Sohewasverycarefulofthosemixedbands.Fortheyunderstoodnothingofjihad(holy war)exceptthatitwasmeansforbooty. 'UbaydAllahheadedforhiscampatMaskan.Hebecameverypessimistic.Thushispessimismhad

aneffectonthestepsthatfollowed. 'UbaydAllahfearedforthespiritsofhisarmy.Forthenewsoftheunsuccessfulmobilization spreadamongtheKufans.BesidesMu'awiya'stricksprevailedthem,fortheyweremeremixed groupsatMaskan.Thismeansthathehadnoconfidenceinhisforces,fortheyincludedsome persons.TheyspiedforMu'awiyatocorrupthisplan.ColdwarwasthebestofMu'awiya's weapons.Itwasnotonlyinthisfieldbutalsoinallfields. 'UbaydAllah'sideawasright. Suddenly,Mu'awiya'sfirstplotfounditswaytotheCampofMaskan.Atthatcamp,therewere mixedbands:someofthemwereloyalpersons;someofthemwerehypocrites;someofthem werethosewhopreferredrest(tojihad)andhopedthatthenewrumorwouldbetrue.Thenew rumorwasthat:"Indeed,alHasaniscorrespondingwithMu'awiyatomakepeace(withhim),so whydoyoukillyourselves?"[1] Itwasnotimportantfor'UbaydAllahandhisloyalcompanionstohearthatfalserumor,forthey knewthatalHasanwasgettingreadytowagewaragainstMu'awiyathroughsendingmessengers totheoutskirtsofKufa,andthroughhisorationsinKufa.Inotherwords,they knewthatalHasanwroteletterstoMu'awiyatowagewar [1]SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,15. (115) againsthim,nottomakepeacewithhimortogiveuphisidea. However,itwastheexcellenttrickoftheSatan(i.e.,Mu'awiya). TheloyalonesfromtheAnsar(theSupporters)summonedthepeopletobecalm.Theyasked themforatimetillthepostmanofalMada'inarrived.Stilltheirwordsweremerelyanechoina valleyorablowinash.InthiswayasorrowfuldisorderprevailedthefightersofalHasan,peace beonhim. Then'UbaydAllahbecameweaktowardsthewickedtrickthatmadeagapinthecriticalsituation. Sohewasalonewithhimselfathistentthatwasfarawayfromthenoiseofthepeople.He thoughtthatthisleadershipofhiswouldendangerhismilitarypositionverymuch,sohegot

excitedforhisreputation.Moreover,hewasindignantwiththewordsofthepeopleconcerning him.Thenherepentedofacceptingit(i.e.,theleadership).Amongtheattacksoftheangerinhis naturewasthathecursedtheconditionsthatopposedhimduringthismilitarymovementofhis. Alsohecursedtheconditionsthatmadehimleaderinthatfront.Thenheintrovertedbecauseof astateofworryandofselflove.Hedidnotknowwhattodo. Atlast'UbaydAllahthoughtthathehadtorenderhisresignation(thatwastheescapewhichhis utmostskillfulnessreached).Heyieldedtohisselfishtalentsonwhichhedependedwillinglyand intentionally. After'UbaydAllahhaddecidedtorenderhisresignation,hehadtoabandontheheadquarters, justastheImam(i.e.,alHasan)thought,ortohanditovertohissuccessorQaysb.Sa'db. 'AbbadaalAnsari. 'UbaydAllahwasstillathissplendidlargetent.Thetentwasfarawayfromthelargetents.Itwas theonlythingthatwitnessedthemutinyofthebetrayingleaderandheardhisindignantmumble andhisungratefulnessforthefavorshereceivedfromhiscousinsfortwogenerations.Beforehe lefthistent,hehadrealizedthattheconditionsoftheresignationfromacertainjobwouldnotbe completeintheIslamiclawbutthroughconfessingfeeblenessopenly.However,thismanwasnot readytosubjecthischaractertothescornofthepeople. (116) Sohecamebacktohimselfagaintofindtheescapethatwouldnotforcehimtosucha confession. AlsoMu'awiya'slettersurged'UbaydAllahtothinkaboutthosegreattemptationswheneverhe thoughttofindasolution.Itisworthmentioningthatheforgotthathehadreceivedtheseletters fromthepostmanwhospreadtheblackrumorathiscampinthemorning.Whenherecalled Mu'awiya'sletters,herememberedthebeautifuldreamcoatedwithgold.Stillthebitterfact annoyedhim.Sosuchadreamparalyzedhisthinkingandfeeling.Itpreventedhimfrom concludingtheideathatwasappropriateforhimasaHashimiteleader.Forhewassupposedto fightagainstthestrongestenemyoftheHashimitestowineithervictoryormartyrdom. 'UbaydAllahwasabletorenderhisresignationandtoconfessfeeblenesswithouthesitationand confusion.Throughthiswayhewouldbeabletoconcludeanexcuseforhisreputationand dignity.Thatisbecausethesecondleader(i.e.,Qaysb.Sa'd)wasunabletoassumetheleadership inthatcriticalcondition.

Besides'UbaydAllahwasabletoendurehisattitude,tothreatentherioters,andtotakeartificial stepstoshowbothviolenceandguidance.Hewasabletomaintainhisreligionandreputation throughtheseadministrativemeasures,whichhehadtomasterastheotherleadersmastered, throughpatience,andthroughwaitingforthefinalteachingsfromtheImam(i.e.,alHasan). 'UbaydAllah,whowasacommanderattheCampoftheImam,abandonedhisglorywhenhe bargainedwithMu'awiya'smessengersforthewageofthedefeat.Thusthisdeedofhiswas neitherglorynordignity! Mu'awiya'sletterto'UbaydAllahstroketherightnoteofthelatterwholovedgreatnessand priority.Inhisletterto'UbaydAllah,Mu'awiyasaid:"Indeed,alHasanwillbeforced[1]tomake peace(with [1]I(i.e.,theauthor)say:ThistextisclearinrefutingtherumorthatprevailedtheCampof Maskan,thatsaid:"Indeed,alHasanexchangedletterswithMu'awiyatomakepeacewithhim." (117) me),soitisbetterforyoutobefollowedthantobefollower."[1]He(Mu'awiya)limiteda thousanddirhamsfor'UbaydAllahintheletter.[2] Mu'awiyawasthemostdesirouspersoninmakinguseofthecriticalsituationsofhisenemies. Mu'awiyahadlimitlessbeliefinhumanlowliness.Hethoughtthatthemostrighteousofpeoplein ethics,thestrongestofthemindetermination,andthepurestoftheminvirtuemaybetempted bygreedandsubjectedbydesiresatanhourofweaknessthatovertooktheirselves,andatatime ofdoubtthatcontrolledthepeople.Hethoughtthatthebestpeopleandthesuperiorhuman beingswerenotsafefromthecalamitiesofdoubt."[3] ThefollowingaresomewordswithwhichtheCommanderofthefaithfulwarnedZiyadagainst Mu'awiya.Hesaidtohim:"Indeed,Mu'awiyaexploitsmanthroughhistwohands,throughhis back,throughhisright(hand),andthroughhisleft.Sobeware(ofhim),thenbeware(ofhim)."[4] InthiswaydisappointmentandgreedinessovercametheHashimiteyoungman(i.e.,'Ubayd Allah).Suddenly,hebecameamongthemostexposedtraitors. Soneitherthereligion,norlineage,nortribalism,northecloserelationtotheApostleofAllah, mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,andtohishighcommander(i.e.,alHasan),northecovenant withAllahonthedaywhenhewasthefirsttosummonthepeopletopledgeallegiancetoal

HasanatthemosqueofKufa,northefearofthewordsofthepeople,northewrathofhistory wereabletoprevent'UbaydAllahfromcomingtothatignobleend. 'UbaydAllahsoughtprotectionwithMu'awiyaatnight.He [1]IbnAbualHadid,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.15.2 [2]AlYa'qubi,Ta'rikh,vol.2,p.191.IbnAbualHadid,vol.4,p.15. [3]Al'Alamal'Arabi(Magazine,year11,no.2,p.30) [4]IbnalAthir,alKamilfialTa'rikh,vol.5,p.176. (118) followedthemannerofthedefeated,desertedpersonwhohimselfknewthegreatsinhe committed. Thenhistoryhasturnedawayfrom'UbaydAllahandhasnotmentionhimbutintheblacklist. Thatwastherewardofthetraitors.Fortheydugtheirgraveswiththeirhands,anddied intentionallybeforetheywereforcedtodie. Thedefeatof'UbaydAllahb.'Abbasat(thecampof)Maskancreatedanatmosphereofquick pessimism.TheeffectsofthispessimismwerenotonlyonMaskanbutalsoonalMada'in.Sohis defeatwasapainfuldisasterinthefullsenseoftheword. 'UbaydAllahwasresponsibleforthegradualsituationsthatfollowedhisdesertion.Thusheis condemnedbeforeAllahandhistory. Afterthedesertionofthefirstleader(i.e.,'UbaydAllah),Qaysb.Sa'db.'Abbadaassumedthe leadershipofthevanguard.Worthmentioning,Qayswasthelegalcommanderafter'Ubayd. Moreover,hehadexcellentqualities.Forexample,hehadapurefaith.Hewasknownforhis clevernessinthehistoryoftheArabs.Hehadaremarkablecharacterbecausehewasamongthe restoftheCompanions[1]of'Ali,peacebeonhim.Hegrewupaholyfighter(mujahid).Hewas righteousthroughouthislife.Hehatedweakfighters.Thushewasindignantwiththemwhenthey inclinedtodesiresandrefrainedfromcarryingoutthereligiousobligations.Whenheassumedthe leadershipoftheCampatMaskan,heroseamongtherestofthesoldiersandaddressedthem.In hisspeechhe [1]AlMas'udisaid:"Qaysb.Sa'dwasgreatinreligiousdevotion,religion,andinclinationto'Ali. HewasveryafraidofAllahandveryobedienttoHim.Onedayhewaspraying.Whenhefelldown inadoration,suddenly,therewasagreatspottedserpent.Hemovedhisheadfromtheserpent

andboweddownbesideit.However,theserpentencircledhisneck.Stillhedidnotshortenhis prayers,nordidhedecreaseanythingofthemtillhefinished(them).Thenhetooktheserpent andthrewitaway.He(i.e.,alMas'udi)said:"AlHasanb.'Alib.'AbdAllahb.alMughirab.al Mu'ammarb.KhalladreportedasimilarnarrationontheauthorityofAbualHasan,'Alib.Musa alRida."Qaysdiedintheyear85A.H. (119) condemnedhisdefeatedpredecessor(i.e.,'UbaydAllah).Hecensuredhimforhisshameful attitude.Thenhebegantorefreshthemoraleofhisarmy,whichthisviolentshockweakened. He(Qays)said:"Men,whatthisstrayingmanhasdoneshouldnotterrifyyou.Don'tregarditas great.Indeed,this(man),hisfather,andhispotherneverdidgoodsomeday.Indeed,hisfather, whowasthepaternaluncleoftheApostleofAllah,wentouttofightagainsthim(Allah'sApostle) (attheBattleof)Badr.SoAbualYusirKa'bb.'AmralAnsaricapturedhim.Hepoughthimbefore theApostleofAllah.SothelattertookhisransomanddivideditamongtheMuslims.(Imam)'Ali appointedhis(i.e.,'UbaydAllah's)potherasgovernoroverBasrah.Sohe('UbaydAllah'spother) stolehis('Ali's)andtheMuslim'smoney.Heboughtfemaleslavesforit,andclaimedthatitwas hisownlegalmoney.Imam('Ali)appointedthis(i.e.,'UbaydAllah)overtheYemen,buthe escapedfromBisrb.Artat.Helefthistwosonstobekilledthere.Now,hedidwhathehasdone. [1] Qayswasanexcellentorator.Thushemadeaneffectivespeechtomovethefeelingsofthe peopleagainst'UbaydAllahb.'Abbas.Sothepeopleshouted:"PraisebetoAllahwhopoughthim (i.e.,'UbaydAllah)outofus."[2] I(theauthor)say:Inthisway,experiencesarekeystoknowmen,astheArabicproverbsays. [1]AbualFarajalIsfahani,MaqatilalTalibiyyin,p.35. [2]Ibid. Chapter10:TheBeginningOfTheEnd (121)

"Qaysb.Sa'd'sletterarrived,forthefirsttime,toalHasan,peacebeonhim,informinghimthat theyhadstoppedMu'awiyaatavillagecalledalJinubiyaoppositeMaskan.ThenMu'awiyahad sentto'UbaydAllahb.'Abbas,urginghimtocometohimandofferinghimamilliondirhams,half ofwhichhewouldgivehimimmediately,andtheotherhalfonhisentryintoKufa.'UbaydAllah hadslippedawayinthenightwithhiscloseassociatesto(join)Mu'awiya'scamp.Inthemorning thepeoplefoundtheirleadermissing.Qaysb.Sa'dsaidtheprayerwiththemandtookchargeof theiraffairs."[1] Throughitsfirstparagraphs,thelettermakesusfeelthat'UbaydAllahdidnotsendalHasan letterswhentheformerandhisarmystoppedatMaskan.[2] I(theauthor)wonder:DoesthewithdrawalfromtheSupremeCommand(i.e.,alHasan)indicate premutiny?Ofcourse,wedonotknowexactlythetimethattook'UbaydAllahtoexchange letterswithMu'awiya,andthentojoinhiscamp. Thenewsfrom(theCampof)MaskancamesuccessivelybeforeandafterQays'letter."Badnews spreadquickly."SoalHasanheardthatthecloseassociateswerethepartnersof'UbaydAllahin drawingtheplanoftreason.Worthmentioning,Qayshasmentionedthesecloseassociatesinhis letter.Alsootherreferencebookshavecalledthem"thepeopleofhonorandofthehouses"or "theprominent [1]AlMufid,alIrshad,p.170. [2]ThatisbecausethefirstparagraphwasthefirstpieceofnewstoarrivetoalHasanwhenthey stoppedatMaskan.BesidestheletterwasfromQays,notfrom'UbaydAllah. (122) figuresandthepeopleofthehouses."Moreover,alHasanheardthatsomeoftheseclose associateshadescapedbefore'UbaydAllah.Somepiecesofnewswenttoextremes,sothey exaggeratedthespitestowards'UbaydAllahwhentheysaid:"Indeed,he(i.e.,'UbaydAllah) passedcarryingthebanner.[1] Thishostilemovementpreparedanatmosphereforanevilmutiny.Thisenemyatmosphere includedotherpartsofthearmy.Somanyfightersbecameactivetodesertit.Fortheythought thattherewasanadvantageinfollowingthepeopleofhonorandofthehouses.Alsothey thoughtthattheywouldhavelosttheadvantageiftheyhadfollowedthem. Moreover,Mu'awiyadidhisbesttoprovokethismutiny,toactivateit,andtospreadit.Hewas

awareoftheselvesofthechildrenofthecowardlyfamilies.Forluxuryovercamethem,and luxuriantcomfortmadethemforgettheirstubborntribalism.Hewentonmakingtheirhearts inclinetowardshim.Toachievethat,hemadeuseofalltricks.Intheendhewassuccessfulin degradingtheirglorythroughmaterialinterests.Noteworthy,thesematerialinterestsfascinated theircommandersothathechosethatshamefulattitude. Inthisway"ThecompanionsofalHasan,whomhesentwith'UbaydAllah,beganslippingawayto joinMu'awiya'scamp.Ofcourse,theywerethegreatfigureswhobelongedtothepeopleofthe houses"andtheirfollowers. ThenumberofthosewhodesertedfromjihadandbetrayedAllah,HisApostle,andthegrandson oftheApostleofAllahincreasedtoeightthousanddeserters. Inhisbook'Ta'rikh',Ahmadb.Ya'qubhastoldus:"He(i.e.,Mu'awiya)sentto'UbaydAllahb. 'Abbasandofferedhimamilliondirhams.So'UbaydAllahwitheightthousandfightersjoined(the campof)Mu'awiya.ThenQaysb.Sa'drenextdhim."[2] Yes,(theywere)eightthousandfightersoftwelvethousand [1]AlMajlisi,BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.114. [2]AlYa'qubi,Ta'rikh,vol.2,p.191.RoudatalShuhada',p.115. (123) fighters. ItwasanawfulgapthatoccurredinthearmyofalHasan.ItmadealHasan'sarmyunabletoresist sixtythousandfightersfromthestrongenemies.Rather,itwasaterribleplotthatpavedtheway tothatdisastertohappen. So'UbaydAllahisresponsibleforthatdisasterbeforeAllahandhistory. Thesemenwerehastytocreatethatdiscord.Theythoughtthatiftheyhaddoneasthepaternal cousinofalHasanhaddone,noonewouldhaveblamedthem.Theyagreedonthisparalyzedidea tojustifytheirdeedbeforethepeople.However,thepeopledidnotthinkabouttheirdefeatbut throughitsframecoatedwithgold,namelyMu'awiya'sfalsegold.Thentheyknewnothingabout thegloryofthepeopleofthehousesbutthattheypokethecovenanttheymadewithAllahand thattheysoldthereligionforthelifeinthisworld.

ThepeoplewhodesertedalHasanwerefullyawareofhisoutstandingmerits.Stilltheytriedto exploithimtoachievetheirdesiresinthisworld,butherefusedthat. Apartfromthis,whenthepeopledesertedalHasanandjoinedthecampofMu'awiya,theyhad noconfidenceinMu'awiya'spromises.Fortheyknewhisattitudetowardsthemwhenheentered Kufaandpokehispromise.Alsotheyknewhissocialrank. Therefore,thepeopleturnedawayfromalHasananddesertedhim.Nevertheless,theylovedhim andhadnoknowledgeofhim.InthemeantimetheyhatedMu'awiyaandmistrustedhim.Thus therewereothermotivesthatmadesuchakindofdeceivedpeoplecommitthatevildeedopenly. Wethinkthattheopposingleadersplanedthoseplotstosavethemselvesfromthefuture punishmentswhentheauthoritywouldbemovedfromSham(Syria)toKufa.Besides,theywere afraidofthewidemeasureswhichtheImamtooktosummontheIslamiccountriestotakepartin jihad.AlsotheywereafraidoftheactiveShi'awhovolunteeredtosupportthissummons.All thesefactorscreatedfearintherestlesspersonsfromthetraitorsandthefollowedleaders.They (124) madethemcarefulofalHasanbecauseoftheirmaneuversandmovementsagainsttheircampin Kufa.SotheythoughtthatitwouldbebetterforthemtodesertalHasantogetridoftheirfear. Thustheycommittedvariousactsofsabotageagainsttheforcesofthepartyofwhichtheywere afraid.Moreover,carryingouttheplanatashorttimeandinawiderangeindicatesthatthe desertionofthepeoplewasbecauseofaplotmanypeopledesigned. Tounderstandthetragedyofthedefeatthroughthisexplanationisnearertorealitythanthatof thosewhoreportedtheeventsfromthefriendsandtheenemies. ThisexplanationdoesnotmeanthatMu'awiyadidnotpromiseanyoneordidnotpibeanyleader. Rather,hewasgenerousinpromisesinawaythathebewilderedthem.Forexample,hegaveone leaderamilliondirhamssothathewasabletobuyhisreligionandhisdignity. However,whatdrawstheattentionisthattheeventsofthedefeatarenotattributedtoanyone otherthan'UbaydAllah,theleaderofthevanguardatMaskan.Forhetookacertainamountof moneyfromMu'awiyatodesertalHasan. I(theauthor)wonder:WhyweretheotherleaderssatisfiedwithMu'awiya'spromisesinsteadof hismoney?Didn'tthefearwhichwehavementionedcreatethespiritofthedefeatinthose

leadersandmakethemsatisfiedwithpromises? Fearhaspoweroverselves,especiallytheselvesofluxuriouspeople.Sonowonderwhenfear movestheideaoftreasonintheselvesofthechildrenoftheprominenthouses.Moreover,the temptationsofSham(Syria)ignitedthisideainthatenvironmentthatwasfarawayfromAllah andseverejustice. Inthisway,eachgroupofthearmydisclosedclearlyitshiddenpurposes.Inotherwordstheirpre Islamictribalismandtheirworldlydesirescausedthedangerousresultsofthatattitude. Theambitionsexposedtheoffensesofthosewhodidnotjointhisarmybuttotakepartinbooty throughthewayoftreason.Foritwasaneasyway.Besidestheythoughtthattheywouldnot obtainbootyin (125) apeacefulway.Rather,theythoughtthattheywouldobtainitwhentheirheartswerefulloffear oftheclashingoftheswords. Theyabandonedthiswayandchosethelowestleveloftheirluckbecausetheypoketheir covenantwithAllahwhosaid:"Surelythosewhopledgeallegiancetoyoudobutpledge allegiancetoAllah,thehandofAllahisabovetheirhands.Thereforewhoeverpeaks(hispledge), hepeaksitonlytotheinjuryofhisownsoul,andwhoeverfulfillswhathehaspledgewithAllah, Hewillgranthimamightyreward."[1] NooneabandonedhisImamandsoughtprotectionwiththeaggressorsbutthoseeviloneswho wereweakintheirreligionandrestlessintheirlifeinthisworld.ThusMu'awiya'scampwas worthyofsuchweakrestlesspeople. Thedisasterdistinguishedthosewhostayedpavelyattheirnextsclungtothedoctrineof resistance,andlookedfornoescapefromit.Indeed,theyresistedforcertaindeath.[2]They waitedfordeathwithhappinessandtranquilitytodefendthesonofthedaughteroftheApostle ofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,andtofulfilltheirpledgeofallegiancetoAllah. AlHasanhadoutstandingqualitiessuchasnobleorigin,goodintention,solidbody,andthe worthinessinlife.Thusheresistedhardships,endureddisasters,gotreadytoendurepains,and offeredsacrifices. ThenewsofthosefearfuldisastersatMaskanhadbadeffectsonthemembersoftheotherarmy

atalMada'in,foritwasexaggerated.Inthisarmy,thereweremanyrabblepersonswhobelonged tothosemixedbands.AlsointhisarmywereloyalpeoplebelongingtoHashim,Rabi'a,and Hamadan.Thelattergroupofpeopleresistedthatviolentshockthatwasabouttoprevailthe camp. [1]Qur'an,48,10. [2]Inhisbook,vol.4,p.19,IbnKathirsaid:"Abual'Arifsaid:Whenwewereinthevanguardof alHasanatMaskan,wemadedesperateeffortstofightagainsttheSyrians." (126) AsforalHasanhimself,hefacedthosedisturbanceswithhope,forhehadastrongheartandan immortalself.Hethoughtthatthefailureduringacertainnextoracertaintimedidnotmean deprivationofsuccessthatwouldaccompanyhisdoctrinesoonerorlater.ThiswasalHasan's intention,namelyhewasindifferenttosuccessorfailure.Inthemeantime,hewantedtocarry outhisobligationtopleaseAllah. AlHasanwasfullofactivity.Thushewasabletoleadhisholywar(jihad)andhisarmy. Meanwhilehewasawareofthediscordthatbegangrowingincreasinglybeforehimbecauseof thosesuccessiveevents.Nooneheardhimsayingawordshowinghisanger,hisconcernabout thatseriousdisaster,hispessimism,andhiswrathwiththeattitude.However,hesaidmany wordstoteachhisfollowerstoconformtotherulesofjihad(holywar)inIslam. AlHasan,peacebeonhim,turnedtoKufa.Herememberedthehardshipswhichhisfatherhad facedbefore.Hisfather(i.e.,Imam'Ali)foughtforthegloryofKufa,andfoundeditshighoblong entity.SoitbecamethegreatestcityintheIslamicworld.Forallcivilizationsmetinit,andall nationscametoit.Kufaachieveditsculturalandcommercialintereststhroughhercooperation withmostoftheknowncountriesatthattime.KufawaseverythinginalHasan'spolicy.Itwasthe greatestreservewhichhesavedfortheblackdays,red(bloody)events,andvariousmisfortunes whichthenightspouredonhimatthattimeofhis.Hesatwithhimself.Heconsideredhis previousdeedsforKufaandthepreviousdeedsofKufatowardshim.Herecalledthecrowdofthe peoplewhocametheretopledgeallegiancetohim,andtosupporthim.Herememberedtheir agreementonhisconditiononthedaywhentheypledgedallegiancetohim.Herememberedthe conditionthattheyshouldlistenandobey,andthattheyshouldfightagainsthimwhomhefights againstandshouldmakepeacewithhimwhomhemadepeacewith. ThenalHasan,peacebeonhim,reviewedtheeventsofMaskan,andtheshakypositionofthe majorityofhisarmiesfromtheKufans.Thenhereviewedtheirturningawayfromfighting,their incliningtowardsdeserting,theirbeingdeceivedbythetemptations,theiropenmutiny,andtheir

peakingthecovenantstheymadewithAllah. (127) AlHasanwasdispleasedwiththosepeople.Fortheyhadbadqualitiessuchaslowliness, corruptioninthereligion,andimpudentmanners.Moreover,agroupofthemclaimedIslam,read theQur'an,believedapparentlyintheProphetandaskedAllahtoblesshimandhisfamilyfive timesadayduringitsfiveprayers.StillthisgroupofpeopledesertedthefamilyoftheProphet, pokethepledgestheymadewithAllah.Thusitdrewonitselfthedisgraceofhistory.Nevertheless itwasindifferenttothat. They(i.e.,theKufans)thoughtthatMu'awiyawouldguardthemagainstdeathandpoverty.No, byAllah,therewasnoescapefromdeath,norwerethepibesofMu'awiyamoreusefulthanthe lawfullivelihoodAllahpredeterminedfortheminthislife.InthiswayMu'awiyawasabletogoup onthepulpitinKufatopeakhispromisesand"toputthatallunderhisfeet."[1]Therewas nothingbuthishabitwhichhisambitionforvictorywitheverymeansimposedonhim,sohewas veryeagertotakethereinsofauthority.IwishIknewwherethosepeopleescapedfrompoverty whichtheytriedtoavoidthroughescapingfromtheirlegalImam.Thatwasonthedaywhenthey weresureofthepersistenceofMu'awiyaonpeakinghispromisesandhiscovenants.Ofcourse, theywerecertainofthat.IwishIknewwheretheyescapedfromdeathofwhichtheywereafraid throughwagingholywar(jihad)alongsidethesonofthedaughteroftheirProphet,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily.Stilldeathwouldovertakethem"eveniftheywereinloftytowers." Deathwouldreachthemwhiletheyhadnothingofboththeirreligionandtheirlifeinthisworld. TheydidnotputintoeffectthepledgestheymadewithAllah,nordidtheyobtainMu'awiya's pibes.TheydiedinawaysimilartothatoftheirgrandfatherswhodiedbeforeIslam.Thenthey willenterHell.Howbadthisconsequenceis!Inthisconnection,Badi'alZamanalHamadani(a poet)said: WoeuntohimwhoturnedhisbacktotheBook [1]Mosthistoricalbookshavementionedthisdeclaration.Alsob.Qutaybahas,mentioneditin hisbook(Ta'rikhalKhulafa'waDawlatbaniUmayya,p.151.Egypt) (128) And(put)thelifeinthisworldbeforehim. Heshouldgnashthetoothofregret Onthedaywhenregretwillbeuseless. Heshouldknowthattheevilrestofenmity

Growsoutofenmity. Whatacurseencircledtheirnecks Liketheringofthedove! TheKufansatMaskancommittedthegreatestsinwhentheyfollowedthosewholedthe traitorousmovementduringitsfirststeps.Namely,fromthedaywhentheycommittedthoseevil deedsthroughtheirmixedbandsandtheirletters(toMu'awiya). WhenalHasan,peacebeonhim,wasinalMada'in,hesawsomepersonsfrom"theprominent figuresandthechildrenofthehouses"inthearmyofMaskan.Hesometimesknewthemthrough theirwordsandsometimesthroughtheirdeeds.TheydidnotwithdrawfromalHasanandhis groupinKufa,buttheywithdrewfromhisloveandfromloyaltytohisaimsthroughwhattheyhad hidden.Itisworthmentioningthat,nothingofwhattheyhadhiddenslippedfromalHasan's memory,nordidanythingthattheypracticedduringtheirmaneuversescapehim,forheknew thatwhenhetestedtheirintentions.Whentheycommunicatedwithhim,theyaffectedthe religiontouseitasameansfortheirlifeinthisworld.Alsotheythoughtthattheyhadmastered usingthemeans. However,whentheyknewtheirerrors,theybegandoingtheirevildeeds.Theycamebacktotheir pasttimewhentheydidtheiryellowcajoleandtheirblackdesertion.Theypracticedtheirtricks whichtheymadeduringthelifetimeofalHasan'sfather,theCommanderofthefaithful,peacebe onhim,inKufa.ThatwasonthedaywhenalHasan'sfatherwastiredoflifebecauseoftheir friendshipwithhim.Sohelongedfordeathopenlytoseparatehimselffromthem. AlHasanb.'Ali,peacebeonthem,knewwithouthesitationthatthisgroupitselfwasthefingers (agents)whomMu'awiyausedtoravagethefatesofhisarmyatMaskanandtoencouragemany people (129) tojoinMu'awiya'scamp.ForMu'awiyawasabletodeceivesuchagroupofpeoplewithhis fascinatingvariouspibestotheextentthathewrotetosomeofthem:"I'llmarryyoutooneofmy daughters." TheprominentqualityinMu'awiyawasthatheseizedtheappropriateopportunitiesduringthe criticalsituationsofhisopponents.Hehimselfwasveryskillfulatmakingthosecriticalsituations totakeadvantageoftheiropportunities.Thiswashistalentwithwhichhefascinatedtheintellect ofthosewhoadmiredhim,andwithwhichhebecameveryskillful.Sohistoriansthinkthathewas clever,andexperiencedinpoliticsandthearmy.

WhenwestudyMu'awiya'slife,weconcludethathewasafighteragainsttheApostleofAllah, mayAllahblesshimandhisfamilyattheBattleofBadr.[1]Hewasamongtheprisonerswhowere releasedonthedaywhenMeccawasconquered.Hewasapauper.[2]Hehadnomoney.Heran barefootedwithoutsandalsundertheridingcamelsof'Alqamab.WailalHadrami[3]inMedina. 'Umarand'UthmanappointedhimagovernoroverSham(Syria)fortwentyyears.Thenhefought againstImam'AliandhissonalHasan,peacebeonthem,forfouryears.Moreover,heclaimed thesuccession(Khilafa)aftertheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whilehe contradictedintentionallytheProphet'spractices.Mu'awiyasaid:"ByAllah,Ihaveobtainedall thingspeopleobtainedfromthisworld."[4]I(theauthor)say:IfwestudyMu'awiya'smany attempts,wewillnotadmitallthetraitswhichhavebeenattributedtohim. Besidesthesetraitsindicatethatheseizedtheopportunitieswhethertheywerebeforeorafter Islam. [1]InalFihrast,p.249,IbnalNadimsaid:"Hishamb.alHakamwasaskedaboutMu'awiya:'Did hetakepartattheBattleofBadr?''Yes,fromthatside',repliedHisham.'" [2]AlDimyari,HayatalHayawan,vol.1,p.59.He(i.e.,alDimyari)said:"Awomanaskedthe adviceoftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,tomarryhim(i.e.,Mu'awiya).Sothe Prophetsaid:'Heisapauperwithnomoney.'" [3]AlBayhaqi,alMahasanwaalMasawi',vol.1pp.20910. [4]Ibid. (130) Itisnotanactofcleverness,norisanactofpolicytoobtainaimsthroughunsatisfactorywaysor toobtainthemthroughanopendeviation(fromthetruth)whichnocustomaccept,nordoes religionconfess.StillMu'awiyawentonclaimingthathewastheheadofthedefendersofthe religionandthechiefofthecaretakersoftraditions. Hewhosepainisfullofcontradictorythingsisnotclever.Itisnotanactofclevernesstokillthe innocent,toabusethemeverywhere,topeakcovenants,andtoviolateoath. Indeed,noneofthesequalitiesisanactofcleverness,norisanactofthepolicyoftheking. Rather,thesetraitsareprimitivewaysintheworldofhostilities.Theremaybeanopposinglower personwhocandotheugliestthingtopunishhisopponentsseverely.Isn'tsuchapersoncleverer thanMu'awiya? I(theauthor)wonder:Isirregularcunningcleverness?

IfMu'awiyahadbeencleverduetohisabominabledeeds,thenhissonYazidwouldhavebeen clevererthanhim,forthelatterusedbetterwaystoobtainhisobjectivesthanthatoftheformer. Now,thesearesomeexamplesofMu'awiya'sshortcomings:theByzantinespleasedhimwith money.HemadearecklessspeechwhenheenteredKufa.HekilledmanyMuslimsattheBattleof alFatir.Theywerefromthemartyrsofthemeadow(Mary)of'Adhra'.Apartfromthis,thereare otherexamples,butwedonotwanttomentionthemhere. TotreatwithjusticethosewhoadmireMu'awiya'scleverness,wewillmentiononeofhis attitudesthroughwhichhepavedthewayforhisfuture,andthenheusedpretextstoconvince thepeople.Thatwastheveiledattitudewhichheadoptedtohelp'Uthmanwhenthepeople removedthelatterfromtheCaliphateandkilledhim. Mu'awiyausedthekillingof'Uthmanasapretext.Thushewonsupportersfromthe'Uthmanis. Fortheyacceptedtheexcuseheofferedforbetraying[1]Uthmanduringhislifetime.Thenthese [1]Wefindthedeclarationaboutthishistoricalfactinmanymattersrelatedtoitsuchasthe traditionsofthosewholivedduringthishistoricalfact,their Chapter10:TheBeginningOfTheEnd (131) supportersvolunteeredtobesoldiersforMu'awiyatosupport'Uthmanwhenthelatterdied. Namely,Mu'awiyawantedtowinavictorywiththemwhiletheydidnotknow. SoMu'awiyareinforcedhisweakfrontwiththisstupidgroupof orationsandtheirpoems.InthisconnectionShibthb.Rib'isaidtoMu'awiya:"Indeed,byAllah, whatyouhideandwhatyourequestarewellknownforus.Indeed,youhavefoundnothingto temptthepeople,maketheirheartsinclinetowardsyou,andmakethemobeyyou,butthese wordsofyou:YourImam(i.e.,'Uthman)waskilledwhilehewaswronged.Soweavengedhis blood.Sosomerabblefoolishpersonsrespondedtothat.Moreover,wehaveknownthatyou wereslowtohelphimandwantedhimtobekilledforthispositionwhichyouclaim.Maybethere

isapersonwhowishesforathingandrequestsit,butAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,preventshim fromachievingit.Thewishermaybegivenhiswishandmorethanit.However,byAllah,youhave nogoodinoneofthem.Thenifyoumisswhatyouhope,youwillbetheworstofallArabsinthat. Ifyouhit(obtain)whatyouhope,youwillnothitittillyouareworthyoftheburningofthefire yourLordhavecreated.Therefore,Mu'awiya,fearAllah,leaveyouridea,anddonotdisputewith thosewhoareappropriateforauthority."AlTabari,Ta'rikh,vol.5,p.243. Ibn'AsakirhasreportedthefollowingontheauthorityofAbualTufayl,'Amirb.Wathila,who cametoMu'awiyaandsaidtohim:"Whatpreventedyoufromhelping'Uthmanwhenthe Muhajrin(emigrants)andtheAnsar(supporters)didnothelphim?""Indeed,hisrightwas incumbentonthemtohelphim,"repliedMu'awiya."Commanderofthefaithful,whatprevented youfromhelpinghim,whiletheSyrianswerewithyou?"askedAbualTufayl"Wasn'tmyavenge tohisbloodahelpforhim?"askedMu'awiya.SoAbualTufaylsmiledandsaid:"Youand'Uthman areasthepoetsaid: Idonotfindyouweepovermeafterdeath. Whileyoudonotsupplymewithprovisionsinmylifetime." AlMas'udireportedwhatIbn'Asakirnarrated,thenhementionedAbualTufayl'sanswerto Mu'awiya:"Whatpreventedyoupreventedme.Youwaitedforamisfortunetohithim,whileyou wereinSham(Syria)." AlBaladhurisaid:"When'UthmancalledMu'awiyaforhelp,thelatterwasslowtoanswerthe former.Atthattime,Mu'awiyapromised'Uthman.Whenthesiegebecameintenseagainst 'Uthman,Mu'awiyasenthimYazidb.AsadalQushayryandsaidtohim(i.e.,Yazid):"Whenyou arriveatDhiKhashab,stayatit.Donotsaythattheeyewitnessseeswhattheabsenteedoesnot see,forIamtheeyewitnessandyouaretheabsentee."Theysaid:"SoYazidb.AsadalQushayry stayedatDhiKhashabtillthepeoplekilled'Uthman.ThenMu'awiyasentforYazid." (132) people.Thatwaswhenhefoughtagainst'Ali,peacebeonhim. InthismannerMu'awiyashowedhismilitarydeedsinhistory. Mu'awiyawasnotamilitarymaninthefullsenseoftheword.Hedidnottakecareofdrawing plansandleadingthebattles.Hewasnotamilitarymanatthetimeofpaveryandhorsemanship. Namely,hedidnotshowthesetwoqualitieswhenhewassummonedtofightagainstapaveman ortoclashwithahorseman.

TheCommanderofthefaithful(i.e.,Imam'Ali),peacebeonhim,summonedMu'awiyatofight againsthim,butthelatterrefusedasthecowardlyonesdid.[1] [1]Inhisbook(alMahasinwaalMasawi',vol.I,p.37),alBayhaqisaid:"WhentheBattleofSiffin occurred,theCommanderofthefaithful(i.e.,Imam'Ali)wrotetoMu'awiyab.AbuSufyan:'Why arethepeoplekilledbetweenus'?Duelwithme.Ifyoukilledme,thenyouwouldgetridofme.If Ikilledyou,thenIwouldgetridofyou'.So'Amrub.al'AssaidtoMu'awiya:'Theman(i.e.,the Commanderofthefaithful)hastreatedyouwithjustice,duelwithhim.'Mu'awiyasaid:'No,b.al 'As.Youwantmetoduelwithhimtokillme,andyoutakethereinsoftheCaliphateafterme!The Qurayshhaveknownthatb.AbuTalibistheirmasterandtheirlion.'" AlsoalBayhaqi(p.38)said:"OntheauthorityofalSha'bi,whosaidthat'Amrub.al'Ascameto Mu'awiyawhenthereweresomepeoplesittingwithhim.WhenMu'awiyasaw'Amrub.al'As comingforwardhim,hesmiled.So'Amrusaidtohim:'Commanderofthefaithful,mayAllahmake yourtoothsmileandmakeyouhappy,whathasmadeyousmile?'SoMu'awiyareplied:'The BattleofSiffinhascometomymind.Ihaverememberedthedaywhenyoufoughtagainstthe Iraqis,then'Alib.AbuTalibattackedyou.'Thenhewasabouttokillyou,youthrewyourselfoff yourcamelandshowedyourgenitals!Howdidthatcometoyourmindatthattime'?Indeed,by Allah,youfoughtagainstaHashimiteManafi(person).Ifhehadwilledtokillyou,hewouldhave donethat.'Then'Amrusaid:'Mu'awiya,ifmyaffairhasmadeyoulaugh,thenlaughatyourself. Indeed,byAllah,ifapartofyourfacehadappeared,hewouldhavehurtyoureye,orphanedyour family,madeyourpropertyplunder,andseparatedyourauthority.However,youguardedagainst himwiththemeninwhosehandswerespears.Surely,Isawyouonthedaywhenhe('Ali) summonedyoutoduelwithhim,soyoubecamecrosseyed,thecornerofyourmouthfoamed, yournostrilsspreadout,yourforeheadoozedsweat,andsomeofyourlowerpart,whichIhateto mention,appeared'.ThenMu'awiyasaid:'Thatisenough!Wedonotwantallthis.'" (133) Yes,Mu'awiyahadatalent,butitwasatalimitednext.Hehadgenerositybutitwasofaunique kind.Hehadahobbythathadapowerfulcontroloverhislife. Asforhistalent,ithelpedhimseizetheopportunitiesduringthecriticalsituationsofthepeople. Asforhishobby,ithelpedhimusurpauthority.Asforhisgenerosity,itdidnothelphimtakethe hereafterintoconsideration. PerhapsMu'awiyaknewthathewasunlikethemilitarymanwhofoughtpavelyforIslam.Forthis reason,hechosetofightagainsttheIraqisaccordingtohistalentthatorderedhimtopreferthe warofdiscordstothewarofweapons.

TheexperiencesMu'awiyagotduringtheBattleofSiffinconvincedhimverymuchtoadoptthis choice(ofdiscords). Atthatbattle,Mu'awiyagotreadytorunawayonthebackofhishorse,butheadoptedtheearly ideawhichhisgreatadviser,'Amrb.al'As,suggested.Accordingly,widerangediscordbefellthe Muslimsandcausedvariouskindsofhardshipsanddisastersforthem. InMu'awiya'sopinion,thediscordwasthebestwaytoachievesuccess.Itwas,accordingto Mu'awiya'sexperiences,strongerthantheweapon.Sohedependedonitwheneverhefaced criticalsituationshecreatedonvariousoccasions. Throughthediscord,Mu'awiyasucceededinfoundingagreatpeerlessorganofgovernment.He createdthatdiscordthroughthegreatwealthwithwhichSham(Syria)suppliedhimthroughout twofulldecadesofyears,andthroughhiswickedcompanionssuchasalMughirab.Shu'baand 'Amrb.al'As.Itisworthmentioning,that'Amrb. AlMas'udihasnarratedthistradition.(SeeHamishb.alAthir,vol.6,p.91.)Hestartedthis traditionwiththefollowingwordsof'Amrb.al'AstoMu'awiya:"WereitnotforEgyptandher authority,Iwouldescapefromher,forIhaveknownthat'Alib.AbuTalibwasright,andIhave opposedhim.'ThenMu'awiyasaid:'ByAllah,Egypthasmadeyoublind.WereitnotforEgypt,I wouldfindyouendowedwitheyesight'.ThenMu'awiyalaughedverymuch.'Amrb.al'Assaid: 'Whyareyoulaughing?'Iamlaughingatthepresenceofyourmindonthedaywhenyoudueled with'Ali.'" (134) al'Aswasthemostdangerouspersoninsowingdiscords.Itwashewho"scratchedanulcerand rippeditopen." Apartfromthesetwopersons,Mu'awiyaaddedZiyadb.'UbaydalRumi[1]tohim.Hetookhim fromtheCampofalHasan,peacebe [1]ZiyadwasthegovernorofalHasanb.'Ali,peacebeonhim,overadistrictfromPersia(Iran). HeruledthedistrictfromthetimeofalHasan'sfather.'AbdAllahb.'Abbassenthimtherewhen theformerwasthegovernorofBasrah. Mu'awiyawrotetoZiyadtothreatenhim.Atthenextofhiswork,inPersia,Ziyaddelivereda speechinwhichheabusedMu'awiyaanddescribedhimas"thesonofthewomanwhoatthe

livers,thecaveofhypocrisy,andtherestoftheallies(ahzab)."ZiyadthreatenedMu'awiyawith thetwograndsonsoftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Atthattimehewas amongtheirfollowers(Shi'a)andtheirMuslimsoldiers.Youwillfindthetextofthespeechin chapter'theNumberoftheArmy'inthisbook. AsforthematteroftheadditionofZiyadtohim,itisinpiefAbuSufyan(Mu'awiya'sfather) committedadulterywithanadulteresscalledSumayya,whobelongedtothegreatfiguresinWif. ShewaspayingthetaxtoalHarthb.KiliddaalThaqafi.SoshegavebirthtoZiyad.Mu'awiya acceptedthetestimonyofbothb.Asma'alHarmaziandAbuMariyamalYJrammaralSiluli,the twoprocurersofthisadulteress.Accordingly,Mu'awiyaaddedZiyadaslegalpothertohim, though'AbdAllahb.'Amir(Mu'awiya'ssoninlaw)intendedtopingsomepersonstoswearby AllahthatAbuSufyanhadnotseenSumayya.ThenJuwayriya,thedaughterofAbuSufyan, showedherhairtoZiyadandsaidtohim:"Youaremypother.AbuMaryamhastoldmeabout that."Concerninghisfirstfatheronwhosebedhewasborn,whomheexchangedforAbuSufyan, Ziyadsaid:"Ubaydwasnotbutathankedfather,thenhecamedown."Thatwasintheyear41 A.H.,accordingtothemostcorrectnarration.Ziyad'sfatherwasaRomanslavecalled'Ubayd.Al Harthb.KiliddaalThaqafipossessedhim. ThepeopleregardedtheeventoftheadditionofZiyadtoMu'awiyaasthegreatestprofligacy thattooknextopenlyinIslam.IbnalAthirsaid:"TheadditionofZiyad(toAbuSufyan)wasthe firstthingwithwhichtheIslamiclawwasopenlyviolated,fortheApostleofAllah,mayAllahbless himandhisfamily,decidedthatthechildwasforbedandstoningwasfortheprostitute. However,Mu'awiyadecidedcontrarytothat,accordingtothepreIslamiclaws.Allah,the Exalted,says:'IsitthenthejudgmentofthepreIslamictimesthattheydesire?Andwhoisbetter thanAllahtojudgeforapeoplewhoaresure'? (135) onhim,intheexposedwayinhistory.ThesewerethethreefearfulpersonsofMu'awiya.Itwas theywhocauseddiscordsamongthepeople,shooktheworld,andconfusedIslam.Atlast,the discord,initsgeneralsense,wasthetalentofMu'awiya,forwhichnopilliantpersoncompeted withhim. Accordingtothisrule,Mu'awiyadevelopedhiswaragainstalHasanbyusingdiscords. WhenMu'awiyagatheredhisfightersontheIraqiborders,hedidnotwanttofightagainstthem; ratherhewasafraidthathisopponentswouldsurprisehim.Moreover,hewantedtofightagainst theminfieldsotherthanthoseofwar.

Mu'awiyadidnotrevealthissecretofhisbutforflatterandwhitewash.Throughthesetwo qualitieshetriedtodenotethatheinclinedtothepublicinterestsandtofearfortheaffairsofthe people.Sowhenhelookedatthearmiesofthetwopartiesduringhisattitude ZiyadknewthattheArabsdidnotrecognizethatlineage,fortheyknewhisreallineageandthe reasonsforhisaddition(toAbuSufyan).Accordingly,hewroteabookandcalledit'alMathalib'. Inthebook,heattributedalldefectstotheArabstoshowhisrecklessracism. ItwaspredestinedtoZiyadtoruleoverKufaafterthedeathofitsfirstUmayyadgovernor(al Mughirab.Shu'baalThaqafi),soheturneditintoaburningfireandlastingconvulsion. Inhisbook(Ta'rikh,vol.6,p.123.),alTabarisaid:"WhenZiyadcametoKufa,hesaid(tothe Kufans):'IhavecometoyoucarryinganorderwhichIhadnotaskedbutforyou.'TheKufanssaid: 'Summonustowhateveryouwant.'Hesaid:'AddmylineagetoMu'awiya'.'Itisimpossibleforus tobearafalsewitness'saidtheKufans.HewasthefirsttorulebothKufaandBasrah.Hewasthe firstpersonbeforewhomthesoldierswalkedcarryingbayonetsandspears.Hewasthefirstto appointguards.WhenhewasawayfromKufaandBasrah,heappointedSamrab.Jundubashis successoroverBasrahand'Amrb.HuraythoverKufa.WhenhecamebacktoBasrahaftersix months,hefoundthatSamrahadkilledeightthousandpersons.(Allofthemgatheredthe Qur'an)." Ziyaddiedintheyear53A.H.The'AbbasidMahditookthereinsofauthorityintheyear15A.H. Thenheorderedthisaddition(ofZiyadtoAbuSufyan)tobeabolished,andorderedthefamilyof ZiyadtobetakenoutoftheDivanofQurayshandoftheArabs.InthiswayZiyadwasagain attributedtohisfather,theRomanslave." (136) towardsalHasan,hesaid:"Indeed,iftheseandthosearekilled,thenwhowilltakecareofthe affairsofthepeople."[1]Alsohesaid:"Thesmallaffairturnsawaythebigaffair."[2] WethinkthatMu'awiyausedthisorthatmeanstoavoidtheresultsofwarofweapons.Forhe thoughtthatiftheIraqishadbeentruthfulinfighting.He,accordingtothispossibility,hadno knowledgeoftheattitudeoftheKufansduringtheirreadinesstofightalongsidealHasan.Inother words,heimaginedtheunrealresultsoftheShi'itesummonstofighting. Mu'awiyahesitatedaboutwhethertostartwar.Forhethoughtthathehadtoavoidcreatinga scandalintheIslamicworldthroughfightingagainstthetwolordsoftheyouthofParadise,the twosonsofthedaughteroftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.

ThelettersofthetraitorsfromtheleadersoftheKufansandfromthechiefsoftheirtribesurged Mu'awiyatoadoptthewarofdiscordsinsteadofthewaroftheweapons.Thatisbecausesuch traitorousleadersandchiefswrotetohim.Intheirletterstheyunderlinedthattheywouldlisten andobey.Moreover,theymadeappointmentswithhim.Theyaskedhimforpowers.Theyurged himtocometothemquickly.TheyguaranteedtohandoveralHasanortokillhimtreacherously whentheygottohiscamp.[3] AmongthemostskillfulmethodsofthediscordwasthatMu'awiyagatheredallthelettersofthe traitorousleaders.HesummonedalMughirab.Shu'ba,'AbdAllahb.'Amirb.Kurayz,and'Abd alRahmanb.alHakam.HeorderedthemtosendalltheletterstoalHasan[4]himselftoread themandtoknowtheintentionsoftheirownersfromthevolunteersofhisarmy.Besides, throughthisdiscordofthe letters,Mu'awiyatriedtofindawayforpeaceandmutual [1]IbnKathir,alBidayawaalNihaya,vol.8,p.17. [2]AlMas'udi,Hamishb.alAthir,vol.6,p.67. [3]Seethefootnoteinchapter3. [4]AlYa'qubi,Ta'rikh,vol.2,p.191. (137) understandingforhalvingauthority.Thusheorderedtheabovementionedpersonstonegotiate withalHasan,peacebeonhim,aboutthat. AlHasanconsideredcarefullytheKufans'lettersandsignatures.Forhewasawareoftheirwriting andsignatures.Thenhewassurethatthelettersbelongedtotheownersofthesignatures. However,thelettersdidnotincreasealHasan'sknowledgeofhisfollowers.Alsohefoundnothing newintheletters,forhehadknowntheinclinationsanddesiresofsuchpersons.Moreover,he hadknowntheirmoralirregularitythroughwhichtheycausedmanytragediesanddisasters throughoutalHasan'slife.Thentheirinclinationsanddesiresbecameveryclearonthedaywhen hesummonedthemtotakepartinjihad(holywar). ThenalHasan,peacebeonhim,beganaddressingtheSyriandelegationusingaccuratewords.He didnotdecideathing,nordidherevealasecret.Moreover,headvisedalMughiraandhis companionstosupportAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,andtoleaveaggressionagainstHim.Also heremindedthemofthethingsforwhichtheywouldberesponsiblebeforeAllahandHisApostle, especiallyconcerninghis(i.e.,alHasan's)right(insuccessiontoauthority).

WedonotknowwhetheralHasanacceptedtheideaofpeacewithMu'awiyaornot. However,wehaveknownthatalMughiraandhiscompanionsenteredtheCampofalMada'in whentheywerepermittedtosubmittheletterstotheImam(i.e.,alHasan).Theydidnotleave thecamptilltheycreatedthegreatestdiscordinit.ThehostiledelegationleftalHasanandbegan lookingatthesituationsofthecampontheirwaytoSyria.Inthemeantimethefightersinthe campwerelookingatthemandtryingtoheartheirwords.Forsomemembersofthedelegation begantalkingloudlywitheachothertomakethepeopletherehearthem.Amongtheirwordsare: "indeed,Allahhaspreventedbloodshedthroughthe grandsonoftheApostleofAllah.Hehascalmedthediscord whenHehasmadehim(i.e.,alHasan)readytomakepeace (138) (withMu'awiya).[1] Thesewordsofthemcreatednothingbutthediscorditself,namelytheyusedthesewordsand theliketoimposepeaceonalHasan. Sothecomingofthedelegationwasadangeroustrickduringthosecriticalconditionsofal Mada'in,forthepeopletherewerequicklyconfusedbythosewhocreatedthesorrowfulevents attheCampofMaskan. Worthmentioningthat,themajorityofthepeopleinalMada'ininsistedonfightingagainst Mu'awiya,fortheywereindifferenttomakingpeacewithhim.Besidestheythoughtthattherest ofthefightersattheCampofMaskanwouldhelpthemtogoonresistingwhentheirresistance wouldbeweak.Maybe,theyorsomeofthemdidnotthinkaboutthat,buttheyinsistedonwar, forthey"chosetofightagainstMu'awiyawitheverymeans(possible)"[2]Thatwastheideaof theKharijitesinthearmyofalHasan,peacebeonhim.InthisconnectionalMughiraandhis companionssaid:"He(alHasan)hasagreedtomakepeace(withMu'awiya)."Theyregarded thesewordsasunbearableunbelievingones. TheriotofabiggroupsuchastheKharijiteswasthereasonforshakingtheideasofmanygroups offighters.TheideasoftheKharijitesaffectedtheweakpersonswhohesitatedbetween obedienceanddisobedienceandwhowerereadytoacceptdiscordsanddisturbancesmadeby anypersonandatanytime.

ThethreeSyrianpersonsdesignedaplantocreateaviolentdiscordinalMada'in. Now,itiseasyforustounderstandtheanswersalHasangavetothedelegation.Wearesurethat theyhavenothingtodoconcerningpeacewithMu'awiya.MeanwhiletheyindicatethatalHasan wasnotreadytomakepeacewithhim.ThatisbecauseifalHasanhadagreedtomakepeacewith Mu'awiyaasthedelegationdeclared,theneverythingwouldhaveendedandtheattitude betweenIraqandSham [1]AlYa'qubi,Ta'rikh,vol.2,191. [2]AlMajlisi,BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.110.AlMufid,alIrshad. (139) (Syria)wouldhavebeensettled.Therefore,whydidthisdiscordoccur?Whywasthisdiscordused asaweaponduringpeace?Doesn'tpeacemeandisarmament? Accordingly,alHasandeclarednothingconcerningmakingpeacewithMu'awiya. Indeed,thisdiscordwasthemostdangerousweapontheSyriansused. Mu'awiyamasteredthisweapon(thediscord)throughaveryawfulmanner;hecreateditthrough variouskindsoflies.Hechoseaccuratelythesensesoftheselies,andconsideredcarefullythe waystoachievethem.ThenhespreadthemabouttheCampsofalHasan. "SohesentsomepersonstotheCampofalHasaninalMada'intosay:'Qaysb.Sa'd,whowasthe successorofb.'Abbas,hasmadepeacewithMu'awiyaandjoinedhiscamp."[1] He(i.e.,Mu'awiya)sentsomepersonstotheCampofQaysatMaskantosay:"AlHasanhasmade peacewithMu'awiyaandansweredhim."[2] ThenMu'awiyaspreadarumorattheCampofalMada'in:"Qaysb.Sa'dhasbeenkilled,sodesert (thecamp)."[3] DoyounotthinkthattheserumorsaffectedthearmyinalMada'in?Doyounotthinkthatit heardofthetreasonofthepreviouscommanderwhowasnotworthyoftreason?Doyounot thinkthatsuchanarmybelievedthetreasonofthesecondcommanderandthenewsabouthis death? Maskan,likealMada'in,hadtragedies,andspites.Ithadmixedgroupsofpeoplewhoinclinedto desert(alHasan).Moreover,ithadagentswhowentoncreatingdiscordsandspreadingtheworst

news. [1]AlYa'qubi,Ta'rikh,vol.2,p.191. [2]Ibid. [3]IbnalAthir,alKamilfialTa'rikh,vol.3,p,161.AlTabari,Ta'rikh,vol.6,p.96.IbnalAthir,al KamilfialTa'rikh,vol.8,p.14.AlDimyari;HayatalHayawin,p.57. (140) InthiswayMu'awiyaobtainedwhathewantedthroughthediscordshemade.Besidesthetwo armies(i.e.,theArmyofMaskanandthatofalMada'in)wereliabletodisturbancesandsorrowful eventsthatwerenotappropriateforthebattlefield. FromthedaywhenitruledovertheArabPeninsula,Islamwasnotafflictedbysuchanugly disaster.ForitmadethesituationoftheCaliphatestaggeramongtheslownessofthesoldiers,the weaknessoftheleaders,thetreasonofthecommander,andthediscordsoftheenemy. ThecriticalconditionswarnedalHasanagainstnumeroushardshipsanddisasters.Forthose hardshipsanddisastersendedhisshortsuccessionthatwasthewhitestandmostwonderfulpage inthehistoryofIslam,andmostofallpagesingloryandhonor. ItwasthedisasterthatforeshadowedtheunluckymomentinthehistoryofIslam.Themoment whichwasbasedontheoperationoftheseparationbetweenthetoperiods,theperiodof Caliphatewithexcellentqualities,andtheperiodof"thebiting(terrorist)authority"[1]with imposedpredestinedtribulation. AlHasan,peacebeonhim,wasthemostknowledgeablepersoninthosefeeblemorale,themost desirousMuslimforprotectingIslam,andthemostpatientmaninbearingthosedisasters.All thosemisfortunesanddisastersdidnotincreasehimbutpillianceinloyalty,glowinidea,death defianceincarryingouttheobligation,andsacrificeforthedoctrine. AlHasanwasnotconfusedthoughthesituationwasfullof [1]AfteralDimyari(HayatalHayawan,vol.1,p.58)hadmentionedthesuccessionofalHasan, peacebeonhim,andcounteditsdays,hesaid:"TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,said:'Thesuccessiontoauthoritywillbeterrorism.Thenitwillbeomnipotenceand corruptionintheearth'.AllthatoccurredastheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,said." (141)

confusion.Therewasnonarrownessinhisheart,[1]norreprimand,norregret.However,he stooduptochoosetheidea,todrawtheplan,andtotakemeasures. ItwasnecessaryforalHasantostudyalltheseideastochoosethemostappropriateoneofthem. Thisiswhatwewanttocall'theAttitudetowardsConfusion.' [1]IbnKathir(alBidayawaalNihaya,vol.8,p.19)said:"Andhe(i.e.,alHasan,peacebeonhim) waspious,wise,andlaudableduringthatattitude.Inhishearttherewasnonarrowness,nor reprimand,norregret.Ratherhewashappyandsatisfiedwiththat." Chapter11:AttitudeTowardsConfusion (143) AlHasandevotedhimselftothinking.,Heremainedcalmintheconfusionofthemisfortunesthat threatenedhisattitude.Hewasindifferenttothosecalamitiesthoughsomeofthemwere tragedy;someofthemwerehumiliation;someofthemweredeathunlikethedeathofthegreat ones. ConfusionwasnotimportantforalHasan.However,itfilledhisheartwithanintensesorrow.It movedhisfeelingsandprickedhimastheburningthornsdid.Thusiturgedhimtofindasolution withouthumiliation,tragedy,andusurpeddeathwhichhisholymemoriesrefused. AlHasan,peacebeonhim,facedasituationfullofexhaustedimportunity,falserumors,and rushingintheterribletrendofchaos. Inspiteoftheseconvulsions,alHasan,waslikethemountainwhichviolentgalescannotshake. HewasapiousImam.Sotheignoranceoftheignorantdidnotenragehim,nordidthewrathof thosewhowereindignantwithhimangeredhim.Hewasindifferenttothosehardships.Inthe meantimehestudiedtheplansandideastodecidehisplanandidea. Now,weareunabletodiscussindetailalltheideasalHasanfacedatthattime.Generally

speaking,thoseideaswere:"whatAllahlikes,whathasbeenmentionedontheauthorityofthe ApostleofAllah,andwhatisobligatorytoprotectthedoctrine." Asforwhatthepeoplesaid,itdidnotconcernalHasanverymuch. WemustalwaysrememberthatalHasanwasaspiritualImam.Thushedidnotclingtolifeasthe peopledid.Heregardedlifeasa (144) sacrificeinthewayofAllah,meansforpublicinterest,andafieldforachievingrighteousnessand spreadingkindness.Sothewordsofthepeoplewereworthlesstowardsthisdivinemorale.The Imamhadspiritualqualities.Heledthepeopletogoodthroughthem.Thushealwaysthought aboutAllah,thepracticeoftheProphet(mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily),thecorrectdoctrine, andgooddeeds. Forthisreasonconfusion,aswehavesaid,hadnoeffectonalHasan.ForthewayofAllahis everlasting,andtheSunnaoftheApostleofAllahisclear.However,hefacedbitterconfusion. Itisannoyingthatmanisdrivenfromhisconditions,fromwherehehasnopower,tothesituation whichnonatureaccepts,onwhichthecrisesagree.Thenmangoesonresistingsuchcontinuous conditionsofhisownaccord.Thatistheirregularconditionwhichisnotknownbutduring confusion,thatdoesnotbecomeconstantwithitsdesiresbutduringrestlessness.Duringsucha conditiontheselfisbetweenintrepidityandrecoiling,andbetweendespairandhope.Theself,in spiteofsuchasituation,isinneedofamaximumdegreeofthinkingandcontemplation,andof memorizationandverification.Theconscience,inspiteofthissituation,hasanaccurateattitude overwhichtheoriginsofpeoplediffer. Whatagreatthatselfwas!Howgreatthatconsciencewas!Itwasthecalmselfthatresortedto itslordduringeveryterrorthatbefellit.Itwasthesatisfiedandpleasedselfthatregardedanyone otherthanHimasinsufficient.Itwastheselfthatdidnotseekguidanceofanyonebutthatof Him.AlHasanhadagoodpureconscience.Hedidnotbecomeweakinspiteoftheheavy obligation.Ratherhewassolderthanthedisaster.ManypeoplewerewithalHasanduringthe misfortunesthatbefellhim.Theydidnotsaythathewassadorpokenhearted.Theysawneither sadnessnordefeatonhisface.Rather,allhisaspectsweresteadfastness,determination,and tranquility.EvenduringhissecretprayerstoAllah,hewasanexampleforpatience,resortingto Allah,andrelyingonnoonebutHim. AmongthesupplicationsofalHasan,peacebeonhim,is:"OAllah!OYouWhohavemightand

sovereignty!OYouWhohave (145) supremeposition!HowdoIfear(ofpeople)andYouaremyhope?HowdoIfear(ofthem)and myrelianceisonYou?PouronmesomeofYourpatience.GrantmevictoryoverYourenemies throughYourauthority.SupportmewithYourtriumph.IresorttoYouandseekrefugewithYou. Somakeformereliefandsolution(tosave)mefrommyaffair.OYouWhoweresufficientto protectthepeopleoftheharam(theKaaba)fromtheCompanionsoftheElephant!OYouWho senttothembirdsinflockstocastthemagainststonesofbackedclay!Punishmyenemy severely!" AglimpseofhopeflashedinthedesperatesidesofalHasan'sintellectandinthefrowning cornersofhiscontemplation.TheglimpseofhopewasananswertohisprayerstoAllah,the GreatandAlmighty.Soitspreadasfragrancedid.Thenpightaspectsappearedthroughit.They werelikegoodnews. It(i.e.,theglimpseofhope)wasastrangesurprise.ItwasabletoputanendtoallofalHasan's troublesatthosemoments.Sohewasinafloodofmemories.Thememoriesdidnotbelongtohis conditions,nordidtheybelongtothemisfortunesofhismoment.Thosememoriespleasedal Hasan.Thushissoulwasfullofenjoymentandamusement. Thepainsometimesextremelyhurtstheself.Intensethinkingandsilencesometimesexhaustit. Sotheselfrevoltstomovefromnarrownesstovastness,fromdespairtohope,andfrom confusiontotheindicationfullofhopes. AlHasanthoughtaboutthedisturbancesofhistime.Hethoughtaboutthefutureofhisreligion thatwasliabletothedangersofthisenemywhopaidnoattentiontotheholythings.Hethought "thatifhehadputhishandinthehandofhisenemy,theenemywouldhavenotallowedhimto followthereligionofhisgrandfather,theApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily." [1]Asforthisnewsurprise,itremindedalHasanofonethirdofacentury.Suddenly,he rememberedthehousesoftheProphethood,for [1]AlMajlisi,BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.107. (146)

theycompetedwitheachothertoattracthim.Herememberedthenextsofthedescentsof revelation,fortheyviedwitheachothertoempacehimwarmly.HerememberedtheAnsar (helpers)whocelepatedhim. Thosememorieswerevisions.Theypossessedhisfeelings.Theyweresweetdreamsthatnursed hisinjuries. Thisishis(alHasan's)grandfather.ThisistheauthorityofhisProphethoodamonghiscommunity. Thesearetheholyverses.Theyarelikethestars.Theywererevealedfromtimetotime.They werelikethepostmenwhotraveledbetweentheskyandtheearth.Theywererevealedathis house.Thisishis(alHasan's)father,thehelperoftheProphetandthegreatestfighter(mujahid), whomadetheArabpavemenyieldtotheWordsofAllah,andwhoconqueredtheFortof Khaybar.Thisishismother,whowaspureandchaste.WithhertheProphetchallengedthe ChristiansofNajrantoacontestofprayers.Soshewasmeritorioustobethemistressofthe womenoftheworld. AlHasanrememberedallthesememories.Ifthesewerenotexternalrealities,thentheywere psychologicalones.Forhisdivinespiritmadethemappearbeforehiseyes.Heinheritedthisspirit fromhisparents('AliandFatima),namelyhisselfwasnotseparatedfromthem.Inthemeantime hisbodywaswiththemonthedaywhenAllahformedHisdelegationtochallengetheChristians ofNajrantoacontestofprayer.SothedelegationwascomposedofalHasan,hisgrandfather,his father,hismother,andhispother.AlHasanwaswithhisparentsonthedaywhentheApostleof Allahorderedthecloaktobepoughttocoverthosechosenfivepersons,whowerealHasan,al Husayn,theirparentsandtheirgrandfather.Hewaswiththemonthedaywhentheverseof purificationwasrevealed.Noteworthy,theProphet(mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily)explained thatthisverseconcernedthefiveblessedpersons,peacebeonthem. ThesearegreatqualitiesofwhichnoMuslimhas. ThenalHasanlookedatthatsadhorizon.Herememberedthoseinterestingmemories.Thusthey remindedhimofhisblessedchildhood,andhisearlyholyyouth.Throughthesememories,he (147) consideredhiswhitedaysfulloflightinMedina.Thatwasonthedaywhenhetoddledathis excellentnextinit(Medina),andhisnotablepamperedsituationamonghisfriends.Thatwason thedaywhenheplayedhappilyinit.Heplayedtherebetweenthegreathandsofhisfatherand onthechestofhisgrandfatheroronhisholybackoronthestickofhisscaredpulpit.Thatwason thedaywhenheempacedrevelationfromitsfirstmomentsandlearnedtheWordsofAllah

throughthetongueoftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Thushegraduated fromtheProphet'sschoolofknowledge.Inthiswayhecompletedhiseducationtoassumehis obligatoryImamateovertheMuslims.Moreover,alHasanlistenedtohisgrandfatherwhenthe latterdeclaredhissuccessiontotheImamateonmanyoccasions. ThosememoriesremindedalHasanofgreattimes.Thushewasfullofhappiness,strength,and activity. ItwasthefascinatingmemorythatcontrolledalHasan'ssoul.Soitdeprivedhimofhisenjoyable smile.However,wedonotthinkthathesmiledduringhiscondition.AlHasanrememberedhis grandfather.Forhetookhimfromtheshoulderofhismother.Hetookhimbythehand,made himstandonhisblessedfeet,andbegantalkinggentlytohimwithhisholysong:"huzzaqa! huzzaqa!tarqqa'aynabaqqa!(i.e.,little!little!ascendtheeyeofabug.)"SoalHasanascended graduallywithhissmallfeettillheputthemonthechestofhisgrandfather.Heopenedhismouth whenhisgrandfathersaidtohim:"Openyourmouth."ThentheProphetkissedhimonthemouth andsaid:"OAllah!Ilovehim,solovehimandlovehimwholoveshim."[1] ThenthismemorywasthekeyofthememoriesthatamusedalHasan.Foritmadehimforgetthe annoyingthingsofhislastmoment.Thebestperiodinthelifeofeveryhumanbeingishis innocentchildhood.Foritremindshimofthelapswherehesitsandthesocietywherehelives. Besidesthememoriesofthisperiodremainimmortal [1]SeealZamakhshari.IbnalBay'.AlTabarani.Yanabi'alMawadda.AlIsAba,vol.2,p.12. (148) inhismind,inhisheart,andinhisspirit.Namely,heneverforgetssuchaperiod. OnedayalHasanrememberedhisgrandfather,theApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,whenheputhimonhisrightshoulderandputhispotheralHusaynonhisleftshoulder.So AbuBakrreceivedAllah'sApostleandsaidtoalHasanandalHusayn:"Thebestridingnextyou haveridden,twoboys.""Theyarethebesttworiders.Indeed,thesetwoboysaremytwoplants ofsweetbasil(tosweeten)theworld,"[2]saidtheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhis family. AlHasanrememberedthedaywhenhisgrandfathersatdownandmadehimrideonhisbackand madehispotheralHusaynridewithhim,andsaidtothem:"Thebestcamelisyourcamel,and youarethebesttwojustones."[2]

He(alHasan)rememberedthedaywhenhecameandhisgrandfatherwasbowingdown,sohe (alHasan)rodeonhisneckwhilehe(hisgrandfather)waspraying.[3]Herememberedtheday whenhe(alHasan)cameandhisgrandfatherwaskneelingdown,sohe(hisgrandfather)opened hislegstolethimpasstotheotherside.[4]Herememberedthedaywhenitwassaidtohis grandfather:"Youtreatthis(i.e.,alHasan)inamannerwithwhichyoudonottreatanyone [1]SeethebookofSulaymb.Qays.AlBayhaqi,alMahasinwaalMasawi',p.49.Thelatterhas reportedthewordsofalHimyari,whopoetizedtheProphetictraditionasfollows:AlHasanand alHusayncametotheApostle,Theyhadgoneoutinthemorningtoplay.Sohe(theApostle) empacedandwelcomedthem,Theywerewithhimatthatnext.Theypassedridingonhistwo shoulders(i.e.,alHasanandalHusayn).So(hisshoulders)werethebestridingnext,andthey werethebestriders. [2]IbnBatta,alIbana. [3]AbuNu'aym,HilyatalAwliya'. [4]AhmadShahabalDinal'AsqalanialIsabafiTamyizalSahaba,vol.2,p.11. (149) else."Sohe(theProphet)said:"Indeed,this(i.e.,alHasan)ismyplantofsweetbasil.Indeed,this (grand)sonofmineisalord.ThroughhimAllahwillmakepeacebetweentwogroupsofthe Muslims."[1] He(alHasan)rememberedhisridingontheneckofhisgrandfather,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,whilethelatterwasdeliveringaspeechathismosquesothattheshineofhis(alHasan's) ankletswasseenfromthefarthest(next)ofthemosque.They(alHasan's)ankletswereshiningon thechestofhisgrandfather.Thenhe(alHasan)wentonsittingonhisgrandfather'snecktillthe Prophetendedhisspeech.[2] He(alHasan)rememberedthedaywhenhisgrandfathergotdownfromhispulpitfrightened whenhe(alHasan)stumbledatthedoorofthemosque.Sohe(hisgrandfather)carriedhimand tookhimwithhimtohispulpit.Thenhe(theProphet)said:"Thechildisnothingbuta tribulation."[3] He(alHasan)rememberedhisgrandfatherwhenhesaidmorethanonetimetohim:"Youare similartomeinformandmanners."[4] Herememberedthedaywhenhewoke,suddenly.Hisgrandfatherandhismotherweretalking. Sohecameforwardhisgrandfatherandsaid:"Grandfather,waterme."Sohisgrandfathertook

himandwenttohisshecamelwithalotofmilk.Hemilkedtheshecamel.Thenhepoughta foamingbowelofmilk.HepassedittoalHasan.Meanwhile,alHusaynwokeandsaid:"(Grand) fatherwaterme."He(hisgrandfather)saidtohim:"(Grand)son,yourpotherisolderthanyou, andhehadaskedmetowaterhimbeforeyou."[5] Herememberedthedaywhenhewasachildbetweenthetwo [1]AbuNu'aym,HilyatalAwliya'. [2]AlMajlisi,BiharalAnwar,vol.6,p.58. [3]AlManaqib.AlTirmidhi.AlSam'ani.Ahmad,alFada'il. [4]AlGhazali,Ihya''UlumalDin.AlMakki,alIhya'andQutalQulub. [5]Sulaymb.QaysalSaqifa,p.98. (150) handsofhismotherFatima,peacebeonher.ThenherfathertheApostleofAllah,mayAllahbless himandhisfamily,cametoher.Hesawhim(alHasan)playing.Sohe(herfather)saidtoher: "Indeed,Allah,theExalted,willmakepeacebetweentwogreatgroupsoftheMuslimsthrough thissonofyours."[1] Herememberedsomesignsofhissuccessiontoauthority.Thatwasonthedaywhenhecameto AbuBakrwhenthelatterwasonthepulpitofhisgrandfather,theApostleofAllah,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily.Hesaidtohim:"Getdownfromthepulpitofmy(grand)father."[2] Moreover,herememberedhisgrandfatherwhenhetookhimwithhimtohispulpit.Thushe(his grandfather)waslookingatthepeople.Inthemeantimehewaslookingathim.Thenhesaid: "Indeed,this(grand)sonofmineisalord.ThroughhimAllahwillmakepeacebetweentwo groupsoftheMuslims."[3] ThesesentimentalmemorieshadaneffectonalHasan.Besidestheywerehistoricaland enjoyable.Fortheyabatedhissufferingsduringthosepainfulmoments.Meanwhiletheyabated thattheviolentdisaster.Moreover,eachmemoryledtomanymemories,andeachvisionmoved othervisions. AlHasanwassureofthewordsofhisgrandfather,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,ashewas sureoftheclearrevelation(i.e.,theQur'an).Hisgrandfathersaidthefollowingwordsonseveral occasions:"Indeed,this(grand)sonofmineisalord.ThroughhimAllahwillmakepeacebetween twogroupsoftheMuslims."

AlHasanrememberedthesewordsofhisgrandfather.Thusheaskedhimself"Isthisthedayon whichtheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,wantedmetomakepeacewiththe [1]Ibn'AbdRabbih,al'IqdalFarid,vol.1,p.194.AlBayhaqi,vol.1,p.40.AlBukhari.AlSam'ani. AlHarkushi.AlJanabadhi.AbuNu'aym,HilyatalAwliya'.Yanabi'alMawadda.MurujalDhahab. [2]IbnHajaral'Asqalani,alSawa'iqalMuhriqa,p.105.AlsoAlDarqutnihasmentionedit. [3]AlBukhari.Muslim.AlIsaba,vol.2,p.12. (151) Syrians?TheSyriansareaggressors,sodoesthistraditionconcernthem?Isthisthediscordfor whichtheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,wantedmetosettle?DoInothave enoughfighterstosuppressitbyforce? AllthesequestionssoundedinalHasan'smind.Theystirredhimup.Sohewasabouttocreatea historicalchange.Apartfromthis,alHasanhadtofindappropriatesolutionsforthesequestions togetreadytofacehiscriticalsituation. AlHasanwassuccessfulinfindingsolutionsforthesequestions.Thatisbecausehefollowedthe samewayshisgrandfatherfollowedduringhismostcriticalhours. IndeedtheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,saidtheforegoingtradition. Besides,itisthisdiscordwhichtheProphetmeantinhisholytraditions.Fortherewasnodiscord greaterthanit.InotherwordsitdividedtheMuslimsanddivertedthemfromtheirenemieswho layinwaitforthem.[1]Moreover,itpreventedthemfromachievingtheirreligiousobligations suchasdevelopment,organization,andjihad(holywar). AsfortheIslamicjudgmentoftheaggressors,theattitudeoftheCommanderofthefaithful (Imam'Ali),peacebeonhim,towardsthemindicatesthat.HepreventedtheMuslimsfrom capturingtheirwomenandtheirchildren.Furthermore,hispracticestowardsthemaregood enoughexamplesinthereligion. TheShi'ainKufawereveryeagertowagejihad(holywar),againstMu'awiya.However,whydid alHasanaskhimselfabouttheabilitytosuppressthediscordbyforce?Toanswerthisquestion. WemuststudyalHasan'sfightersandtheirmoraleinthearmies.Fortheyaretheonlymeans thathelptowinbattles.Thustheyaremoreimportantthanthelargenumberofanarmywithout highmilitary

[1]ThisisahinttotheattemptsoftheByzantineontheSyrianbordersintheyear40A.H. (152) spirit.Now,weareabletoanswertheabovementionedquestionasfollows: AtMaskan,themoraleofalHasan'sarmywaslow.Hencethisarmywasinneedofamiracleto raiseitsmorale.Thatisbecauseofthedisasterthathititwhenitscommanderandeightthousand fightersdesertedit. InalMada'in,alHasanhadsomefighterswhowerelikeghosts.Hewasabletoknowtheir intentionsthroughtheirhostileconfusingfapications.Moreover,theycreatedagooddealof excitingdiscords.Theywereafraidofthecriticalsituations.Theyhadnohopeofvictoryatthe battle.AsforthenumberofthearmyofalHasan,peacebeonhim,itwastwentythousand fightersorlittlemorewhenalHasanadvancedagainstMu'awiya.However,Mu'awiya'sarmythat campedontheIraqiborderswassixtythousandfighters. SoalHasan,atthattime,hadthirdofthenumberofthearmyofMu'awiya. ThereweremanydesertionsfromtheCampofMaskan.Forexample,thecousin(i.e.,alHasan's cousin,'UbaydAllah)desertedthatcamp.ThusheembodiedtheArabicproverb:"Acousinmaybe notacousin."Eightthousandfightersdesertedthatcamp,too.Soitdecreasedinanawful manner. Accordingly,thenumberofalHasan'sarmywasonefifthofthearmyofMu'awiyainbothcamps. Ifwe,here,dependonthemodernmilitaryrulethatowesmoraletothenumericalabundance, thatisonetothree,thenwewillcometoaverysorrowfulresultthatisfifteentoonein proportion. IfwethinkaboutthearmyofalHasan,thatremainedfightingagainstMu'awiyaatMaskan (accordingtothisrule),wewillfindthatitwasfightingagainstanenemywhowasexactlyforty fivetimesmorethanit. Therefore,Iwonder:WasalHasan'sarmystrongenoughto (153)

suppressthediscordtheSyrianscreated? Warregulationsthroughouthistorydonotpermitonepersontofightagainstfifteenorfortyfive persons.Ifsuchawaroccurredsomeday,thenitwouldbeirregular.Rather,itisamongdeath defyingattacksthatleadtosuicidewithwillandintention. SoalHasanwasnotsupposedtotakesuchameasure.Forhewasthe(grand)sonoftheApostle ofAllah.HewasthecreaturewhomAllahkeptforreformnotforwar,forpeacenotforenmity. HewastheplantAllahgrewforMuslimsnotforhimself,forthereligionnotforauthority. Moreover,hewantedarewardfromAllahinthehereafter,notfromthepeopleinthisworld. InthiswaythepeacefulmessageofAllahpreventedthetwopartiesfromwagingwaragainsteach other.Thiseventisveryfamousinhistory.Stillsomehistorianstriedtohinttoabattle.They claimedthatthebattletooknextbetweenthearmyofQays,whowasthecommanderofthe vanguardofthearmyofalHasan,andtheSyriansatMaskan.Inhisbook,'alDarrajatalRafi'a', Sayyid'AliKhan(died1120A.H.)hasmentionedsomestagesofthisclaimedbattle. IhavenotfoundareferencebookolderthanthisbookofthegreatSayyidtoaffirmthisstory,nor haveIfoundwhatsupportsthisideawhenIstudiedthesituationatMaskanatthattime,norhave IfoundwhaturgesmetoacceptthisreportwhenIhavestudiedtheplanalHasandrewto preventbloodshedduringallhislifetime,norhaveIunderstoodthatwhenIhavereadthis traditionoftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily:"Indeed,Allahwillmake peacebetweentwogreatgroupsoftheMuslimsthroughalHasan."Rather,thistradition indicatesthathewasthemessengerofpeaceinIslam. SowasitpossibleforalHasan'sarmytowagewaragainstMu'awiyaortoattackhim? FromalHasan'stestamentarybequest,wehaveknownthatheorderedalHusaynnottopour evenbloodintoacuppingglassincarryingouthiscommand.Thathappenedashewanted. Moreover,manyeyewitnessesunderlinedthatalHasanwasthe (154) successortoauthority,andthathedidnotshedevenbloodintoacuppingglassduringhis successiontoauthority.Someofthemsaidthat.Theyaffirmedtheirwordsthroughswearing(by Allah)twice.[1] [1]AhmadShahabalDinal'Asqalani,alIsabafiTamyizalSahaba,vol.2,p.12.IbnKathir,Ta'rikh,

vol.8,pp.814. Chapter12:BetweenTheDoctrineAndSupremeAuthority (155) Thebestwaytounderstandthesubjectinthischapteristomentionsomeclearexplanations aboutthetwomeaningsofthesuccessiontoauthority.ThatisbecausetheMuslimshavediffered overit.Moreover,itisofgreatimportancewithoneofthetwoparties(i.e.,Shi'aandnonShi'a), andissometimeswiththemboth. Here,wewanttoexplainthesuccessiontoauthorityasitiswiththetwoparties(theShi'aandthe Sunnis).Meanwhilewewanttoextractthenecessaryinformationfromthissubject. Furthermore,wewillmentiondetails,toclarifythetwodifferentideasofbothsides.Ourplanis tomakeagoodstartforreformandprosperityinthissociety.Ourwordsdonotendangerboth parties.Rather,theyarefullofgoodandreformforall. Thesuccessiontoauthority(Khilafa)isgeneraldeputyshiponbehalfoftheProphet,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily,inleadingtheMuslimsafterhisdeath.Theobligatoryrightofthe successor(Khalifa)onthepeopleisthattheyshouldobeyhim.Besidestheobligatoryrightofthe peopleonhimisthatheshouldactaccordingtotheBookofAllahandtheSunna(practice)ofHis Apostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily. AgroupoftheMuslimsagreedonappointingoneofthemtoassumethisdeputyshiponbehalfof theProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Theyaffirmedhimevenifheintendedtousurp thesuccessiontoauthorityillegally.ThustheyaffirmedtheCaliphateof (156) Mu'awiya,"whosometimestookthesuccessiontoauthoritybyusingtheswordandsometimes byusingthetrickandpolicy."[1]Thesearesomeexamplesofthosewhousurpedthesuccession toauthority:b.alZubayr,Abual'AbbasalSaffah,'AbdalRahmanalNasir,andthelike.Agroup oftheMuslimsaffirmedthosewhowereappointedbytheirpredecessorswhotookthe

successiontoauthoritybyforceorbyothermeans.Examplesofthesewere'Umar,Yazid,al Rashid,andthelike.AlsoagroupoftheMuslimsaffirmedthosewhoobtainedthesuccessionto authoritythroughelection.ExamplesofthesesuccessorswereAbuBakr,'Uthman,and MuhammadRashad. InappointingthesuccessoraftertheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,thesecond party(i.e.,theShi'a)resortedtotheOwnerofthemessage(i.e.,theprophet).Sothey(i.e.,the Shi'a)didnotfollowanysuccessorafterhimbutthosehehimselfappointed. Thetwoparties(i.e.,theShi'aandtheSunnis)havefollowedtheabovementionedtheoriesin appointingthesuccessoraftertheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.[2] Asthetwopartieshavedifferedoverthewaysofappointingthesuccessortoauthority,theyhave differedoverchangingandremovinghimfromoffice.Soaccordingtothefirst(i.e.,theSunni) theory,thesuccessorisremovedfromofficewhenotherthanhimissuccessfulinovercominghim orwhennecessary.Accordingtothetheoryofthetext(i.e.,thetextualnomination),noonehas therighttochangethesuccessorortoremovehimfromoffice.Thesuccessorappointedbythe textualnominationwasnotliabletoanydefect.Thatisbecausehispositionwaslikethatofthe Prophet.InotherwordshewasinfallibleastheProphetwas.Theybothgottheirinfallibilityfrom Allah,theGreatandAlmighty.Theinfallibilityofthenominatedsuccessorwaslikethatofthe Prophethimself,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily. SothecaliphateorthesuccessionaftertheProphet,accordingto [1]Ta'rikhalIslamalSiyasiya,vol.1,p.396. [2]Ard'alMu'tazilaalSiyasiya,p.15.AlAlwah(Magazine),no.11,firstyear.MostMu'tazilites agreedwiththeShi'aandsaid:"NoImamatebutthroughthetextandnomination. (157) thefirstortheSunnitheory,isgeneralsupremeauthority.Itisrestrictedbyaspecialconstitution, anditis,infact,likemoderngovernments.Itdoesnotdifferfromthembutintheconstitutionor astheydifferfromeachother. Besidestheholinessofsuchcaliphateisamongthequalitiesofthepersonwhomthepeopleelect. Alsoitisamongthequalitiesofthepersonwhotakesitbyforce.Suchapersonissometimesthe bestofallpeopleinholiness,andsometimesthemostrebelliousofthemagainstthereligionand goodmanners.

However,thecaliphateorthesuccessionaftertheProphet,accordingtothetextualnomination ortheShi'itetheory,isaDivineoffice.Sotheobedienceofthesuccessorisreligiouslyobligatory, namelyastheobligatoryobedienceoftheProphet.BesidesThecaliphate,inthissense,isthe shadeofProphethoodwhichisrelatedtothesky.However,thecaliphateisrelatedtothesky throughtheProphet.Forhewasthesourceofitsspiritashewasthesourceofthetext concerningit. Asfortheholinessofthesecondkindofcaliphate,itisnaturalandconstantasthatof Prophethooditself.Inotherwordseachofthesuccessorsappointedaccordingtothetextual nominationwastheholiestandthebestfigureofallpeople. Inthepast,thematterofthesuccessiontoauthoritywasthereasonforcreatingviolentriot amongtheMuslims,andwasasourceofmanysorrowfultragediesinthehistoryofIslam. Moreover,suchamatterwasnoteasyorpossibleatthattime,forthepeoplewerestubborn.We thinkthatitisnowadayseasyandpossibletopingthetwopartiestogethertoacceptamoderate idea.Thustheyareabletodiscarddisagreement,toadoptobligatorypotherhood,andtoincline torighteousness. ThatiswhatMuslimsshouldtakeintoconsideration,namelytheyshouldtakecareoftheessence, andtheyshoulddiscardnonessentialthings.Theyshouldtakecareofthetruereligionandshould discardpurposes.TheMuslimshouldclingtothetrueIslamtopleaseAllah.Inthemeantime, tribalism,feelings,andeffectsshouldnotdeceivehim. (155) Thematterofthereligion,thatistherelationbetweentheservantandhisLordandisthestarton whichhisfinalresultinthehereafterisbased,isunliketheworldlymatters.Forthelatterare liable,inmanyoftheirrelations,todesires,andenvironmentalcustoms.Furthermoretheyare liabletoman's,inclinations,tribalism,andeffects. AsforthetrueMuslim,hetakescareofhispuretruereligion. Now,we,inthesubjectofthesuccessiontoauthority,wanttoreuniteMuslimstofollowthetrue religionthatisfarabovetheforegoingthings. SotheShi'itepersonmustrecognizethesuccessiontoauthority(ofthefirstkind)asitwasonthe daywhenitoccurred.HemustrecognizethatitisgeneralsupremeauthorityforMuslims,and thatitisworthyofpraisebecauseofitsmanyeffectsinIslam.

AlsotheSunnipersonmustrecognizethesuccessiontoauthorityasitis.Foritisameans betweenhimandtheProphettounderstandhisreligion.Itisthefactwhichtheauthenticbooks (alSihah)havesuccessivelymentionedthroughvariousProphetictraditions.Noteworthyitisnot correctforustodiscussscientificallythesetraditions.Fortheyhavebeenreportedthroughthe bestwaystowhichtheMuslimresorttoadopthisreligion. Theninthiswaythetwopartiesareabletosolvetheirmaindifferenceswithoutinjusticeand selfishness.[1] Thisresearchisconcerningoneofthesuccessorswhowasappointedaccordingtothetextual nomination.However,hissuccessiontoauthoritywasuniqueinthehistoryofIslam.Thatis becausehisfatherdesignatedhimtobethesuccessorafterhim.Thenthepeoplepledged allegiancetohimafterthedeathofhisfather,peacebeonhim. SoalHasanwasamongthefirstkind(ofthecaliphs),forhewas [1]Itisanactofkindnesstomentionthatoneofthosewhoplagiarizetheideasofthepeoplehad publishedthissolutionwithoutascribingittoitsowner.Themanwasamongourlisteners,on morethanoneoccasion,whenwepresentedthisideaasanexampleinthisbook. (159) elected.Meanwhilehewasthesuccessortoauthoritythroughthetextualnomination,forthe word'Imam'indicatesthat. Inchapterthree,wehavementionedanexampleofthetextsconcerningthenominationofal Hasanandaquickstudyaboutthewayofhiselectionandtheallegiancethepeoplepledgedto him. WhenalHasan,peacebeonhim,declaredhisfinalattitude,betweenthedoctrineandsupreme authority,towardsMu'awiya,hemeantnothingbuthisrighttoauthority.Forthepeopleelected him.Moreover,Allahhadchosenhimtobesuccessor,andtheProphet,mayAllahblesshimand hisfamily,hadaffirmedthatthroughhistraditions.Thatisbecausenoonehadtherighttochange oralterthisright,aswehavepreviouslysaid.Ratherthisrightwasamongtheunchangeable ordersofAllah. AlsothehardshipsandthedisastersthathitalHasanduringthetimeofhissuccessiondonot indicatethathewasamereImam.RathertheyindicatethathewasanImamwithanarmyand supremeauthority.

NochangeincludedalHasan,nordidadisasterharmhimduringhisImamate.Sohewaslikethe Qur'aninauthority. Thedisagreementofthepeople,theirdisobedience,andtheiralienationdidnotharmtheQur'an. ForitisthesupremeauthorityofMuslims.Itisfarabovefalsehood.Itisasitisinleadingpeople. ItisasitisinmaintainingtheWordsofAllah.Sothepeopledonotharmitwhethertheyacceptit orrefuseit,actaccordingtoitsguidanceordisobeyit,yieldtoitsleadershipordenyit. SuchwastheImamateofalHasan,peacebeonhim. BoththeQur'anandalHasanaretwomainelementsinIslamasbothlawandsupremeauthority aretwomainelementsinthecommunitywiththeconstitutionalregime. ConcerningthetwomainelementsinIslam,I(i.e.,theauthor)meanbythatwhattheApostleof Allah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,denotedinhisauthenticorsuccessiveholytradition whenhesaid:"Iamgoingtoleavebehindmeamongyoutwothingswhich,ifyoucleavetothem, youwillnevergoastraythatistheBookofAllah Chapter13:Sacrifice (173) AlHasanpoketherecordwhenheyieldedtothisnobility.Fornooneofgreatfigureshavedone that.AlHasanwasabletoyieldtothatnobleattitudethroughtheDivinequalitiessuchas strength,patience,renouncingworldlypleasures,andthelike. ThesacrificeinthewayofAllahtakesnextwhenthepersonisrighteous,namelywhenheisfar awayfromdoubts,flatters,tricks,hypocrisy,andthelike.Besidesthepersonshouldcarryoutthe greaterstruggle(aljihadalakbar)todestroyhispersonalinclinationsandtoopposehishuman nature.Thathappenswhenhesuppresseshismaterialselfishdisobedience. SuchwastheDivineImamate,andsuchwastheDivineImam. AlHasan'ssituationwasinappropriateforachievingavictoryoverfalsehood.Thusitwas

incumbentonhimtowaitforabettersituationtoestablishthetruth. AlHasan'ssituationbecameobviouswhenheknewtheintentionsofthepeople.Forthey declaredtheirreadinesstofightalongsidehimwhiletheywantedtoachievetheirambitions. TakingthereinsofgovernmentwastheonlywaytopreventMu'awiyafromshowingenmity towardsthetrueIslam..SoitwasnecessaryforthechoicefromthefamilyofMuhammad,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily,andtheloyalrestfromthepartyofAllahtoabdicateauthorityto protectIslamfromMu'awiya,andtheSyrians.ThatisbecauseMu'awiyaspreadhisfifthcolumnin thecoreofKufaandattheCampofImamalHasan.Sotheevilbandseizedtheopportunityto achieveitsaimsinthelifeinthisworldthroughitsdesires,itsambitions,itsharm,anditsdefects. InthiswayalHasan (174) wasabletohandovertheauthoritytopreservehisspiritualdoctrineswithglory,strength, wideness,greatness,andimmortality. The(grand)sonoftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,hadnoshortcoming whenhewasfarabovethematerialdesires,andleftthelifeinthisworldforthosewhowantedit. Hehadnodefectwhenhestoodaloneintheauthorityofspirit.Thushisgreatpositionwas steadfast.ThestandardsofhisImamatewereraised.Hisidealdoctrineswereknown.Histraitsin struggle(jihad),patience,andsacrificewerelaudable. TheMuslimwhotakescareofhisIslamandhistruefaithshouldnotmakemistakesinhisaffair. Heshouldnotneglecthisright.HeshouldnotforgettherelationbetweenhimandtheApostleof Allah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Moreover,heshouldnotignorehisImamate.Thatwas theDivineImamatethatdidnotacceptanychangenordiditimplyanyweaknessanddesertion. RatheritwasthevictoriousImamateinspiteofthehostiletraitorousattempts.Itwasthe ImamatethatbecamestrongthroughthemightofAllah.Itbecamesteadfastthroughthe steadfastnessofthetruth.Moreover,ithasbecomeoutspreadamonggenerationsas Prophethoodhasbecomeoutspreadamongnations.ThisImamatehasgloryandstrongrespectin thefullsenseoftheword.Meanwhileiturgesthepeopletoscorntheconceitoftheenemies. ThatstagewascriticalinthehistoryofIslam.Foritledtotheseparationbetweenthetrue caliphateandsupremeauthority(i.e.,betweenthereligiousImamateandsupremeauthority), andbetweenthetemporalpowerandspiritualauthority. Apparently,theearlyMuslimsdidnotknowthisseparationduringthelifetimeoftheProphet.

RathertheMuslimsafterthedeathoftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily, knewthatgradually.Thenthereligiousrulersyieldedtothisseparationandregardeditasa reformatoryobligatorywaywhentheyfearedfortheentityofIslam(baydatalIslam). Tobequitefrankwithyouaboutthismatter,I(i.e.,theauthor)say:Indeed,ImamalHasantook anattitudetowardsMu'awiyaashisfather,theCommanderofthefaithful,peacebeonhim,did towards (175) AbuBakrandhistwocompanions(i.e.,'Umarand'Uthman).Thiswasthemeaningofthewords ofalHasanwhenhispotheralHusayn,peacebeonhim,askedhim:"Whatmadeyouhandover theauthority?""Thethingthathadmadeyourfatherhanditoverbeforeme,"repliedalHasan. EachofthetwoImams(i.e.,alHasanandalHusayn),duringhisspecialcondition,hadhisown sacrificethroughwhichhepreservedIslam. Accordingtothisrule,alHasanerasedthemapofhismaterialkingdomfromtheearthtodraw insteadthemapofhisspiritualgreatnessinboththeearthandthesky.ThenalHasanturnedto thebordersofhiskingdominthenewimmortalauthority.Suddenly,theyweretheborders betweenthekingdomofthetruthandthekingdomoffalsehood,betweenidealhumanityand tyrannicalselfishness.SuchwerethespiritualqualitiesoftheImam.Helivedanddied,whilethe wordsofAllahwereonhistongue.Heusedtosay:"Performtheprayers.""Givealms(zakat)" "Fastinghasbeenwrittenonyouasithadbeenwrittenonthosewhowerebeforeyou." "PilgrimagetotheHouseisincumbentonmenforthesakeofAllah,(upon)everyonewhoisable toundertakethejourneytoit."Now,thefollowingarethematerialqualitiesofthetyrant(i.e., Mu'awiya),whosaidtothepeopleopenly:"ByAllah,Ihavenotfoughtagainstyoutomakeyou pray,nortofast,nortomakethepilgrimage,nortopayalms(zakat).IfoughtagainstyousothatI mighthavepoweroveryouandAllahhasgiventhattomewhenyouwerereluctantto(obey) Him." Thepeoplegrewaccustomedtoreceivesuchaneventastheyreceivedthegreatshockfromthe eventsofthetime.Thatisbecausetheydependedontheworldlynarrowmeaningoftheevents sothattheyfoundnothinginthemsaveloss. Asforthepersonwithgoodcalmself,heregardedtheeventsasmeansforachievingtheaims thatweredearerthanauthorityandtheentireworld.Nevertheless,theseaimshavebeenwritten inhistorytobeglorifiedforallpeople.

InthiswayalHasanwasvictoriousthroughhisjihad,hispatience,andhissacrifice.Thesethree qualitiesarethemotherofallvirtues. (176) AlsoalHasanhadothertraitsthatwereproofsforhisgreatnessandhisoutstandingmerits. AlHasanovercamethepeoplewithhisImamate,hisobligatorylove,andhissonshiptothe ApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily. ThepeoplewhodistressedalHasanwerehissupporters,hisenemies,andhiswife. Aswehavealreadysaid,hewassingledoutwithanexcellentkindofjihad,agreatkindof patience,andauniquekindofsacrifice. Now,wemustunderstandthesethreetalentsinparticular.FortheywereHasanidqualitiesthat hadunquestionableaspects.SoI(i.e.,theauthor)say: 1.Asforhisjihad(holywar),itwasthemostwonderfulofallkindsofjihad,mostpainfulofthem totheself,thegreatestoftheminthebattlefield,andthelongestofthemintroubles. AlHasanwagedjihadinthewayofAllahinmanyfields,notinonefield.Hewagedjihadagainst hisenemywhenheadvancedagainsthim.Hemadeeveryefforttosettlethediscordsandto reformhiscompanionsandhissoldiers.However,allhiseffortswentinvain.Hestruggledagainst himselftocontrolitsemotions,tosuppressitsambitions,andtorepulseitspower.Noleaderof thepeoplewasabletocontrolhimself,hisnerves,andhisemotionsasalHasandidduringthe attitudesfromwhichhesuffered.Hetriedhardtoconvincehisloyalfollowers(Shi'a)whenhe enduredtheirintensecensurebecauseofthePeaceTreatyhemadewithMu'awiya.Towards them,hetookanattitude.Theattitudeindicatedhisangelicexcellentqualities.Inthemeantime itindicatedthathewasaninfallibleImam.Thatwaswhenhecontrolledhisanger,andpossessed himself.Thatwaswhenhetreatedthemwithcalmness,softwords,andpatience. AlHasangaveeachofhisfollowersaclearcorrectanswer.Hediscoveredtheiraimsconcerning whattheyhadblamedhimfor.Thushewasabletouproottheirblame.SoalHasanaffectedhis followerswithhisskillfulproof,splendidpurpose,andhisgenuineidea.Throughtheattitudesof theirImamalHasan,theyrememberedthe (177)

attitudesofProphets.Moreover,theycollectedhissayingsastheycollectedthetraditionsofthe Prophet,fortheyregardedthemasthetraditionsoftheProphet. ThefollowingisanexampleofalHasan'sanswerstooneofhisfollowerswhenheaskedhim: "(Grand)sonoftheApostleofAllah,whyhaveyouconcludedatrucewithMu'awiyaandmade peacewithhim?Don'tyouknowthattherightto(authority)isforyou,notforhim?Don'tyou knowthatMu'awiyaisstrayingandoppressive?" "AbuSaid,amInottheproofofAllah,theExalted,overHiscreaturesandImam(leader)over themaftermyfather?"askedalHasan."Yes,"repliedAbuSaid."Isn't(thefollowing)whatthe ApostleofAllahsaidtomeandmypother:"AlHasanandalHusaynaretwoImamswhetherthey riseorsit?"askedalHasan."Yes,"answeredAbuSaid.AlHasansaid:"Therefore,IamanImam whenIrise,andIamanImamwhenIsit." ThenalHasan,peacebeonhim,added:"AbuSaid,thereasonformymakingpeacewith Mu'awiyaisthattheApostleofAllahhadmadepeacewiththebanu(sonsof)Damrah,thebanu ofAshja',andtheMeccanswhenheleftalHudaybiya.Thosewereunbelieversaccordingtothe HolyQur'an.However,Mu'awiyaandhiscompanionsareunbelieversaccordingtothe interpretation(oftheQur'an). "AbuSaid,ifIamanImam(appointed)byAllah,mayHisname beExalted,thenwhydoyoustultifymyideaconcerningwhatIhave done?DoyounotknowthatyoushouldobeymewhenIconcludea truceorwagewarevenifthemeaningofwisdomisvagueforyou?Doyounotknowthatwhen alKhidr(Elijah)toretheship,killedtheboy,andbuiltthewall,Musa(Moses)becameindignant withhisacts,forthemeaningofwisdomwasambiguousforhimtillalKhidrtoldhim(aboutthat), soMusabecamesatisfied?SuchisI.Youhavebecomeindignantwithmebecauseyouhaveno knowledgeofthemeaning ofwisdom.WereitnorforwhatIhavedone,allmy (178) followers(Shi'a)onthesurfaceoftheearthwouldbekilled."[1] I(i.e.,theauthor)say:AlHasanwagedanotherKindofjihadagainstanothergroupofpeople,

theyweretheUmayyadsthemselves.Wewillrefertothiskindofjihadsoon. Thesekindsofjihadwereinfivefields.AlHasan,peacebeonhim,endedhisholylifeinthem, enduredtheirtroubleswithsteadfastnessstrengthandexcellentpatience. AlHasan'sjihadincludedallfields. WhenalHasanhandedoverhisrighttoauthority,hewantedtowageanotherkindofjihadinthe wayofAllah,namelyhewantedtopreserveIslam,tofacilitatethelifeofMuslims,andtoprotect themfromkilling.Inalltheseefforts,heoverlookedhisrighttoauthoritytowagejihadintheway ofAllah.InotherwordshesoldhislifetoAllahtobuyHisHeaven. 2.Asforhispatience,itwastheechoofhisjihad,andthestrongholdtowhichheresortedinhis variousfields. ThepeoplepersecutedalHasanwithdeprivationofhisrighttoauthority,treason,desertion, plots,hypocrisy,assassination,peakingthecovenants,slanders,insults,deviationfromthetruth, andcensureformakingpeacewithMu'awiya.Noleaderinhistorysufferedtheseblack tribulationsandpainfuldisastersexceptalHasan,fortheyattackedhimfromalldirections. Still,alHasan,peacebeonhim,borethemwithpeerlesspatience. Alsohetreatedallhiscriticalsituationswithhisexcellentwisdomandcleverness.Inotherwords hetreatedthemgraduallyfrombeginningtoend.Hedidnotyieldtoanger,norwasaffectedby emotions,nordidhesurrendertotheevents,norwasrestlessbecauseofthedisturbances. Nothingshookhim.Ratherhewaseagertosupportthereligion,thewordsoftheQur'an,andthe messageofIslam. SuchwasalHasanasAllahcreatedhim.Noonedeniesthese [1]AlMajlisi,BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.101. (179) qualitiesofalHasanbuttheobstinateignorantpersonorthediscriminatingenemy.Hisqualities duringhistimewereideal.Heshowedexemplarygenerosityindealingwiththepeople.His enemiesandhiscompanionswerewitnessesofhissweetwords,hisstrongproof,hisrespect,his clemency,andhisintellect.

Mu'awiyapraisedalHasanwhenhedebatedwithhimaboutthesuccessiontoauthority.Alsohe flatteredhimonoccasionsotherthanthesedebates. OnedayMu'awiyaflatteredalHasan'ssweetwordsasfollows:"Themostlovablepersonin talkingtomeisalHasanb.'Ali."[1] AlHasanwassometimesmentionedinthepresenceofMu'awiya.Thusthelattersaidconcerning theformer:"TheyarethepeoplewhomAllahhasinspiredwords."[2] ConcerningalHasan'sprestigeandgoodpresence,Mu'awiyasaid:"ByAllah,whenIseehim(al Hasan),Ihatehisgoingaway,andIamfrightenedbyhisblame."[3] AlsoMu'awiyasaid:"ByAllah,whenIseehim(alHasan)sittingwithme,Ifearhisprestigeandhis findingfaultwithme."[4] AlsoMu'awiyasaidpraisingalHasan: AsforalHasan,hewasthesonofhimwhowasbeforehim. Whenhewalks,deathwalkswhereverhewalks. Doesthelionnotproducebutthelikeofit ThisisalHasan(whois)thelikeandpeerofhim. However,ifclemencyandintellectiscomparedwithathing, [1]AlYa'qubi,Ta'rikh,vol.2,p.202.IbnKathir,vol.8,p.39. [2]Ibn'AbdRabbih,al'IqdalFarid,vol.2,p.323. [3]AlMajlisi,BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.116. [4]IbnAbualHadid,SharhNahjalBaligha,vol.2,p.101. (180) Theywouldsay(that)thethingwaswitheredandperishable.[1] Yes,suchwasMu'awiyawhilehewasthemortalenemyofalHasan.AsforMarwanb.alHakam, hesaidconcerningalHasan,peacebeonhim:"Indeed,his(i.e.,alHasan's)clemencyisasgreat asthemountains."[2] ThesetwoenemiesofalHasanaffectedpraisetowardshim.Thisisaproofforhishighsocial positionamongthepeople.Meanwhilethispraiseindicatesthatthesetwoenemiesyieldedtothe accomplishedfactortheyusedsuchpraiseasacurtaintodestroytheiropponent.

Theimportantencyclopediasarefullofdebateswhichwehavepreviouslymentioned.Mu'awiya becameactivethroughthesedebatesduringhisdisagreementwithalHasanwhenthelatterwent toSham(Syria),aftertheTreatyofPeace,orwhentheformerwenttoMedina. Mu'awiyagatheredhisstrongloyalcompanionsorhiscloserelativestodebatewiththemembers oftheHouse(AhlalBayt),peacebeonthem,aboutvariousmatters.Throughthesedebateshe triedtopreventtheheartsofthepeoplefromincliningtowardsthem.Amongthosewhom Mu'awiyagatheredwere'Amrb.al'As,'Utbab.Abusufyan,'Amrb.'Uthmanb.'Affan,alMughira b.Shu'ba,alWalidb.'Aqabab.AbuMi'yat,Marwanb.alHakam,'AbdAllahb.alZubayr,andZiyad b.Abih.Mu'awiyasometimesaddedotherpersonstothem.ThenhesummonedalHasan,peace beonhim,todebatewiththemenofthispartyonebyone.Thusheusedeverymeanspossibleto challengealHasantosatisfyhisdesires.ThereforeheplottedagainstalHasanthroughthese debates. ConcerningalHasan,'AbdAllahb.Ja'farsaid:"Hewaslikethehardrockwhichfloodscannot shake,ibexescannotreach,andarrowscannotreach."[3]AlHasanhadaninnocentheart,high spirit,andpurerites.ThesequalitiesofhisdidnotmatchthequalitiesofMu'awiya [1]Ibid.vol.4,p.73. [2]Ibid.vol.4,pp.Sand18. [3]AlBayhaqi,alMahasinwaalMasawi',vol.1,p.62. (181) andhiscompanions.Sohesaidtothem:"ByAllah,ifthebanu(sonsof)Umayyaascribedto feeblenessinspeaking,Iwouldrefrainfrom(debatingwiththem),Imakelittleof(them)." AlsoalHasangavethemaproofoftheirincreasinglyobstinacy.Thusheforcedthemtodeclare theirsubmission,theirdefeat,andtheirbewilderment. AlHasanansweredtheUmayyads'questionsthroughreviewingthetraditionsoftheProphet concerninghisrighttoauthority.Sohegraduallymadethemrecognizehisrightandhisfather's. AlHasanwentondebatingwiththeUmayyadstillheexposedtheirabominableobscenity.He usedneitherliesnorobscenityastheydid.Ratherherefutedthemonebyone,namelyherefuted theirmostprominentfundamentalssuchastheirknownlineageandtheirdescribedancestry. Thatisbecausethestrongestchallengeyouuseagainstyouropponentisthatyourefutehis conceitandhistraitsheregardsasthebaseofhisgloryandhischaracter.

Inallthesedebates,alHasanwasthestrongvictoriousside,whiletheUmayyadswerethe defeatedside. TheweakestofalltheUmayyadsinthesedebateswastheirleader(i.e.,Mu'awiya)thoughhehad materialforcesthatobeyedhisorders.Hewasdispleasedtoseehispothersandcousinsdefeated attheendofeverydebate. SoMu'awiyasaidtotheUmayyadsatthattime:"Ihavealreadyinformedyou(oftheknowledge ofalHasan).However,yourefused(that)tillyouheardwhatmadeyourhousedarkandspoiled yourmeeting." Alsohesaidtothem:"Ihavepreviouslytoldyouthathe(i.e.,alHasan)isamongthosewhose oppositionisunbearable." AlsohesaidtoMarwanb.alHakam:"Ihadpreventedyoufrom(debatingwith)thisman(i.e.,al Hasan),butyourefusedthat.Stopdebatingwithhim,foryourfatherwasunlikehisfather,nor areyoulikehim.Youarethesonoftheexpelledhomelessone,whileheisthe(grand)sonofthe holyApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.However,youarelookingforaknifeto killyourself" (182) Mu'awiyaScoldedandprovoked'Amrb.al'As."His(i.e.,alHasan's)fatherstabbedyou(withhis sword),soyouprotectedyourselfwithyourtesticles.Forthisreason,youarecautiousofhim(al Hasan)." Atanothermeeting,Mu'awiyasaidto'Amrb.al'As:"Donotmatchwiththeseas,fortheyflood you.Donotmatchwiththemountains,fortheybewilderyou.Sotakearestfromtheexcuse." IbnalZubayr,whowasamongMu'awiya'scompanionsatthattime,repentedofhisdebatewith alHasan,peacebeonhim.Heapologizedtohimforthatandsaid:"AbuMuhammad(i.e.,al Hasan),excuseme.Nooneforcedmetodebatewithyoubutthis(i.e.,Mu'awiya).Hewantedto exciteenmitybetweenus.Sowhyhaven'tyourefrainedfrommewhenIhavenoknowledge? Thatisbecauseyouarethemembersofthehousewhosenatureisclemencyandforgiveness." ItwasdifficultforMu'awiyatohear'Amrb.al'AsapologizingtoalHasananddeclaringhisdefeat. Sohesaidtohim:"Indeed,he(i.e.,alHasan)hasgivenventtotheanxietiesofmyheartuponyou whenhehascausedyourkilling.Soyouhavebecomelikethepartridgeintheclawsofthefalcon. Heplayswithyouhoweverhewishes.SoIdonotthinkthatyouwillprideyourselfonanybody

afterthat." B.al'As,Marwan,andb.SumayyadebatedwithalHasanb.'Ali,peacebeonhim.Attheendof thedebateMu'awiyasaid:"Amruspokebutherecoiled."ThenMu'awiyaturnedtoZiyadand said:"Whatmadeyoudebatewithhim(i.e.,alHasan)?Youwerenothingbutlikethepartridgein theclawsofthefalcon."So'Amrusaid(toMu'awiya):"Haveyouintendedto(obtainanything) through us?"Mu'awiyasaid:"Therefore,Iwouldbeyourpartnerinignorance.DoIvieinglorywiththe manwhosegrandfatherwastheApostleofAllah,whoistheLordofthosewhodiedandthose whoarestillalive,andwhosemotherwasFatima,thechaste,andthemistressofthewomenof theworlds?"ThenMu'awiyasaidto'Amru:"ByAllah,iftheSyriansheardabouthim(alHasan), thenevilshamewouldhitme."So'Amrsaid:"He(i.e.,alHasan)hasretainedyou,buthe (183) groundMarwanandZiyadasthequerngrindscorn.Hehastroddenonthemwithhisownfootas theexpertmonkeydealerdoes." ThenZyyadsaid:"ByAllah,he(i.e.,alHasan)hasdonethat.However,Mu'awiyarefused (everything)butexcitingenmitybetweenthemandus." Inthiswayb.alZubayrandZiyadborewitnessagainstMu'awiya.Theyshowedthatthelatter urgedthemtodebatewithalHasan.Also(manypeople)borewitnesstotheanswersofalHasan, peacebeonhim,tothem.Theysaid:"'AbdAllahb.'AbbaswasalonewithalHasan.Sohekissed himbetweenhistwoeyesandsaid:'Cousin,mayIbeyourransom,yoursea(i.e.,knowledge)was stillabundantwhenyouwereattackingordebatingwith(them)tillyouventedmyworriesupon thesons(ofUmayyad)."[1] Thetextsofthesedebateshaverhetoricalformsandliteraryvalues.Theyareworthyofreviewing asanoriginalArabicheritage.Theythemselvesindicatethecorrectnessoftheirattributionto theirowners.Moreover,theirstylesandformsgiveusaclearideaabouttheliteratureofdebates duringthattime.However,wewillnotmentionthemhere,fortheyarefullofabusesthrough whichthefapicationmakersfromtheUmayyadsobtainedtheirpurposes.However,theyinsulted themselvesmorethantheyinsultedtheirenemy.Thustheywereevildoers. Aswehavealreadysaidthatwewillnotmentionthesedebateshere.However,wewillnot neglectthemconcerningthematterofthepatienceofalHasanpeacebeonhim.Thatisbecause manyabusesresultedfromthemtowardshim.Stillheresistedthempatiently.Meanwhilehe

resistedthemethodswhichMu'awiyausedagainsthimandhisfollowers(Shi'a).Namely, Mu'awiyasubstitutedthemforthebattlefieldsaswarofnerves. [1]AlBayhaqi,alMahasinwaalMasawi',vol.1,pp.5964. Ibn'AbdRabbih,al'IqdalFarid,vol.2,p.323.AlMajlisi,BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.116. Concerningthesedebates,seethebook'NahjalBalagha'bytheauthor. (184) Worthmentioning,wewilldiscussaspectsofMu'awiya'scoldwarinthechaptersthatfollow. 3.Hissacrifice:alHasanmadeauniquesacrificetoshowhisdoctrine.Thatwaswhenhe abdicatedhisrighttoauthority. Tosacrificethethroneindicatesthattheownerofthethronedenieshimselfmorethanhe sacrificeshimself.SoselfdenialforthedoctrinewastheclearesttraitofalHasanb.'Ali,peacebe onhim,andthemostwonderfulmeansofhisduringhiscontinuousjihad. Thusselfdenialismorepainfulthanselfsacrifice. Inthepast,cleavingtothethronehadmoreeffectonthosewhowereeagerforauthoritythan cleavingtotheselfandthedoctrine.Somanypeoplesacrificedtheirlivesfortheirthrone,while veryfewpeoplesacrificedtheirthronefortheirlives. Inhistorytherearemanyuglypicturesofthosekingswhosacrificedtheirlivesfortheirthrones, whiletheywerenotreadytosacrificetheirthronesfortheirlives.Fromherewecanconcludethe differencebetweenspiritualvaluesandmaterialones.Inotherwords,nokingthroughouthistory wasreadtoabdicatethethrone,butalHasanb.'Ali,peacebeonhim. Therefore,alHasanabdicatedthethrone,andsacrificedallhisworldlypleasuresforhisdoctrine. SothereisnodoubtabouttheintentionofalHasan,hisloyalty,hispurposefortheinterestof Muslims,andhisgreatsacrificeforAllah.BesideshisyearwascalledtheYearofUnity.This denotesthatallthepeopleinthatyearwereinagreementonputtinghisideasintoeffect. ThisisthesignofhishighprestigeintheheartsoftheMuslimsandofhisspiritualauthority thoughheabdicatedthethrone. Becauseofthissacrifice,somegreatfiguresfromalHasan'sfollowers(Shi'a)blamedhimfor refrainingfromwagingarmedwar(againstMu'awiya).However,nooneofthosewhoblamedhim

haddoubtaboutthecorrectnessofwhattheImamdid.Fortheyknewthathecarriedouthis religiousobligationssuchasreformingthecommunity,preventingtheirbloodfromshedding,and achievingtheirpurposes. (185) Inthechapterthatfollows,youwillknowthatthosewhoblamedalHasanforhisattitudedidnot treathimwithjustice,andthatthesolutionalHasanconcludedtosolvehislastproblemswasthe onlysolutionthatsuitedhiscriticalcondition. OfthetwosacrificesalHasanb.'Ali,peacebeonthem,chosethemorepainfuloneintheself, themoreeffectiveoneinthereligion,therareroneinhistory,andthemorevaluableoneinthe customofthepeople.Thushewasnotliabletodoubts,criticism,andaccusation.Ofcourse,al Hasanwasfarabovedoubts,criticism,andaccusation,forhechosetheseverestattitudeofall attitudesforhimself,andthemostusefuloneofthemforotherthanhimtopleasehisLord. Moreover,hewasthedivinepersonwhomthepeoplerecognized.Hewas,accordingtothe versesoftheBook,freefromalldoubts,errors,andaccusations. AlHasan,peacebeonhim,didnottakethelifeinthisworldintoconsideration.Sohedidnot wishforit.RatherhewaitedfortherewardfromhisLord.HewaseagertomeetHim,andto obtainhislaudablepositionnearhisparentsandhisgrandfather,andhisdignitythroughwhich theywillaskAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,tomakehimnearertoHim. Moreover,alHasanwasnotcowardlytofeardeath.Namely,hewasnotafraidofdeathwhenhe abdicatedhisrighttoauthority.I(i.e.,theauthor)wonder:HowdidcowardicecometoalHasan? WashisfathernotthelionofAllahandofHisApostle?WashisgrandfathernottheApostleof Allah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily?WasShaykhalBattaha'nothisgrandfather?Were HamzaandJa'far,whoarethetwolordsofmartyrs,nothistwogreatpaternaluncles?Washis pothernotthefatherofmartyrs?Didhenothavefamousattitudesinvariousfieldssuchasthe dayoftheHouse(alDar),thedayofBasrah,andthedayofMazlamSabat?Washenottheone aboutwhomMu'awiyasaid:"Ifhewalked,deathwalkedwhereverhewalked?"Doesn'tthis witnessofhisenemiesindicatehispavery? IndeedalHasansacrificedhisrighttoauthoritywhenheabdicatedthethrone.Thissacrificeis amongthemostwonderfulsignsofpaveryifthepeopleknow. ThereforealHasanwasnotdesirousofdeathnorwasheafraid? (186)

TherewasnothinginthecriteriaofalHasanbuthisdoctrines.Hethoughtthattherewasnothing likethem.Sohesacrificedhisrighttoauthoritytoprotectthem(hisdoctrines)fromthehostile peoplewhowereafraidofneithersoonershamenorlaterfire.Hefollowedthisplantobefar abovethelifeinthisworld.Herefusedanykindofchange,deviation,andinclination.Hewasthe victoriouspersoninthecoreofdesertion,theconquerorinthecoreofdefeat,andthewinnerin thecoreofthecollapse. AlHasanwaspleasedtoleadapainfullife.Alsohewaspleasedtodogoodforothersinall circumstanceswithoutanyexploitation,preference,andmonopoly.Thisiswhatonlythenotable reformerscanachieveinhistory,andwhatMuslimeducatorslookfortoreformpeopleandmake themadoptauthenticprinciples. Manypeopleservedtheirdoctrinesthroughenduringdisasters.However,nooneofthemwaslike alHasan,fordisastersaccompaniedhimtillthelastmomentofhislife. Accordingly,alHasan,peacebeonhim,wastheidealImamwhooccupiedanimportantposition throughhisidealism,andgreatreformerwhosacrificedhisrighttoauthoritytoprotectthe doctrine. Besides,heledthefollowingstepsthroughrefrainingfromworldpleasuresduringhislifeinthis world,hispatiencethroughouthislife,andsacrificinghisrighttoauthority.Theseoutstanding meritsthemselveswerejihadinthewayofAllah.Forhehasimmortalizedhisdoctrinesthrough them. Chapter14:SecretOfTheAttitude (187) Uptillnow,wehavepoughtnothingtoquenchourthirstortoserveasaproofforunderstanding thereasonwhyalHasan,peacebeonhim,turnedawayfrommartyrdomandacceptedmaking peacepractically.ThemostimportantpointinthematterofalHasanarosefromthedaywhenhe madepeacewithMu'awiya.Forpeoplehavecriticizedhimsincethen.Thesubjectwhichwehave mentionedwithinthisstudyistheworthiestofallsubjectsintakingcare,discussing,andprobing. Thatisbecauseitisofgreatimportanceandbecauseitisthesecretoftheattitudewhichnoone

hasunveiledformorethanthirteencenturies. Tobemoreaccurateinunderstandingthereasonsforthepurposewhichwewanttoconclude throughthisstudy,wewillfirstofallstartwithmentioningthedeclarationsofthemostfamous historiansonthesubject,andthenwewillconsidercarefullytheconditionwhenalHasanmade peace(withMu'awiya)andtheconclusionsofthisstudy. 1.Inhisbook'Ta'rikh',alYa'qubisaid:"Mu'awiyasent(somemen)tothearmyofalHasanto rumorthatQaysb.Sa'dhadmadepeacewithMu'awiyaandjoinedhim.Alsohe(i.e.,Mu'awiya) sent(somemen)tothearmyofQays,afterthedesertionof'UbaydAllahb.'Abbasandthosewho werewithhim,torumorthatalHasanhadmadepeacewithMu'awiyaandansweredhim.Then Mu'awiyasenttoalHasanalMughirab.Shu'ba,'AbdAllahb.Kurayz,and'AbdalRahmanb.Umm alHakam.TheycametoalHasan,whostoppedathisgreattent,inalMada'in.Thentheylefthim speakingloudlytomakethepeoplehear:'IndeedAllahhaspreventedbloodshedthroughthe (grand)sonoftheApostleofAllah.ForalHasanhascalmedthediscord andacceptedmakingpeace(withMu'awiya).'Sothey(the (188) people)attackedalHasan,andplunderedhisgreattent.SoalHasanmountedhisownhorseand wenttoMazlamSabat.AlJarrahb.SinanalAsadihadambushedhim,stabbedhiminthethigh, seizedhisbeardandtwistedit,andtookhimbytheneck.AlHasanwascarried(onastretcher)to alMada'in.Hebledverymuch,andhisillnessbecameintense.Sothepeopledesertedhim.Then Mu'awiyacametoIraqandcontrolledtheauthority.AlHasanhadnostrength,andhis companionshaddesertedhimandhadnotstoodalongsidehim.Heknewofthat,somadepeace withMu'awiya." 2.AlTabarisaid:"ThepeoplepledgedallegiancetoalHasanb.'Ali,peacebeonhim.Thenhe wentoutwiththepeopletillhestoppedatalMada'in.HesentQaysb.Sa'dtoleadhisvanguard (soandso)thatwascomposedoftwelvethousandfighters.(Inthemeantime)Mu'awiyaandthe SyriansmovedtilltheystoppedatMaskan.WhilealHasanhadbeenatalMada'in,acallercalled inthearmy:'Qaysb.Sa'dhas (189) beenkilled,sodesert(alHasan).'Sotheydesertedhim,andplunderedhistenttotheextentthat theyplunderedevenhisprayermatfromunderhim.ThenalHasanwentouttillhestoppedatthe whitecompartmentatMaskan.TheuncleofalMukhtarb.Abu'Ubaydwasgovernoroveral

Mada'in.HisnamewasSa'db.Mas'ud.SoalMukhtar,whowasayoungman,saidtohim:'Have youanythingofrichesandhonor?'He(i.e.,Sa'db.Mas'ud)said:'Whatisthat?'He(i.e.,al Mukhtar)said:'BindalHasan'slegstogetherandaskMu'awiyaforsafetythroughthisact.'SoSa'd saidtohim:'MayAllah'scursebeonyou!Doyouwantmetoattackthesonofthedaughterof theApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,andtobindhislegstogether?Howabad manyouare!'SowhenalHasanknewthatthepeopledesertedhim,hesent(aman)toMu'awiya andaskedhimtomakepeacewithhim.ThusMu'awiyasenttohim'AbdAllahb.'Amir,and'Abd alRahmanb.Samrab.Habibb.'AbdShams.SotheycametoalHasanatalMada'in,thenthey gavehimwhathewantedandmadepeacewithhim." 3.Inhisbook'alKamil',IbnalAthirsaid:"WhenalHasanstoppedatalMada'in,acallercalledin thearmy:'Qaysb.Sa'dhasbeenkilled,sodesert.'ThentheyattackedalHasan'stentand plunderedhisprovisions." AlsoIbnalAthirhasmentionedtheprevioustextofalTabari,thenhesaid:"Itwassaidthatal Hasanhandedovertheauthority.ThatisbecauseMu'awiyaexchangedletterswithhimtohand overtheauthority.ThenalHasanaddressedthepeople.HepraisedAllah,laudedHim,andsaid: 'ByAllah,neitherdoubtnorregretpreventsusfromtheSyrians.Ratherwefoughtagainstthem withsafetyandpatience.However,safetywasmixedwithenmity,andpatiencewithimpatience. Yourreligionwasbeforeyourlifeinthisworldduringyouradvancingagainst(themattheBattle of)Siffin.However,todayyourlifeinthisworldhasbecomebeforeyourreligion.Indeedyouhave becomebetweentwokilled(persons)onewaskilledat(theBattle)ofSiffinandyouweepover him,andtheotherwaskilledat(theBattle)ofalNahrwanandyouavengehisblood.Asforthe rest,theyarebetrayers,andasfortheweeperisarebel.IndeedMu'awiyahassummonedustoa matterinwhichthereisneitherdignitynorjustice.Soifyouwantdeath,wewillanswerinkind andjudgehimforAllahwithourswords.Ifyouwantlife,wewillaccepthimandtake contentmentforyou.'SothepeoplecalledalHasanfromalldirections:'Therest!Therest!Make peace!'" 4.Inhisbook'SharhNahjalBalagha',b.AbualHadidsaid:"OntheauthorityofalMada'in,who said:'ThenalHasansent'AbdAllahb.'AbbasandQaysb.Sa'db.'Abbddatoheadavanguardof twelvethousand(fighters)toadvanceagainstSham(Syria).Thenhewentouttoheadforal Mada'in.However,hewasstabbedatSabatandhisprovisionswereplundered.Thenheentered alMadain.Mu'awiyaheardofthatnews,sohepropagatedit.ThecompanionswhomalHasan sentwith'AbdAllahbeganjoiningMu'awiya'scamp.Theywerefromtheprominentfiguresand themembersofthehouses.So'AbdAllahb.al'AbbaswrotetoalHasanconcerningthat.Forthis reasonalHasanaddressedthepeopleandscoldedthemandsaid:'Youhaddisobeyedmyfather, soheacceptedthearbitrationwhilehewasreluctant(todothat).Thenhesummonedyouto fightagainsttheSyriansafter

thearbitration,butyourefusedthattillhepassedaway. Thenyoupledgedallegiancetometomakepeacewith (190) himwhomakespeacewithmeandtofighthimwhofightsagainstme.Ihaveheardthatthe peopleofhonorwenttoMu'awiyaandpledgedallegiancetohim.Itisenoughformewhenyou donotdesertmeandmyreligion.AlHasansenttoMu'awiya'AbdAllah(b.alHarithb.Noufalb. alHarithb.'AbdalMuttalib.HismotherwasHindbint(thedaughter)ofAbuSufyanb.Harb)to askhimtomakepeace.AlHasanstipulatedthatMu'awiyashouldactaccordingtotheBookof AllahandtheSunna(practices)ofHisApostle,andthatheshouldnotpledgeallegiancetoanyone afterhim. 5.Inhisbook'alIrshad',alMufidsaid:"AgroupofthetriballeaderswrotesecretlytoMu'awiya offeringtoaccepthisauthority(i.e.,tolistenandobey).Theyurgedhimtocometothemand theyguaranteedtohandoveralHasanwhentheygottohiscamp,ortokillhimtreacherously. "AlHasanlearnedofthatwhenalettercametohimfromQaysb.Sa'd.HehadsentQayswith 'UbaydAllahb.'Abbas(togoonahead)whenhehadsetoutfromKufatomeetMu'awiyaandto drivehimoutofIraq,andmakehimselfacommanderofaunifiedpeople(lama'a).Hehadsaidto 'UbaydAllah:'Ifyouarestruckdown,thenthecommanderwillbeQaysb.Sa'd.' "Qaysb.Sa'd'sletterarrivedinformingalHasanthattheyhadstoppedMu'awiyaatavillage calledalJinubiyaoppositeMaskan.ThenMu'awiyahadsentto'UbaydAllahb.'Abbas,urginghim tocometohimandofferinghimamilliondirhams,halfofwhichhewouldgivehimimmediately, andtheotherhalfonhisentryintoKufa.'UbaydAllahhadslippedawayinthenightwithhisclose associatesto(join)Mu'awiya'scamp.Inthemorningthepeoplefoundtheirleadermissing.Qays b.Sa'dsaidtheprayerwiththemandtookchargeoftheiraffairs. "AlHasan'sawarenessofthepeople'sdesertionofhimincreased,(asdidhisawareness)ofthe corruptintentionoftheMuhakkima(theKharijites)againsthim,whichtheymadeobviousby cursinghim,accusinghimofdisbelief,anddeclaringthatitwaslawfultoshedhisbloodand plunderhisproper.Thereremainednoonetoprotecthimfromhisunfortunatepredicament exceptthecloseassociatesfromhis (191) father'sShi'aandhisownShi'a,andtheywereagroupthatcouldnotresisttheSyriansoldiers.

"Mu'awiyawrotetoalHasanaboutatruceandpeacetreaty.Healsosenthimlettersofhis followersinwhichtheyhadguaranteedtokillhimtreacherouslyortohandhimover.Heoffered himasmanyconditionsashewanted,toanswerhis(call)forpeaceandhegavehis(sworn) covenantbywhosefulfillmenteverybody'sinterestswouldbeserved.AlHasandidnottrusthim. Hewasawareofhisdeceptionandhisattemptsatassassination.However,hecouldfindno escapefromassentingtohisdemandstoabandonthewarandpingaboutatrucebecauseofthe weaknessofhisfollowers'understandingofhisright,theircorruptattitudetowardshimandtheir oppositiontohim.(Inaddition,hewasaware)oftheviewofmanyofthemindeclaringitlawfulto shedhisbloodandtohandhimovertohisrival.(Healsoknew)ofhiscousin'sdesertion(ofhim) andhisjoininghisenemy,aswellastheinclinationofthepeopletowardstheimmediatepresent andtheirreluctance(toshowconcern)forthefuture." I(theauthor)say:Inmosthistoricalencyclopedias,youdonotfindastudywrittenindetailonthe matterofalHasan,peacebeonhim.Inthisrespect,allwritersdonotresembleeachotherand sometimestheyopposeeachotherinpresentingthehistoricalfacts.Besidestheirstudiesare incompleteandtheirexpressionsarepief. Asyouhaveseen(intheabovementionedtexts)thatoneofthehistorianthinksthatalHasan askedMu'awiyaformakingpeace,whiletheotherthinksthatitwasMu'awiyawhoaskedal Hasanformakingpeace.SomehistoriansthinkthatalHasanaskedMu'awiyaformakingpeace becauseofthediscordsthathappenedatboththecamps,namelyatMaskanandalMada'in. Thentheydifferoverthekindofthediscord.SomeofthemthinkthatalHasanagreedonmaking peacewith (192) Mu'awiyabecausethepeopledesertedhimwhenhewasstabbedandbecameill.Someofthem thinkthatalHasanmadepeacewithMu'awiyabecausethepeopleweretiredoffighting alongsidehim.ThatwasalHasan'sorationwhenthepeoplesaid:"therest!therest!,"andwhen theysaidopenly:"Makepeace(withMu'awiya)!"SomeofthemthinkthatalHasanmadepeace withMu'awiyabecausethecommander(i.e.,'UbaydAllahb.'Abbas)desertedhimandhis companionsbetrayedhimandsomeofhiscompanionsdeclaredthatitwaslawfultoshedhis bloodandtherestofhiscompanionswerenotenoughtowagewaragainstMu'awiya. Moreover,thehistoriansstilldifferoverthecommander'sname.Someofthemhavecalledhim 'AbdAllahb.'Abbas;someofthemcalledhimQaysb.Sa'db.'Ubbada;someofthemcalledhim 'UbaydAllahb.al'Abbas,andsoon.

Howpainfulthishistoricalmatteris!Indeeditisharmful,especiallywhenthehistoriansstudyitat random. Theotherhistorianshavestudiedthismatterastheystudiedthemarginalmattersinhistory, payingnoattentiontothatshortperiodoftimethatwasfullofgreatevents,namelytheperiodof timewhenalHasan'sgeneralIslamicsuccessiontoauthorityoccurred,theseparationbetween thespiritualauthorityandthetemporalauthorityhappened,thecaliphateturnedintokingdom, andthetribalenmitiesinIslamstarted. ThehistorianswhowrotepieflyorindetailaboutthematterofalHasandiscussedonlythecritical conditionsthatforcedhimtomakepeacewithMu'awiya.Inotherwordstheyadopteddifferent attitudestowardssuchasensitivematter:someofthemyieldedtogovernment,keptsilent,and showednoidea;someofthemregardedalHasan'smatterasright,justifiedit,increasedproofs forit,andnumberedtheexcuses;otherscriticizedhiminanignorantway,wereunawareofthe secretoftheattitudesothattheybegandisclosingtheirownpsychologicaltraitssuchas impudentfanaticism,baddiscrimination,andthelike. Ifthefriendsandtheenemiesconsidercarefullythecriticalhistoricalsituationsfromwhichal Hasan,peacebeonhim,suffered,theywillrefrainfromcensuringhimforturningawayfrom martyrdomthatwas,withoutdoubt,thebestandmostappropriateendfortheimmortalImam. AtthistheywillbeabletoknowthereasonwhytheImampreferredmakingpeacewithMu'awiya tomartyrdom.Inthe (193) meantimetheywillbeinnoneedofanyefforttocountthedisastersortostudythecritical situations.However,thesepeopleinsistthatitwasinappropriateforalHasantomakepeacewith Mu'awiya,fortheconditionwasappropriateforalHasantodieamartyrashispotheralHusayn did.InotherwordsthehardshipsfromwhichalHasansufferedweresimilartothosefromwhich alHusaynsuffered.However,alHusaynpassedthemthroughmartyrdom.Sosuchakindof martyrdomisaproofforhisimmortalityinthehistoryofthepeoplewhorevoltagainst oppression. Therefore,whydidalHasannotfollowthewayofalHusayn? Washecowardly?I(theauthor)askAllah'sforgiveness,foralHusayn'sheartwasnotpaverthan alHasan's,norwashisswordsharperthanhis,norwashemoreliabletopersecutionsthanhim. AlHasanandalHusaynweretwopothersinalltheirgreatqualities:ingoodmanners,religion,

sacrificingforthereligion,paveryinbattlefields;moreovertheywerethetwosonsofthepavest ofallArabs.SoI(i.e.,theauthor)wonder:whereisthenextofcowardiceinalHasan? WasalHasandesirousofthelifeinthisworld?FarbeitfromthespiritualImamwhohas perfumedhistory.ItwasimpossibleforhimtopreferthelifeinthisworldtowhatAllahhas bestowedonhimsuchasdignityandgreatpositioninthegardens.Hehadgreatspirits,forjihad andsacrificesgrewonhim.Thushewasreadytoabdicatethethroneandtorenounceallworldly pleasures. WashesatisfiedwithMu'awiyatobetheleaderofIslamwhenhemadepeacewithhimand yieldedtohim?Certainlynot!AlHasanwasnotsatisfiedwithMu'awiya.Manyhistorianshave reportedhiswordsconcerningMu'awiya.Heregardedhimasanaggressor.Hehadnodoubt abouthisaggression.Hedescribedhimasanunbeliever.ThushesaidtotheMuslimsthatitwas incumbentonthemtofightagainsthim. ThesearesomeofalHasan'swordstoMu'awiya:"Leaveaggressionandpreventthebloodofthe Muslimfromshedding.By (194) Allah,youhaveshedalotoftheirBlood.FearAllah,foryouwillmeethim.[1] OneofhiscompanionsblamedhimformakingpeacewithMu'awiya,sohesaid:"ByAllah,ifIhad supporters,IwouldfightagainstMu'awiyadayandnight."[2] InhishistoricalspeechatalMada'in,alHasansaid:"ByAllah,neitherdoubtnorregretpreventus from(fightingagainst)theSyrians." Aswehavepreviouslymentioned,alHasansaidtoAbuSaid:"Thereasonthatmadememake peacewithMu'awiyawasthesamereasonthatmadetheApostleofAllahmadepeacewiththe banu(sonsof)Damra,thebanuofAshja',andtheMeccanswhenheleftalHudaybiya.Thosewere unbelieversaccordingtotheHolyQur'an,whileMu'awiyaandhiscompanionsareunbelievers accordingtotheinterpretation." ThereforealHasanmadepeacewithMu'awiya,buthewasnotsatisfiedwithhim.Hedidnotfight againsthim,buthewasnotafraidofhim.Moreover,heturnedawayfrommartyrdom,buthewas notdesirousofthelifeinthisworld.RatherhemadepeacewithMu'awiyabecausetherewasno choiceotherthanmakingpeaceduringhistime.InthiswayalHasanisdistinguishedfromal Husayn.ThatisbecausealHusaynhadtwochoicesduringhistime:eithermakingpeaceor

martyrdom.Sothebestofallthepeople(i.e.,alHusayn)hurriedtochoosethebetterofthetwo ways.AsforalHasan,hewaspreventedfromobtainingmartyrdomsothathehadonlyone possiblewaywhichhehadtofollow. I(i.e.,theauthor)saythatandIamsureofwhatIsay. MaybeitseemsstrangewhenIsay:alHasanwaspreventedfromobtainingmartyrdom.Thatis becausesomeonemayask:"Wasn'talHasanthebelieverwhoabdicatedhisrighttoauthority? Didn'theleaveforAllahwhatwasintheworldfortheworld?Didn'thesellhis [1]IbnAbualHadid,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.12. [2]AlTupisi,alIhtijaj,p.151. (195) lifeforAllah'sreward?Sowhydidheavoidfacingtheswordsandthespearstobeamartyr?Isn't thistheImmortalmartyr?Moreover,whywassuchamujahid(holyfighter)preventedfrom martyrdomwhilehehadalonghistoryinjihad(holywar)?Sowhydidn'thehurrytomartyrdom? Whyhaven'tweheardthathetriedtoobtainmartyrdomthroughfightingagainsttheenemyon thedaywhenhehadnoescapefromthat?Ifhehaddonethat,wouldn'tallhisloyalShi'ahave defieddeathforhim?Weretheynotwaitingforhisfinalwordtowagewaragainsthisenemies?" Yes,thiswasthebeginningoftheproblemthatdistinguishedalHasanfromtheothermembersof theHouse(AhlalBayt),peacebeonthem.Fromherethishistoricalproblemhasbecomea matterofdoubt.Muchnonsensehasbeensaidaboutit.Suchkindofnonsensehascomplicated thematterverymuchandmadethepeopleunabletounderstandit. Thenitisnaturalforthosewhodependonnonsenseintheirlifetomisunderstandtheseriesof theevents.Thustheyimproviserules.ThroughtheserulestheystudythepolicyofalHasanto showweakpointsinitandtocriticizeitpayingnointentiontothehistoricalfacts. Now,whichideaiscorrecttheideaofalHasanorthatofthecritics? AlHasanwasagreatleader.Noonecandoubthisleadership.Besidesnoonecancriticizehim easily. Now,wewillsolvetheproblem.However,itisbetterforustomentionthreefactsbeforewe solveit.Thesefactsareasfollows: Thefirstfactisaboutthemeaningofmartyrdom.

ThesecondfactisaboutalHasan'scriticalsituationatalMada'in. ThethirdfactisaboutMu'awiya'splantowardstheaimsofalHasan,peacebeonhim. 1.MartyrdomforAllah (196) Initsmeaningthatmakeslife,martyrdommeanssacrificingthelifetoenlivenagooddeedorto causeanevildeedtodie. ThesacrificethatisnotforAllahisnotanactofmartyrdom,noristhesacrificethatnotfor enjoininggooddeedsandforbiddingevildeeds. IfanunbelieverkilledaMusliminthefieldofjihad,theMuslimwouldbeamartyr. IfanoppressivepersonkilledaMusliminthefieldofdefense,theMuslimwouldbeamartyr. However,ifaMuslimkilledaMuslimduringapersonaldisputeorkilledhimtosupportacertain religiousdoctrine,therewouldbeneithermartyrdomnordignity.Thatisbecausethedignityon whichmankindhaveagreedthroughouthistoryisthewageofthemartyr,forhesacrificeshislife forthepublicinterest.Soneitherpersonalsacrificesnorantiinterestsacrificesareactsof martyrdom. Theleaderissometimeskilledbyhisfollowersorbythosewhohaverighttoauthority.Thushis bloodisinvain,namelyheisnotamartyrinthefullsenseoftheword.Thatisbecausethe majorityineverysocietyisthesourceofthepowersofeverypersonwhoassumestheiraffairsin theirname.ThiswastheruleonwhichtheteampowersinIslamwerebased.Accordingtothis rule,theearlyMuslimsaidto'Umarb.alKhattab:"Ifyoudeviate(fromthetruth),wewill straightenyouwithourswords." Again,iftheleaderiskilled,thenhisbloodisinvain,andheisnotamartyrinthefullsenseofthe word,forthefriendlyfollowerswhogathertogethertoshedthisbloodareworthierofauthority thanhim.Inotherwordstheyrevoltagainsthimtotaketheirlegalrighttoauthority.Theirstrong proofforthatistheircooperation.InthisrespectalQaffalalShafi'isaid:"Indeedthecommunity thatappoints(aperson)asarulerisresponsibleforpunishinghim."

Forexample,'Uthman,whowasthethirdCaliphandhistoricalfigurewhoshooktheearthwithhis fearfulauthority,waskilledbythe (197) armedrevolutionariesfromtheownersoftherighttoauthority.Soneitherhistorynorhisfriends inhistoryareabletoregardhimasamartyrinthefullsenseoftheword. WaqqaswastheservantofAbuDharralGhifari.Hewasapoorblackslave.Hehadnoimportant roleinlife.However,hehasforcedhistorytohallowhim,forhewaskilledinthewayofAllah,so hehasbecomeamartyrinthefullsenseoftheword. Thereforetheconditionsofmartyrdomandthenecessitiesofitsdignitydonotconcernonlythe greatfigure.Meanwhilenotonlythegreatfigureisregardedasamartyrwhenheiskilledinthe wayofAllah. Now,letusleavethisprefacetomovetothesecondsubject,thenwewilltakeourneedfromit whennecessary. 2.ADiminishedPictureontheIrregularSituationatalMada'in Fromtheforegoingstudy,repetitionisnecessaryfortheresearch,wehaveknownthatthebest soldiersofalHasanjoinedthevanguardthatwenttoMaskanbeforehim.However,hissoldiersat alMada'inweretheweakestofallsoldiersinmoraleandthenearestofthemtodesertion, restlessness,anddivision. WehavealsoknownthatalHasanhadbeensurprisedbythreeinitiativesbeforehereceivedany helpfromhisothercamps.Thesethreeinitiatives,thatwereaswarnersagainstthedisaster,are asfollows: A.ThenewsofthewiderangetreasonatMaskan. B.Theprovocativerumorthaturgedthepeopletodesert(thecamp)throughtellingthemthat Qaysb.Sa'd,whowasthesecondcommanderofthearmyofMaskan,hadbeenkilled. C.ThediscordcreatedbytheSyriandelegationthatcametoshowtheImamthelettersofthe traitorousKufans,andthenthedelegationwentoutsayingthatalHasanhadacceptedmaking peacewith (198)

Mu'awiya. Aswehavementionedinchapter8,inthisarmywerethemenofdiscords,themenofthewish forbooty,theKharijites,andthelike.Theyhadnomeansmoreusefulthanthesediscordswhich theystirredupamongalHasan'sarmythroughtheabovementionedthreesorrowfulinitiatives. Moreover,alHasansummonedthepeople,addressedthem,askedthemforgoodintentionand patience,remindedthemoftheirlaudabledays(i.e.,battles)atSiffin,andblamedthemforthose discords.AmongthemostwonderfulthingswhichalHasanachievedthroughhisspeechwasthat hewasabletopingthepeoplegraduallytoconfessopenlythattheyrecoiledfromwagingwar againstMu'awiya.ThatoccurredwhenalHasanwantedtoaskthemforadviceconcerningwhat Mu'awiyahadwrittentohim,so,attheendofhisspeech,hesaid:"IndeedMu'awiyahas summonedustoamatterinwhichthereisneitherdignitynorjustice.Ifyouwanteddeath,we wouldrefuseitandjudgehimwithourswordsbeforeAllah.Ifyouwantedlife,wewouldacceptit fromhimandtakecontentmentforyou."Sothepeoplecalledhimfromalldirections:"Therest! Therest!Carryoutpeacemaking!"[1] I(i.e.,theauthor):InthehistoryofthematterofalHasan,peacebeonhim,therearetwo reports.Theyhavebeenmentionedtotheextentthattheyhavebecomeamongtheaxiomsof thishistory.Theyare:thenarrationofthepeoplewhorequestedtherestandcarryingoutpeace making,andthenarrationofthepeoplewhoroseinalMada'inprotestingagainstmakingpeace andinsistingonwagingwaragainstMu'awiya.SoIwishIknewwhichofthetwoideaswasthe aimofthesepeople? Aren'tthesetwoideasthesignsofthedivisionwhichwehavealreadymentioned?.Ratherthey indicatethechaosthathinderedthebattlefield,andtheyindicatethatthosewhocalledthe Imamfromall [1]IbnKhaldun.IbnalAthir.AlMajlisi,BiharalAnwar. Wehavealreadymentionedthefirstpartofthisorationwithinthedeclarationsofthehistorians inthischapter. (199) directionstomakepeacewithMu'awiyawerethemselveswhoaskedtheImamtowagewar againsthim. Sochaos,summonstojihad,andmakingfriendswiththeImamdonotcometogether.

ThesewereamongtheaspectsofthecampofalMada'in,andamongthequalitiesofthemixed groupsofpeoplewhohadcontrolledit. SomesoldiersrevoltedagainstalHasan.Theyaccusedhimofunbelief.Thisindicatesthatthey belongedtotheKharijites.FortheKharijitesaccusedtheMuslimsortheImamsofunbeliefwhen theybecameangrywiththem.Besidestheyusedsuchanaccusationasapretexttocoverthe greatcrimewhichoneofthemcommittedwhenhestabbedalHasaninthethigh. SomesoldiersplunderedalHasan'stenttotheextentthattheyplunderedhiscloakandhisprayer mat.Thisindicatesthattheybelongedto"themenofthewishforbooty. ThediscordsinalHasan'sarmyindicatethattherewerediscordmakers.Theywereinthisarmy whenitwasinKufaandwhenitmovedtothetwocampstowageholyjihadagainstMu'awiya. InthismannerthediscordquicklyspreadthroughthearmyinalMada'in.Soeventhewell organizedloyalcompanionstoalHasanwereunabletocontrolit.Thusthemajorityprevented theminorityfromcarryingoutitsduties.Thisarmylackedtranquilitywhichwasimportantto achievesteadfastness.Meanwhileithadnoaimsbutfoolishones.Sothisarmywasnotableto fightagainstMu'awiya.However,itwantedtofightagainstitsImam,alHasan.Itdidnottakewar bootyfromtheirenemy,butitwantedtotakebootyfromitsfriendsthroughplunderingtheir possessions.ItwasnotabletojoinMu'awiya'scamp,asitsfriendsinthesecondcampdid,it wrotetohimtocometoit. Thisiswhathistoryhaskeptforthisgroupofthepeople.Asforwhathistorianshaveforgottenor triedtoforgetortheyhavebeenpreventedfrommentioningit,nooneknowsitbutAllah,the GreatandAlmighty. (200) I(i.e.,theauthor)wonder:IfMu'awiyawithallhisclevernessandgenerosityfacedthesituation andthearmyofalHasan,wouldhepasshiscriticalsituationinamannerbetterthanthatal Hasanusedtoprotecthisdoctrines,hisplans,andhisfuture? ToincreaselookingforthereasonsthatpreventedalHasanfromobtainingholymartyrdom,we willinformthegentlereaderofthethirdstageofthisroundwithsadsteps. 3.Mu'awiya'sPlantowardstheAimsofalHasan,peacebeonhim

When'Uthmandied,thetitle'thegovernor'(alwali)withwhichMu'awiyawascalleddied,too. Wedonotknowwhichtitlehehadusedtocallhimselfafterthat,nordoweknowthekindofhis responsibilityaccordingtotheIslamicLaw.However,wehaveknownthatthetwolegalcaliphs (i.e.,'AliandhissonalHasan),peacebeonthem,didnotappointhimasagovernor,sohewas notagovernor.AlsowehaveknownthattheIslamicLawdoesnotpermittwocaliphsatonetime, sohewasnotacaliph. ThereforewhatwasMu'awiyaafter'Uthman? Wedonotknow. Yes,hedrewtheweaponatthefacesofthesetwocaliphs(i.e.,'AliandhissonalHasan)fromthe daywhenhewasremovedfromtheauthorityofSham(Syria).WehaveseenthattheIslamicLaw givesatitletohimwhobehavedasMu'awiyadid.WethinkthatMu'awiyawassatisfiedwiththe title,thatisalbaghi(i.e.,theoppressiveone). I(i.e.,theauthor)wonder:DidMu'awiyachooseatitleforhimselfotherthantheleaderofal bughat(i.e.,theoppressiveones)? IthinkthatMu'awiya,becauseofhisfutureambition,wasnotannoyedwhenhetookthereinsof authoritywhilehistitlewasunknown,norwasworriedwhenhewascalledalbaghiaccordingto theIslamicLaw.Thatisbecausehewasinsistingontakingthegreatest titlesbyforceregardlessoftheIslamicLaw.Soafterthat, (201) Sa'db.AbuWaqqascalledhimking.Muslimb.'Aqaba[1],alMughirab.Shu'ba[2],and'Amrb.al 'As[3]calledhimAmiralmu'minin(the [1]HewastheleaderattheBattleofalHurra,whichtooknextattheCityoftheApostleofAllah (i.e.,Medina),mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.HeviolatedthesanctityoftheCityforthree days.HedemolishedtheHolyKaabawithhismangonels.Mu'awiyaadvisedhissonYazid,afterhe hadpavedtheaffairsforhim,toappointMuslimb.'AqabaasagovernoroverMedina.Hesaidto him:"Youwillfaceaday(abattle)headedbytheMedinans.Iftheydidthat,thenpunishthem withMuslimb.'Aqaba,forheisthemanwhoseadviceIhaveknown."SeealTabari,alBayhaqi, andIbnalAthir. [2]InhisbookalMahasanwaalMasawi',alBayhaqitoldus:"AlMughirawasthefirsttobepibed. He(i.e.,alMughira)wasthemediatorinthematterofaddingZiyad(toAbuSufyan)regardlessof

theIslamiclaws.HewasthefirsttonominateYazidb.Mu'awiyatotheCaliphate.Itwashewho saidinthisrespect:'IhaveputMu'awiya'slegintheleatherstirrupwhichisfarawayfromthe intentionofthecommunityofMuhammad,andIhavemadearipforthem(i.e.,theCommunity ofMuhammad),whichcanneverbemended.'" ItwashewhomHasanb.Thabit(apoet)meantwhenhesaid: Ifignobilitywasascribed,itwouldbeaoneeyed SlavewithanuglyfacefromThaqif. Ihaveleftthereligionandbeliefbecauseofignorance IntheearlymorningwhenImettheassociateofalNasif. Iresortedtoyouth,andIrememberedfrominsidethebowels Playandthefinewaist. [3]Hewasveryfamous.HisboyWardan,concerninghim,said:"Hereandthehereafterquarreled witheachothertocontrolhisheart."Sohepreferredthelifeinthisworldtothenextlife.He followedMu'awiyaprovidedthatthelattershouldappointhimagovernoroverEgypt.Somaythe handofthesellerbeunsuccessfulandthetrustofthebuyerbedisgraceful! Ibn'AbdRabbihhasreportedthefollowingontheauthorityofalHasanalBasri,whosaid:"By Allah,Mu'awiyaknewthathewouldnotcontrolgovernmentcompletelyunless'Amrpledged allegiancetohim.Sohesaidtohim:''Amru,followme.''Amrsaid:'Why?Forthehereafter?By Allah,therewill,benohereafterwithyou.Orforthelifeinthisworld?ByAllah,Iwillnotfollow youunlessIbeyourpartnerinit.''Thenyouaremypartnerinit,'saidMu'awiya.'Sogiveme Egyptandherdistricts,'said'Amru.SoMu'awiyagavehimEgyptandherdistricts,andwroteat theendoftheletter:'Amrshouldlistenandobey.''Andwritethatlisteningandobedience (202) shouldchangenothingofhiscondition,'said'Amru.'No,wewillconsiderthiscarefully,'said Mu'awiya.'Tillyouwritethat,'said'Amru." Theoldcompanion(i.e.,'Amru)whodiedattheageof98waspleasedtoendhislongagewith suchaneviltrickeryinthereligionandbegansayingwithoutattention:"WereitnotforEgyptand herdistricts,Iwouldescapefromit,forIknowthat'Alib.'AbuTalibwasrightbutIopposedhim." Asfortheearlylifeof'Amrb.al'As,itharmedIslamandtheProphetofIslam,mayAllahblesshim andhisfamily,verymuch.Thatisbecausehewasoneofthetwopersonswhotriedtokillthe Prophet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,ontheNightoftheBedinMecca.(i.e.,thenight

whenthelatterasked'AlitosleepinhisbedtoemigratefromMeccatoMedina). Itwas'Amrawhowasthechildless(alabtar)personwhomAllah,theExalted,meantbyHis Words:"Indeedyourenemyisthechildless." Hewasamongthosewhoprovokedthepeopletokill'Uthman.HedidnotgotoPalestinetillhe openedtheulcerashesaidconcerninghimselfonthedaywhenheheardofthekillingof 'Uthman. AtlasthejoinedMu'awiya'scampaccordingtotheabovementionedshamefulbargaining.He gotridofthesurekillingat(thebattleof)Siffinthroughtheugliestmeanswhichhistoryhas known. CopiesoftheQur'anwereraisedinanswertohisideathroughwhichhewasabletodividethe unityoftheMuslims. When'Amrwasabouttodie,hesaidtohisson:"Ihadenteredaffairs.Idonotknowwhatmy proofforthemwillbewithAllah." Thenhelookedathisplentifulpropertyandsaid:"Iwishitwasdung.IwishIdiedthirtyyears beforethistime.IreformedMu'awiya'slifeinthisworldandIcorruptedmyreligion.Ipreferred mylifeinthisworldtomynextlife.Myreasonbecameblindtillmydeathcametome."The propertyheleftbehindhimwasthreehundredthousandgolddinarsandamillionsilverdirhams inadditiontohiscountryestates. AlTabaraniandIbn'AsakirhavereportedthefollowingtraditionoftheApostleofAllah,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily,concerning'AmrandMu'awiya:"Theydonotmeeteachotherbutfor perfidy." Intheirtwobookscalled'alMusnad',AhmadandAbuYa'lahavementionedthefollowing traditionontheauthorityofAbuBarza,whosaid:"WewerewiththeProphet,mayAllahbless himandhisfamily,sohe(i.e.,theProphet)heardsomeonesingingandsaid:'Look!Whoisthis?'I (i.e.,AbuBarza)ascended.Suddenly,itwasMu'awiyaandAmrub.al'As.Theyweresinging.SoI camebackandtoldtheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whosaid:'OAllah,sinkthem intotheseductionthoroughly.OAllah,leavetheminthefireforever.'" (203) Commanderofthefaithful).Hewasthehappiestoneinthisworld,"whoobtainedallthingswhich

thepeopledidnotobtaininthisworld,"ashesaidconcerninghimself. When'Amrrub.al'As,Muslimb.'Aqaba,andalMughirab.Shu'bahadappointedhimasacaliph andCommanderofthefaithful,Mu'awiyawasindifferenttotheIslamicLawwhetheritpermitted himtousesuchtitlesornot.ThatisbecausetheIslamicLawdoesnotpermitanyonetotakethe religioustitlesbyforce,nordoesitallowanyonetousethetitle'caliph'butwhenthepersonis similartotheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.BesidestheIslamicLawdeprivesthe personofusingthistitlewhenthereisbetweenhimandtheProphetlikethatwhichisbetween tworeligions. Inhisbook'TathiralJinan',b.Hajrhasnarratedthefollowingtraditions:"Indeed'Amrwentupon thepulpitandcursed'Ali.ThenalMughirab.Shu'badidashe('Amra)did.Soitwassaidtoal Hasan:'Gouponthepulpittoanswerthem.'However,herefusedtodothatunlessthey promisedtobelievehimwhenhesaidthetruthandtoaccusehimoflyingwhenhesaid falsehood.Theyacceptedthat,sohewentuponthepulpit,praisedAllah,laudedHim,andsaid:' 'AmraandMughira,IwantyoutoswearbyAllah,doyouknowthattheApostleofAllahhad cursedthedriverandtheleader;oneofthemwassoandso(i.e.,Mu'awiya)?''Yes,'theysaid. Thenhe(theProphet)said:'Mu'awiyaandMughira,IaskyoutoswearbyAllah,don'tyouknow thattheProphethadcursed'Amra?''Yes,'theysaid.Thenhesaid:"AmraandMu'awiya,Iaskyou toswearbyAllah,don'tyouknowthattheProphethadcursedthepeopleofthis(i.e.,al Mughira)?'ThenalHasansaid:'IndeedIthankAllahwhohasmadeyoufromthosewho renouncedthis(i.e.,'Ali)."' Itwas'Amrab.al'Aswhomthegreatcompanion'Ammarb.Yasir,mayAllahbepleasedwithhim, meantwhenhesaidtothemujahidin(holyfighters)at(theBattleofSiffin):"Doyounotwantto lookathimwhoshowedenmitytowardsAllahandHisApostleandfoughtagainstthem,wronged theMuslims,andsupportedthepolytheist,andwhenhesawthatAllah,theGreatandAlmighty, hadstrengthenedhisreligionandsupportedHisApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,he becameMuslim,aswethink,unwillingly?.ThenAllahmadehisApostle,mayAllahblesshimand hisfamily,todie.ByAllah,'AmraremovedagooddeedafterAllah'sApostlewhenheshowed enmitytowardstheMuslimsandbargainedthecriminal.Soresisthimandfightagainsthim,for hewillextinguishthelightofAllahandhelptheenemiesofAllah,theGreatandAlmighty."See: alTabari,IbnAbualHadid,alMas'adi,andthelike. (204) WedonotknowexactlytowhatextentthesetitlescostMu'awiyainhisreligionwhenheascribed themtohimselfandtohissonYazidbyforce,andwhenhedidnotintroducehissontothe Muslims.

AlsowedonotknowtowhatextentMu'awiyatookcareofhimselftowardsAllahconcerning whathehadtotakecareof. However,inthelightofhismanydisputes,wehaveknownthathedidnotguardagainsthimself. Alsowehaveknownthattheambitiousselfishnesshadcontrolledhisheartsothatheforgothis attitudestandingwindward,andbasedonthespiderwebonthedaywhenalltitlesdesertedhim. AlsowehaveknownthatunrulytribalismpreventedMu'awiya,thetyrant,fromthinkingsothatit madehimthinkthathadajustificationforrefusingtheclearconditionsofIslamconcerningthe caliph.Thatisbecause'Amrb.al'Aspledgedallegiancetohim,andalMughirab.Shu'ba nominatedhissonYazidtobethesuccessorafterhimtoleadthebelievers.Wasn'tthispledgeof allegiancetoMu'awiyaandthisnominationtohissonYazidresultingfromthecheapbargaining fortheauthoritiesofEgyptandKufaasitishistoricallyknown? Nowonder!ItwasnaturalforMu'awiyab.AbuSufyantobeashehadbeenbefore.Thatis becausehewasanoriginalUmayyadoranUmayyadassociate,buthesparednoefforttobe originalUmayyad.[1] TheUmayyadsandtheHashimiteshadtheirownhistorythatmadethemascendedtilltheymet anddescendedwiththemwheneverthetimedescended. [1]AlZamakhshari,Rabi'alApar.IbnalSa'ib,alMathalib. AbualFarajalIsfahani,alAghani.IbnalSamman,MathalibbaniUmayya.Ja'farb.Muhammadal Hamadani,BahjatalMustafid. ThenthegentlereaderwillbefreetoascribeMu'awiyatoanyofhisfourfatherswhosenames havebeenmentionedthere.Inhisbook'NahjalBalagha',thelordofArabs(i.e.,Imam'Ali) referredtothat:"Theoriginaloneisunliketheassociate." Supplement (205)

ItwasnaturalforthepersonswhowereusedtothetribalbackgroundsbeforeandafterIslam, whoacceptedIslamunwillinglyontheDayoftheConquest(ofMecca),andwhodidnot understandIslamasitis,tokeepontheirinheritedspitesandtheoldheritagewithdeepinjuries. AftertheConquest(ofMecca)andduringthetimeoftheProphet,Mu'awiyawasabarefooted freedprisonerofwar,ashedescribedhimself.ThentheUmayyadsbecameeagertorenewtheir positioninsociety.ThatisbecauseanUmayyadmemberwasnominatedtaketopartinthe consultativeCommittee(which'Umarb.alKhattabappointedtoelectanewcaliph).Thisstep helped'Uthman'scousin(i.e.,Mu'awiya)tobethefearfulpowerfulgovernorofSham(Syria).So hebegantogatherhelpersandsupportersandtopleasethefollowers,thesoldiers,andthe advisers.Thenhebuiltpalaces,usedcurtainsforthem,andorderedthesoldierstostopattheir doors.Inthemeantimehiswealthwasenoughtotemptthemenofgreediness,themenwhosold theirconscience,andthemenwholickedthebowl. AsMu'awiyawasadesertedsubjectandwasunabletoavengehimselfandhistribeonthepeople whoovercamehimandhistribe,itwasnaturalforhim,whenhetookthereinsofauthority,to punishthosepeopleseverelyandtoavengehimselfandhistribeontheirchildren,theirpothers, theircompanions,theirdoctrinesandtheiraims.SoitwasexpectedthatMu'awiyawouldmake armedraidson'AliandalHasan,peacebeonthem,atthefirstopportunity,andtowagecoldwar againstthem.Noteworthythiscoldwarofhiswasthelongestofallwars,andmostharmfulof themtowardsIslam. FromthenumerousdiplomaticactswhichMu'awiyadidduringhislongtime,wecanconclude thathehaddecidedtomakeawiderangecampaigntodestroytheAliddoctrinesortodestroy thetrueIslamwhich'Aliandhispuresonsrepresented. ItseemsthatMu'awiyawantedtoachievefouraimsthroughthiscampaignofhis.Theyareas follows: 1.ToparalyzetheShi'ites,todestroygraduallyallthosewhoadoptedShiism,andtodividetheir unity. (205) 2.TocreatediscordsintheareasthatfollowedthemembersoftheHouse(AhlalBayt),peacebe onthem,sothathe(Mu'awiya)wouldbeabletoseverelypunishthoseinnocentpeopleunderthe pretextofcausingriot. 3.ToisolatethemembersoftheHouse(AhlalBayt),peacebeonthem,fromtheMuslimworld,

toforcethepeopletoforgetthem,topreventthembyallmeans(possible)fromhavingany influence,andthentodestroythemthroughassassinations. 4.Tostrengthenwarofnerves. Inthisrespect,Mu'awiyahadoppressivedeeds.ThusAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,willexpose himforalongtimeashehasexposedhimthroughouthistory.Theresearchwillforceustogive someexamplesofthemwhenwetalkaboutthestipulationsofthePeaceTreaty,whichMu'awiya poke. ThemostprominentwayMu'awiyausedtoshowhisenmitytowards'Aliandhissonswasthathe forcedthepeopleinhiskingdomtocursethem.Thismeansthatheforcedthepeopletoforget theirrighttotheauthority,torenouncethem,andtoleaveanytraditionconcerningtheir outstandingqualities.Throughthisact,Mu'awiyawasthefirsttocursetheCompanionsofthe Prophet.Sohewasabletomakethepeopleobeyhimthroughthisabominableheresy. Worthmentioningthatthepeoplewerequicklyaffectedbythepowerfulpropagation,especially whentheywereaccompaniedbymoneyandhighranks. WedonotknowwhythepeopleweresatisfiedwithMu'awiyawhenhecursed'Ali,alHasan,and alHusayn,peacebeonthem.Inthemeantimewedonotknowwhytheyharboredmaliceagainst themembersoftheHouse(AhlalBayt)peacebeonthem,whenMu'awiyaprovokedthem. PerhapsMu'awiyawasabletoconvincethepeopleofthatitwas'Aliandhissonswhowagedwar againsttheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whenhesummonedthepeopleto believeinIslam,andthatitwastheywhomadeunlawfulwhatAllahhadmadelawfulandmade lawfulwhatAllahhadmadeunlawful,andthatitwasthey (207) whoaddedtheillegalchildtothelineage,andthatitwastheywhopokethecovenants,violated theoath,killedgreatMuslimfigures,buriedtheinnocentalive,andperformedFridayprayeron Wednesday.[1] PerhapsMu'awiyafedthepeoplebuthedidnotsatisfythem,andmaybeheterrifiedthem withoutgivingthemfood.Soheassumed"powerthroughthemwhentheyobeyedhimandmade cursing'Aliasunny(practice)onwhichtheyoungonegrewupandtheoldonedied.[2]Itseems probablethatitwasMu'awiyawhocalledthisheresySunna(practice).Thenthosewhowere deceivedbyhispolicycalleditSunna.InthiswaythepeopleafterMu'awiyawentonadoptinghis

heresy,namelycursing'Ali,till'Umarb.'Abdal'Azizcametopowerandabolishedit."Theorator ofthemosqueofHarrandeliveredasermon,thenheendedthesermon.However,hesaid nothingaboutcursingAbuTurab(i.e.,Imam'Ali)asusual.Sothepeopleshoutedfromallsides: 'Woeuntoyou!Woeuntoyou!Thesunna,thesunna!Youhaveleftthesunna!"[3] [1]AlMas'udi,MurujalDhahab,vol.2,72.Alsootherreferenceshavereportedthat. [2]AlMas'udi,MurujalDhahab,vol.2,p.72. Herewemustrememberthat'Ali,peacebeonhim,heardagroupofpeopleabusingtheSyrians attheBattleofSiffin,hepreventedthemfromthatandsaidtothem:"Idislikeyoutostart abusingthembutifyoudescribetheirdeedsandrecounttheirconditionsthatwouldbeabetter modeofspeakingandmoreconvincingwayofarguing.Insteadofabusingthemyoushouldsay: 'OAllah,saveourbloodandtheirblood,producereconciliationbetweenusandthem,andlead themoutoftheirmisguidancesothathewhoisignorantoftruthmayknowitandhewhois incliningtorebellionandrevoltmayturnawayfromit.'"NahjalBalagha,pp.420and421. OnedayMu'awiya'smessengercametoalHasan,peacebeonhim,andsaidtohim:"IaskAllah toprotectyouanddestroythesepeople."SoalHasansaidtohim:"Bekind!Donotbetrayhim whotrustsyou.ItisenoughforyoutolovemefortheloveofAllah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshim andhisfamily,ofmyfatherandmother.Itisanactoftreasonthatacertaingroupofpeopletrust youandyoushowenmitytowardsthemandinvokeAllahagainstthem."SeealMalahimwaal Fitan,p.143(Najaf). [3]HashimalDaftardar,alIslambaynaalSunnawaalShi'a,p.20. (208) ThenthesunnaofMu'awiyabecamehistoricalrule.Itmadethewordsunnaimplyanother idiomaticmeaningwhichthegenerationshandeddown,andwithwhichtheearlypolitical meaningwasforgotten. WhenyouconsidercarefullyMu'awiya'spsychologicalfeatures,youwillbeinnoneedof mentioningmanyexamplesofhisevildeeds. Afterthis,whatwouldhavehappenedifMu'awiyahadbeenvictoriousathisfightingagainstal Hasanandthelatterhaddiedamartyratthatfighting? DothebackgroundsofMu'awiyaindicatethathewouldbemoderateinhisvictoryoveral Hasan'sShi'aandtherestofthefirmbelieversorwouldhedestroythemallafterhehadkilledthe greatestfigureinthegreatPropheticfamily?

Surely,Mu'awiyawouldneverrefrainfromdoingthat.Moreover,hewouldnotabstainfrom destroyingthedoctrinethatshookhisentityfromthedaywhen'Alibecameacaliph,ratherfrom thedaywhentheHashimitespoughtlighttothelifeinthisworld,ratherfromthedaywhenthe HashimitesviedinnobilitywiththeUmayyadssothatthelatterescapedtoSham(Syria). Mu'awiyawouldbeabletotakeotherwellwovenmeasurestodestroytheShi'aafterthekilling ofalHusaynandtotrickthosewhoweredeceivedbyhisleadershipfromthegenerationthat helpedhimtousurpgovernment. Mu'awiyatookmeasurestocursethemembersoftheHouse(AhlalBayt)andtoaccuse'Aliof killing'UthmansothathewasreadytotakethethirdmeasuretodestroyShiismmateriallyand spiritually. InsidethehighpalacesofMu'awiyainSham(Syria)wereconsciencesforsaleandhirelingpens.So itwasnaturalforsuchkindsofpeopletofapicatetraditionsandascribethemtotheApostleof Allah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.AlsoitwasnaturalforthemtoviolatetheAliddoctrines, todistortthem,andtodisdainthemtotheextentthattheyuprootedtheirexistencefromthe people.Thentheywouldbeable,whentheatmospherewasemptyofthefamilyofMuhammad (mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily),tocreateanother (209) apostasyfromIslamthroughtheirfapicatedtraditionssothattheywoulddestroythetrueIslam andlegislateanotherIslamthatwasappropriateforMu'awiya'sambitionsandfarawayfromthe inspirationofthesky. ThiswaswhatalHasan,peacebeonhim,meantwhenhesaid:"YoudonotknowwhatIhave done.ByAllah,whatIhavedoneisbetterformyShi'athanwhatthesunrisesover." Thereisnothingofwhatthesunrisesoverbetterthanprotectingthefaithandimmortalizingthe doctrine. AlsothiswaswhatImamMuhammadalBaqirb.'Alib.alHusaynb.'Alib.AbuTalib,peacebeon him,meantwhenhewasaskedaboutthePeaceTreatyofalHasan,peacebeonhim,sohesaid: "Indeedhe(i.e.,alHasan)wasmoreknowledgeableofwhathehaddone.Wereitnotforwhathe haddone,therewouldbeagreataffair."

Supplement/1 Wethinkthatthestepsforthesethreestageshavehelpedthegentlereaderunderstandour purposeinthisstudybeforewewillexplainitclearly.Alsothesegradualstepshavehelpedhim discovermuchofthevaguenessthatpreparedtheatmosphereforthisinheritedcriticism. WehavealreadymentionedthatthedoortomartyrdomwasclosedatthefaceofalHasan,peace beonhim.InotherwordsmartyrdomrefrainedfromalHasan,nothewhorefrainedfromit.To indicatethis,wesay:IfalHasanhadtriedtoshedhispurebloodduringhiscriticalsituationto resisttheaggressionofsixtythousandSyrianfightersandtochoosemartyrdomanditsglorious position,hewouldhavenotachievedwhathehadwanted.Besideshewouldhavebeenkilledand hisbloodwouldhavebeeninvain.Moreover,hisfriendsinhistorywouldhavenotregardedhim asamartyrinthefullsenseoftheworld. ThatisbecausethevanguardsofalMada'increatedasorrowfulsituationthroughtheirfoolish chaos.ThetraitorousKufansmaintainedanattitudewhentheydesertedalHasanthroughtheir (210) letters,whichalHasanhimselfread,toMu'awiyatokilltheformerortohandhimover.This forcesustothinkthatagroupofthegreatfiguresatthecampdecidedtotakepartinthegreatest crimeagainstImamalHasan,peacebeonhim.Thusitwaitedfortheopportunitytocommitthat greatabominablecrime. TheorderatthecampofalMada'inwasoverbecauseoffear,thediscords,thenewsofthecamp ofMaskan,andtheartificialchaos.Thusthatgroupofthegreatfiguresseizedtheopportunityto imposeafatalblowuponalHasan.ThiswastheaimoftheKharijitesduringtheirfightingagainst him,andwasthepurposeoftheUmayyadpartywhenitmadeanagreementwithMu'awiya.We mustnotforgetthatMu'awiyahimselfhadreferredtothatthroughhisearlyletterstoalHasan, peacebeonhim,tomakehimfeelthethreatofthishostileplanfromthebeginning.Don'tthese wordsofMu'awiyaindicatethat:"Bewarethatyourdeathwillbedonebytherabblefromthe people." Theattitudewasverycriticalandthesituationwasveryintenseduringthelastmomentsatthe campofalMada'in.SoeverymovementissuedfromImamalHasan,peacebeonhim,whetherin thewayofwagingwarorinthewayofmakingpeaceorinthewayofjoiningthefrontatMaskan orinthewayofcomingbacktoKufa,turnedintodangerousdisagreement,thenintoawide

rangingmutiny,andthenintoarecklessarmedrevolt.ThiswasallwhatMu'awiyahadwanted, andforwhichhedevotedhisgoldandhistreasuries. Sonothingwouldhaveextinguishedthefireofthediscordifitsfirepandhadburntbutthepure bloodofalHasan. Unrulyrevolutionshavetheirownsevererulesandresults.Sotheobjectivesofsuchrevolutions areobtainedthroughsacrificingmanypeopleregardlessoftheirgreatpositionamongthepeople. Doesn'tthestabofalHasanatMazlamSabatinalMada'inindicatewhatwesay?Didn'tthose whostabbedhimvolunteertokillhimwithwillandintention?Itisworthmentioningthatal Hasanwentoutofhistentonthatdaywhenhewasstabbedtoarriveatthetentofhisgovernor overthecampofalMada'in.Hewenttheretoavoidthe (211) noiseofthepeopleandtobeabletotakemeasurestotreatthesituationwhennecessary. Inthisconnectionthehistorianssay:"GroupsofhiscloseassociatesandofhisShi'asurrounded him(i.e.,alHasan)andpreventedthosewhosoughthimfrom(reachingto)him."Inanothertext isthefollowing:"Sotheyencompassedhimandpushedthepeopleawayfromhim."I(i.e.,the author)say:Whydidtheypushthepeopleawayfromhim?Whydidtheypreventthosewho soughthimfrom(reachingto)him?Doesn'tthisindicatethatalHasan'slifewasindanger,and thosewhowentoutwithhimasfighters(mujahidin)todefendhimbecameenemiesafterawhile andbeganrushingtowardshim? Doesn'talHasan'sgoingtothetentofSa'db.Mas'udindicatethathewantedtobefarawayfrom thedeceivedpeoplewhoweregettingreadytodeclarearevolutionthatwouldachievenothing butatrocities?AlHasansawwithhisowneyehisfighterscomingsuccessivelyintohisowntentto plunderwhatwasinitevenhisprayermat.Heheardthemabusinghimandaccusinghimof unbelief.Heunderstoodtheirbadtreatmenttowardshimandtowardshisgreatposition.Forthis reasonheknewthattheywereunabletoseehim,andthathisexistenceamongthemwould movetheirevilmutinysothathemovedawayfromthem.Thismovementofhiswasmeansto treattheattitude. ItisunquestionablethattherewasnooneinalltheworldmoreeagerthanalHasanhimselfto winvictoryforhisaffair.Therewasnoonemorethanheinact,care,vitality,andsacrifice. AlsoitisunquestionablethattheideathatdoesnotescapeusdidnotescapealHasan,andthat

themeasurethatdoesnotescapeusdidnotescapehim.Moreover,allhisstageshaveindicated thathewastheintelligentmanwhoovercameallhisproblemsthenhechosethebestsolutions forthemduringhiswarandhispeace,duringthestagesofhisjihadandthetreatiesofhispeace, inthecapitalofhisgovernment(i.e.,Kufa),andthecapitalofhisImamate(i.e.,alMedina). I(i.e.,theauthor)wonder:Wasitpossibleforthedeathduringthelastmomentsatthecampof alMada'intomakelifeorwasitthe (212) deaththatwouldmakedeathforever?Thisiswhythegreatselvesdonotdiebuttoenlivena sunna(practice)ortosaveacommunity. AgainIwonder,sowasitpossibleforalHasantodieamartyr? WhenthepersonwholovesalHasanimaginedthoseevildisasterswhichwereimposedonhim successivelyduringhiscriticalmoments,hewillbefullofsorrowandsadness. Mindmayaccepttheeventsthatresultfromapersonalenmityoratribaldisputeoratheoretical disagreementsuchastheenmityofMu'awiyatowardsalHasan,thequarreloftheUmayyads towardstheHashimitesorthedisagreementoftheKharijitestowards'Aliandhissons,peacebe onthem.Asfortheeventsthatresultfromignoblewishes,theyarefromthemostpainfulthings fromwhichmansuffersbecauseoftheirregularityofthepeople. DoyouthinkthatitwaspossibleforaShi'itepersonwhobelievedintheImamateofalHasanas hebelievedintheProphethoodoftheProphetandlivedinthefavorofalHasanashelivedinhis father'sfavortodeserthisImamandbenefactorduringthemostcriticalmomentswhenhewasin anurgentneedofhisloyalShi'a? Yes,itwasthemeanplotthatresultedfromtheattitudetowardsalHasanwhenhewasinthe whitetentinalMada'in. Now,considercarefullythecorruptmannersofthosepersonswhomalHasanpreparedtowage waragainsthisenemy. Thepersonsometimesbelongstoahighbornfamily,buthebecomesweakwhenthepeople deserthim.Suchaperson,inspiteoftheweaknessdeeprootedinhim,feelspaverywhenhe takespartinacertaineventandwhentheeagerpeoplearoundhimencourageandhelphim.In otherwordstheteamworkwillmovehimtothinkandact.Besideshewillopposehisnatural feelingsandrepentpainfullywhentheeventabatesandtheconditionschange.

InthismannerthecriticalsituationinalMada'indiscouragedtheweakShi'iteperson,soheforgot hisShiism,histribalqualities,andevenhissimpleArabmoralethathadnorelationshipwiththe religion. SoifalHasanwasnottheImamofsuchpersons,hewastheir (213) benefactor.Ifhewasnottheirbenefactor,hewasatleastagenerouswrongedman. ThehistorianshavementionedanexampletoshowtheattitudesofsomeofalHasan'sShi'a towardshim,thenwhatdoyouthinkabouttheKharijites,theUmayyads,thedoubters,the Hamra',andthelike? TheyadoptedmanyattitudestowardsalHasan,butthehistorianshaveforgottenortriedto forgetthem. AnotherMeaning AlHasanreferredtothismeaningwhenheansweredhisShi'awhoblamedhimformakingpeace withMu'awiya.He(alHasan)said:"ThroughmymakingpeacewithMu'awiya,Iwantedtopush deathawayfromyou."[1] ManywordssimilartothisinmeaninghavebeenreportedontheauthorityofalHasan,peacebe onhim. WemustunderstandthisfactindetailtobesatisfiedwiththeforegoingpiefwordsoftheImam. Wesay:theactualdisputebetweenalHasanandMu'awiyawasnotforthethrone,ratheritwas betweentheirtwodoctrinesthatcompetedwitheachotherforexistenceandimmortality.Thus winningvictoryduringthisdisputemeansthatoneofthetwodoctrineswouldimmortalizeoneof thedisputingparties.Suchwasthewarofdoctrines.Itdidnotachieveitsvictorythroughthe weapon,ratherthroughthesteadfastnessofthefaithandtheimmortalityofthedoctrine.The doctrinemayobtainimmortalitybutunderthebannerthatisapparentlyovercome. Atthattime,becausealHasanandMu'awiyawereindisagreementonthedoctrines,theMuslims dividedintotwoparties.Eachpartyprotecteditsowndoctrineandwasreadytodieforitwithall itspowerandmight.

TheprovokingroleswhichMu'awiyaplayedunderthepretextof [1]IbnQutaybaalDinawari,alMa'arif,p.303. (214) 'Uthman'sbloodmovedtheShi'aof'Aliandofhissons,peacebeonthem,intheSyrianCamp.So itwasnecessaryforthemtojointheircampinKufaanditsdistrictswithoutfearandpursuit. Afterthat,alltheShi'aofthemembersoftheHouse(AhlalBayt)peacebeonthem,gatheredin Kufa,Basrah,alMadaiin,Hijaz,andtheYemen. BesidesthegreatMuslimfiguresandtherestofthemuhajrin(emigrants)andtheAnsar(helpers) arrivedinthecapitaloftheImamfromallMuslimcountries.SoduringtheHashimiteCaliphate, KufawastheshelteroftheMuslimsandthecenterthatpreservedtheheritageoftheIslamic messagewithfaithfulness,patience,andbelief. ItwasnaturalforthischosengrouptorespondtoalHasan'ssummonstowagethefinalbattle betweenthetwodoctrines,fortheyweretheremainingchoiceinKufaafterthedeathofhis father,peacebeonhim.InotherwordstheywerefromhisShi'a(followers),theShi'aofhis father,andtheCompanionsofhisgrandfather,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Sotheyjoined thearmythatwasgettingreadyatalNukhaylatowagewaragainstMu'awiya. Inalltheworld,therewerenoabilitiestopreservetheIslamicheritageintherightmannerlike theabilitieswhichtheflankofthisarmyhadwhenthesenoblegroupsjoinedit.Amongthem werethemembersofthepurefamiliesfromtheHashimites. Apartfromthesenoblegroups,theunitsofalNukhaylaincludedthemixedbandswhichwehave alreadymentionedindetail.Alsowehavementionedtheirambitionsandtheresultsoftheiracts. TocontinuewagingwaragainstMu'awiyawasnecessaryduetotheaccidentalcondition,aswe havementionedbefore. Veryfewdayspassed.ThenallpartsofthearmyatthetwocampsinalMadainandMaskan becameorganized.Ateachofthesetwocampsweregroupsfromthetopclassinbehavior, morale,andloyalty,inadditiontothesegroupswereothergroupsfromthemixedclasses. Thedesertionof'UbaydAllahb.'AbbasandhisassociatestoMu'awiyawasanecessaryoperation forpurifyingthearmyofalHasan.ThatisbecausesuchanoperationpurifiedtheCampof

(215) Maskan,thatfoughtagainsttheenemyfacetoface,fromthemixedgroupsthatrepresentedthe corruptorganinthearmy.Unfortunately,thisoperationofdesertionwasaccompaniedbysimilar desertions. AsfortheCampofalMada'in,itincludedalHasanandhisloyalcompanions.However,thisgroup wassurroundedbythedefeatedlikepersonswhowereunabletojoinMu'awiya'scamp,norwere theyabletocarryouttheirobligations.Sointhenearfuture,theywerethemeansofthe historicaldisasterwhentheypreventedalHasanfromachievinghisobjectivesduringthiswar. Thatisbecausetheypreventedhimfromobtainingmartyrdom,andspoiledallhisaffairs,aswe havepreviouslymentioned. Now,letussupposethattherewasonethingatthehandofalHasantogoonwagingwaragainst Mu'awiyaortorefrainfrommakingpeacewithhim. ThatthingwasthatalHasanhadtoissuehiscommands,whilehewasbesiegedattheCampofal Mada'in,tohisfollowersattheCampofMaskantostartthewarundertheleadershipofthenew commander,namelyQaysb.Sa'db.'AbbadaalAnsari,thegreatmanwhopreferredwartopeace evenifImamalHasaninclinedtomakepeace(withMu'awiya).[1]Thoughtherevoltofthe disobedientpersonsattheCampofalMadainpreventedalHasanfrompreparingthisarmyto fightagainstMu'awiya,itdidnotpreventhimfromissuinghiscommandssecretlyoropenlytohis loyalfollowersattheCampofMaskantostartfighting. Itispossiblethatmanyhelplesspersonsfromtheloyalmujahidin(holyfighters)attheCampofal Mada'inwereabletojointheCampofMaskantohelpthefightingforcesthere.Thatwouldhave happenediftheyhadfoundthatalHasanhadbeenreadytoacceptthisideaoratleastto encourageit. AlsoitwaspossiblethatImamalHasanwasable,aftershortpatiencethroughwhichhewaited fortheabatingofthedisturbancesthatsurroundedhimattheCampofalMadain,tohastento the [1]IbnalAthir,alKamilfialTa'rikh,vol.3,p.162. (215) CampofMaskantowinthefinalvictoryortoobtaingloriousmartyrdominthefullsenseofthe

wordinthewayofAllahandhistory. SowhydidalHasaninclinetomakepeacewithMu'awiyawhilehewasabletotakesuch measures? We(i.e.,theauthor)say:MaybealHasanwasabletoissuethesecommandsattheCampofal Mada'induringthelastmoments,andmaybehewasunabletodothat. Accordingtothesetwosuppositions,itisnotnecessarytoputintoeffecteveryalternativethat referstoacertainsuccess.Thatisbecauseacertainmeasureduringacertainconditionmaycause criticalsituationsintheconditionsthatfollow.Thenthisistherulewhichshouldbetakeninto considerationwhenthepersonwantstoadoptacertainchoiceduringeverycriticalsituation. Also,here,hasthepersonwhosuggestedthismeasurethoughtabouttheperiodoftimewhen fourthousandfighters,thearmyofalHasanattheCampofMaskan,weresupposedtofight againstsixtyorsixtyeightthousandfighters,whowerethearmyofMu'awiya?I(i.e.,theauthor) askAllah'sforgiveness!Ratheritwasagroupofthearmythatwassupposedtofightagainsta groupofthearmythatwasfortyfivetimesmorethantheformer.(Seetheanalysisofthe numericalratiobetweenthetwoparties,namelythearmyofSham(Syria)andthearmyof Maskan,inchapter11.) HasthepersonwhohassuggestedthisalternativethoughtaboutalHasan'sattitudewhenthe shortmomentsofthiswarwereover,andwhentheeageronesfromhissupporterssacrificed theirlivesforhim? Indeed,withoutadoubt,theattitudewouldforcealHasan,ifheremainedalive,toyieldto Mu'awiyawithoutanycondition. Withoutadoubt,itwouldbethenewopportunityforwhichMu'awiyawaswaitingtotakethe finalstepsbetweenKufaandSham(Syria),namelythestepsthatwerenothingmorethanthe militaryoccupationaccompaniedbyMu'awiya'slimitlessdestructionandwrathagainstthe membersoftheHouse(AhlalBayt),peacebeonthem, andtheirfollowers(Shi'a).Itwaspossibleforsuchan (217) occupationtoendangerthehopesofthecountry,itsexcellentrites,anditsdoctrineswhichwere builtontheskullsoftensofthousandsfromthebestmartyrswhostroveinthewayofAllah.

I(i.e.,theauthor)thinkthatthepersonwhorealizesthesecertainresultswilldecidethatthis alternativethatcontradictsitselfisunsuccessful.Themostprominentmistakeinthischoiceis thatitmakesalHasan,whowantedtofightagainstenemywhotriedtoimposehisconditionson hisenemy,adefeatedfighterwhowouldsurelysurrendertohisenemywithoutanycondition. ThiswouldhavehappenedifthewarhadendedbeforeitpokeoutandifalHasanremainedalive anddidnottakepartinit. However,ifthisshortwarhadpokenoutandalHasanhadbeenabletojointheCampofMaskan totakepartinitandtodieamartyr,whilethisstepdidnotmatchthecourseoftheeventsthere asyouhavejustknown,thenthismartyrdomwouldhavenotbeensuccessfulmeansinthewayof Allahandhistory,foritwouldhavedestroyedthedoctrineforever. Besideshistory,whichwouldbeentrustedtomentionthiswaranditssorrowfulresultsafterthe martyrdomofalHasan,wouldtellgenerationsabouttheaffairsofalHasanandhisbattlesinthe mannerthatshowsthemthathewasnothingbutamererebel.Thisiswhatwewantedtoreferto whenwetalkedaboutthe'PlanofMu'awiyatowardstheAimsofalHasan'inthischapter. Tomentionmoredetailsaboutthispiefidea,wesay:Aswehavesaidearlierthechoicefrom thosewhoknewtheQur'anbyheart,therestofthepiousCompanions,andtheprominent peoplefromthesincereShi'agatheredtogetherundertheleadershipofalHasanwhenhe decidedtoadvanceagainstMu'awiya.Wefirmlybelievethatnooneofthistopclasswasslow willinglywhenalHasansummonedthemtowageholywar(jihad)againstMu'awiya. SotheattitudeduringthatcriticalmomentbetweenalHasanandMu'awiyawassimilartothat betweenalHasan'sgrandfather,Allah'sApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,and Mu'awiya'sfatheronthedaywhenallbeliefadvancedagainstallpolytheism. (218) Inalltheworld,therewasnogrouplikethisgroupthatgatheredtogetherundertheleadershipof alHasan.ThatisbecausethisgroupwasentrustedtopreservethelawsofIslamandtheideal doctrines. SoifalHasanhadcarriedouttheideaofwarandinvolvedthisgroupwithviolentfighting,he wouldhaveneglectedtheQur'anwhichnooneintheworldhadmemorizedbyheartbutit. IfhehadneglectedtheQur'an,therelationbetween'Ali,hissons,whowereImams,and

generationstherewouldhavebeencutofftilltheDayofJudgment. ThenthematterofalHasanwouldhavebeenlikethatofthoseAlidSharifswhorosemanytimes duringtheIslamicgovernmentwhosummonedthepeopletorighteousnessthroughtheirclose relationshiptotheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Thentheywereovercome sothatnothingoftheirsummonshasremainedinhistoryandlineagebooksexcepttheirnames. SupposethattheUmayyadshadthoroughlydestroyedthefamilyofMuhammad.Inotherwords theyhadkilledalHasan,allmembersofhisfamily,andtheprominentpeoplefromtheloyal servantsofAllah.Moreover,IslamofMuhammadhadturnedintoUmayyadIslam.Inthiscase, whichofMuhammad'smemories,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,wouldhaveremainedin history?WhichoftheIslamicideals,whichthesegreatfiguresprotected,wouldhaveremained? Besides,wouldn'talHasan'sprominentpeoplebeencutintopiecesbytheSyrianswordsduring thiswar? Fromwhatwehavesaidbefore,wehaveknownthatMu'awiyab.AbuSufyanwasfulloftribal spitesandselfishness.Attheendofthissupposedmassacre,wearesurethat'Aliandhissons wouldnotbementionedbutwithevilwords.ThenwouldthepeoplementionMuhammad(may Allahblesshimandhisfamily),histeachings,andhisauthenticdoctrinesinagoodmanner? ThevictoriousenemyatthisbattlewouldbeMu'awiyab.AbuSufyan.Thushewouldbeunableto hearthepeoplementionthepotherofHashim(i.e.,theProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhis family)fivetimesadayastheIslamicSunna(practice)decidedatthe (219) adhan(calltoprayer).SohesaidtoalMughirab.Shu'ba:"Mayyourmotherloseyou,every practiceremainsafterthis(adhan)willburyusthoroughly.[1] Hisvictoriousmenwere:hisillegalpother(i.e.,Ziyadb.Abih),theoldcompanion(i.e.,'Amrub.al 'As),thedishonestcunningone(i.e.,alMughirab.Shu'ba),andtheonewhoattackedMecca [1]AlMas'udi,MurujalDhahab,vol.2,p.343.IbnAbualHadid,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.2,p. 357. Matrafb.alMughirab.Shu'basaid:"MyfatheralMughiraandIwenttovisitMu'awiya.My fathercametohim,talkedwithhim,thenhereturnedtome.SohementionedMu'awiyaandhis intellect,andadmiredwhathehadseenofhim.Onenighthecameandrefrainedfromhavinghis supper.HelookedsadsothatIwaitedhimforanhour.Ithoughtthat(hewassad)becauseofa

thinghadbefallenusorourwork.SoIsaidtohim:'Whydoyoulooksadthisnight?''Myson,I camefromtheworstofallpeople,'hereplied.'Whoisit?,'Isaid.Hesaid:'WhenIwasalonewith him(Mu'awiya),Isaidtohim:Commanderofthefaithful,youhaveachievedyourwish,thenyou havetoshowjusticeandspreadgood.Youhavebecomeanoldman,soyouhavetothinkofyour pothersfromHashim'schildrenandtakecareofthem.ByAllah,theyhavenothingthatmakesyou afraidofthem'.Hesaidtome:'Howfar!Howfar!ThepotherofTaym(i.e.,AbuBakr)ruled, showedjustice,anddidwhathehaddone.However,whenheperishedhisreputationperished, excepthisname.Thenthepotherof'Adi(i.e.,'Umar)ruledanddidhisbestfortenyears.ByAllah, whenheperished,hisfameperished,excepthisname.Thenourpother'Uthmanruled,whileno onewaslikehiminlineage.Hedidwhathehaddone,buthewaskilled.ByAllah,whenhe perished,hisreputationperished,andwhathadbeendonetowardshimhasbeenmentioned. However,thepotherofHashim(i.e.,theProphet)ismentionedfivetimesaday:Itestifythat MuhammadistheApostleofAllah.Mayyourmotherloseyou,everypracticeremainsafterthis willburyusthoroughly.'" (220) andMedina(i.e.,Muslimb.'Aqaba),andthelikeofthesepersonswhodestroyedthespiritsof Muslims. WefirmlybelievethatthesepersonsdestroyedtheIslamicheritage,theIslamicsanctuaries,and theinterestsofMuslims.ThatisbecauseZiyadcommittedmassacresinKufa,'Amramade discordsatSiffinandDoumatalJandal,alMughirab.Shu'ba(thefirsttobepibedinIslam)spared noefforttoappointYazidcaliphafterhisfatherMu'awiyaaddedZiyadtohim,andMuslimb. 'AqabaattackedMeccaandMedina. Thesepersonsdidwhattheyhaddone.TheirdeedswereseenbythefamilyofMuhammad,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily,theremainingchoicefromhisstudents,andfromhisfollowerswho enjoinedthepeopletodogoodandpreventedthemfromdoingevil,andwhowerereadytofight againstsuchkindsofpeople. Sowhatdoyouthinkthatthesepersonswouldhavedoneiftheworldhadbeenemptyofthe familyofMuhammad,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,andtherighteousservantsofAllah? TheobviousfinalresultisthatifalHasan,peacebeonhim,hadsacrificedhislifeandthelivesof hisShi'a,aswehavealreadysupposedthathewasabletojoinhiscampatMaskan,thenhewould havesubjectedhislifetodeathtotheextentthatevenhisnamewouldhavenotbeenmentioned butinlineagebooks.Hewouldhavesubjectedhisholydoctrinetodestructiontotheextentthat evenawordofitwouldhavenotbeenheardintheearth.Hisglorioushistoryandtheoutstanding

historyofhisfamilywouldhavebeenameredistortedfable.ThusMu'awiyawouldhavedictated thefabletoothersashehadwanted.BesidesMarwanandhisfamilywouldhaveexplaineditas theyhadwanted. ThatwouldhavebeentheendofthehistoryofIslamicspiritualismandthebeginningofUmayyad historywithcertainknownfeatures,whichthereisnoneedtoexplain. Thisholytraditionaffirmsthat:"Iftherewasnooneofthebanu(children)ofUmayyadbuta toothlessoldwoman,shewouldmakethereligionofAllahcrooked." I(i.e.,theauthor)wonder:WasitpossibleforalHasantodomorethanwhathehaddone? IfweconsidercarefullyalHasan'splan,wewillconcludethathehadusedthebestway(theway ofmakingpeacewithMu'awiya)todecreasetheviolenceoftheexpectedresults. WhenalHasanwassureoftheseresults,heusedthisway(i.e.,thewayofmakingpeacewith Mu'awiya).Forhewantedtocontinuethelinesofhiscommunicationwithgenerations,ratherthe linesofhis (221) fatherandhisgrandfather,blessingandpeacebeonthem,throughpreservinghisShi'a.Through thiswayhewasabletosavehisdoctrinefromsuredestruction,andhishistoryfromdistortion, forgery,corruption,andcontempt. Alsothroughthisway,hewasabletogainapightvictoryinspiteofthedesertionthatsurrounded himduringhislifetime.Thushewasabletoenlivenhisdoctrine,hisfaith,andhisnextlife. Inthisway,alHasanabandonedthelifeinthisworldtopreservethereligion. SuchwasthenatureoftheImamateheadedbythisblessedgroupfromAllah'sservants. Chapter15:TheMotivesOfTheTwoPartiesForMakingPeace (225)

NowonderMu'awiyawasthefirsttoaskalHasanformakingpeace.[1]SoheacceptedalHasan's conditionstotakeonethingfromhim,thatwasgovernment. Mu'awiyamadethisplanofhiswhenthetwopartiesweregettingreadytowagewaragainsteach other.Hepaidattentiontocarryoutthisplan.morethanhepaidattentiontoorganizinghis armiesandmanagingwaraffairs.Hethoughtthatitwasbetterforhimtobethefirsttoaskal Hasanformakingpeacewithhim.IfalHasanacceptedhisrequest,itwouldbeokay;otherwise hewouldforcehimtodothatwithoutmeetinghimatabattle. Firstofall,topavethewayforhispurpose,Mu'awiyadidhisbesttocreateanappropriate atmospherethroughdrawingtheattentionofhisopponentstorecallpeacemaking. FromhereMu'awiyasenthismentopassfalserumorsthroughthecampsofalHasan,peacebe onhim.Hepibedsomemilitarycommanders.Forexample,hepibedoneofthemwithonemillion dirhams,aswehavealreadymentionedwhenwetalkedabout'UbaydAllahb.'Abbas.Moreover, hetemptedsomeleadersthroughmakingpromisessuchassupremecommand,authorityovera certaincountry, [1]Thisistherightideawhichal Hasan'sspeechindicateswhenheaskedtheadviceofhiscompanionsinalMada'in:"Indeed Mu'awiyahassummonedustoanaffairinwhichthereisneitherdignitynorjustice."Other referencesindicatethat,too. (226) andarrangingmarriagesbetweenthemandtheUmayyadprincesses. Mu'awiyausedallhisabilities,allhistalents,andallhisexperiencestofulfillthisidea.Manyof thosewhosoldtheirconsciences,andwhoshowedapparentfriendshiptowardsalHasan respondedtohim.SotheybecameMu'awiya'ssecretspies,hisworkingfingers,andhishirelings whosparednoefforttocarryouthisaims. Besides,Mu'awiyausedotherwaystourgealHasantomakepeacewithhimsuchassending armiesandweaponstothecamps,logisticmovements,andthelike.However,hedidnotwantto bethefirsttoattackIraqwiththesearmiesandweapons.Inotherwordshedidnotwanttomeet alHasan,peacebeonhim,atabattleexceptwhenallhiswayswentinvain.Worthmentioning, Mu'awiya'swayswerequitedifferentfromthatofthepeopleandthereligion.

Itisanactoftruthfulnesstosay:Indeed,inthisfield,Mu'awiya'swayswerewellwoven.Hewas verysuccessfulinpreparingspecialatmospherestomakehisenemyacceptreconciliation. ThecommanderoftheIraqifrontandhiscloseassociatessoldtheirconsciencestoMu'awiyafor falsepromises. ThetwocampsinalMada'inandMaskanwerefulloffalserumorsthatfilledthesoldierswith fear. AlHasanhimselfwasunabletoimposehisordersonhisarmybecauseofthefalserumorsthat passedthroughthem. Hewasunabletoappearbeforemanyofhissoldiersbecausetheywouldkillhim.Accordingly, wasthereawayotherthanreconciliation? Itwasdifficulttoreformtheconditionbecausethepeoplewerecorruptduringit.Sonooneis abletoblamealHasanwhenthepeoplebecamecorruptduringthattime.Thatisbecausethey weredeviatedfromthetruthbynature.ThusevenIslamwasunabletoreformthem. AlHasanlosthisfirstbattlebecauseofthetreasonofhissoldiersorbecauseoftheskillful discordshisenemyused.Sohehadtoface (227) hissecondbattlewhichthetreasonofthesoldiersdidnotaffect,thedeviationoftheirnatures didnotharm,andthetricksoftheenemyandhisskillfuldiscordsdidnotincreasebut steadfastness,influence,andvictoryinthecourseofdays. ThiswasthewaywhichalHasanusedinanexcellentmannertoexploitMu'awiyathoughthe latterwasverycarefuloftheformer. AlHasanrespondedtoMu'awiya'srequestformakingpeace.However,hemadehimbindhimself byconditionswhichhewouldpeakonebyone.SoifMu'awiyadidthat,thepeoplewoulddeclare theirwrathandprotestagainsthim.Thuspeacemakingwasthebeginningofthewraththathas lastedforgenerations.Alsothiswrathwasthebeginningoftherevolutionsthathappened successivelytoremovethatusurpingregimefromhistory. ThiswasthepoliticalplanthroughwhichalHasanacceptedmakingpeacewithMu'awiya.Also thiswasthewaythroughwhichheexploitedMu'awiya.Accordingly,thisplanandthiswaywere amongthemeaningsoftheoppressedgeniusoftheoppressedImam.

Therefore,nooneisabletoblamealHasan,peacebeonhim,formakingpeacewithMu'awiya. ThatisbecausealHasanmadepeacewithhimaccordingtoadrawnplan. ThecriticalsituationatthecampsandtheexpectedresultsencouragedalHasantomakepeace withMu'awiya.Forexample,thisactwouldreformthecommunity,preventbloodshed,preserve theholynexts,achievetheIslamicviewpoint,andsoon. Thosemonthswerenotasequalasthetenforgers,buttheywerefullofdisastersandhardships asmanyasthestars.Theywereaperiodoftimethatfilledtheheartwithloveandadmiration. ThemannersoftheProphetandthequalitiesofthetruthfulImamsappearedduringthem.They (themonths)showedmanyfactsaboutthepeopleinbothsides.Duringthemthebest reformatoryactswereconcluded.Ontheirvirtuousend,theinterestoftheworldwasconnected withtheinterestofthesky. Suddenly,alHasanb.'Alibecameagreatreformer.Heembodiedthegoodnewshisgrandfather theApostleofAllah,mayAllahbless (228) himandhisfamily,gaveinthetraditionwhichwehavementionedbefore:"Indeedthis(grand) sonofmineisalord,andAllahwillmakepeacebetweentwogreatgroupsfromtheMuslims throughhim." Allah,theExalted,haspreservedthehighhonorofthemembersofthisHouseinallfields:victory, holymartyrdominthewayofAllahandhistory,andpeacemaking. Enoughforhonorispeacemaking.Enoughforvictoryisimmortalhonor.Immortalhonor guaranteesthelastingfame.Thefameisacontinuousmotivethatdevelopslifeandsovereignty. Now,itiseasyforustounderstandthemotivesthaturgedalHasan,peacebeonhim,tomake peacewithMu'awiya. AsforthemotivesthaturgedMu'awiyatoaskalHasantomakepeacewithhim,theywerequite differentfromthoseofalHasan.TheydonotindicatethatMu'awiyawasunabletofightagainst alHasan,nordotheyindicatethathehadareligiousviewpointconcerningreconciliationand preventingbloodshed.SoneitherpeacenorpreventingbloodshedwerethemotivesofMu'awiya. Hevasindifferenttothem.HewantedtoachievehisambitionsthroughconqueringtheMuslim countries.TheproofsforthatarehisattacksagainstMedina,Mecca,andtheYemen.Besideshe

adoptedimpudentattitudesattheBattleofSiffin.Thereforethepureopportunistambitions urgedhimtomakehisfablelikehistorythroughmakingpeacewithalHasan. AlHasanabdicatedhisrighttoauthoritybeforethepublicopinion.ThusMu'awiyathoughtthat hewouldabdicatehis righttothesuccession.Accordingtothisideahethought thathewouldbethelegalsuccessorovertheMuslims![1] [1]Inthisconnection,alHasanalBasrisaidgoodwords.Youwillreadtheminchapter17, 'Mu'awiyaandtheSuccession'.Ahmad(inhisbookcalled'alMusnad'),AbuYa'la,alTirmidhi,Ibn Hayyan,AbuDauwwd,andalHakimhavenarratedthefollowingtraditionontheauthorityofthe ApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,whosaid:"Thesuccession(Khilafa)afterme willlastforthirty(years),thenaking(willcome)afterthat."AbuNu'aym(inhisbookcalled'al Fitan'),andalBayhaqi(inhisbookcalled'alDala'il)havenarratedthistraditioninthisway:"Then (229) GovernmentwasthesweetdreamforwhichMu'awiyasacrificedeverydearthing.Hedidnot knowthatIslamrefusedunlawfulwaysanddidnothandovergovernmenttothefreedprisoners andtheirchildren. Moreover,wethinkthatMu'awiyahadothermotives.Thushestretchedouthishandfor reconciliation.Thenhetookanoath,andunderlinedthecovenants.However,whenweconsider carefullyhisothermotives,wewillunderstandthatthesweetdream(i.e.,supremeauthority)is thegreatestofthemall. ThefollowingoccasionsindicatesomeofthemotivesthaturgedMu'awiyatomakepeacewithal Hasan,peacebeonhim: 1.Mu'awiyathoughtthatalHasan,peacebeonhim,hadtherighttoassumepower.Sothe formerhadnowaytotakethereinsofgovernmentbutthroughmakingalHasankeepsilenteven ifapparently,andhehadnowaytomakehimkeepsilentbutthroughreconciliation. AsforMu'awiya'sideaconcerningalHasan'srighttoauthority,itisclearintheletterwhichthe formersenttothelatterbeforetheirmovementtofighteachotheratMaskan.Inhisletter,he said:"Youareworthierofauthoritythanme."AlsoitisclearinwhatMu'awiyasaidtohisson YazidwhenhementionedthemembersoftheHouse(AhlalBayt),peacebeonthem:"Myson,

indeedauthorityistheir abitingking(willcome)afterthat."TheSunnitraditionistshaveregardedthetraditionauthentic accordingtotheircondition.Oneofthemcommentedonthetradition:"Thethirtyyearsafterthe ApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,endedwhenalHasanb.'Ali,peacebeon them,becameasuccessor."AbuSaidreportedontheauthorityof'AbdalRahmanb.Abzionthe authorityof'Umar,whosaid:"Thismatterisconcerningthepeople(whotookpartattheBattle of)Badr.Nooneofthemhasremained(alive).Thenitconcernsthepeople(whotookpartatthe Battleof)Uhud.Nooneofthemhasremained(alive).Thenitconcernssoandso.It(thetradition) doesnotconcernthefreedprisoner,northesonofthefreedprisoner,northosewhobecame MuslimaftertheConquest(ofMecca)." I(i.e.,theauthor)say:AsforthepledgeofallegiancewhichMu'awiyaimposedonthepeoplewith hisknownways,itmadetheunlawfullawful. (230) right."[1]AlsoitisclearinwhatMu'awiyawrotetoZiyadb.AbihwhenhementionedalHasan, peacebeonhim:"AsforthatalHasanhasgainedpoweroveryou,hehastherighttodothat."[2] AlsowehaveseenthatMu'awiyaaskedthereligiousopinionofalHasanwhenhefaced difficulties.ItisasifthatherecognizedhisImamate.[3] AlsoMu'awiyarecognizedthatalHasanwas"theLordofMuslims."[4]Wouldn'ttheLordof MuslimsbetheirImam? 2.Mu'awiya,inspiteofhismanyobedientmen,wasveryafraidoftheresultsofhisfighting againstalHasan.ThiscanbeclearlyunderstoodfromthewordswhichhesaidconcerninghisIraqi opponents:"ByAllah,whenIremembertheireyesunderthearmors(almaghafir)attheBattleof Siffin,myreasonbecomeconfused."[5]Alsoconcerningthem,hesaid:"MayAllahmakethem angrywithevil.Theirheartsareliketheheartofoneman."[6]Sohethoughtthatmakingpeace withalHasanwouldbebetterthanfightingthosewhoseeyeswereunderthearmors(al maghafir). 3.Mu'awiyawasafraidofthesocialpositionofalHasan,the(grand)sonoftheApostleofAllah, mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.AlsohewasafraidofhisuniquespiritualpositionintheIslamic faithsothathewantedtoavoidthesetwopositionsthroughmakingpeacewithhim. Mu'awiyathoughtthatitwaspossibleforAllahtosendsomeonetotheSyrianCamptodrawthe

attentionofthepeopletothetrue [1]IbnAbualHadid,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,pp.,4and5and13and74. [2]Ibid. [3]AlYa'qubi,Ta'rikh,vol.2,pp.2012.IbnKathir,alBidayawaalNahaya,vol.8,p.40.AlMajlisi, BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.98. [4]IbnQutaybaalDinawari,alImamawaalSiyasa,pp.15960. [5]AlMas'udi,Hamishb.alAthir,vol.6,p.67. [6]AlTabari,Ta'rikh,vol.6,p.3. (231) authorityofalHasanandtotheiruglyattitudetowardshimsothattheywouldrevoltagainsthim (i.e.,Mu'awiya). WhileMu'awiyawasadvancingagainstalHasan,herememberedthewordswhichalNu'manb. JibllahalTanwakhisaidtohimattheBattleofSiffin.It'sworthmentioningthatalNu'manwas amongthecommandersofthefightingsoldiersofMu'awiya.Theformertalkedopenlytothe latterinthemannerwhichnoSyrianhaddonebeforeorafterhim,andmockedathimtothe extentthatnosubjectmockedathim.ForthisreasonMu'awiyathoughtthatthepeoplewould somedayhavethesamefeelingswhichthehelplessalTanwakhihad. AmongthewordsalTanwakhisaidtoMu'awiyaattheBattleofSiffinare:"ByAllah,Iwassincere toyou.Ipreferredyourauthoritytomyreligion.Ileftrightguidanceforyourdesire,whileIknew that.Ideviatedfromthetruth,whileIunderstoodthat.IhavenotbeengrantedsuccesssinceI foughtagainstthecousinoftheApostleofAllah(i.e.,Imam'Ali),mayAllahblesshimandhis family,whowasthefirsttobelieveinhim,andthenemigrated(toMeccatojoin)him(there).If wehadgivenhimwhatwehavegivenyou,hewouldhavebeenmorekinder(thanyou)tothe peopleandgiven(them)morethan(youdo).However,wehavegivenyoutheauthority,anditis necessarytocompleteitwhetheritisrightorwrong.Farbeittoberight!Wewillfightforthefig ofalGhoutaanditsolivesifwearedeprivedofthefruitofthegardenanditsrivers."'[1] AmongthepoliticalactsofMu'awiyawasthathepreventedtheSyriansfromknowingtheMuslim greatfiguresoutsideSham(Syria)lesttheyshouldrefusehimormutinyagainsthim.Forthis reasonwedonotknowhowthisSyrianman(i.e.,alNu'manb.JibllahalTanwakhi)wasableto haveknowledgeofthecousinoftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,his prioritytobelieveinhim,hiskindnesstothepeople,hisgenerosityingiving,andhisrightto authority.

Mu'awiyawentonmakingtheSyriansignorantofthegreatMuslim [1]AlMas'udi,Hashimb.alAthir,vol.5,p.216. (232) figurestilltheendofhislifetime.Thispolicyofhiswasthemeanswhichheusedtogatherlarge groupsofpeopleanddispatchthemtofightagainstImam'AliatSiffin,andthentofightagainstal HasanatMaskan. Youcaneasilyunderstandthepolicyofignorancewhenyoureadthefollowingwordswhich Mu'awiyasaid,thoughtheyindicatehisweakcharacter,to'Amrb.al'As:"ByAllah,youwant nothingbuttodisgraceme,fortheSyriansthoughtthattherewasnoonelikemetilltheyheard fromalHasanwhattheyhaveheard."'[1] 4.AmongthepoliticalactswhichMu'awiyausedtoachievehisselfishambitionswasthathe summonedalHasan,peacebeon him,tomakepeacewithhim.Inthemeantimehe summonedmanypeoplefromIraqandSham(Syria) [1]AlBayhaqi,alMahasinwaalMasawi',vol.1,p.64. InhistorytherearemanystoriesthatindicatethattheSyrianshadnoknowledgeofthegreat figuresofIslam.Someofthemare:ASyrianaskedoneofthisleaders:"WhoisAbuTurab(i.e., Imam'Ali)whomtheImam(i.e.,Mu'awiya)curseonthepulpit?""Ithinkheisamongthethieves ofthediscords,"repliedtheleader"AlsoaSyrianaskedafriendofhiswhenheheardhim mentioningMuhammad:"WhatdoyouthinkofthisMuhammad?IsheourLord?" When'AbdAllahb.'AliconqueredSham(Syria),hesentsomeSyrianoldmenfromtherich leadingpeopletoAbual'AbbasalSaffah.TheoldmensworebyAllahbeforealSaffahtodenote thattheydidnotknowthattheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,hadrelatives normembersofaHousetoinherithimexceptthebanu(sons)ofUmayyatillyouhavetakenthe reinsofgovernment."SeealMas'udi,MurujalDhahab,pp.1079. I(i.e.,theauthor)say:ThisindicatesthatalltheUmayyadkingsfollowedthispolicytomakethe peopleignorantoftheirgreatfigures,especiallythemembersoftheHouse(AhlalBayt),peacebe onthem,andtopreventtheirnamesfromenteringSham.AlsothisindicatesthattheSyrianstook careoftheirIslamverymuch.WethinkthatSham(Syria)duringtheUmayyaddynastywasstill

fullofthenonMuslimmajoritythatbelongedtoRomeandArmenia. (233) andotherMuslimcountriestobearwitnessforthat.Fromthissummonshewantednothingbut topavethewaytoachievehisfutureobjectivesthroughthewarbetweenhimandalHasan. Thereweretwopossiblefacets:eitherSham(Syria)wouldberuledbyKufaorthewarwould destroyalHasan,alHusayn,theirfamily,andtheirShi'a(followers).ThenMu'awiyawouldnext theresponsibilityonalHasanhimselfandsaidtothepeople:"IndeedIhadsummonedalHasan topeacemaking.However,alHasanrefused(everything)exceptthewar.Iwantedlifeforhim. However,hewanteddeathforme.Iwantedtopreventbloodfromshedding.However,he wantedtodestroythepeoplebetweenmeandhim." Throughthisexcellentact,Mu'awiyawouldfulfillhisaims.Inotherwordshewoulddestroythe familyofMuhammad,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Meanwhile,hewouldpretendjustice. Moreover,thepeoplewhomhesummonedtoattendpeacemakingwouldconfirmhisjustice.As foralHasan,peacebeonhim,hewasawareofthispoliticalplan.Thushewasclevererandmore skillfulthanhisenemyinmakinguseoftheconditionsandseizingtheopportunitiestoplease AllahandtoachievetheinterestsoftheMuslims.Accordingly,thecriticalsituationsandtheevil intentionsofMu'awiyaforcedhim,peacebeonhim,toaccepttheideaofmakingpeacewiththe former. AlHasanintendedtodestroyMu'awiya'splansandtopreventhimfromputtingthemintoeffect. Ratherhemadeawiseplantodestroyhisopponentsinthenameofreconciliation.Inthe chaptersthatfollow,wewillmentionsomeexplanationsappropriateforthissubject. Chapter16:PeaceTreaty (235) AgroupofthehistorianssuchasalTabariandIbnalAthirhasnarratedthefollowing:"Indeed Mu'awiyahadsentalHasanablankpage.Inthebottomofthepage,therewerehisstamps." ThenMu'awiyawrotealHasanthefollowing:"Inthispage,whosebottomIhavestamped, stipulatewhateveryouwant,forthatwillbeforyou."[1]

Thenthehistorianshavenotmentionedthetraditionthoroughly,fortheyhavenotmentioned whatalHasan,peacebeonhim,hadwrittenonMu'awiya'spage.Wehavestudiedtheavailable referencebooksbutwehavenotfoundthecompletestipulationsofalHasan,peacebeonhim, exceptseparatedbits.Thenarratorshaveadmittedthatthesebitsarepartofacompletesubject. Onlyonewriterhasmentionedatextwithabeginningandanend.Hehassaidthatthetextisthe completePeaceTreaty.However,otherreportshaverefutedmanyitemsofthistext.Worth mentioningisthat,thesereportsarebetterinAsnad(chainofnarrators)andmoreinnumber thanthisreference. TobeacquaintedwiththecontentsofthePeaceTreaty,wehavetherighttobesatisfied,ifwe wantedsatisfaction,withthenarrationoftheBlankPage(alSahifaalBayda),astheprevious narratorsdid.Thatisbecausetheyhavenarrateditpiefly.Thustheyweresatisfiedwiththe summingupinsteadofthedetails.Thatisbecausecarryingoutreconciliationwasaccordingto thisrule:"Stipulatewhateveryouwant,forthatwillbeforyou."ThismeansthatalHasan,peace beonhim,filledthepage,whichwasstampedinthebottom,withvarious [1]AlTabari,Ta'rikh,vol.6,p.93.IbnalAthir,alKamilfialTa'rikh,vol.3,p.162. (236) stipulationswhichhewanted,namelywiththeconditionsthatwereusefulforhimorhisfamilyor hisShi'a(followers)orhisobjectives.Sothepagehadnothingotherthantheseconditions. Ifitisimpossible,today,forustoknowthoseconditionsindetails,atleast,weknowthatthey wereintheinterestofalHasan.Thatwasacertainresult,foralHasan,peacebeonhim,wasfree tomakeconditions. Unfortunately,wehavenotfoundwhatalHasanhadwrittenontheBlankPage.Soitisnecessary forustocollecttheseparateditemsfromvariousbookstogivethemostcorrectandmostimport formofallreportsconcerningthisTreaty.Wehavedividedtheformintoitemsandaddedeach phrasetotheappropriateitemtobenearertothereality. TheformofthePeaceTreatythetwopartiessignedisasfollows: ItemOne: HandingoverauthoritytoMu'awiyaprovidedthatheshouldactaccordingtotheBookofAllah, theSunna(practices)ofHisApostle,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,[1]andtheSire(behavior)

oftherighteousCaliphs.[2] ItemTwo: AuthorityshouldbeforalHasanafterhim.[3]Ifan accidenthappenedtohim,authorityshouldbeforhis [1]IbnAbualHadid,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.6. [2]Ibn'Aqil,alNasa'ihalKafiya,p.156.AlMajfsi,BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.115. [3]AlSayuf,Ta'rikhalKhulafa',p.194.IbnKathir,alBidayawaalNahaya,vol.8,p.41.Ahmad ShahabalDinal'Asqalani,alIsabafiTamiizalSahaba,vol.2,pp.1213.IbnQutaybaalDinawari, alImamawaalSiyasa,p.150.FaridWajdi,Da'iratalMa'arifalIslamiya,vol.3,p.443. (237) potheralHusayn.[1]Mu'awiyahasnorighttoentrustanybodytoit.[2] ItemThree: He(Mu'awiya)shouldabandoncursingtheCommanderofthefaithfulandthepracticeofusing thepersonalprayer(qunut)intheritualformalprayer(salat)(asprayer)againsthim,[3]andthat heshouldnotmention'Aliexceptinagoodmanner.[4] ItemFour: He(Mu'awiya)shouldexcludedwhatisinthetreasuryofKufa,thatisfivemillion(dirhams).So handingoverauthoritydoesnotincludeit(i.e.,thissumofmoney).Mu'awiyashouldsendal Husaynonemilliondirhamsayear,heshouldpreferthebanu(children)ofHashimingivingand giftstothebanu'AbdShams,andshoulddivideonemillion(dirhams)amongthesonsofthose whowerekilledwiththeCommanderofthefaithfulattheBattleoftheCamelandtheBattleof Siffin,andshouldspendthatfromthetaxesofDarAbjard.[5] [1]IbnalMuhanna,'UmdatalTalib,p.52. [2]IbnAbualHadid,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.8. AlMajlisi,BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.115.IbnalSabbagh,alFusWalMuhimma. [3]MuhsinalAminal'Amili,A'yanalShi'a,vol.4,p.43. [4]AbualFarajalIsfahani,MaqatilalTalibiyyin,p.26.IbnAbualHadid,SharhNahjalBalagha, vol.4,p.15. Otherthanthesetwoauthorssaid:"Indeed,alHasanaskedMu'awiyanottocurse'Ali.However,

Mu'awiyadisagreedwithhimonrefrainingfromcursinghim,andagreedwithhimonthat'Ali shouldnotbecursedwhilehe(i.e.,Mu'awiya)hearthat."IbnalAthirsaid:"ThenMu'awiyapoke that,too."[5]IbnQutaybaalDinawari,alImamawaalSiyasa,p.200.AlTabari,Ta'rikh,vol.6,p. 92.IbnBabawayh,'IlalalSharaiya',p.81.IbnKathir,alBidayawaalNihaya,vol.8,p.14. (238) ItemFive: "ThepeopleshouldbesafewherevertheyareintheearthofAllah;inSham(Syria),Iraq,Hijaz,the Yemen,etc.Heshouldgivesecuritytotheblackandthered(ones).He(Mu'awiya)shouldbear theirslips,shouldnotfollowsomeofthemforthebygonenorshouldhepunishtheIraqisfortheir hostility."[1] "Thecompanionsof'Alishouldbegivensecuritywherevertheyare,thathe(Mu'awiya)should notexposetheShi'aof'Alitoanyevil,thatthecompanionsandtheShi'aof'Alishouldbegiven securityovertheirlives,theirproperties,theirwomen,andtheirchildren,norshouldhepursue themforacertainthing,norshouldheexposethemtoanyevil,andthatheshouldgivethem theirrights.[2] "He(i.e.,Mu'awiya)shouldnotseekacalamitysecretlyoropenlyforalHasanb.'Ali,norforhis potheralHusayn,norforanyonefromthefamilyoftheApostleofAllah,norshouldhefrighten theminanycountryofthecountries."[3] DarAbjardisatownonthebordersofAhwazinPersia(Iran). [1]AbualFarajalIsfahani,MaqataalTalibiyyin,p.26.IbnAbualHadid,SharhNahjalBalagha, vol.4,p.15.AlMajlisi,BiharalAnwar,vol.10,pp.101and115.IbnQutaybaalDinawari,al ImamawaalSiyasa,p.200. Wehavequotedeachparagraphletterbyletterfromitssource. [2]AlTabari,Ta'rikh,vol.6,p.97.IbnalAft,alKamilfialTa'rikh,vol.3,p.166.AbualFarajal Isfahani,MaqatilalTalibiyyin,p.26.IbnAbualHadid,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.15.Al Majlisi,BiharalAnwir,vol.10,p.115.Muhammadb.'Alib.Babawayh,'IlalalSharaiya',p.81. Muhammadb.'Aqil,alNasa'ihalKafiya,p.115. [3]AlMajlisi,BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.115. Muhammadb.'Aqil,alNasa'ihalKufiya,p.156.

(239) TheEnd IbnQutaybaalDinawarisaid:"Then'AbdAllahb.'Amir(i.e.,Mu'awiya'smessengertoalHasan, peacebeonhim)wrotetoMu'awiyaalltheconditionswhichalHasandictatedtohim.So Mu'awiyawroteallthatwithhisownwritingandstampedthemwithhisownstamp,confirmed themwithcertaincovenantsandstrongoath,andmadealltheleadersoftheSyriansbearwitness forthat.Thenhehandedthem(i.e.,theconditions)to'AbdAllahb.'Amirtosendthemtoal Hasan."[1] Historiansotherthanb.QutaybaalDinawarihavementionedtheformofthetextwhich Mu'awiyawroteattheendofthePeaceTreaty.InthemeantimeMu'awiyamadeacovenantwith AllahtofulfillalHasan'sconditions. Thisformisasfollows:"Concerningthat,Mu'awiyab.AbuSufyanisobligedtofulfillthecovenant ofAllahandHispromise,whatAllahobligatedHiscreaturestofulfill,andwhatAllahhasgivenof Himself."[2] ThatwasinthemiddleofthemonthofJamadialUIa,intheyear41A.H.accordingtothemost authenticreports. [1]IbnQutaybaalDinawari,alImamawaalSiyasa,p.200. [2]AlMajlisi,BiharalAnwar,VOL10,p.115. Chapter17:ProminentTextsInThePeaceTreaty (241) TheformofthePeaceTreaty,whoseobjectiveelementsarereligiouslyandpoliticallyimportant, isanewproofforthesuccesswhichalHasanachieved.Inthemeantimeitindicatesthathehada highpoliticoreligiousviewpoint. InthelightofwhathasbeennarratedontheauthorityofalHasansuchasarrangementsandlaws

thatwerethebestofthepoliticalactsduringhistime,itisanactoftruthfulnesstoadmitthatal Hasanhadexcellentpoliticalabilities.Ifhehadbeenallowedtoputhisoutstandingpolitical abilitiesintoeffect,hewouldhavebeenthemostpilliantMuslimpolitician.Moreover, deprivationofauthorityandfailureinacertainfieldduetocertainconditionsarenotproofsfor showingweaknessorcriticism.Fortherearemanyundoubtfulandunquestionableproofsthat indicatethatalHasanhadcarefulconsideration,strongarrangements,andhighopinions. Personalabilitiesplayanimportantroleinthepracticalfieldeventhoughtheyareexposedto deprivationandfailure.Thisgreatman(i.e.,alHasan)wasfulloftheseabilities.Thushewasable topreservethelifeofallthecommunityinpresentandfuturetimes.Thatisbecausethese abilitieshelpedhim,peacebeonhim,tomakeaplanwithconditionsinanexcellentmannerto facehisopponents. FromtheeloquenceofthePeaceTreatyanditsfiveitems,youunderstandthatalHasandidnot treathismatteratrandom,nordidhedealwithitpartbypartorsectionbysection.Ratherhe putanideawithcoherentpartsandregulardimensions.AlsoyouunderstandthatalHasandidhis besttofindthemostpracticalconditionsasprecautionarystepstomaintainhislegalrightto authorityandtopreservehis positionandthepositionofhispother,andtofacilitate (242) theaffairsofhisfamily.InthePeaceTreaty,alHasanaskedMu'awiyatogivesecuritytohisShi'a (followers)andtheShi'aofhisfather.Alsoheaskedhimtospendonemilliondirhamsonthe orphanswhobelongedtohisShi'a.Withthissumofmoney,alHasanwantedtorewardthemfor theirsteadfastnesswithhimandtheirloyaltytohisfather.Hewantedtokeepthemastrustees forhisdoctrineandasloyalsupporterstostrengthenhispositionandthepositionofhispother onthedaywhenthesituationwouldreturntonormal.ThroughthePeaceTreaty,alHasan handedauthoritytoMu'awiyaprovidedthatthelattershouldactaccordingtotheBookofAllah, theSunna(practices)oftheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,andtheSira(practices)of theOrthodoxCaliphs.Inthisway,alHasanwasabletoreducetheauthorityofhisenemy.In otherwordshereducedtheviolationsofhisenemythroughtheforegoingconditions.Thatis becausetheviolationsofMu'awiyacannotbecountedandweresevereinpunishment.This indicatesthatalHasanwasthemostknowledgeableofallpeopleinMu'awiyaandhismoral abilitiestowardstheseconditions. Moreover,thePeaceTreatywasthedocumentwhichthetwoparties(i.e.,alHasanand Mu'awiya)signedtoconformtotheconditionswherein.Accordingly,thePeaceTreatywasat

mostthematteroflimitedmaterialthingswhichoneofthetwoparties(i.e.,Mu'awiya)wantedto get.Inthemeantimeitwasthematteroflimitlessspiritualthingswhichthesecondparty(i.e.,al Hasan)obtained. ThroughhisreconciliationwithalHasan,peacebeonhim,Mu'awiyadidnotintendtoget anythingbuttotakethereinsofgovernment.However,whenalHasanhandedoverauthorityto Mu'awiya,heintendedtosafeguardhisdoctrinefromdistortionandhisShi'afromdestruction, andtounderlinethattheusurpedright(toauthority)shouldbereturnedonthedaywhen Mu'awiyawoulddie. ItisanactofcorrectnessthatwedonotunderstandthemeaningofthePeaceTreatybutthrough thisfacet. Tounderstandclearlytheaimsofthetwoparties,wehavetoanalyzetheirwordsontheday whentheymadepeacewitheachother. (243) 1.TheDeclarationsofthetwoParties ItisenoughforustomentionthewordswhichMu'awiyasaidconcerningthePeaceTreatywith alHasan,peacebeonhim.Manyhistorianshavenarratedthesewordsonhisauthority.Among themisb.Kathir,whohasreportedthesewordsofMu'awiya:"Wearesatisfiedwithit(i.e.,the PeaceTreaty)(totakethereinsof)government.[1] WhenMu'awiyaexchangedletterswithalHasantopavethewaytothePeaceTreaty,hesaid:"It isforyouthatyouarenotruledwithwrong,theaffairsarenotexecutedwithoutyou,andyouare notdisobeyedinanyaffair."[2] ItisenoughforustomentionthedeclarationswhichalHasansaidtomakehisShi'aunderstand thebackgroundsofhisreconciliationwithMu'awiya:"YoudonotknowwhatIhavedone.By Allah,whatIhavedoneformyShi'aisbetterthanwhatthesunrisesover."Alsowhathesaidone daytoBashiralHamadaniwhowasamongthechiefsofhisShi'ainKufa:"WithmyreconciliationI wantednothingbuttodrivekillingawayfromyou.[3]Alsowhathesaidinhisspeechafter peacemaking:"Men,Allahhasguidedyou(tobelief)withtheforemostoneofus,andprevented yourbloodfromsheddingwiththelastoneofus.IhavemadepeacewithMu'awiyawhileIknow thatitmaybeatribulationandaprovisiontillatime."[4] Thesedeclarationsandthemanyonessimilartothem,whethertheybelongedtoa1Hasan,

peacebeonhim,ortoMu'awiyahelpusunderstandthedocumentsignedbythetwoparties.The twopartiesintendedtoachievetheaimswhichwehavealreadymentioned:Mu'awiyaintended toachievehisambitionthroughassumingpower,whilealHasanmadeaplantosavehisShi'a fromkilling,topreserve [1]IbnKathir,alKamilfialTa'rikh,vol.6,p.220. [2]IbnAbdalHadid,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.13. [3]IbnQutaybaalDinawari,alImamawaalSiyasa,p.203. [4]AlYa'qubi,Ta'rikh,vol.2,p.192. (244) hisreligiousdoctrinesthatwerebetterthanwhatthesunroseover,andtomakepeacewith Mu'awiyaforafixedtime. Now,thereisnowonderwhenwementionthetruthasitisandrefertothedeviation(fromthe truth)ofmanyhistorianswhodistortedtheaimsofthetwopartiesandmisunderstoodtheir words.YoumayfindthatthePeaceTreatyitselfandthedeclarationsofthetwopartieshave nevermentionedapledgeofallegiance,norImamate,norcaliphate(succession).Sowhyhave somehistoriansclaimedthat?Forexample,b.QutaybaalDinawarisaidthatalHasanpledged allegiancetoMu'awiyafortheImamate. Beforewediscussthismatterorthosewhobelieveinit,itisbetterforustoshedlightuponthe IslamiccaliphatewhichwasattributedtoMu'awiyab.AbuSufyanandtheIslamicLawthat preventedthepeoplefrompledgingallegiancetothosewhowerelikehim.Inthisconnection,we say: Mu'awiyaandtheSuccession WehavealreadymentionedthatthesuccessioninIslamaftertheApostleofAllah,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily,shouldbeforthosewhoweresimilartohiminallhisoutstanding qualitiesandthatneitherthefreedprisoner,norhisson,northosewhobecameMuslimsafter theConquestofMeccahadtherighttosucceedtheProphetas'Umarb.alKhattabsaid.Alsowe havepreviouslysaidthatthecaliphate(succession)aftertheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,wouldlastforthirtyyears,andthenabitingkingwouldtakeit.(TheSunnishavea correctedtradition).WehavealsosaidthattheImamatewasconcludedthroughthetextual nomination(astheShi'aandtheMu'tazilitesbelieve)andthatthevictoryandforcemadethe unlawfulthinglawful.ThereforeitisnotcorrecttotaketheCaliphatebyforce.Alsoitisnot correcttoimposeitontheMuslimsbyforce.BesidesthepersonwhosucceededtheProphet,

mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,hadnorighttoopposehis(theProphet's)rulesopenlyand secretly,whileMu'awiyahadviolatedthemopenlyandsecretlywhenhecommitteduglydeeds suchasaddingtheadulterertohis (245) lineage,performingFridayprayeronWednesday,andpeakingthepledgehemadewithAllah. Moreover,fromthetimeofMu'awiyatillthistime,thelearnedpeopleintheIslamiccommunity havenotregardedMu'awiya'sauthorityovertheMuslimsassuccession,inthefullsenseofthe word.TheyhavenotregardedhimassuccessoraftertheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimand hisfamily.NoteworthytheUmayyadnominalsuccessorsandtheirfollowersvolunteeredto propagatethatforonethousandmonths.ThatwastheperiodoftheirdynastyinIslam.During thisperiodoftime,theyspentpibesgenerously,andfapicatedtraditionsandstoriesaccordingto theirplansanddesires.StillMu'awiyawasamereworldlykingandnominalcaliph. AfterMu'awiyahadtakenthereinsofgovernment,Sa'db.AbuWaqqascametohimandsaid:"oh King,assalamu'alayka!"Mu'awiyasmiledathimandsaid:"AbuIshaq,whatpreventyoufrom saying:'Commanderofthefaithful',?"Sa'dsaid:"Doyousaythischeerfully?ByAllah,Idisliketo callyoutheCommanderofthefaithfulasIcalledhim(i.e.,'Ali)withit."[1] Inalongspeech,b.'AbbassaidtoAbuMusaalAsh'ari:"Mu'awiyahasnoqualitytobea successor."[2] ToopposeMu'awiya'ssuccession,AbuHurayrahasnarratedthefollowingontheauthorityofthe ApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,"Thesuccessor(Khilafa)isinMedinaandthe kingisinSyria(Sham)."[3] IbnAbuShaybahasnarrated:"Sufayna,theservantoftheApostleofAllah(mayAllahblesshim andhisfamily),wasaskedabouttheworthinessofthebanu(sons)of'Umayyaofthesuccession (Khilafa),sohesaid:'ThebanuofalZarqa'(i.e.,theUmayyads)havetoldlies. [1]IbnalAthir,alKamilfialTa'rikh,vol.3,p.163.Muhammadb.'Aqil,alNasa'ihalKafiya,p.158. [2]AlMas'udi,Hamishb.alAthir,vol.6,p.7. [3]IbnKathir,alBidayawaalNihaya,vol.6,p.321. (246) Rathertheyarekingsfromtheevilkings.Mu'awiyaisthefirstofthem.'"[1]

'A'ishawasastonishedtohearthatMu'awiyaclaimedthathewasthesuccessor(Khalifa).He heardofthat,sohesaid:"Howwonderful!'A'ishaclaimsthatIaminappropriatefortheCaliphate. MayAllahforgiveher.Whydoessheopposethat?"[2] AbuBakra(Ziyad'shalfpother,onhismother'sside)attendedthemeetingofMu'awiya.Thelatter saidtohim:"AbuBakra,tellus."AbuBakra(asb.Sa'dnarrated)said:"IheardtheApostleofAllah, mayAllahblesshimandhisfamilysaying:'Thesuccession(Khilafa)will(lastfor)thirty(years), thentheking(willcome).'"'AbdalRahmanb.AbuBakrasaid:"Iwaswithmyfather,soMu'awiya orderedustobepushedinthebacktillweweretakenout."[3] Mu'awiyaaskedSa'sa'ab.Sawhanal'Abdi:"Whichofthecaliphsdoyouregardme?" Sa'sa'asaid:"Whatdoyouthinkofthecaliphwhohaveruledthepeoplebyforce,subjugated themwithhaughtiness,andassumedpowerthroughfalseways(suchas)tellingliesandcunning? Indeed,byAllah,youhadneitheraswordnoraspearat(theBattleof)Badr.Youandyourfather wereinthewarandthetrade.Youwerefromthosewhoprovoked(thepeople)againstthe ApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Indeed,youareafreedprisonerandtheson ofafreedprisoner.TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,releasedyou.Sois thesuccessiontoauthorityappropriateforthefreedprisoner?"[4] AlMughirab.Shu'bacametoMu'awiya,thenhelefthimandsaidtohisson:"Ihavecomefrom themostevilofallpeople."[5] [1]Muhammadb.'Aqil,alNasa'ihalKafiya(Iran),p.153. [2]IbnAbualHadid,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.5. [3]Muhammadb.'Aqil,alNasa'ihalKafiya,p.159. [4]AlMas'udi,Hamishb.alAthir,vol.6,p.7. [5]AlMas'udi,MurujalDhahab,vol.2,p.342.IbnAbualHadid,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.2.p. 357. (247) Mu'awiya'sgovernorSamracursedhimonthedaywhenheremovedhimfromtheauthorityof Basrah.He(Samra)said:"MyAllahcurseMu'awiya,byAllah,ifIhadobeyedAllahasIobeyedhim (Mu'awiya),He(Allah)wouldhavenevertorturedme."[1] AlHasanalBasrisaid:"Mu'awiyahadfourqualities.Ifhehadonlyoneofthem,itwouldhave beenagravesin:hecontrolledthiscommunitywiththefoolish,soheassumedpowerwithout

askingitsadvise,whileamongitwastherestoftheCompanions(oftheProphet)andthe virtuous.Heappointedhissonassuccessor,whilehewasdrunkard,woresilk,playedonthe mandolins.HeclaimedthatZiyadwas(hispother),whiletheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshim andhisfamily,said:"Thechildisforbedandtheprostituteisstoned."'[2]Moreover,hekilled Hujr,woeuntohimfromHujrandtheCompanionsofHujr!" AfterthePeaceTreaty,theMu'tazilitesrefusedtopledgeallegiancetoMu'awiya.Theyisolated themselvesfrombothalHasanandMu'awiya.Forthisreasontheycalledthemselvesthe Mu'tazilites.[3] ThenthedaysofMu'awiyapassed,sothejuristsoftheFourSchoolshaveregardedhimasan exampleoftheoppressiveruler.[4] AlsohebecametheaggressoragainstwhomfightingwasobligatoryaccordingtotheideaofAbu HanifaalNu'manb.Thabit.[5] [1]Muhammadb.'Aqil,alNasa'ihalKafiya,p.9. [2]AlTabari,Ta'rikh,vol.b,p.157. [3]Muhammadb.Ahmad(died377A.H.),alTanbihwaalRadd'alaAhlalAhwa'waalBuda',p. 28. [4]Thatisbecausetheyhaveagreedonthatitispermittedfortheoppressiverulertoassume judgeshipaccordingtotheactoftheCompanionswhopermittedMu'awiyaassumejudgeship. [5]AbuHanifasaid:"DoyouknowwhytheSyrianshateus?""No,"theyanswered.Hesaid:"That isbecausewethinkthatifwehadjoinedtheCampof'Alib.AbuTalibmayAllahhonorhim,we wouldhavehelphimagainstMu'awiyaandfoughtthelatterfortheformer.Forthisreasonthey hateus."See,Muhammadb.'Aqil,alNasa'ihalKafiya,p.36,inwhathehas (248) SoI(i.e.,theauthor)wonder:whereisthesuccession(Khilafa)? AlMu'tazidal'Abbasicame(topower).HepropagatedagainthedeedsofMu'awiya,hisgreat disasters,whatwassaidconcerninghim,andwhatwasnarratedregardinghim.Hesummoned theMuslimstocursehimthroughtheroyaldecreewhichwasannouncedtothepeopleinthe year284A.H.[1] HavingmentionedthesuccessionofalHasanb.'Ali,peacebeonthem,alGhazalisaid:"The Caliphatereachedthepeoplewhoassumeditwithoutworthiness.[2]

ThemostwonderfulwordssaidconcerningMu'awiyainthesixthcenturyA.H.,werethoseofthe chiefofBasrah:"Mu'awiyawaslikethefalsedirham."[3] IbnKathirdeclaredthatMu'awiyawasnotthesuccessoraccordingtotheprevioustradition(of theProphet):"Wehavealreadymentionedthatthesuccessionafterhim(i.e.,theProphetspeace beonhim,would(last)forthirtyyears,thenaking(wouldcome).Surely,thethirtyyearswere overin(thebeginning)ofthesuccessionofalHasanb.'Ali,sothedaysofMu'awiyawerethe beginning(oftheauthority)oftheking."[4] AfteralDimyari(died808A.H.)hadmentionedtheperiodofthesuccessionofalHasan,peacebe onhim,hesaid:"It(i.e.,theperiodofthesuccessionofalHasan)wastheendofwhattheApostle ofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,saidconcerningtheperiodofthesuccession,thenit (theCaliphate)wouldbe(assumedby)abitingking,thenitwouldbetyrannyandcorruptionin theearth,thatoccurred astheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhis.family, narratedontheauthorityofAbuShakerinhisbook'alTamhidfiBayanalTawhid. [1]AlTabari,Ta'rikh,vol.11,p.355. [2]FaridWajdi,Da'iratMa'arifalQarnal'Ishrin,vol.3,p.231. [3]Dr.MustafaJawad,AbuJa'faralNaqib(Baghdad),p.41. [4]IbnKathir,alBidayawaalNihaya,vol.8,p.19. (249) said."[1] Atlast,Muhammadb.'Aqilwrotehisvaluablebook'alNasa'ihalKafiyalimanyatawalld Mu'awiya.'Indeed,thebookisthedecisiveideaconcerningthematterofMu'awiya.Thebook wasprintedtwice.Please,seethebook. TheIslamicLawrefusessuchakindofsuccession.Mu'awiyaclearlydisobeyedtheProphet,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily.Thelearnedpeopleblamedhimforthat.Thereforewethinkthat thereisnoneedtogoondiscussingthesubject:Mu'awiyaandtheSuccession. LiketheotherMuslimleaders,alHasanhimself,afterhehadhandedovertheauthorityto Mu'awiya,wasclearindenyingMu'awiya'ssuccession.Inhisspeechonthedaywhenhehelda meetinginKufa,alHasansaid:"Mu'awiyahasclaimedthatIhaveseenhimworthyofthe

succession,andIhavenotseenmyselfworthyofit.Mu'awiyahastoldlies.Wearetheworthiest ofallpeopleoftheBookofAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,asHisApostlesaid."(Wewillmention hisspeechinchapter18.) Inanotherspeech,afterthePeaceTreaty,alHasansaidinthepresenceofMu'awiya:"Thecaliph isnothewhobelievesinoppression,stopsthelaws,andregardsthelifeinthisworldasfather andmother.However,thatisakingwhoobtainssupremeauthoritytoenjoyit,hastenstowards itspleasure,andpaysnoattentiontoitsfinalconsequence.SoheisasAllah,theGreatand Almighty,said:'AndIdonotknowofthismaybeatrialforyouandaprovisiontillatime.'"[2] [1]AlDimyari,HayhtalHayawanalKupa,vol.1,p.58. [2]AlBayhaqi,alMahasinwaalMasawi',vol.2,p.63.Otherauthorshavementionedthis speech.' (250) 2.IdeasonthePledgeofAllegiance Inhisbook'UsulalKafi,p.61',Muhammadb.Ya'qubalKulayni,mayAllahhavemercyonhim, hasnarrated:"IndeedalHasanstipulatedthatheshouldnotcallMu'awiyaCommanderofthe faithful(Amiralmu'minin)." Inhisbook''IlalalShard'p.81',Muhammadb.'Alib.Babawayhsaid:"IndeedalHasanstipulated thatheshouldnottestifythathecalledMu'awiyatheCommanderofthefaithful." ThesetworeportsarecautiousofrecognizingthecorrectnessofthesuccessionofMu'awiyaand ofthepledgeofallegiancetohim.ThereforealHasanhandedovergovernmenttoMu'awiya,not thesuccessiontoauthority. AsforthewordsofalDinawariinhisbook'alImamawaalSiyasa'thatalHasanpledged allegiancetoMu'awiyafortheImamate,theyoppose,firstofall,Mu'awiya'sabilitieswhichwe havealreadymentionedtoshowtherelationshipbetweenhimandthesuccessionandthe competenceofthepledgeofallegianceovertheMuslims.Alsothesewordsopposethe declarationsofalHasanwhorefusedthesuccessionofMu'awiya,whetherinhisprevious sermonsorinhisclearreservationsinthesetworeports. ConcerningthemattersofalHasanandMu'awiya,alDinawariindicatesplainpartialitythatwas inappropriateforsuchahistorianwholivedinthethirdcenturywhentherewasneitherMu'awiya norhispibesnorhisclaims.However,thesewordsresultedfromtheemotionalmotivesthat

urgedmostofourhistorians.SoalDinawarisaidagain:"NeitheralHasannoralHusaynsawevil ormisfortunethroughoutMu'awiya'slifetime."I(i.e.,theauthor)say:Whichevilismorehorrible thanusurpingthethroneunjustly?AgainIwonder:arethesethecriteriaofalDinawari? Ifwewanttolookforanexcuseforthosewhohastenedtomentionthepledgeofallegiance(to Mu'awiya),wewillsaythattheywereaffectedbythepropagationwhichwasstillheard.Inthe historyofIslamthereisnomattermoreprominentthantransferringauthority (251) fromthegrandsonoftheProphettoafreedprisonerfromthefreedprisonerswhowereknown fortheirnearhistory.Forthisreason,lovecontrolledthosewhodeniedthePeaceTreatytothe extentthattheyelaborateditsannotationsandfootnotes.Sotheydistortedwhathappenedand forgedthatwhichdidnothappen.Theyusedtheirimaginationtogiveideasofthepledgeof allegiancetoMu'awiya. Throughthesefapicatedideas,theUmayyadswereabletotakethereinsofgovernmentafterthe eventofpeacemaking.ThatisbecausethePeaceTreatywasthepillaronwhichtheirclaimsfor theworthinessoftheclaimedsuccessionwasbased.ForthisreasontheMuslimsthoughtthat Umayyadswerenotworthyofthesuccessionnorwasthesuccessionappropriateforthem. ConcerningthattheMuslimsdependonthewordsofSufaynatheservantoftheApostleofAllah, mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily:"Thebanu(sons)ofalZarqa'havetoldlies.Rathertheyare kings.Mu'awiyaisthefirstofthem." ThenthesuperficialknowledgeofourMuslimhistoriansofthehistoryofIslamplayedan importantroleinthisrespect.Sotheyregardedthismadeupstoryasanactualfact.Veryfewof themrefrainedfromcuriosityinspeech.Moreover,someofthemexceededthefact,sothey mixedtheideastotheextentthattheysaidthatalHasanrecognizedopenlythepledgeof allegiancetoMu'awiya.Thesemixedideasmadesomeofthemgointofapicationandlossthatare inappropriateforthemanhoodoftheMuslimpersonwhowritesaboutagrandsonofhisgreat Prophet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Besidesthesemixedideasendangeredhistorical honesty.Accordingly,someofsuchkindsofhistorianshaveclaimedthatalHasansoldthe successiontoauthorityformoney. Now,weareinnoneedtoanswertheclaimsoftheliars. Ifwewanttounderstandthereconciliationwhichthetwoparties(i.e.,alHasanandMu'awiya) accepted,firstwemustdependonthemeaningofthepledgeofallegianceandthemeaningof

theImamateastheyare,andthenwemustdependonthereportsoftheeventandthe declarationsofthosewhoarespecialistsinthematter. (252) Therearemanyproofsforthisfact,soitleavesnoroomfordoubt. Inthepastthepeopleresortedtothesayingsoftheoldhistorianstounderstandthepastevents, namelytheyresortedtothehistorianswhowerecontemporarywiththoseeventsorcameafter theminashortperiodoftime.Thiswayledthelatergenerationstodifferentideasandvarious parties.ThathappenedinMuslimsocietyandreligion.Thatisbecausetheauthoritiesofthis historywereundertheinfluenceoftheideasandthepartieswhichtheywereunabletoavoid duringtheirtimes.Atthattimeitwasdifficultforacertainauthortoavoid,inwhathewrote,the emotionaleffectsthattookpartinforminghisliteraryworksandinmanaginghissocialactsand interests.FromherethesorrowfulsensibleworryappearedinmanymattersofIslamichistory. Itisanactoftruthfulnesstosaythatthestoryofthepledgeofallegiancewithwhichthematter ofalHasanwasdefamedwastheresultofthatinfluenceunderwhichthehistorianshadwritten theirideas.Sotheywereeitherpartialinwritingdownthisstoryasarealtruthtogainan immediateinterestortheywereignorantofthereality.Thustheythoughtthatthedeclarationof handingovertheauthorityinthetextofthePeaceofTreatywouldpermitthemorhelpthem enlargetheclaimoftheyieldingtothepledgeofallegiance.However,thehistoriansdidnotknow thatthesuccession,asaDivineoffice,wasnotliabletoanybargainingorhandingover.Alsothe timescouldnotchangeitthroughpeacemakingorarbitration. Tounderstandclearly'handingovertheauthority'whichhasbeenmentionedinthefirstitemin thePeaceTreaty,wemustdependonourmethodtoconcludeseriousnessfromthejokingofthe historians.Sowemuststudythispiefexplanationthroughthetwopartiesthemselves. 3.HandingovertheAuthority Fromwhatwehavealreadymentioned,wehaveunderstoodthatMu'awiyasaidtohissonYazid concerningthemembersoftheHouse(AhlalBayt),peacebeonthem:"Indeedtherightistheir right." (253) AlsowehaveknownthatMu'awiyawrotetoalHasantopavethewaytopeacemaking:"The mattersarenotsettledwithoutyou,andyouarenotdisobeyedinacertainmatter."

AlsowehaveunderstoodthatMu'awiyasaidafterthePeaceTreaty:"Wehaveaccepteditfor authority." AlsowehaveknownthatMu'awiyaaddressedthepeoplefromthepulpitofKufaonthedaywhen hearrivedinit:"Ihavenotfoughtagainstyoutomakeyoupray,nortofastnortomakethe pilgrimage,nortopayZakat(alms).RatherIhavefoughtagainstyousothatImighthavepower overyou." AlsowehaveunderstoodthatalHasanb.'Alideniedthesuccessiontoauthoritybefore Mu'awiya,sothelatterkeptsilentanddidnotanswertheformer. ThereforewemustknowthatwhenMu'awiyaacceptedthePeaceTreatyforauthority,hedenied ittobesuccessionforhimself.Thatwaswhenhesaid:"Ihavenotfoughtagainstyoutomakeyou pray,nortopayZakat(alms)."HereMu'awiyaindicatedthathewasnotthesuccessorofreligion. However,hewasakinginthelifeinthisworld.Hewasindifferenttoperformingprayersand payingZakat.Ratherheintendedtoplotagainstthepeople.Mu'awiyasaidtoalHasan"The mattersarenotsettledwithoutyou."AlsohesaidtohissonYazid:"Therightistheirright."Thus herecognizedthehighpositionofalHasanandhisauthoritywhichwasnotdisobeyedinacertain matter.Thatwasthepositionofthesuccessiontoauthority.Atthattimeitwasnecessaryfor Mu'awiyatokeepsilentwhenalHasandeniedhissuccessionclearlyandaccusedhimoflying whenheclaimeditforhimselfwithoutworthiness. Accordingly,whereisthehandingoverofthesuccessiontoauthoritywhichthehistorians claimed? ThereisanotherthingthatindicatesclearlythatMu'awiyawasnotthesuccessor.Thatwaswhen hesmiledatSa'db.AbuWaqqasonthedaywhenthelattercametotheformerandsaidtohim: "King,asSalamu'alayka!,"anddidnotsay:"Commanderofthefaithful."Thedeepmeaningofthis phraseindicatesclearlythatMu'awiyawantedto (254) admithiserrorwhenhewantedtotaketheauthorityaswarbooty,notasmeansbetweenthe MuslimsandtheirProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.ForthisreasonMu'awiyawas worthyofthewordsofSa'd,whomMu'awiyawasunabletotrick,whenhesaidtohim:"ByAllah,I disliketocallMu'awiyatheCommanderofthefaithfulasIcalledhim(i.e.,'Ali)withthat."He meantthatMu'awiyawasinappropriateforthistitlethatgrewontheprohibitedblood,theblack discords,andthecorrupttimes.

Inaccordancewiththisexplanation,Sa'dunderstoodthatalHasanhandedgovernmentto Mu'awiyaandnothingelse.ThisshouldbeunderstoodaccordingtothelanguageoftheQur'an (i.e.,theArabiclanguage)onthesuccessionorthelanguageofthetwocontractingparties(i.e.,al HasanandMu'awiya)inthePeaceTreaty.WhenthegreatMuslimresearcher,SayyidAmir'Alial Hindi,mayAllahhavemercyonhim,studiedthePeaceTreaty,hecalledit'theabdicationfrom authority.'[1] SomeofwhatalHasan,peacebeonhim,saidtothosewhoblamedhimformakingpeacewith Mu'awiyais:"Abu'Amir,don'tsaythatIhavehumiliatedthebelievers.RatherIhadhatedtokill themfortheauthority."[2] AlsoalHasansaidtoanothercompanionofhis:"Ihavemadethese(theUmayyads)quarrelwith eachotherovertheauthorityoftheworld,ofwhichIaminnoneed."'[3] Inthiswayweseethatthetwoparties(i.e.,alHasanandMu'awiya)agreedonthatthebattlefor whichtheyadvancedagainsteachotherwiththeirtwoarmieswasfortheauthority.Thismeans thatthepeacewhichtheyconcludedintheirtreatywasfortheauthority. [1]Amir'AlialHindi,MukhtasarTa'rikhal'ArabwaalTamaddinalIslami,p.61. [2]IbnKathir,alBidayawaalNihaya,vol.8,p.19.' SayyidMuhsinalAminal'Amili,A'yanalShi'a,vol.4,p.52.AlHakim,alMustadrak. [3]AhmadShahabalDinal'Asqalani,alIsabafiTamyizalShahaba,vol.2,p.12. (255) Fortheymadepeacetodaywitheachotherforwhattheydifferedoveryesterday.Inthe viewpointthatwasstandingbetweenthetwoparties,throughthesedeclarationsorontheday whentheymadepeacewitheachother,thereisnomentioningofthesuccessiontoauthority whetherconcerninghandingitoverorreceivingit. Then,inthesedeclarations,wefindthem(i.e.,alHasanandMu'awiya)agreedonpreferringone ofthemtotheotherforthepositionwithoutwhichthematterswouldnotbedecided.Itwasthe positionthatpermittedalHasantosaythefollowingwordsconcerningMu'awiya,namely,itwas asifthatalHasanappointedMu'awiyatoanofficewhilethelatterwasatthattimepresentatthe meetingoftheformer:"He(i.e.,Mu'awiya)ismoreknowledgeableinhisaffairandmorethankful (tous)forappointinghimtothismatter."[1]Hemeantthematteroftheauthority. I(i.e.,theauthor)wonder:DoyouseethegreatdifferencebetweenthispositionofalHasanand

whatthepedanticonesimaginedwhentheyexplainedhandingovertheauthorityashanding overthesuccessiontoauthority(Khilafa)? Wethinkthatthisideawasamistakewhichanauthormadewithintention.Thentheauthors learneditfromhimwithoutintention.Insuchawaymanymistakeshavebeenmadeinhistory. Thesemistakeshavedistortedthefactsofhistory,changedsomeofitssplendor,anddoubledthe effortsoftheresearchers.Thenifyoutakecareofyoursubjectthroughcheckingitsreferences, youwillfindthatitbelongstooneorigin,andthenifyouchecktheorigin,youwillfinditbelongs tooneorigin. Asforthenominalsuccession,wedon'topposeitevenitwastakenbyMu'awiyaandthosewho claimeditforthemselvesortookitbyweaponorinheriteditfromthosewhoclaimedandtookit. IfitistruethatthecommunitypermittedMu'awiyatoderivethesuccessiontoauthorityfromthe claimandthepoweroftheweapon,thentherewillbenodoubtintheterm. [1]AlBayhaqi,alMahasinwaalMasawi',vol.1,p.64. (256) Accordingtothisidea,nowonderwhenMu'awiyawasthesuccessoroftheinfluenceand authority,andalHasanb.'AliwasthesuccessoroftheProphetandthepartneroftheQur'an. Nowonderwhenwhathasbeenmentionedinsometexts,ifwesupposethatthenarrationis correctandsafefromdistortion,isthepracticalusageoftheword(alKhilafa)initsnewmeaning! 4.TheFateoftheSuccessiontoAuthorityafterMu'awiya Mu'awiyasentletterstoalHasantopavethewaytomakepeacewithhim.Intheselettersthe fateoftheSuccessiontoauthoritywasclearlylimited.Forexample,Mu'awiyaaskedalHasanto handovertheauthorityforhislifetime.Thushesaid:"Theauthoritywillbeforyouafterme."[1] "Youaretheworthiestofallpeopleofit." InthiswaythetexthasbeenmentionedinthePeaceTreaty. Insuchawaythepeopleunderstoodthereconciliation,namely,theyunderstooditastakingthe authoritybyforcethroughoutthelifetimeofMu'awiyawhowasaboutthirtyyearsolderthanal Hasan.ItwasexpectedthatMu'awiyawoulddiebeforealHasan.Inthiswaythetruthwould returntoitspropernext.ItisnoteworthythatalHasanwasstillatthebeginningofhismiddleage

orattheendofhisyouth.However,theevilplanshadcertainconsiderationsthatdidnotdepend onthecriteria.TheplainitemconcerningtheworthinessofalHasanofthesuccessionto authorityafterMu'awiyawasthemostprominentofallitemsofthePeaceTreaty.Thepeople knewthatfortenyears.However,thehostilepropagationcoveredit.Besidesthehistorians distortedit.Thussomeofthemsaid:"Mu'awiyahadnorighttoappointanyone(tothesuccession toauthority)."Theothersweresokindthattheyformeditaccordingtotheirownideaswhen theysaid:"ThesuccessiontoauthorityafterMu'awiyawouldbeaMuslimconsultative committee."Asforthetruthfulhistorians,theyhavenarratedit(thePeaceTreaty)asitis.The professionalhistorianshave [1]IbnAbualHadid,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.13. (257) forgottenthatdistortingthefactinthetextdoesnotavailtheminchangingtherealityduringthe practicalstage.ThatisbecauseitwasimpossiblefortheMuslims,whetherthroughthe consultativecommitteeorthelike,toignorethegrandsonoftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahbless himandhisfamily.Ofcourse,thatwouldhavehappenedifalHasanhadremainedaliveonthe daywhenMu'awiyadiedandtheMuslimshadbeenfreetoelectthesuccessorortoexchange viewsfreely.Accordingly,theauthenticnarrationandthedistortedone,ratherthethreeclaimed formsoftheonenarrationwouldhavebeenpracticallylimitedifalHasanhadremainedalive. Thereforetoevadethehistoricalhonestywasfornothingbutforthecooperationwiththeruling authoritytopavethewaytopledgeallegiancetoYazid. TheskillfulhistorianhasabolishedthetextualnominationofalHasanandchangeditintothe consultativecommittee.Hehadadoptedthebestwayoffapicationanddistortion.However,he forgotthatheaddednothingtotheaimswhichhewishedforhisfriend(i.e.,Mu'awiya)who abolishedthemboth.Thatisbecausetheconsultativecommitteewhichthehistorianmeantdoes notconcerntheelectionofthesuccessortoauthority,ratheritconcernstheaffairswhichthe caliphortheheadoftheMuslimsmanages.Suchwasthefirstlegislationoftheconsultative committeeonthedaywhenAllah,theGlorified,said:"Andtakecounselwiththemintheaffair." ForthisreasonAllahpraisedtheMuslimswhenHesaid:"Andtheirruleistotakecounselamong themselves." Theverseisclearinnegatingleadershipwhichthepeoplemadeorratheritdoesnotimposeiton thepeople. Thishistorianandtheotherhistoriansusedtheirimaginationwhentheythoughtthatthematter

ofelectiondependedontheBook(i.e.,theQur'an).Forthisreason'A'isha,theProphet'swife, summonedthepeopletotheconsultativecommitteeshedidnotattributeittoAllah,theGreat andAlmighty.Rathersheattributeditto'Umarb.alKhattab.Besidesifshehadfoundawayto ascribeittoAllah,shewouldhavefollowedit,forthatwouldhavesupportedherproofvery much.SowhensheenteredBasrah,shesaid:"1thinkthatyoushould (258) lookforthosewhohadkilled'Uthmantokillthemastheyhadkilledhim."[1] Atlastmanydefinitecontextsdonotacceptthistext(i.e.,thesubjectofthestudy)butthe authenticnarrationwhichwehavementionedintheseconditemintheformofthePeaceTreaty. Thatisbecause: 1.ThelettersofMu'awiyatoalHasan,peacebeonhim,haveindicatedthataswehavesaid before. 2.ItisappropriatefortheconditionswhichalHasanhimselfhadmadeaswehavementionedin theBlankPage. 3.Itisthemostfamousreport,forithasbeennarratedmanytimes. 4.TheseconditemwiththecleartextwasveryfamousthroughoutthelifetimeofalHasan,peace beonhim,totheextentthatitbecametheproofinmanysermonsandspeeches. Forexample,Sulaymanb.SirtreferredtoitinwhathehadmentionedtoalHasanafterthePeace Treaty.Jariyab.QaddamahadmentionedittoMu'awiyatodenotethatitwasawellknown decreeconcerningtherightofalHasantotheauthorityafterhim.AlAhnafb.Qayshad mentioneditasanaxiomaticthingwhenhedeliveredaspeechtorefutethepledgeofallegiance toYazid.Atthattime,throughthisspeech,headdressedMu'awiyahimselfbeforealarge gathering. He(i.e.,alAhnafb.Qays)said:"YouhaveknownthatyouhadnotconqueredIraqbyforce,nor hadyouovercomeit.However,youhavemadepledgeswithalHasanb.'AlibeforeAllahtohand overtheauthoritytohimafteryou.Soifyoufulfill(yourpledges),thenyouareappropriatefor fulfillment.Ifyoupeak(yourpledges),thenyouwilldowrongto(alHasan).ByAllah,behindal Hasantherearequickhorses,strongarms,andsharpswords.Indeedifyouapproachhimina singlespanofperfidy,youwillfindbehindhimaspanoftheoutstretchedarmsofvictory.You knowthattheIraqishavenotloved [1]FaridWajdi,Da'iratMa'arifalQarnal'Ishrin,vol.4,p.535. (259)

yousincetheyhatedyou."[1]Therearemanyexamplessimilartothisone. 5.TheRestoftheItems Youmaysee,tillnow,thatourstudyontheprominentpointsintheitemsofthePeaceTreaty havenotexceedtwoitems,namelythefirstandtheseconditems. Asforthethirditem,inchapter14,wediscussedwithMu'awiyaaboutitssubject.Soseethat chapter.AlsowehavediscussedtheBlankPagewhichMu'awiyahadsenttoalHasan,peacebe onhimtowriteonitwhateverhewantedofconditions.Inchapter16,thespeechaboutthisPage isthecontextthatindicatesthatthereportsofthePeaceTreatyareintheinterestofalHasan morethantheyareintheinterestofhisopponents.Inaccordancewiththis,thethirditemmeans nothingbutthatitpreventsMu'awiyaabsolutelyfromcursingtheCommanderofthefaithful(i.e., Imam'Ali),peacebeonhim,whetheralHasanispresentorabsent.Whatsomehistoriansadded toit,suchasthattheCommanderofthefaithfulshouldnotbecursedwhenalHasanwaspresent orheardthat,[2]isnottakenintoconsideration,norisitappropriatefortheessenceofthePeace Treaty.Thatisbecausethetwoparties(i.e.,alHasanandMu'awiya)weremakingrealpeaceand permanentmutualunderstanding. Asforthefourthitem,itwas,infact,aconnectedexceptionofthematerialthingswhichshould behandedtoMu'awiyaaccordingtothePeaceTreaty.ThismeansthatthePeaceTreatygave Mu'awiyawhateverhewantedofpropertywiththeexceptionofthesumsofmoneywhichhave beenmentionedinthisitem.AlHasanchosetotakethesesumsofmoneyforhimself,hispother, andhisShi'a [1]Youfindallthissermonandthereferencesconcerningitinchapter20whenwewillmention thewaythatfacilitatedthepledgeofallegiancetoYazid. [2]IbnalAthir,alKamilfialTa'rikh,vol.3,p.162.Afterthathesaid:"Thenhe(i.e.,Mu'awiya)did notfulfillit,either." (260) (followers).Thesesumsofmoneywerefromhisrights.Hedisposedthemaccordingtothe authorizationofAllah,theMostHigh.Hechosethesesumsofmoneyfromthelegallandtaxes, namelyfromthelandtaxesofDarAbjard.[1]Forhedidnotwanttosubjecthimselftosuspicions. I(i.e.,theauthor)say:Thisexplanationisdifferentfromthatofthosewhounjustlytreatedthe

positionofalHasanb.'Ali,peacebeonthem,whentheymisunderstoodtherealityofthesesums ofmoney.Sotheyregardedthemasacostofthesuccessiontoauthority,alHasanasaseller,and Mu'awiyaasabuyer.Itisbetterforsuchnarrowmindedpeoplenottodiscussthemattersthat showthereadertheirnarrowmindedness,sotheywrongthemselvesbeforetheywrongtheir subjects. WehavealreadymentionedthemeaningofthesuccessiontoauthorityandMu'awiya'sabilities. Thusitisenoughforustosaythatthisprattleisimpossible.Sothereisnoneedtorepeatitagain. Asforthefifthitem,itwillbeexplainedinthechaptersthatfollow. [1]Inhisbook(alKamilfialTa'rikh,vol.3,p.162),IbnalAthirsaid:"AsforthelandtaxesofDar Abjard,thepeopleofBasrahstoppedthem."Theysaid:"Theselandtaxesareours.Wedonot givethemtoanyone."Alsohesaid:"TheystoppedthemaccordingtoMu'awiya'sorder." Chapter18:MeetingInKufa (261) ThetwoParties(i.e.,alHasanandMu'awiya)hadadoptedtheideaofpeacemaking.Thusitwas naturalforthemtoappointacertainnexttodeclarethePeaceTreaty.Inotherwordsthetwo sideswantedtoholdtheirmeetingatonenexttobeapracticalwayofthepeacemakingwhich historywitnessed,andtoadmitbeforethepeopletheconditionswhichtheyhadtofulfill.Sothey hadchosenKufaandwentthere.Largegroupsofpeoplewentwiththem.Sothegreatcapital (i.e.,Kufa)wasfullofthem.Theywereatmostthesoldiersofthetwoparties,wholefttheir campsandhurriedtowitnessthathistoricaldaywhenKufawasexpectedtowitnesswillinglyor unwillingly.Forthefirsttime,theIraqicapitalwasfullofthousandsofredSyriansoldiers,who wereMuslimsandChristians.Thesetwocamps(i.e.,KufaandSyria)sufferedfromaseriesof historicalenmitiesandbloodybattlesbeginningfromtheeventsofSalmanalBahiliandHabibb. MuslimaalFahri,duringthelifetimeof'Uthmanb.'Affan,tothisdayofpeacemaking.Thenwhat doyouthinkabouttheloyalKufansoldierwhowasexpectedtolaydownhisarmsduringthe greatwaveofnoisewhichtheSyriansoldiersmadeinalMasjidalJami'whichwasfoundedon pietyfromAllah? ThedeadlydisasterhittheloyalgroupfromthesupportersofthemembersoftheHouse(Ahlal

Bayt),peacebeonthem.AlsoithitthosesupporterswhoignoredtheaimsofalHasanthrough makingpeacewithMu'awiyaorignoredtherealmotivesthatforcedtheformertomakepeace withthelatter.Asforthetraitorousmajority.Theyclearlyshowedtheirtreason.Groupsofthe KufanswereseenamongthemassesoftheSyrians.Theywantedtotakepartinthecheated happinessoftheSyriansduringtheircoldfestivalsandtotakepartintheirovercomevictory. (262) ThepeopleweresummonedtoalMasjidalJami'tolistentothetwoorators(i.e.,alHasanand Mu'awiya)whohadsignedthePeaceTreaty. ItwasnecessaryforMu'awiyatocompetewithalHasanforthepulpit,sotheformergotaheadof thelatterandwentuponit.[1]ThenMu'awiyaaddressedthepeoplewithhislongspeechwhich thereferenceshavenotnarratedexceptsomeprominentparagraphs. Amongthem,asalYa'qubihasnarrated,is:"Nowthen,indeed,ifacommunitydiffersinopinion afteritsprophet,itsfalsehoodwillovercomeitstruth."He(i.e.,alYa'qubi)said:"ThenMu'awiya paidattentiontowhathehadsaid,sohesaid:'Exceptwhatthiscommunityhasdone.[2] AlsoamongthemiswhatalMada'nihasnarrated:"Kufans,doyouthinkthatIhavefought againstyoutomakeyouprayandfastandpayzakatandperformthepilgrimage?IndeedIknow thatyoupray,payzakat,andperformthepilgrimage.However,Ihavefoughtagainstyoutohave poweroveryouandtotwistyournecksandAllahhasgiventhattomewhileyouarereluctant(to that).IndeedeverybloodwhichhasbeenshedinthisdiscordispostponedandeveryconditionI havegiventoalHasanisunderthesetwofeetofmine.Nothingreformsthepeoplebutthree (things):takingoutthegivingatitspropertime,returningthesoldiersattheirsuitabletime,and attackingtheenemyinhishomeland.Indeedifyoudonotattackthem,theywillattackyou." OntheauthorityofHabibb.AbuThabit,AbualFarajalIsfahanihasnarratedthatMu'awiya mentioned'Aliinthisorationanddefamedhim,thenhedefamedalHasan.[3] [1]Jabirb.Sammrasaid:"IhavenotseentheApostleofAllahdeliveringaspeechbuthewas standing.Sowhoevertellsyouthathedeliveredaspeechandhewassitting,thenaccusehimof lying."AlJaza'irihasnarratedthistraditioninhisbook'AyatalAhkam',p.75. [2]AlYa'qubi,Ta'rikh,vol.2,p.192. [3]IbnAbualHadid,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.16. (263)

AbuIshaqalSubay'i[1]hasaddedthefollowingwordstowhathehasnarratedofMu'awiya's oration:"IndeedeverythingwhichIhavegiventoalHasanb.'Aliisunderthesetwofeetofmine. Iwillnotfulfillit." AbuIshaqsaid:"ByAllah,he(i.e.,Mu'awiya)wastraitorous." ThenthepeoplelookedforwardtoalHasan.Suddenly,theysawthegrandsonoftheApostleof Allah,whowasthemostsimilarofthemalltohiminform,manners,dignity,andcorrectness, comingfromthedirectionofthemihrab(prayerniche)ofhisfatherinthegreatmosquetogoup onhispulpit.Themobswerefondofcuriosity.Theywereeagertoconcludetheobscurethings fromtheaffairsofthegreatfigures.SotheyrememberedthestammeringMu'awiyamadeinhis speech.TheyunderstoodtheplentifulselfpossessionofalHasanwhenhewentuponthepulpit andbeganlookingatthelargegatheringsofpeoplewhocrowdedinthewidemosque.Theywere eagertohearalHasan'sanswertoMu'awiyawhorefusedtheconditionsofthePeaceTreaty, pokethecovenants,shedblood,andattackedtheinnocent.AlHasanb.'Ali,peacebeonthem, wasacleverorator.Hemadeaspeechduringthatcriticalsituation.Hislongeloquentspeechwas awonderfuldocument.Throughthisspeech,alHasanwasabletoexplainthesituationstanding betweenthepeopleandthemembersoftheHouse(AhlalBayt),peacebeonthem,afterthe deathoftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Atthebeginningofthespeech, alHasanpreachedandadvisedtheMuslims.Thenhesummonedthemtoconformtolove, satisfaction,andunity.Inthemiddleofthespeech,heremindedthemoftheattitudesofhis family,rathertheattitudesofprophets.Attheendofthespeech,heansweredMu'awiyawithout anyabusingorcursing.However,throughhiseloquentstyle,hewasthemostpainfulcurserand abuser. [1]Hewas'Amrb.'AbdAllahalHamadanialTabi'i.Concerninghim,itissaidthatheperformed thenoonprayerwiththedarknessablution(Wudu'al'Atama)forfortyyears.Heendedthe Qur'anineverynight.NooneworshippedAllahmorethanhedid,andnoonewasmorereliable thanhiminthetradition. (264) Inhisspeech,alHasansaid:"PraisebelongstoAllahwheneveramanpraisesHim.Itestifythat thereisnogodbutAllahwheneveramantestifiesHim.ItestifythatMuhammadisHisservant andHisapostlewhomHesentwiththetruthandwhomHeentrustedwithrevelation,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily.Nowthen,byAllah,IhopethatIshallalwaysbewithAllah'spraiseand kindness.IamthesincerestofAllah'screaturesingivingadvicetothem.Idonotbearmaliceto anyMuslim,nordoIwishevilmisfortuneforhim.Indeedunity(jama'a)isbetterthandivision.I takecareofyoumorethanyoutakecareofyourselves.Thereforedonotopposemycommands

anddonotrejectmyjudgment.MyAllahforgivebothmeandyou.MayHeguidemeandyouto thatinwhichthereisloveandsatisfaction.[1] "Men,indeed,Allahhasguidedyouthroughtheforemostoneofusandsparedyourblood throughthelastoneofus.Indeedthereisaperiodoftimeforthisauthority,andtheworld changes.Allah,theGreatandAlmighty,saidtohisApostle:'Idonotknowwhetherwhatyouarc threatenedwithisnearorfar.SurelyHeknowswhatisspokenopenlyandHeknowswhatyou hide.AndIdonotknowifthismaybeatrialforyouandaprovisiontillatime.'[2] "IndeedMu'awiyahastoldyouthatIseehimappropriateforthesuccessiontoauthority,andIdo notseemyselfappropriateforit.SoMu'awiyahastoldyoulies.Weareworthierofthesuccession toauthoritythanthepeopleintheBookofAllah,theGreatandAlmighty,andonthetongueof Hisprophet.We,themembersoftheHouse(AhlalBayt),havebeenoppressedsinceAllahmade Hisprophettodie.SoAllahisbetweenhimanduswhooppressedus,controlledus,provokedthe peopleagainstus,deprivedusofourshareofbooty,anddeprivedourmotherofwhatthe ApostleofAllahhadallottedtoher.IswearbyAllah,ifthepeoplehadpledgedallegiancetomy fatherwhen theApostleofAllahleftthem,theskywouldhave [1]ShaykhalMufid,alIrshad(Iran),p.169. [2]AlMas'udi,Ilamishb.alAthir,vol.6,p.612.IbnKathir,alBidayawaalNihaya,vol.8,p.18. AlTabari,Ta'rikh,vol.6,p.93. (265) giventhemitsrainandtheearthitsboon,andyou,Mu'awiya,wouldhavenotwishedforit(the authority).Whenit(i.e.,theauthority)cameoutofitsorigin,Qurayshdifferedoverit.Sothe freedprisonersandtheirsons,youandyourfriends,wishedforit.IndeedtheApostleofAllah said:'Ifacommunityappointsamanoveritsauthorityandamongitthereistheonewhoismore knowledgeablethanhim(i.e.,theman),theirauthoritywillcometonothingtilltheyreturntohim whomtheyhaveleft.'IndeedthechildrenofIsraelhadleftHarun(Aaron)whiletheyknewthathe wasthesuccessorofMusa(Moses)andtheyfollowedalSamiri(Samaritan).Thiscommunityhad leftmyfatherwhileitcertainlyheardtheApostleofAllahsay:'Youareinthesamepositionwith respecttomeasHarun(Aaron)toMusa(Moses)exceptprophethood.'Indeedthey(the community)sawtheApostleofAllahappointingmyfatheronthedayofGhadirKhumand orderedthepresenttoconveyhisordertotheabsent.TheApostleofAllahlefthispeoplewhile hewassummoningthemto(believe)inAllahsothatheenteredtheCave.Ifhehadfound supporters,hewouldhavenotleftthem.Myfathersufficedhim(theProphet)whenhe

summonedandcalledthemforhelp,buthewasnothelped.SoAllahmadeAaronateasewhen theyconsideredhimweakandwereabouttokillhim.AllahmadetheProphetateasewhenhe enteredtheCaveandfoundnohelpers.Alsomyfather(was)andIamateasefromAllahwhen thiscommunityhasdesertedus.Indeedthe(Divine)lawsandtheexamplesfolloweachother.[1] "ByHimWhosentMuhammadwiththetruth,ifsomeonedecreasesourright,wethemembersof theHouse(AhlalBayt),Allahwilldecreasehisact.Whenoppressionbefallsus,thefinalresultwill beforus,surelyyouwillknowitsnewsafteratime."[2] ThenalHasanturnedtoMu'awiyaagaintorefutethedefamationwhichMu'awiyaascribedtohis father.Sohesaidwonderfulwords:"Oyouwhomention'Ali,IamalHasanand'Aliwasmy father.YouareMu'awiyaandyourfatherwasSakhr(AbuSufyan). [1]AlMajlisi,BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.114. [2]AlMas'udi,Hamishb.alAthir,vol.b,pp.612. (266) MymotherwasFatimaandyourmotherwasHind.MygrandfatherwastheApostleofAllahand yourgrandfatherwasHarb.MygrandmotherwasKhadijaandyourgrandmotherwasFutayla. MayAllahcursehimwhotriestoreduceourreputationandtodiminishournobility,whodoes evilagainstourantiquityandyetwhohasbeenaheadofusinunbeliefandhypocrisy." Thenarratorsaid:"Groupsofthepeopleinthemosqueshoutedout:'Amen,Amen!'"AlFadlb. alHasansaid:Yahyab.Mainsaid:"Isay:Amen!"AbualFarajsaid:Abu'Ubaydsaid:AlFadlsaid: "Isay:Amen!"'Alib.alHusaynalIsfahani(i.e.,AbualFaraj)said:IbnAbualHadidsaid:"Amen!"I said:'AbdalHamidb.AbualHadid,theauthorofthisbook,(i.e.,SharhNahjalBalagha)said: "Amen!"'[1] I(i.e.,theauthor)say:Alsowesay:"Amen!" Inthehistoryofworldspeeches,thisistheonlyspeechthatfindsfavorwithgenerations throughouthistory. Suchisthetruespeech.Itascendsandnothingascendsoverit! Afterthat,alHasangotreadytogotoMedina. TheleadersoftheShi'acametoalHasantoseehimoff.AmongthemwerealMusayyabb. NujayyaalFazariandZabyanb.'AmmaraalTamimi.SoalHasansaid:"PraisebelongstoAllah WhoovercomesHisaffair.Ifallcreaturescametogethertopreventsomethingfromoccurring, theywouldbeunabletodothat."ThenalMusayyabtalkedandshowedhisloyaltytothe

membersoftheHouse(AhlalBayt),peacebeonthem.SoalHasan,peacebeonhim,saidtohim: "Musayyab,weknowthatyouloveus."AlsoalHasan,peacebeonhim,said:"Ihaveheardmy fathersay:IhaveheardtheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,say:Whoever loves(agroupof)peopleiswiththem."ThenalMusayyabandZabyanaskedhimtoreturnwith them.Sohesaid:"Thereisnowayforthat."Earlyinthemorning,heleftKufa.Thepeoplesaw himoffwhiletheywereweeping.AfterthePeaceTreaty,hestayedinKufaforsomedays. [1]IbnAbualHadid,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.6. (267) WhenalHasanarrivedatDirHind[1](alHira),helookedatKufaandsaid: Ihaveleftthehouseofmyfolksnotbecauseofhate Itistheywhodefendedmypossessionsandmyfamily.[2] I(i.e.,theauthor)say:Howwonderfulthisangelicselfis!ThoughalHasansufferedfromthe disobedienceanddisastersofthiscity(i.e.,Kufa),heleftitrecitingthislineofpoetry.He rememberednothingofthelonghistoryofKufabuttheloyaltyoftheloyalwhodefendedhis possessionsandhisfamily,whoprotectedhimfromthosewhoattackedhimatalMada'in,and whoobeyedhimwhenhefacedhardshipsatMaskan.Sotheyweresincerecompanionsandgood supportersthoughtheywerefewinnumber. ThenthegreatcaravanmovedcarryingtherestoftheservantsofAllahintheearthandthe heritageoftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,inIslam.Theywereunableto bearthesituationinKufasothattheyheadedfortheirhomelandtoseekprotectioninthegrave oftheirgrandfatheragainsttheadversitiesofthetraitoroustime. AfterMuhammad'shouseholdhadleftKufa,AllahpunishedtheKufanswithplague.Itwastheir immediatepunishmentbecauseoftheirattitudetowardstheserighteousones.AlMughirab. Shu'ba,theUmayyadgovernorofKufa,fledKufabecausehewasafraidofplague.Thenhe returnedtoit,butwasinfectedwithplagueanddied.[3] [1]HindwasthedaughterofalNu'manb.alMundhir.Shewasanuninthisabbeyofherinal Hira. [2]IbnAbualHadid,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.6. [3]AlMas'udi,Hamishb.alAthir,vol.6,p.97.

Chapter19:NewField (269) Ihopeyouwillagreewithmethatthereareaccuratecriteriatoevaluatethecharacterofmen whentheyareworriedduringtheirattempts.Thesecriteriaaretheirattitudestowardstheir stipulations.Rathertheybindthemselvestofulfilltheirstipulationswillinglyandvoluntarily.Every manwhotakescareofhishumanityshouldfulfillhisstipulationsofhisownaccord.Forifhepeaks them,hewilldefamehischaracter,hisreputation,andhisright.Itiseasyforustoimaginethe personwhomakesdesperateeffortstokeephiswordsandhispromises.Thatisbecausesucha personsdiesforanidealmannerthroughwhichhelosesthelimitedlifetowinthelimitlesslife. Alsoheaddsanewvaluetoidealhumanitariansociety. Asforthepersonwhopeakshispromise,violateshisoath,doesnotkeephiswords,smilesathis friendanddeceiveshimduringcertainconditions,thenhefrownsathisfriend,turnsawayfrom him,andrepentsofwhathehasgivenhim,heisnotregardedasahumanbeing.Ratherheisthe enemyofhumanity.Thatisbecausehedestroystherulesofhumanityandparalyzesitsdecisions. Moreover,suchapersonistheenemyofhischaracter,forhesubjectsittowrath,scorn,bad reputation,anddeprivationofthetrustofthesociety.Afterthat,itdoesnotavailhimwhenhe saysorwhenthepeoplesayconcerninghim:"Theendjustifiesthemeans."Thatisbecausethis excuseitselfisaperfectcrimewhichtheforgivingheartcannotbear.Theends,thoughdifferent, musthavethemoralvalueonwhichthepeoplehaveagreed.Thereforeeveryendshouldhave moralmeans.Besidestheendisnevermoralunlessitdependsonmoralmeans. Itisanactofkindnessthatallpeople,sincethebeginningofsociety,haveagreedonthemorality oftheoathandofthepromiseto (270) guaranteemutualinterests.ApartfromthisallDivinereligionshaveagreedonfulfillingthe covenant. Itmaybebetterforustoread,here,whattheCommanderofthefaithful,peacebeonhim,wrote toMalikalAshtaralNakha'iconcerningthismatter.Hesaid:"Donotrejectthepeacetowhich yourenemymaycallyouandwhereinthereispleasureofAllah,becausepeacepingsresttoyour armyandreliefofyourworriesandsafetyforyourcountry.However,afterpeacethereisgreat

apprehensionfromtheenemybecauseoftentheenemyofferspeacetobenefitbyyour negligence.Thereforebecautiousanddonotactbywishfulnessinthismatter.Ifyouconcludean agreementbetweenyourselfandyourenemyorenterintoapledgewithhim,thenfulfillyour agreementanddischargeyourpledgefaithfully,nextyourselfasashieldagainstwhateveryou havepledgedbecauseamongtheobligationsofAllahthereisnothingonwhichpeoplearemore stronglyuniteddespitethedifferenceoftheirideasandvariationoftheirviewsthanrespectfor fulfillingthepledges.BesidesMuslimsevenunbelievershaveabidedbytheagreementsbecause theyrealizedthedangerstocomeinthewakeofviolation(thereof).Thereforedonotdeceive yourenemy,becausenoonecanoffendagainstAllahsavetheignorantandthewicked.Allah madeagreementandpledgethesignofsecuritywhichHehasspreadoverhiscreaturesthrough HismercyandanasyluminwhichtheystayinHisprotectionandseekbenefitofHis neighborhood.Thereforethereshouldbenodeceit,cunningorduplicityinit.Donotenterintoan agreementthatmayadmitdifferentinterpretationsanddonotchangetheinterpretationof vaguewordsaftertheconclusionandconfirmation(oftheagreement).IfanagreementofAllah involvesyouinhardshipdonotseekitsrepudiationwithoutjustification,becausebearingof hardshipsthroughwhichyouexpectreliefandhandsomeresultisbetterthanviolationwhose consequenceyoufear,andyouapprehendthatyouwillbecalleduponbyAllahtoaccountforit andyouwillbeunabletoseekforgivenessforitinthisworldorthenext." I(i.e.,theauthor)say:Ifwereturntooursubject,wewillseethatthestipulationswhichalHasan b.'Ali,peacebeonhim,imposedonMu'awiyainthePeaceTreatywerecertainpledgesand strongoaths (271) whichhistoryhadneverwitnessedbefore.Moreover,Mu'awiyahimselfhadwrittentheirfinal copywithhispenandstampedthemwithhisstamp. ThereforenowonderwhentheIslamicpublicopinionatthattimelookedforwardtofulfilling theseconditionsbecausetheywereobligatoryaccordingtothesepledgesandoaths,andbecause theirfulfillmentwouldbeappropriatefortwofiguresofsuchkindinIslam. AsforthatstrangesurprisewhichMu'awiyastartedwithinaweekafterconcludingthePeace Treaty,itshooktheMuslimsociety.Aswehavealreadymentioned,Mu'awiya(accordingtoal Mada'ini'snarration)said:"TheconditionswhichIhavemadewithalHasanareunderthesetwo feetofmine."Alsohe(accordingtothenarrationofAbuIshaqalSubay'i)said:"Indeedevery thingwhichIhavegiventoalHasanb.'Aliisunderthesetwofeetofmine.FromnowonIwillnot fulfillanything."ThenalHusaynb.alMundhiralRaqqashborewitnessagainstMu'awiyawhenhe said:"Mu'awiyadidnotfulfillwhathehadgiventoalHasan.HekilledHujrandhiscompanions, pledgedallegiancetohisson,andpoisonedalHasan."[1]

Inthisway,thisman(i.e.,Mu'awiya)withlargepossessionsandnarrowtalentsbecametheworst ofallpeopleintrust,andtheleastoftheminimportanceaccordingtothemoralcriteriaonwhich thepeoplehadagreed.Thatisbecausehepokeopenlyhisoathandhispledge.Thatwasa suitablepunishment.Formostofthosewhoweredeceivedbyhimdeniedhimashedeniedhis pledgesandcovenants.Theyputhimatthenextwherehehadputhisconditions. Wedonotknow.Wemaybeatthecrossroadsbetweentheovercomepastandthevictorious futurethroughwhichthehistoricalstrugglebetweenalHasanandMu'awiyawillappear.Now,we areabouttounderstandthegreatplanthroughwhichalHasanb.'Ali,peacebeonhim,made peacewithMu'awiyaandimposedhiswillonhim,thoughthelatterwasknownforhiscleverness inavoidingthe [1]IbnAbualHadid,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,pp.6,7,and16. (272) failureintheplanshemadetoachievehisinterests. Asweknow,alHasanwasthemostknowledgeableofpeopleinthetruthfulnessandloyaltyof Mu'awiya.ForthisreasonalHasanmadeMu'awiyagivestrongformsofoathandpledgestobe sureofhistruthfulnessandhonestyandtoshowthestupidhisabilitiesinhisreligion,his covenant,andhishonor. AlHasantooktheinitiativetostarthismovementtowardshissecondfield.Fromherehewas abletoaddanewvaluetothematterofthemembersoftheHouse(AhlalBayt),peacebeon them.Thenthetimepassed.Sothesuccessfulstepsappearedonebyone. ThemostprominentstepswhichalHasan,peacebeonhim,accomplishedthroughhisplanto defameMu'awiya,whetherdeadoralive,andtheUmayyadsareasfollows: 1.HeincitedalargenumberofthegreatfiguresintheIslamiccountriesagainstMu'awiyaatthe beginningofhisindependentperiod.Sosomeofthemcursedhimopenly;someofthemregarded himasawickedperson;someofthemblamedhimfacetoface;someofthemabandonedhim; someofthemsaidconcerninghim:"ByAllah,he(i.e.,Mu'awiya)wastraitorous";andsomeof themsaidconcerninghim:"Mu'awiyahadfourqualities.Ifhehadonlyoneofthem,itwouldhave beenagravesin."'[1]Besidesmanymenandwomentreatedhiminsuchaway.Nowwedonot intendtomentiontheirnumberandtheirwords.

2.HemadesomeclassesopposeMu'awiya.ThatisbecausetheitemsofthePeaceTreaty includedthemwhetherconcerningthesecurityimposedintheitemsorthetextualfinancial rights.Soagreatgroupofpeopleregardedhimasamortalenemy,forhepokethe [1]HisfriendSamracursedhim.HisfriendalMughiradescribedhimasthemostevilofallpeople. 'A'ishaandothersblamedhimfacetoface.Malikb.HubayraalSikuniabandonedhim.AlRabi'b. ZiyadalHarithidiedofsadnessbecauseofhis(Mu'awiya's)acts.AbuIshaqalSubay'isaid concerninghim(ByAllah,hewastraitorous),andalHasanalBasrisaid:"Mu'awiyahadfour qualities...."Concerningthesewordsseethesebooks:NahjalBalagha,alKamilfiTa'rikh,and MurujalDhahab. (273) conditionsregardingtheirlivesandbelongings. 3.ThroughpeakingalHasan'sPeaceTreaty,Mu'awiyathoughtthathewouldbeabletocreatea formalsituationforthepledgeofallegiancetohissonYazid.Inotherwords,withthissituation, hewantedtodestroytheIslamiclawswhichtheMuslimsadoptedforthepledgeofallegianceand thepowersofthesuccessor. Immediately,theaccomplishedfactpreventedMu'awiyafromachievinghisaims.Forthisnew pledge.ofallegiancetohissonYazidincitedallMuslimsagainsttheobjectivesoftheUmayyads towardsIslam.ThatwasfromthedaywhenMu'awiyanominatedYazidasasuccessorafterhim. 4.Mu'awiyakilledgoodMuslimsfromtheearlycompanionsandthelatercompanions(ofthe Prophet)withoutanyguilt.Sothesebloodydisasters,whichhecommittedopenlyafterhehad pokenthePeaceTreaty,wereotherfactorstodefamehimandtodestroyhisclaimedspirits.That tooknextaccordingtothefirmplanwhichImamalHasan,peacebeonhim,wantedfromtheday whenhedecidedtomakepeacewithMu'awiya. 5.ThematterofalHusayninKarbala'intheyear61A.H.wasthegreatestofalHasan'smatters, forthelatterpavedthewaytotheformertofightagainsttheirmutualenemywhowasthe enemyoftheirfatherbefore. WemustnotforgetthatalHasansaidtoalHusaynonthedaywhenhewasabouttodie:"Abu 'AbdAllah,thereisnoday(battle)likeyourday." Thoughthesewordsareshort,theyweretheonlysymbolwhichwasheardfromalHasan,peace beonhim,whenhereferredtothesecretplanwhosesixdimensionsobscuritycoveredfromthe

daywhenhemadepeacewithMu'awiyatothedaywhenhesaidthesewords.Fromthesewords youunderstandthelanguageofthesupremecommanderwhodistributedtheleadersaccording tothebattles,andthedaysaccordingtotheoccasions,thenhedistinguishedhispotherandthe dayofhispotherwhenhesaid:"AbuAbdAllah,thereisnodaylikeyourday." (274) Surely,thetimeoccasionsshowedthestepsoftheplanonebyone.Itwasnecessaryforonestep towaketheother,thelattersteptohiretheformerone,thefirststeptoburnthefirepandofthe secondone,andsoon.AlsoalHasanconsideredthesesstepscarefullyfromthedaywhenhe intendedtomakepeacewithMu'awiya.Apartfromthis,hestudiedthepsychologicalfeaturesof hisopponentswhoweredispleasedwithhim,hispother,hisShi'a(followers),andallhis objectives.ThesewidescalestudieswerethebaseonwhichalHasanbuilthisfuturestepsthat werenecessaryforbothhimselfandhisenemy.Certainly,alHusaynwouldhaveadoptedthese stepsifalHasanhimselfhadbeenunabletoachievethem.Thisiswhatwewantedatthe beginningofthischapter. InthismannertheimmortaluprisingofalHusaynwasthegreateststepintheplanofhisgreat geniuspother. ThetragedyofKarbala',whichallthelanguagesintheearthhavecontained,isstilltheblackstain thatdyedthehistoryoftheUmayyadswithshameaslongasthereisamarkforKarbala'anda namefortheUmayyads. 6.InthehistoricalperiodsafterthetragedyofalHusayn,peacebeonhim,inKarbala',theplan withstrategicgoalswasstilldenotingaseriesofbloodyeventsresultedfromthecoreofthe UmayyadsituationwithsimilarfeaturestotheperiodbetweenthetimeofMu'awiyaandthetime ofhiscousincalledalHimar(thedonkey).[1] ThosewhowereinterestedintheirIslamregardedtheUmmayyadsasanunjustgovernment.Also theyregardedthemastheoneswhoovercamethepeoplewithoppression,extravagance,and deviation [1]HisnamewasMarwan.HebelongedtotheUmayyads.TheUmayyaddynastyendedduringhis lifetime.HewascalledalHimar(i.e.,,thedonkey)andalJu'di,forhewasattributedtohisteacher alJu'dib.Dirham.IbnDirhamwasanatheist,sohetaughtMarwanhisdoctrine.Thepeople dispraisedMarwan,forhebelongedtoalJu'dib.Dirham.The'Abbasidconquerorsdefeated Marwanandfollowedhim,buthesoughtprotectioninthechurchatBousir.I(i.e.,theauthor) wonder:WhydidMarwannotseekprotectionintheMosques?

SeeIbnalAthir,alKamilfialTa'rikh,vol.5,pp.15960. (275) fromthereligiouslaws.Inthecourseoftime,thepeoplewereveryindignantwiththeUmayyads andwerereadtosacrificetheirlivestofightagainstthem. ThereforethePeaceTreatywasconcludedintheinterestofIslam,theinterestofthemembersof theHouse(AhlalBayt),peacebeonthem,andtheinterestoftheIslamicmission.Moreover,less thanonecentury,alHasanb.'Ali,peacebeonthem,becamethevictoriouswinneroverhis opponentswhoweredefeatedinhistory. AlHasan'sstepsweresuccessful.Hispolicywasaboveallpolicies.Hehaddoneallthatwith silence,humbleness,andpatience.Thereforeheachievedrighteousness,peace,andsparingthe bloodoftheMuslims. Accordingly,I(i.e.,theauthor)wonder:Isgreatnessathingotherthanthis? Chapter20:FulfillingTheStipulations (277) Fromthepreviouschapters,wehaveknowntheobjectivesthaturgedthetwosides(i.e.,alHasan andMu'awiya)tomakepeacewitheachotherandtheconditionswhichbothsidesregardedas guaranteesfortheirobjectives. Afterthat,wehaveknownthatthetwosidesinclinedpracticallytomakepeacewitheachother sothattheyheldameetinginKufa.Atthathistoricalmeeting,theywereabouttoconcludean agreement,whiletheywereunabletoconcludesuchanagreementthroughtheirwritten documentsandofficialletterswhentheyintendedtomakepeacewitheachother.However,it wasMu'awiyawhomadeallthoseeffortsgoinvainthoughhewasfacingthemostcritical situationinhispolicyandhischaracterasakingwhowantedtorulethepeoplewhohadnot lovedhimsincetheyhatedhim,asalAhnafb.Qayssaid.SoMu'awiyametalHasan,butitwasas

b.AbuSufyanmetthesonoftheconquerorofMecca,notastwofighterswholaidtheirarmsand exchangedthedocumentsofpeace.ThiswasthefirmmannerofMu'awiyathoughhesometimes affectedmuchpatience.AlHasantookadvantageofthismannerofMu'awiyaduringthe organizedcampaignwhichhelaunchedagainsthiminhissecondfieldaswehavementionedat theendofthepreviouschapter. Wehaveknownallthatinthenearpreviouschapterssothatwemustunderstandwhetherboth sidesfulfilledtheirstipulationsorpokethem.Now,inthisstage,wearefacingthemostsensitive pointwhichhasbeenstudiedverymuchinhistory. Wedonotwanttostudythissubjectindetail,forsuchdetailswillmovememories.Someofthese memoriesarepainful;someofthemareobviousscandals;andsomeofthemdisagreewiththe gloriesin (278) history.InthisbookIhavetakenuponmyselfthatImustdependonaclearanalyticalstudyabout thematterofalHasanandMu'awiya.SoImustnotignoretheelementsofthesubject.Forthey hadthemostwonderfuleffectontheresultswhichalHasanb.'Aliwantedtoachievethroughhis PeaceTreatywithMu'awiyab.AbuSufyan.Asthesedetailsareveryimportantformysubject,itis necessaryformetofollowthissubjectstepbysteptillIconcludeclearresultsfromtheaxiomatic premises,fortheseresultswillindicatethegloryoftheoppressedone(whowasvictorious)and thedisgraceoftheoppressiveone(whowasdefeated).Inthisconnectionwesay: 1.FulfillingthefirstStipulation ThiswastheonlystipulationwithwhichalHasanboundhimselftofulfillforMu'awiya. Thiswastheonlyconditionwhichfoundfulfillment,whiletheotherconditionswerenever fulfilled. ItwasimpossibleforalHasan,afterhehadsignedthePeaceTreaty,toattempttopeakthis conditionofhis,nottotalkaboutthat,nortoacceptanytalkconcerningthat. AfterMu'awiyahaddeclaredthathewouldnotfulfillhisconditions,theleadersoftheShi'awent toalHasan,whenhehadreturnedtoMedina,andtoldhimthattheyandtheirfollowerswere readytowageholywar(jihad)underhisleadershipagainstMu'awiya.InthemeantimetheKufans promisedthattheywoulddismisstheUmayyadgovernorfromKufa,andthattheywouldprovide alHasanwithmenandweaponstoattackSham(Syria)again.However,allthesesuggestionsof thezealoussupportersdidnotshakealHasan.

Forexample,Sulaymanb.Sirt,whowasthelordandchiefoftheIraqis(asb.Qutaybasaid concerninghim),saidtoalHasan:"He(i.e.,Mu'awiya)saidopenlytothepeoplewhatyouhave heard:'Ihavemadeconditionsforthepeople,madepromisestothem,andmadethemdesire (forthat).Indeedallthatisunderthesetwofeetofmine.'ByAllah,withthat,hemeantnothing butthathehasviolatedwhatisbetweenyouandhim,soturnthewarintoatrick,andpermitme togo (279) toKufatodismissitsgovernor,andtodeclarehisdismissalinit.IndeedAllahdoesnotguidethe cunningoftraitors. "Thenb.Sirtkeptsilent,soallthosewhoattendedalHasan'smeetingspokeashedid.Allofthem said:'SendSulaymanb.Sirtandsenduswithhim.Thenfollowuswhenyouknowthatwehave dismissedhis(Mu'awiya's)governoranddeclaredhisdismissal."[1] AlsoHujrb.'AdialKindiwhosestrongpositionwasinIraqwenttoalHasan,asyouwillknowvery soon. AlMusayyabb.Nujayyawenttohim,too.Worthmentioning,alMusayyabwastheonlyheroat Mudar,thered(alHamra').Iftenofitsnoblemenwerecounted,hewouldbeamongthem,as Zafrb.alHarithalKilabisaidconcerninghim. Otherslikethesegreatfigureswenttohim.AllofthemfoundnothingwithalHasanexcepta goodanswerandaskingtowaittillMu'awiya'sdeath.ThatisbecausealHasanwasunableto peakthepromisewhichhemadewithMu'awiya.Moreover,hemadeuseoftheKufansattitude towardshimsothathewasinnoneedofanyotherexperience. AlHasan'sfinalanswertohiscompanionswas:"Everymanofyoushouldsitinhishouseaslong asMu'awiyaisliving.IfMu'awiyaperishedandyouandIwerealive,wewouldaskAllahfora decisiontoguideus,tohelpusinourmatter,andnottoleaveusalone.IndeedAllahiswiththose whofear(Him)andwhodogooddeeds."[2] 2.FulfillingthesecondStipulation Theneutralandthepartialhistorianshaveunanimouslyagreedonthattheconditionwhich Mu'awiyagavetoalHasanwithintheconditionsofthePeaceTreatywasthattheformershould nothandovertheauthoritytoanyoneafterhim.Thismeansthathehadtohand

[1]IbnQutaybaalDinawari,alImamawaalSiyasa,vol.1,p.151. [2]Ibid,p.152. (280) itovertoitslegalowner,namelyalHasanb.'Ali.IfalHasandied,theauthorityhadtobehanded overtohispotheralHusaynaccordingtotheconditionthatsaidthathandingovertheauthority toMu'awiyawaslimitedtohislifetime,andthathehadnorighttohanditovertoanyoneafter him. AlsothehistorianshaveunanimouslyagreedonthatMu'awiyaviolatedthisconditionopenlyand appointedhissonYazidasasuccessorafterhim. Now,wedonotintendtodiscusswithMu'awiyaaboutthestipulationwhichhemade,andthen violated.However,headdedthiserrortohiserrorswhichthePeaceTreatyindicatedwhetherhe knewthatornot.WehavediscussedtheattitudeofMu'awiyatowardshispromisesseveraltimes, sothereisnoneedtodiscussthemostdangerouserrorwhichMu'awiyamadewhenhe appointedhissonYazidasasuccessorafterhim.Inthisconnectionwesay:Throughthisuglyact, Mu'awiyacommittedthegravestsininhisreligion,andthemosthorriblecrimetowardsthe publicinterest.BecauseofthisimpudentimprovisedactofMu'awiya,theleadershipofIslam deviatedfromitsrighteousway,thesubjectslosttheirpracticalexample,selfishnessprevailed thatsociety,theindividualsandthegroupsmistreatedeachother,andtherelationshipbetween theleadersandtheirfollowersended.Accordingly,thepeople'sinclinationsbecamevariousand theiraimsbecamedifferent.BesidestheUmayyadauthoritywasleadingthemtocorruptionso thattheygotreadytodeclaretheirbloodyrevoltsandtheirinternaluprisingthatwerenecessary tocorrecttheerrorsandtowarntheothersagainstthedangers.Apartfromthis,thepersonmust knowwhathasbeensaidaboutYazid,andabouthispersonalandmoralabilitieswithwhich historyisaboundfromhisdaytothisdayofours,andwhichhadobviousresultsduringhis authority.WedonotwanttowriteindetailaboutYazid.However,wewanttodrawtheattention ofthegentlereadertothegreaterrorwhichMu'awiyamade,andthroughwhichhetookthe reinsoftheIslamicauthorityandviolatedallIslamicrulesfreely.Mu'awiyausedstrangewaysto appointhissonasasuccessorovertheMuslims. ThefriendsandtheenemiesofMu'awiyahavenarratedallthesewaysthatareenoughforusto besureofhis (281) behaviorasaMuslimandcaliph.Thesewaysweretheworstofallwaysinhistory,andthe

farthestofthemfromtheessenceofIslamanditsmeaningandobjectives.Theresultsofthese waysindicatethecharacterofMu'awiyaandofthepeoplewholivedduringhislifetime.Ifthey werenotamongthesourcesofourwideresearchthroughwhichwewanttoexplainthereason whyalHasanmadepeacewithMu'awiya,wewouldnotmentionthem.Ratherwewouldcover themthoughtheyhavebeenexposedforthirteencenturies. Now,wewillmentionsometextsofthehistorianswithoutanyexplanationorcomment,forthese textsthemselvesareinnoneedofexplanationandcomment. InthisMannerMu'awiyapledgedAllegiancetoYazid AbualFarajalIsfahanisaid:"Mu'awiyawantedthepledgeofallegiancetohissonYazid.Nothing washeavierwithhimthanthematterofalHasanandSa'db.AbuWaqqas.Sohegavethem poison(todrink).Thentheydiedofit."[1] IbnQutaybaalDinawarisaid:"InashorttimeafterthedeathofalHasan,Mu'awiyapledged allegiancetoYazidinSham(Syria),andwrotetothecitiesconcerningthepledgeofallegianceto him."[2] IbnalAthirsaid:"He(i.e.,Mu'awiya)startedthat(i.e.,thepledgeofallegiancetohisson).Al Mughirab.Shu'bawasthefirst(tosuggest)that.ThatisbecauseMu'awiyawantedtoremovehim fromKufaandtoappointSaidb.al'Asinsteadofhim.Sohe(i.e.,alMughira)heardofthatand said:'IthinkthatIhadbettergotoMu'awiyaandtendermyresignationtoshowthepeoplethatI hatetheauthority.'Sohewenttohimandsaidtohiscompanionwhenhereachedhim:'Now,ifI donotmakeyouwinanauthorityoranemirate,Iwillneverdothat.'Thenhewenttillhecameto Yazidandsaidtohim:'Indeed thenotablesfromthecompanionsoftheApostle [1]AbualFarajalIsfahani,MaqatilalTalibiyyin,p.29. [2]IbnQutaybaalDinawari,alImamawaalSiyasa,vol.1,p.160. (282) ofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,andthechiefsandtheoldmenofQurayshdied.[1] Noonebuttheirchildrenhasremained(alive).Youarethebestofthem!Youarethebestofthem inopinion,andthemostknowledgeableoftheminSunnaandpolicy!Idonotknowwhat preventstheCommanderofthefaithful(i.e.,Mu'awiya)frompledgingallegiancetoyou.'He(i.e., Yazid)said:'Doyouthinkthat(thissuggestion)willhappen?''Yes',repliedalMughira.SoYazid

wenttohisfatherandtoldhimaboutwhatalMughirahadsaid.SoMu'awiyasummonedal Mughiraandsaidtohim:'WhathasYazidsaid?'SoalMughirasaid:'Commanderofthefaithful, youhaveseenthebloodshedandthedifferencesafter'Uthman.Yazidshouldbeasuccessor. Pledgeallegiancetohim.Ifacertainaccidenthappenstoyou,Yazidwillbeashelterforthe peopleandyoursuccessor.Sodonotshedblood.Donotcreatediscord.'Mu'awiyasaid:'Whowill helpmewiththat?'AlMughirasaid:'IwillhelpyouagainstthepeopleofKufa,andZiyadwillhelp youagainstthepeopleofBasrah.Afterthesetwocities,nooneshallopposeyou.'Mu'awiyasaid: "Returntoyourwork,talkwithhimwhomyouhaveconfidenceinaboutthat.Youwillseeandwe willsee." "ThenalMughirasawoffMu'awiyaandreturnedtohiscompanions.Hiscompanionsaskedhim: "What?"alMughirareplied:'IhaveputMu'awiya'sleginastitchthatisfarfromtheobjectiveof thecommunityofMuhammad,andIhavemadeatearforthem,whichwillneverbemended.[2] "Mu'awiyaactedincollusionwiththeheadsofthedelegationswhoadvisedhim(toappointhis sonasuccessor)todeliverspeeches [1]Inhisbook(alMahasinwaalMasawi',vol.1,p.108)alBayhaqihasmentiontheopinionofal Mughirab.Shu'ba.However,hehasnarratedthatalMughiraofferedhisopiniontoMu'awiya first,andthatwhenthelatterwassureoftheformer,hereturnedhimtohisworkandsaidto him:"Gotoyourworkandstrengthenthematterforthesonofyourfriend." [2]IbnalAthir,alKamilfialTa'rikh,vol.3,p.198201. InthistextiswhatmakesyoufeelthespiritofalMughirab.Shu'baandtheextentofthis companionwhomadeatearforthecommunityofMuhammad,mayAllahblesshimandhis family. (283) andmentionthequalitiesofYazid.Whenthedelegations,amongthemwasalAhnafb.Qays,met Mu'awiya,thelattersummonedalDahhakb.QaysalFihriandsaidtohim:'WhenIsitonthe pulpitandendsomeofmysermonandspeech,thenyouaskpermissiontostandup.Whenthey permityou,thenyoupraiseAllah,theMostHigh,andmentionYazid,praisehim,thenaskmeto appointhimasasuccessor.'ThenMu'awiyasummoned'AbdalRahmanb.'UthmanalThaqafi, 'UbaydAllahb.Mis'idaalFazari,Thourb.Ma'analSalami,and'AbdAllahb.'IsamalAsh'ari.He orderedthemtostandupwhenalDahhakended(hisspeech)andtoconfirmhiswords.These personsstoodupanddeliveredspeechestopraiseYazid.ThenalAhnafb.Qays,whowasnot amongtheactorswhomMu'awiyapreparedthisscenario,andsaid:'MayAllahreformtheEmir, indeed,thepeoplelivedintheabominablepasttimeandtheyhavelivedinthekindpresenttime.

Youhavetriedthetimesandexperiencedtheaffairs.Soknowhimtowhomyouentrustthe authorityafteryou.Thenyoudisobeyhimwhoordersyou.Hewhoadvisesyouanddoesnotlook atyoushouldnottemptyou,thoughtheSyriansandtheIraqisdonotacceptthisanddonot pledgeallegiancetoYazidaslongasalHasanisliving.'" AlAhnafadded:"Mu'awiya,youknowthatyouhavenotconqueredIraqbyforce,norhadyou influenceonit.However,youhavegivenalHasanb.'Alisomepromiseswhichyouknow.[1] Indeedifyoufulfill(your)promises,thenyouareappropriateforfulfillment.Ifyoupeak(your conditions),thenyouwillwrong(alHasan).ByAllah,behindalHasantherearequickhorses, strongarms,andsharpswords.Ifyouapproachhimthroughaspanoftreason,youwillfinda spanoftheoutstretchedarmsofvictorybehindhim.YouknowthattheIraqishavenotlovedyou sincetheyhatedyou,norhavetheyhated'Aliand alHasansincetheylovedthem.Nothingotherthan [1]Manywritershavemisunderstoodthisperiodoftime.Forexample,(inhisbookalDawlaal Amawiya,p.70)HasanMuradsaid:"Fromhereweseethatitwasunexpectedchangewhen Mu'awiyapledgedallegiancetohissonYazid."FromthewordsofalAhnafandfromourforegoing studiesyouhaveknownthatitwasunexpectedchange. (284) thathascomedownfromtheskytothem.Theswordswhichtheydrewagainstyouwhenthey werewith'Aliat(theBattleof)Siffinareontheirshoulders,andtheheartswithwhichtheyhate youareamongtheirrips."[1] I(i.e.,theauthor)say:ThisspeechofalAhnafindicatesclearlythatMu'awiyatriedtotakethe pledgeofallegiancetohissonYazidduringalHasan'slifetime,whileotherauthorshavedeclared thatthepledgeofallegiancetoYazidoccurredafterthedeathofalHasan.AbualFarajalIsfahani hasdenotedthatwhenhesaid:"IndeedMu'awiyapoisonedalHasanandSa'db.AbuWaqqasto pavethewaytothepledgeofallegiancetohissonYazid."Wehavealreadymentionedthat. ThereforeMu'awiyahadtwoattemptstocarryoutthisplan:oneofthemwasduringalHasan's lifetimeinspiteofthepromises,theoath,andthecovenants.Thisattemptfailed,foralHasan wasstillalive.TheotherattemptwasafterthedeathofalHasan,peacebeonhim.Thisattempt wasachievedthroughtheunjustways,whichmosthistorianshavementioned. "Mu'awiyaremovedMarwanfromMedinawhenthelatterwasunabletotakethepledgeof allegiancetoYazidfromtheMedinans.ThenMu'awiyaappointedSaidb.al'Asasagovernorover Medina.SoSa'dshowedrudeness,treatedthemwithresolutionandviolence,andattackedall

thosewhowereslowinpledgingallegiancetoYazid.Neverthelessthepeoplewereslowinpaying homage(toYazid),exceptveryfew(ofthem),especiallythebanuofHashim.Indeednooneof themansweredhim." "AsforMarwan,hewenttoSham(Syria)angrily.HemetMu'awiyathroughalongspeechin whichhesaid:'IbnAbuSufyan,reformtheauthority,andrefrainfromappointingtheboysas rulers.Knowthatyouhavepeersinyourpeople.Theyhelpeachothertoshowenmitytowards you."' However,Marwankeptsilent,forMu'awiyagavehimonethousanddinarsamonth. [1]IbnQutaybaalDinawari,alImamawaalSiyasa,vol.1,pp.1568.AlMas'udi,Hamishb.al Athir,vol.6,pp.100102. (285) "Mu'awiyawroteto'AbdAllahb.'Abbas,'AbdAllahb.alZubayr,'AbdAllahb.Ja'far,andal Husaynb.'Ali.HesummonedthemtopledgeallegiancetoYazid." Mu'awiya'slettertoalHasan,peacebeonhim,isasfollows:"Nowthen,affairsfromyouhave cometomyknowledge.Ihadnotthoughtthatthey(theaffairs)wouldissuefromyou,foryou dislikethem.Indeedtheworthiestofallpeopleinfaithfulnessishewhoislikeyouinyour importance,yourhonor,andyourpositioninwhichAllahhasinstalledyou.Thereforedonot dispute(withme)foryourabandonment,andfearAllah.Donotleadthiscommunitytoadiscord. Thinkofyourself,yourreligion,andthecommunityofMuhammad.Donotletthosewhoarenot sure(ofAllah)disdainyou." InanswertoMu'awiya'sletter,alHusaynwrotethefollowing:"Nowthen,yourletterhascometo me,inwhichyouhavementionedthataffairs(issued)frommehavecometoyourknowledge, andthatyouhadthoughtthattheywouldnot(issue)fromme,forIdislikethem,andthatnoone exceptAllah,theMostHigh,guides(people)togooddeeds.Asforwhatyouhavementionedthat (affairsissued)frommehavecometoyourknowledge,theyhavebeeninformedbythecajolers whoinformagainst(thepeople)andsowdissensionamongthecommunity.Theseducersandthe apostateshavetoldlies.Ihavewantedneitherwarnordisagreement.IfearAllahinleavingthat becauseofyouandyourunjustparty,thepartyofoppressionandthehelperofthecursedSatan. Aren'tyouwhokilledHujrandhiscompanionswhowerehumbleworshippers,andwhoregarded heresiesasugly(acts),enjoined(thepeople)todogoodandprevented(them)fromdoingevil? Youkilledthembecauseofoppressionandenmityafteryouhadgiventhemstrongcovenantsand certainpromisesshowingimpudencetowardsAllahanddisdainingHiscovenant.Aren'tyouwho killed'Amrb.alHamaqwhosefaceofworshipworeout?Youkilledhimafteryouhadgivenhim

pledgeswhichifthewhitefootedantelopesunderstood,theywouldcomedownfromthetopsof themountains.Aren'tyouhewhoclaimsthatZiyadisthesonofAbuSufyan,(while)theApostle ofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,hasdecidedthatthebabyistothebed(i.e.,thebaby isattributedtohisfather)andtheprostituteisstoned? Chapter21:Mu'awiyaAndTheShi'aOf'Ali,PeaceBeUponHim (297) Mu'awiyadesignedanUmayyadpolicy.TheUmayyadrulesafterhimfollowedthatpolicy.They (i.e.,theUmayyads)wantedtomakethemselveslords.Theywantedtoshowthepeoplethatthey hadalllaudablequalities.Sogenerosity,clemency,cleverness,pavery,andeloquencebelongedto them,nottothepeople.InotherwordstheUmayyadswantedtodenotethatthesequalities weresomeoftheirspecialtalents.TheUmayyadsdidtheirbesttofixthisintentionalpolicy.Thus theymadeafalsehistorythatwasfullofaseriesoffapicatedtraditions,madeupstories,various lies,andbaselessclaims.Moreover,theyorderedthehirelingpreachersandtheteachersofthe schoolsinallMuslimcountriestostudytheUmayyadhopesincludingfalsepraiseorfakeslander. TheUmayyadsdidtheirbesttomaketheSyrianyouthloveandobeythemabsolutely.Sothe SyrianyouthwerereadytosacrificetheirinnocentlivestoservetheaimsofUmayyads.Alsothey werereadytodyetheareasoftheearthwiththeirownbloodtobeservantsandhirelingsinthe landofthevictoriouslords. TheUmayyadshadnoaimotherthangovernment,wealth,andworldlycheapdesires.This disturbedthosewhotookcareoftheirreligion,namelythosewhowerefromtheprogenyof Muhammad,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,andfromtheMuslimswhowereloyaltoIslamto pleaseAllah.FromherethecontinuousdisagreementbetweentheUmayyadMuslimsandthose whowereloyaltoIslamstarted. Inhisbook(Ta'rikh,vol.7,p.104),alTabarihasmentionedthefollowingpieftraditiononthe authorityofZaydb.AnasconcerningthegeneralconditionwhentheShi'itegroupslivedduring (298) Mu'awiya'slifetime.AShi'iteaddressedtheShi'ites:"Youwerekilled.Yourhandsandyourlegs

werecutoff.Youreyeswereknockedout.Youwereraisedonthetrunksofthedatepalms.(You sufferedfromallthesepersecutions)fortheloveofthehouseholdofyourProphet.Nevertheless youwerestayinginyourhousesandobeyingyourenemy!" Thoughthistraditionispief,itcontainsstrangedetailsandterriblepresentation.However,al Mas'udihasnotmentioneditindetail. AsforalMada'ini(died225A.H.)andSulaymb.Qays(died70A.H.),theyhavedisplayedafull pictureabouttheseterribleandsorrowfultragedies.Sulaymb.Qayswasamongthosewho witnessedthesetragediesandsufferedfromthem,forhelivedduringMu'awiya'slifetimeand diedtenyearsafterhim.Nowitnessisliketheeyewitness.Forthisreasonwehavechosenhis wordsthataresimilartoalMada'ini's.Sulaymb.Qayssaid:"Mu'awiyacame(toperform)thehajj duringhisCaliphate.ThatwasafterthekillingoftheCommanderofthefaithful(i.e.,Imam'Ali), and(after)thePeaceTreatywithalHasan.TheMedinansreceivedhim.AmongthemwasQaysb. Sa'd,whowasthechiefoftheAnsar(helpers)andthesonoftheirchief.Soatalktooknext betweenthem(i.e.,Qaysb.Sa'dandMu'awiya).SoQayssaid:"Bymylife,nooneoftheAnsar,of Quraysh,oftheArabs,andofnonArabshastherighttothesuccessiontoauthority(Khilafa) except'Aliandhissonsafterhim(i.e.,'Ali).Mu'awiyabecameangry.Thushewroteonecopy (letter)concerningthattoallhisgovernors:"IndeedIwillnotgivesecuritytohimwhonarratesa traditionconcerningthelaudabledeedsof'Aliandhishousehold."Ateverytownandnext,the oratorscursed'Alib.AbuTalib,renouncedhim,andbackbithishousehold.ThenMu'awiyapassed byagroupfromQuraysh.Whentheysawhimtheystoodforhimexceptb.'Abbas.SoMu'awiya said:'Bin'Abbas,nothinghaspreventedyoufromstandingformebutthatIfoughtagainstyouat theBattleofSiffin.Bin'Abbas,mycousin'Uthmanwasunjustlykilled.'Ibn'Abbassaid:'Also'Umar b.alKhattabwasunjustlykilled,buthehandedovertheauthoritytohisson,andthisishisson.' 'Indeedapolytheistkilled'Umar,'saidMu'awiya.'Whokilled'Uthman?'askedb.'Abbas.'The Muslimskilledhim',replied (299) Mu'awiya.'Thenthatrefutesyourproof.IftheMuslimskilledandabandonedhim,thenthey killedhimjustly,'answeredb.'Abbas..Mu'awiyasaid:'Surelywehavewrittentothedistant regionstopreventthepeoplefrommentioningthelaudabledeedsof'Aliandofhishousehold. Thenstopyourtongue,b.'Abbas.''DoyoupreventusfromreadingtheQur'an?'askedb.'Abbas. 'No,'Mu'awiyareplied.'Doyoupreventusfromexplainingit?'askedb.'Abbas.'Yes,'answered Mu'awiya.'DowereaditanddonotaskaboutwhatAllahhasmeantinit?'askedb.'Abbas.'Yes,' repliedMu'awiya.'Whichisincumbentonus,toreaditortoactaccordingtoit?'askedb.'Abbas. 'Toactaccordingtoit,'answeredMu'awiya.'Howdoweactaccordingtoitwhilewedonotknow whatAllahhasmeantinwhatHehassentdowntous?'askedb.'Abbas.'Aboutthat,askhimwho

explainsitotherthanwhatyouandyourhouseholdexplain,'repliedMu'awiya.'IndeedtheQur'an wassentdowntomyhouseholdshallweaskthefamilyofAbuSufyanorthefamilyofAbuMi'yat aboutit?'askedb.'Abbas.'ReadtheQur'ananddonotnarratewhatAllahhasrevealedandwhat theApostleofAllahsaidconcerningyou,'answeredMu'awiya,'andnarrateotherthanthat.'Ibn 'Abbassaid:Allah,theExalted,said:TheydesiretoputoutthelightofAllahwiththeirmouths, andAllahwillnotconsentsavetoperfectHislight,thoughtheunbelieversareaverse.'Mu'awiya said:'Bin'Abbas,thatisenough!Holdbackyourtongue!Ifitisnecessaryforyoutodothat,then thatshouldbesecret.Donotmakeanyonehearitopenly.'ThenMu'awiyacamebackhome.Inall citiesthetribulationbecameintenseagainst'Ali'sShi'aandhishousehold.Kufawasliableto intensepersecutions,forithadmanyShi'a.HeappointedZiyadasagovernoroverit.He (Mu'awiya)gatheredtheIraqisforhim(Ziyad).He(Ziyad)followedtheShi'a.Hewasacquainted withtheircondition,forhewasamongthem.Sohekilledthemeverywhere.Hewhippedand frightenedthem,cutofftheirhandsandlegs,hangedthemonthetrunksofthedatepalms, knockedouttheireyes,dismissedthem,andmadethemhomeless.Mu'awiyawrotetohisjudges andhisgovernorsinthecitiestopreventthemfromacceptingthewitnessofthoseShi'awho narratedhis('Ali's)outstandingmeritsandspreadhislaudabledeeds.He(i.e.,Mu'awiya)wroteto hisgovernors:LookfortheShi'a (300) of'Uthman,whonarratehisqualitiesandtalkabouthislaudabledeeds,sohonorthem.Writeto methefullnameofthepersonwhonarratesabout'Uthman.Thenhesentthemgiftsandclothes. HegavetheArabsandthenonArabsupportersmanycountryestates.Sotheybecamemanyand competedwitheachotherforthehousesandthecountryestates.Forthisreasontheybecame rich.Thenhe(i.e.,Mu'awiya)wrotetohisgovernors:Indeedthetraditionsconcerning'Uthman havebecomenumerous.Sowhenthisletterofminecomestoyou,thensummonthem(i.e.,the ArabsandnonArabsupporters)toreporttraditionsaboutAbuBakrand'Umar.Soeveryjudgeor emirreadMu'awiya'slettertothepeople. "Thenhe(i.e.,Mu'awiya)wrotealetterinwhichhecollectedallwhatwasreportedconcerning AbuBakrand'Uthman.Thenhesentthelettertohisgovernorsandorderedthemtoreaditon thepulpits,ineverycity,andateverymosque.Alsoheorderedthemtosendthelettertothe teachersoftheschoolstoteachittotheirboystonarrateitandlearnitastheylearnedthe Qur'an.Moreover,theytaughtthelettertotheirdaughters,theirwives,andtheirservants.Then Mu'awiyawroteonecopy(i.e.,aletter)(tohisgovernors):'Whenyouprovethatsomeoneloves 'Aliandhishousehold,thenomithimfromtheregister.'Thenhewroteanotherletter: 'Whomeveryouaccuseanddonotprove(hisinnocence),thenkillhim.'SotheykilledtheShi'aof 'Alieverywherebecauseofaccusation,doubt,andsuspiciontotheextentthattheman(ofthem) wasbeheadedbecauseofacertainword.Mu'awiyamadethesituationverydangerous.The

followersoftheUmayyadsincreasedinnumber.Theyfapicatedmanytraditions.Sothepeople followedthemandlearnedtraditionsfromthemonly.Themostdangerousofallpeopleinthat werethehypocritereaders(oftheQur'an)whoaffectedsadness,piety,andasceticismwhilethey toldliestofind(animportantposition)withtheirrulersandtoobtain,throughthat,money, countryestates,andhouses.Somepeoplethoughtthattheirtraditionsweretrue,sotheylearned them,narratedthem,andtaughtthem(tothepeople).Alsothereligiouspersonswhothought thatfalsehoodwasillegallearned(theirtraditions).Theyacceptedthetraditionsandthoughtthat theyweretrue.Iftheyhadknownthatthetraditionswerefalse,theywouldhavenotnarrated them,norwould (301) havetheyadoptedthem.WhenalHasanb.'Ali,peacebeonhim,died,thediscordandthe tribulationbecamegreaterandmoreintense." I(i.e.,theauthor)say:AbualHasanalMada'inihasnarratedafulltextsimilartotheabove mentionedone. IbnAbualHadidhasreportedtheaccountonhisauthorityinhisbookcalled('SharhNahjal Balagha,vol.3,pp.1516).He(i.e.,AbualHasanalMada'ini)hassaidattheendoftheaccount: "ThesituationwentonthatmannertillalHasanb.'Ali,peacebeonhim,died.Sothetribulation andthediscordincreasedsothateverybodyofthiskind(i.e.,of'Ali'sShi'aandhishousehold) wereafraidofkillingorhomelessnessintheearth." Thecomparisonbetweentheconditionsofthetwosides(i.e.,alHasanandMu'awiya)acceptsthis methodoftheevents,andthehistoricalcoordinationinthesuccessionoftheeventsconfirmsit. Thethingstheotherhistoriansomitteddonotharmthismethod,forthey,andweforgivethem, wroteforthestandingpolicyoratleastforwhatdidnotharmit. WehavealreadymentionedthatalTabariandalMas'udihavepieflyreferredtothat. Accordingtothis,thesourcesofthismatterare:Sulaymb.Qays,alMada'ini,b.AbualHadid,al Tabari,andalMas'udi. InthewayofAllah,therewerebloodyremainingbodilyparts,scatteredfamilies,andtheruinsof thehouseswhosedwellersweredriventotheicelandsasthecattleweredriven.Sosomeofthem died;someofthemwaited(fortheirdeath),buttheyneverchanged(theirdoctrine). ThiswasthemobilizationofMu'awiyawhowantedtotakethesuccessiontoauthorityinIslamfor

hisownselfandforhisownchildren! ThiswashisearlymethodinfulfillingthepledgesofAllahandHiscovenants! Afterthat,Sulaymb.Qaysadded:"OneyearbeforethedeathofMu'awiya,alHusaynb.'Ali,'Abd Allahb.'Abbas,and'AbdAllahb.Ja'farperformedthehajj.ThenalHusayngatheredthebanu (sons) (302) ofHashim,theirmenfolk,theirwomenfolk,andtheirsupporters.BesideshegatheredtheAnsar whomhe,peacebeonhimandhisfamily,knew.Thenhesummonedmessengers(andsaidto them):'GathertometherighteousCompanionsoftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimand hisfamily.'SomorethansevenhundredmenmethimatMina.Mostofthemwerelater (CompanionsoftheProphet).AbouttwohundredmenfromtheCompanionsoftheProphet,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily,(methimthere,too.).ThenalHusaynaddressedthem. "HepraisedAllahandlaudedHim,andthenhesaid:'Nowthen,indeed,thistyrant(i.e., Mu'awiya)hasdonetowardsusandtowardsourShi'awhatyouhaveseen,known,andborne witnessfor.IndeedIwanttoaskyouaboutathing.Soindeed,ifIsaythetruth,thenbelieveme. IfItelllies,thenaccusemeoflying.Hearmywordsandwritedownmyspeech.Thenyoureturn toyourhomelandsandyourtribes.Summonthosefromthepeoplewhomyoutrusttowhatyou knowofourright.ThatisbecauseIamafraidthatthismatterwillbeobliterated,andthetruth willberemovedandovercome.(Still)AllahshallcompleteHisLighteveniftheunbelievershate (that).' "HeleftnothingofwhatAllahhasrevealedintheQur'anconcerningthembuthereaditand explainedit,nordidheleaveathingofwhattheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,saidconcerninghisfather,hispother,hismother,himself,andhishouseholdbuthe narratedit.Moreover,hiscompanionssaid:'OAllah,yes.Indeedwehaveheardandseen(that).' ThelaterCompanionsaid'OAllah,hewhomIbelieveandtrustfromtheCompanionsof(the Prophet)toldmeaboutit.' "Thenhe(i.e.,alHusayn)said:'IimploreAllahforyoutotellhimwhosereligionyoutrust."' Mu'awiyaandtheLeadersoftheShi'a AfterhisPeaceTreatywithalHasan,Mu'awiyaadoptedaspitefulattitudetowardstheleadersof theShi'a.Throughthatattitudeheshowedneithermercy,norconscience,norcovenant.Hehurt

the (303) leadersoftheShi'a,banishedthem,torturedthem,andkilledthem.Thatisbecausehewasafraid oftheireffectivepropagation.Now,wedonotintendtocountwhatMu'awiyahaddonetowards theShi'iteleader,nordoweintendtomentionhisstrategicplanstowardsthem.However,we,to indicatetheextentofthehonestyofthisUmayyad(i.e.,Mu'awiya)towardshisstipulations,will mention,inthischapter,someofhisintentionsandpracticestowardsthem.Wehavepreferred fewexamplestomanyoneswhichwehavechosentoleaveorofwhichwehavenoknowledge. ThehistoryoftheseShi'itefigureshassuffereduntilnowfromthepaucityofthejusticeofthe historians.Thedispraisedfanaticismplaysanimportantroleindistortingthefactsofthishistory thatisfullofprominentmatters,whichareregardedaslessonsforallgenerations.Moreover,the rulerssparenoefforttodirectthehistorianstowriteeventsandtraditionsastheywantevenif thoseeventsandtraditionsareconcerningtheImamsoftheShi'a,theShi'iteleaders,andthe commonShi'a. Inhisbook'Ta'rikh',b.'ArafaknownasNaftawayh,whowasagreattraditionist,said:"(Agroupof people)fapicatedmosttraditionsconcerningtheoutstandingmeritsoftheCompanions(ofthe Prophet)duringthedaysoftheUmayyadstoapproachthem.Throughthatthey(i.e.,the Umayyads)thoughtthattheywoulddefeattheHashimites." ConcerningthetimeofMu'awiya,alMada'inisaid:"Manyfapicatedtraditionsappeared,and falseaccusationsspread.Thejurists,thejudges,andthegovernorsadoptedthat." "Themostdangerousofallpeopleinthatwerethehypocritereaders(oftheQur'an),andthose, whomweredeemedweak,whopretendedpiety,andasceticism.Sotheyfapicatedtraditionsto findfavorwiththeirgovernors,toapproachtheirboard,andtogetmoney,countryestates,and houses.Thenthosereportsandtraditionsweretransmittedtothereligiouspersonswhoregarded lyingandfalseaccusationsasillegal.Sotheyacceptedthemandnarratedthem.Theythoughtthat they(i.e.,thereportsandthetraditions)weretrue.Iftheyhadknownthattheywereuntrue,they wouldhavenotnarratedthem, (304) norwouldtheyhaveadoptedthem."[1] IbnAbualHadidsaid:"OurShaykhAbuJa'faralIskafimentionedthatMu'awiyahadappointeda groupfromtheCompanions(oftheProphet)andagroupfromthelater(Companionsofthe

Prophet)tonarrateobscenetraditionsconcerning'Ali,peacebeonhim,todefamehimandto renouncehim.Mu'awiyafixedwagesforthemto(achieve)that.Sotheyfapicatedwhatpleased him.AmongthemwereAbuHurayra,'Amrb.al'As,andalMughirab.Shu'ba.Amongthelater (companionsoftheProphet)was'Urwab.alZubayr."[2] I(i.e.,theauthor)say:Aneutralquicklookandanaccurateconclusionareenoughforustobe satisfiedwiththevarious,widerange,andarbitrarypracticesthatdestroyedboththeIslamic traditionsandthehistoricaleventsinIslamtotheextentthatitisdifficultforthepersonwho studiestheearlyIslamiceventstofindaneventsafefromdoubt.Thatisbecausetheseevents wereliabletotheambitionsoftheopposingtrends. Thereforeweareinnoneedofcollectingproofsanddeclarationsconcerningthespreadof fapicationandmanyfapicators.[3]Thatisbecausethebestwitnessesarethosewhobeardirect witnesstothething.ThematterofalHasanb.'Ali,peacebeonthem,withitsconditionsand resultswasamongthosemattersthatwereliabletotheplayofthosewhohavewrittenabout them.Thesemattershavelosttheirearlywonderfulrealitybecauseoftheeffectofthisregretful playwithorwithoutintention.Sothepeoplehaddifferentideasconcerningthesematters. ThereforethematterofalHasanwasanexampleofmanymattersinthehistoryofIslam.History haswrongedthismatterandcovereditwithdarkness. Whenthey(i.e.,thehistorians)writeaboutthematterofalHasan, [1]IbnAbualHadid,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.3,p.161. [2]Ibid.vol.1,p.358. [3]Inhisbook(alGhadir,vol.5,pp.185329),thereligiousscholaralAminialNajafihascollected sixhundredandtwentyfapicatorsfromthosewhomthepeoplehaveregardedasnarratorsof traditionsandhistory. (305) theyknowhispositioninhistory,andtheyknowthattheywriteaboutoneofthetwounique persons(i.e.,alHasanandalHusayn)inalltheworld. Nowonderwhenthehistoriansleavethisimportantmatterandwriteaboutmattersthatarenot asimportantasthematterofImamalHasan! Concerningthetopic'Mu'awiyaandtheLeadersoftheShi'a',wedonotthinkthatwewillget enoughfactsthatsatisfytheneedoftheresearcher,norwillwefindexactfiguresthatenrichthe rangeofthesubject.Inotherwordsallthesefactsandfiguresdonotsuitethespeechofal

Mada'iniandthedetailsofSulaymb.Qays. Thatisbecausetheopposingmannersandthehirelingfapicationshavedominatedthroughout historyeverythingofthistypeandeverythingoftheauthentichistoryofShi'a. Now,itisnecessaryforustocollectreportsfromhereandtheretoshowahistoricalpicture, thoughhorrible,aboutthecrimesoftheUmayyads. ThefollowingisthesadlistthatcontainsthenamesoftheShi'afromtheCompanionsandthe laterCompanions(oftheProphet).Inthelightofthislist,wewillstudytheanswerofMu'awiyato thefifthstipulationfromtheStipulationsofthePeaceTreaty.Thenwewillstudygraduallythe clausesofthisstipulationinthechaptersthatfollow. (306)
A.PatientMartyrs 1.Hujrbin'AdialKindi HewasknownasHujralKhayr.HisKunyawasAbu'AbdalRahmanb.'Adib.alHarthb.'Amrb. Hujr.Hewasgiventhenickname(i.e.,laqab)ofAkilalMirar.HewasthekingoftheKindis.Itwas saidthathewasthesonof'Adib.Mu'awiyab.Jublab.'Adib.Rabi'ab.Mu'awiyaalAkramin.He belongedtoKinda[1] HujrwasanotablecompanionfromtheCompanionsof'AliandhissonalHasan,peacebeon them.HewasalordfromthelordsoftheMuslimsinKufa. HujrandhispotherHani'b.'AdicametotheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Inhis book'alIsti'ab',b.'AbdalBiralMalikisaid:"HujrwasamongtheexcellentCompanions,andhis age [1](Thetribeof)KindabelongedtothebandofKahlan.TheirhomelandwastheYemen.Then manyoftheirleadersmovedtoIraq.KahlanandHimyarwerethetwosonsofSaba'.Saba'wasthe namewhichpoughtbothtribestogether.Itwassaid:"TheArabsregardedthehouseswithglory andhonorafterthehouseofHashimb.'AbdManafasfourhouses.TheywerethehouseofQays

alFazazi,(thehouseof)theDarimiyyin,(thehouseof)bandShayn,andthehouseoftheYemen, whobelongedtothebaneofalHarithb.Ka'b."AsforKinda,theyarenotregardedassomeofthe peopleofthehouses.Rathertheywerekings.AmongthemwasalMalikalDilil(i.e.,'Umru'al Qays).TheyhadauthorityintheYemenandalHijaz.ThegloryofKindalastedduringthetimeof Islam.SomeoftheKindistookpartintheconquestsandtherevolts;someofthemwere governors;someofthemwerejudgessuchasHusaynb.HasanalHujri;someofthemwerepoets suchasJa'farb.'AffanalMakfuf,thepoetoftheShi'a.Hanib.alWadb.'Adi,thenephewofHujr, wasamongthenoblefiguresinKufa.Ja'farb.alAsh'athandhissonal'Abbasb.Ja'farwere amongtheShi'aofImamAbualHasan(i.e.,Musab.Ja'far)andhissonalRida,peacebeonthem. AsforalAsh'athb.QaysalKindi,hewasthegreatestofallthehypocritesinKufa.Hebecame Muslim,thenherenouncedIslamaftertheProphet.ThenhebecameMuslim,andAbuBakr acceptedhisIslam.AbuBakrmarriedhimhissisterwhowasthemotherofMuhammadb.al Ash'ath.ImamalHasanmarriedalAsh'ath'sdaughterwhomMu'awiyaprovokedtogivealHasan poisontodrink. (307) waslessthantheiroldones."Inhisbook'AsadalGhabafiTamyizalSahaba',IbnalAthirhas mentionedhimwithwordssimilartotheseones.Inhisbook'alMustadrak',alHakimhas describedhimas:"themonkoftheCompanionsofMuhammad,mayAllahblesshimandhis family." Hujrworshipped(Allah)totheextentthatwhenhemaderitualimpurity,heperformedtheritual ablution;whenheperformedtheritualablution,heprayed.Heperformedonethousandrak'asa day.Hisreligiouspietywasapparent,andhissupplicationwasaccepted.[1]Hewasamongthe chosenreliablefigures.Hepreferredthehereaftertothelifeinthisworldtotheextentthathe subjectedhislifetokilling,refusingtorenouncehisImam.Hehadahighsocialposition. HujrwasinthearmythatconqueredSham(Syria),andinthearmythatconqueredQadisiya(a cityinIraq).HetookpartintheBattleoftheCamelheadedby'Ali.Hewasthecommanderof KindaattheBattleofSiffin,andthecommanderoftheleftwingofthearmyattheBattleofal Nahrwan.HewasthepavemanwhodefeatedalDahhakb.QaysinthewesternpartofTadmur.It washewhosaid:"Wearethechildrenofwarandappropriateforit.Westartitandendit.We haveknownit(i.e.,war)andithasknownus." HujrwasthefirstpatientmartyrinIslam. Mu'awiyab.AbuSufyankilledHujrandsixofhiscompanionsatMarj'Athra'twelvemilesaway fromDamascusintheyear51A.H.Uptillnow,Hujr'sgraveisapparentandfamous.Thereisa

firmdomeonit.oldmarkscanbeseenonthedomethatisbesideawidemosque.Hujr's companionswhowerekilledwithhimareinhisshrine.Wewillmentionthemonebyone. Zyyadb.AbihdemolishedHujr'shouseinKufa. [1]Inhisbook'alIsabafiTamyizalSahaba',IbnalAthirsaid:"Majorritualimpurityhithim(i.e., Hujr)whilehewasaprisoner.Sohesaidtotheguard:'Givememywatertopuremyselfwithit.''I amafraidthatyouwilldieofthirst,soMu'awiyawillkillme,saidtheguard.'He(i.e.,IbnalAthir) said:'HujrprayedtoAllah(forrain),sotheraincamedownfromacloud.Thenhetookwhathe neededfrom(therain).'Hiscompanionssaidtohim:'AskAllahtosaveus.'Sohesaid:'OAllah, saveus.'" (308) TheCauseofhisKilling HujropposedalMughirab.Shu'baandZiyadb.Abihwhentheycursed'Ali,peacebeonhim.In thisconnectionhesaidtothem:"Itestifythatwhomyoudispraiseisworthieroftheoutstanding merit,andwhomyoupraiseisworthierofdispraise."WhenHujrsaidopenlythesewordsofhis, mostpeopleagreedwithhimonthatandsaid:"ByAllah,Hujrhassaidthetruthandkepthis words" AsforalMughirab.Shu'ba,heknewthehighspiritsthatmadeHujrasanexcellentcompanion,as aleaderfromthegreatfiguresof'AliinKufa,andasanArabEmirwhoinheritedthecrownfrom hisclosegrandfathers.AlMu'ghirahadheardwithhisownearwhenthepeoplesupportedHujr's summonspayingnoattentiontoanyforce,norweretheyafraidofthewrathoftheruler.Sohe thoughtthatitwasbetterforhimtobeslowtowardstheaffairofHujrandtoapologizetohis adviserswhoprovokedhimtopunishHujr.ThenalMughirasaidtohisadvisers:"Ihavekilled Hujr."Howhaveyoudonethat?"askedtheadvisers."AlMughiraanswered:"Anemirwillcome afterme.Hujrwillthinkthattheemirissimilartome.Hujrwillsaytohimsimilartowhatyou haveheard.Sotheemirwillpunishhimimmediately,andthenwillkillhimthroughanevilway." DuringhisattitudetowardsHujr,alMughirapretendedtobewise.Alsohepretendedtobewise towardsSa'sa'ab.Sawhanduringthediscord,whichwascreatedbyalMustawradb.'Alafaal Khariji(i.e.,theKharijite)intheyear43A.H.AlMu'ghirasaidtoSa'sa'a:"Becareful!Ihaveheard thatyouspreadopenlytheoutstandingmeritsof'Ali.ThatisbecauseIknowalltheexcellent qualitiesof'Ali.RatherIknowthemmorethanyoudo.However,thisruler(i.e.,Mu'awiya)has appeared.Hehasforcedustoshowthepeople'Ali'sdefects.Weleavemanythingsfromwhathe hasorderedus(tomention).Wementionthethingwhichweregardasprecautionarystimulation (taqiya)tosaveourlivesfromthesepeople(i.e.,theUmayyads)."[1]

WhenalMu'ghirab.Shu'badiedintheyear50or51A.H.,b. [1]AlTabari,Ta'rikh,vol.6,p.108. (309) Sumayya(i.e.,Ziyadb.Abih)becamethegovernorofKufa.Sothelatterwantedtoservehis claimedUmayyadlineagethroughkillingHujrb.'AditorelievetheUmayyadsofthegreatestofall troublemakersagainstthem.However,heforgotthatthebloodofHujrwouldgoonmaking troublestotheUmayyadsthroughouttheirhistoryaslongasthepeopleknewthesetwonames (i.e.,Hujr'snameandMu'awiya'sname). Thenewgovernor(i.e.,b.Sumayya)elaboratedFridaysermontotheextentthattherewasno timeforFridayprayersthathadalimitedtime.SoHujr,whoalwaysattendedtheir(i.e.,the Umayyad's)Fridaysermonandprayers,said:"Theprayers!"StillZiyadcontinuedhissermon.Hujr wasafraidthattheobligatoryprayerswouldescapehim,sohetookahandfulofstones.Thenhe rosetoperformtheprayersandthepeoplerosewithhim. Abu'AbdalRahman(i.e.,Hujrb.'Adi)whohadahighsocialposition,andworshippingascetic spiritrefusedtobargainwiththeUmayyadsorflatterthemconcerninghisreligion.Hethought thatthereweretherestofthecompanionsofalHasanamongthepeople.Heremindedthemof alHasanandopposedtheUmayyadsbeforethemtomakethemfollowhisexample.Inthisway heopposedtheUmayyadstosupporttheusurpedrighttoauthority,andhestruggledagainst themthroughhistonguetodefendhisreligion,hisImam,andhisprayersashedidagainstthem throughhisswordduringtheIslamicconquests. Hujr'scrimelist,accordingtotheUmayyads'custom,contained:heopposescursing'Ali,peacebe onhim.Hewantstheprayerstobeperformedattheirexacttimes,andnothingmorethanthat. Ziyadsummonedhisobedientservantswhosoldtheirconsciencesforpleasures.Amongthem were'Umarb.Sa'd(whokilledalHusayn,peacebeonhim),alMundhirb.alZubayr,Shimrb.Dhi alJawshanal'Amiri,Isma'ilandIshaq(thetwosonsofTalhab.'AbdAllah),Khalidb.'Arfata, Shibthb.Rib'i,Hajjarb.Abjard,'Amrb.alHajjaj,Zajrb.Qays,andthelikeofthesepersonswho divorcedmanhoodthreetimes.Theywereseventymen.Inhisbook'Ta'rikh,vol.6,pp.150I', alTabaricountedthemonebyone.Hedistinguished (310)

AbuBurdab.AbuMusaalAsh'arifromthem,forthelatterwastheweakestofthemwithhim (i.e.,alTabari)orhewasthestrongestofthemwithMu'awiyawhoorderedhimtowrite: "IntheNameofAllah,MostGracious,MostMerciful.ThisiswhatAbuBurdab.AbuMusaal Ash'arihastestifiedforAllahtheLordoftheworlds.I(i.e.,AbuBurda)testifythatHujrb.'Adihas refusedobedience,lefttheunitedpeople(jama'a),cursedtheCaliph,summoned(thepeopleto wage)war(againsthim),gatheredgroupsofpeopleandsummonedthemtopeakthepledgeof allegiance,anddisbelievedopenlyinAllah(theGreatandAlmighty)." ThenZiyadsaidtotheseventypersons:"Confirmthistestimony.Indeed,byAllah,Iwilldomy besttocutoffthethread(ofhope)ofthisfoolishtraitor!"Seventypersonsfromthenotablesand thechildrenofthehousesinKufatestifiedthistraitorousfoolishdocument.ThenZiyadwrote manyletterstoMu'awiyaconcerningHujr.SoMu'awiyawrotetohim:"Tiehim(i.e.,Hujr)upwith theironandsendhimtome." Itisnecessaryforustoremembernowthebackgroundsofthisgroupofpeople,whobelongedto thehousesinKufa,towardsthematterofalHasanb.'Ali,peacebeonthem,duringthedaysof hissuccessiontoauthority.ItwastheywhodesertedfromtheCampofMaskan,provokedthe peopleattheCampofalMada'ini(againstalHasan),andwrotetoMu'awiyatodesertalHasan andtohandhimover.Thereforewhorefusedobedience,lefttheunitedpeople,andpokethe pledgeofallegianceHujrb.'Adiorthey?Thenwehavetoremembertheattitudesofthese personsthemselvesduringthetragedyofalHusayn,peacebeonhim,attheBattleofKarbala'. TheywerethentheswordsoftheUmayyadtyrantswhowereresponsibleforthosepainfulevents whoseatrocitieshavenolimitinthehistoryofArabsandIslam. TheAttitudeoftheKufanstowardstheEventofHujr IfHujrhadwantedtoresistwiththeweapon,hewouldhavebeenabletoignitethefireofthe revolutionthatwouldbestrongenoughto (311) shakethepositionofMu'awiyainKufa.Mu'awiyaunderstoodthatwhenhesaidafterthekilling ofHujr:"IfHujrhadremainedalive,hewouldhavecreatedanotherwar."AlsoZiyadunderstood thatwhenhesenthispostmantoMu'awiyaandsaidtohim:"GoquicklytoMu'awiyaandsayto him:'Ifyouneedyourauthority,thensavemefromHujr.'" However,theShi'iteleader(i.e.,Hujr),whohadtakenlessonsfromthevaluablesacrificesofal

Hasanb.'Ali(peacebeonthem)preventedbloodshed,andpreventedhispeoplefromwaging waropenly(againstMu'awiya). StillagroupofHujr'scompanionsclashedwiththepoliceofZiyadatthegatesofKinda.Another groupofthemclashedwithZiyad'spolicemenatthedoorofhishousenearthecemeteryof Kinda.Amongtheheroesofthesetwoeventswere'AbdAllahb.KhalifaalTa'i,'Umrub.alHamaq alKhaza'i(Wewillmentionthembothinthechaptersthatfollow),'AbdalRahmanb.Muhrizal Tamhi,'A'idhb.HamlaalTamimi,Qaysb.Yazid,'Ubaydab.'Amru,Qaysb.Shimr,and'Umayrb. YazidalKindiknownas(Abual'Umrrata).Theysaid:"TheswordofAbual'Umrratawasthefirst swordtobeusedinKufaonthedaywhenHujr(waskilled)."Qaysb.FahdanalKindiwentout ridinghisowndonkeywalkingthroughthemeetingsofKindatourgethemtowagewar(against Mu'awiya). ZiyaddominatedthepeopleofKufa.ThatwashislegalinheritancefromhismotherSumayya.[1] AsforHujrhimself,healwaysorderedhispeopletoscabbardtheirswordsandsaidtothem:"Do notfight(againstMu'awiya),forIhatetoexposeyoutodestruction.Asforme,Iwillfollowsome oftheseways." ThespiesofZiyadwereunabletocaptureHujr,formostpeopleprotectedhimfromthem. InthismannerZiyadwasunabletobearHujrandhiscompanions. [1]Inhisbook'Ta'rikh,vol.6,p.132',alTabarisaid:"Fromthatdayhetookacompartment." (312) SohegatheredthenotablesofKufaandsaidtothem:"OpeopleofKufa,don'tbesad!Your bodiesarewithme,andyourdesiresarewithHujr.Youarewithmewhileyourpothers,your children,andyourtribesarewithhim.ByAllah,thisissomeofyourcheat.ByAllah,youshould renounceHujr;otherwiseIwillpingagroupofpeoplethroughwhomIwillreformyourdeviation andyourwryfaces."Thenheadded:"Eachmanofyoushouldhelpthisgroupofpeopleagainst Hujr.Moreover,eachmanofyoushouldsummonhispother,hisson,hisrelatives,andthosewho obeyhimfromhistribe,totheextentthatyouareabletoprovokeallpeopleagainsthim(i.e., Hujr)." ThenZyyadorderedthecommanderofhispolice,Saddadb.alHaythamalHilalitocaptureHujr. ZiyadknewthathispolicewouldbeunabletoarrestHujr.SohesummonedMuhammadb.al Ash'athalKindiandsaidtohim:"AbuMaytha',byAllah,youshouldpingmeHujr;otherwiseIwill uprootyourdatepalms,demolishyourhouses,andtearyoutopieces."Shaddadsaidtohim:

"Givemetimetolookforhim."Ziyadsaid:"Iwillgiveyouthreedays.Youshouldpinghim; otherwiseyoumustregardyourselfasoneoftheperished!" I(i.e.,theauthor)say:WhywasZiyadfullofrage?Washefullofrageforthereligion? Certainlynot!Forb.Sumayya(i.e.,Ziyad)wasnotworthierofreligionthantheworshipping Companion(i.e.,Hujr),whoperformedonethousandruk'asaday,andwhohadnocrimebutthat hewantedtoforbid(thepeople)fromdoingevildeeds,andwantedtheritualprayerstobe performedduringtheirfixedtimes.OrwasZiyadfullofrageforthelifeinthisworld?Surelynot! ForhelosthisgloryinhistorywhenhekilledHujrb.'Adi. ZiyadintendedtomaketheKindiskilleachotherwhenheorderedalAsh'athalKinditocapture Hujr.Thiswasamongtheevilwayswhichrulershaveusedtodominatehelplesspeoples. HujrknewwhatZiyadintendedtowardstheKindis.Sohesaid:"However,Ilistenandobey." ThepolicemenwentabouttoarresttheprominentfigureswhosupportedHujr.Theyarrestnine KufansandfournonKufans, (313) accordingtothenarrationofalMas'udi. IbnalAthirhascountedtheminthisway:"Hujrb.'AdialKindi,alArqamb.'AbdAllahalKindi, Shuraykb.ShaddddalHadrami,Sayfib.FasilalShaybani,Qubaysab.Dubay'aal'Absi,Karimb. 'AfiifalKhath'ami,'Asimb.'AwfalBajali,Warqa'b.SumayalBajali,Kaddamb.Hayyan,'Abdal Rahmanb.Hassanal'Anzayan,Muhrizb.ShahabalTamimi,and'AbdAllahb.HawbaalSa'di alTamimi."IbnalAthirsaid:"Thesearetwelvemen.ThenZiyadaddedtwomentothem.They were'Utbab.alAkhnasb.Sa'db.Bakr,andSa'db.NimranalHamadani.Sotheywerefourteen men." Atthattimetheslanderersbecameactiveandnumerousinthatunfortunatecity(i.e.,Kufa). HujrremainedintheprisonofKufafortendaystillthepolicemenofZiyadgatheredhisabove mentionedcompanions.ThenZiyadorderedthemtobesenttoSham(Syria).Soallthatwasin Kufaindicatedthatthesituationwouldresultinanuprising.Nooneknewthetribulationofthat uprisingagainsttherulerandthesubjects. However,Ziyadpaidattentiontothat,soheorderedthemtobesentduringthenighttomake

useofdarknessandtodecreasetheviolenceofthisobviousoppression. Qubaysab.Dubay'a,oneofHujr'scompanions,lookedleftandright.Hefoundhimselfwalkingby hishousenearthegraveyardof'Arzam.Alsohefoundhisdaughterslookingathimandweeping overhim.Sohespoketothemandpreachedthem,andthenhewentaway.Wewillmentionthat inhisbiography. AdaughterofHujr'sfearedforhim.Sosherecitedthefollowinglinesofpoetryduringoneofher blacknightswhensheaddressedthemoon.ItwassaidthatHindbint(thedaughterof)Zaydal AnsarirecitedtheselinestobewailHujr: Opightmoon,gohigher SothatyoumayseeHujrwalking! HeiswalkingtoMu'awiyab.Harb.(Mu'awiyawill)killhimastheEmirhasclaimed. (314) (Hewill)hanghimonthegateofDamascus. Sotheeagleswilleatfromhischarms. ThetyrantshavebecomehaughtyafterHujr. AlKhwarnaqandalSidir(twopalaces)havedelightedthem. Thecountryhasbecomefaded Asifnorainhadenlivenedit. OHujr,Hujrb.'Adi, Maysafetyandjoyreceiveyou. Ifearthatyouwillbekilledas'Alihadbeenkilled. (Thereis)aShaykhinDamascuswithroar. Ifyouperish,theneverychiefofpeople movesfromthisworldtodestruction. HisKilling They(i.e.,thepolicemen)tookthem(i.e.,Hujrandhiscompanions)to'Adhra',thatwasavillage twelvemilesfarfromDamascus.Theywereimprisonedthere.Mu'awiyaandZiyadexchanged letters.Thedelayincreasedthemnothingbuttorture.TheoneeyedmanofMu'awiyaanda groupofhiscompanionscametothem.TheypoughtMu'awiya'sordertokillHujrandhis companions.Alsotheypoughtshroudswiththem.He(i.e.,theoneeyedmanofMu'awiya)said toHujr:"IndeedtheCommanderofthefaithful(i.e.,Mu'awiya)hasorderedmetokillyou,foryou aretheheadoferror,theoriginofunbeliefandtyranny,andthesupporterofAbuTurab(i.e.,

Imam'Ali).Alsohehasorderedmetokillyourcompanionsexceptwhenyouwithdrawfromyour unbelief,curseyourleader(i.e.,Imam'Ali)andrenouncehim."SoHujrandhiscompanionssaidto him:"Indeedpatiencetowardsthepunishmentoftheswordiseasierforusthanwhatyou summonusto.ThenmeetingAllah,HisApostle,andhis(i.e.,theProphet's)trusteeofauthority (wasi)ismorelovableforusthanenteringthefire." (315) Thegravesweredug.Hujrandhiscompanionsbeganperformingprayersthroughoutthenight. Whenthemorningcame,they(i.e.,thepolicemen)poughtthemtokillthem,soHujrsaidto them:"Letmeperformtheritualablutionandsayprayers.ForwhenIperformtheritualablution, Isayprayers."Theylethim(pray).Heprayed,andthenwentaway.ByAllah,Ihadnotperformed aprayerlighterthanit(i.e.,thisprayer).WereitnotforthatyouthinkthatIamimpatientof death,Iwouldincreaseit." ThenHujrsaid:"OAllah,weaskyoutoshowenmitytowardsourpeople.IndeedtheKufanshad testifiedagainstus,andtheSyrianshavecometokillus.ByAllah,Ifyoukillmeatit(i.e.,the villageof'Adhra'),IwillbethefirstMuslimhorsemantobekilledinitsvalley,andthefirstMuslim manatwhomitsdogswillbark.[1] ThenHudbab.FayyadalQuda'iwalkedforwardHujrcarryinghisownsword.Theformer trembledandsaidtothelatter:"Youhaveclaimedthatyouarepatienttowardsdeath.Therefore renounceyourleader(i.e.,Imam'Ali),andwewillletyou(go)." SoHujrsaid:"Ofcourse,Iampatienttowardsdeath.ForIseeaduggrave,aspreadshroud,anda drawnsword.Indeed,byAllah,evenifIamimpatienttowardsdeath,Iwillnotsaywhat displeasestheLord!" SomecloseassociatesofMu'awiyaintercededforsevencompanionsofHujr. TherestofHujr'scompanionswereexposedtothesword.Hujr'sfinalwordswere:"leaveme shackledwiththeironandstainedwiththeblood.ForIwillmeetMu'awiyaonthestraightpath tomorrow(i.e.,onthejudgmentDay).Iwillpingsuit(againsthimbefore [1]IbnalAthir,alKamilfiTa'rikh,vol.3,p.192.IbnSa'dandMus'abalZubarihavenarratedthe followingontheauthorityofalHakim,whosaid:"He(i.e.,,Hujr)waskilledatMarj'Adhra' accordingtoMu'awiya'sorders.ItwasHujrwhoconqueredit(i.e.,Marj'Adhra'),thenhewas killedatit."

I(i.e.,theauthor)say:ThisisthemeaningofHujr'swords:"...,andthefirstMuslimmanatwhom itsdogswillbark.Hemeantthedaywhenheconqueredit. (316) Allah).Mu'awiyamentionedthesewordsofHujr.Sowhenhewasabouttodie,hesaid:"Hujr,my daywillbelongbecauseofyou." TheMuslims'ReactionstowardsHujr'skilling AfterhehadkilledHujr,Mu'awiyaperformedthehajj.Thenhepassedby'A'isha."Heasked permission(toenterherhouse).Shepermittedhim.Whenhesatdown,shesaidtohim:'Didyou notfearAllahwhenyoukilledHujrandhiscompanions?'"[1]Thensheadded:"Wereitnotfor thecriticalsituation,wewouldchangethekillingofHujr.ByAllah,heperformedthegreaterand thelesserhajj[2] Shurayhb.Hani'wrotetoMu'awiyaconcerningHujr.Hegavehimareligiousopinioninwhichhe denotedthatitwasforbidden(forMu'awiya)toshedthebloodofHujrandtotakehis possessions.ConcerningHujr,Shurayhsaid:"Hewasamongthosewhoperformedtheritual prayers,payzakat,performedfrequentlythelesserandthegreaterhajj,enjoyed(thepeople)to dogooddeedsandpreventedthemfromdoingevildeeds.Itwasforbiddentoshedhisbloodand totakehisproperty."[3] Ibn'UmarbeganaskingthepeopleaboutHujrfromthedaywhenthelatterwascaptured.While b.'Umarwaswalkinginthemarket,hewastoldthatHujrhadbeenkilled.Soheburstintotears andwentaway.[4] 'AbdalRahmanb.alHarithb.HishamcametoMu'awiya,afterthelatterhadkilledHujr,andsaid tohim:"WhendidtheclemencyofAbuSufyanleaveyou?"Mu'awiyareplied:"Itleftmewhen thosewhowerelikeyouinclemencyleftme.IbnSumayya(i.e.,Ziyadb.Abih)provokedme,soI carriedthatout."ThenHe(i.e.,'AbdalRahman) [1]AlTabari,Ta'rikh,vol.6,p.156. [2]IbnalAthir,alKamilfialTa'rikh,vol.3,p.193. [3]AlTabari,Ta'rikh,vol.6,p.153. [4]Ibid. (317)

said:"ByAllah,theArabswillneverregardyouastheonewhohasclemencyandanopinion.You killedthepeoplewhomtheprisonersfromtheMuslimssenttoyou." ManypeoplefromKinda,alSikun,andtheYemensupportedMalikb.HubayraalSikuni.SoMalik wasabletosaytoMu'awiyathefollowingwordswhenthelatterrefusedtoreleaseHujr:"By Allah,weareinnoneedofMu'awiyamorethanMu'awiyaisinnoneedofus.Wehavealternates amonghispeoples,[1]whilehehasnosuccessorfromusamongthepeople. ItwassaidtoAbuIshaqalSubay'i:"Whendidthepeoplebecomelow?"Hereplied:"Whenal Hasandied,Ziyadwasclaimed,andHujrb.'Adiwaskilled."[2] AlHasanalBasrisaid:"Mu'awiyahadfourqualities.Ifhehadonlyoneofthem,itwouldhave beenagravesin:hedominatedthiscommunitythroughthefoolishtotheextentthatheusurped itsaffair(i.e.,thesuccession)withoutanyadvicefromit(i.e.,thecommunity),whileamongit weretherestoftheCompanions(oftheProphet)andthevirtuousones.Heappointedhissonto thesuccessiontoauthoritywhilehedrankwine,woresilk(clothes),andplayedonthelutes.He claimedZiyadwhiletheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,said:'Thebabyisto bedandtheprostituteisstoned.'HekilledHujr.Woeuntohim(i.e.,Mu'awiya)fromHujrandhis companions."[3] AlRabi'b.ZiyadalHarithidiedofsadnesswhenHujrwaskilled.HewasthegovernorofMu'awiya overKhurasan.Inhisbook(alKamilfialTa'rikh,vol.3,p.195)IbnalAthirsaid:"Thereasonfor hisdeathwasthathewasindignantwhenHujrb.'Adiwaskilled,sohesaid:'TheArabswillbe killedbecauseofpatienceafterHujr.Iftheyhadrevolted(againstMu'awiya)whenhekilledHujr, nooneofthemwould havebeenkilledbecauseofpatience.However,they [1]Hemeantthebanu(sons)ofHashim. [2]IbnAbualHadid,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.4,p.18. [3]AlTabari,Ta'rikh,vol.6,p.157. (318) acceptedthat,sotheybecamelow.'Afterthisspeech,he(i.e.,alRabi')remainedoneFriday.Then hewentoutonFridayandsaid:"Opeople,indeed,Iamtiredoflife.SoIwillask(Allahfor something)throughasupplication,sobesafe.'Thenheraisedhishandsaftertheprayersand said:'OAllah,ifIhavegoodwithyou,thenmakemediesoon.'Thepeoplebecamesafe.Thenhe wentout.Beforehisgarmentsdisappeared,hefell(overtheground)."[1]

AlHusayn,peacebeonhim,wrotealettertoMu'awiya:"Aren'tyouhewhokilledHujrthepother ofKindaandtheworshippingprayerswhorefusedoppressionandregardedheresiesasgreatand didnotfeartheblameoftheblamerconcerningAllah.Youkilledthembecauseofoppressionand enmityafteryouhadgiventhemstrongoathandcertaincovenants(alHusaynreferstothe clausesofthefifthiteminthePeaceTreaty.)sothatyoushouldnotpunishthemduetoanevent betweenyouandthemoraspiteyoubearinyourselfagainstthem."[2] ThentheroleofhistorycamesothatmanyhistorianshavewrittenbooksaboutHujrandhis companions.Forexample,Nasrb.MuzahimalMinqariandLutb.Yahyab.SaidalAzdi[3]have writtentwobooksaboutthekillingofHujr.Hishamb.Muhammadb.alSa'ibhaswrittentwo books:oneconcerningthekillingofHujr;theotherisaboutthekillingofhiscompanionssuchas Rashid,Maytham,andJuwayriyab.Mishhir.[4] TraditionsconcerningHujrandhisCompanions Ibn'Asakirsaid:"After'A'ishahadblamedMu'awiyaforkillingHujrandhiscompanions,shesaid: 'IheardtheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,say:At(theMarjof)'Adhra',the [1]Seealso:Ibn'AbdalBiralMaliki,alIsti'ab.IbnalAthir,AsadalGhabafiTamyizalSahaba.'Ali Khan,alDarajatalRafii'a.AlShaykhalTusi,alAmali. [2]AlMajlisi,BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.149. [3]IbnalNadim,alFihrast,p.136. [4]AlNajashi,FihrastalRijal,p.306. (319) nextwhereHujrandhiscompanionswerekilled,peoplewillbekilledsothatAllahandthepeople oftheskywillbeangryforthem.'" He(i.e.,Ibn'Asakir)hasnarratedtraditionssimilartothisonethroughanotherwayonthe authorityof'A'isha. AlBayhaqi(inhisbook'alDala'il')andYa'qubb.Sufyan(inhisbook'Ta'rikh')havenarratedthe followingtraditionontheauthorityof'AbdAllahb.ZurayralGhafiqi,whosaid:"Iheard'Alib.Abu Talib,peacebeonhim,say:'OpeopleofIraq,sevenpeoplefromyouwillbekilledat(theMarjof) 'Adhra'.TheirlikenessisliketheCompanionsofthefurrow(ikhdud)."

TheMartyrsfromHujr'sCompanions Fromwhatwehavementioned,weunderstandthatthecompanionsofHujrwereachoicefrom thefewmenofAllah.AlsowehaveknownthatalHusayn,peacebeonhim,wrotealetterto Mu'awiyaconcerningthem,inwhichhesaid:"...andtheworshippingprayerswhorefused oppressionandregardedheresiesasgreatanddidnotfeartheblameoftheblamerconcerning Allah." AlsowehaveknownthatthegreatMuslimfiguresmentionedthemaslongastheymentioned Hujr. ThoughtheUmayyadsdidtheirbesttohidethestoriesofHujr'scompanions,they(i.e.,Hujr's companions)havebecomethemartyrsoftheprinciplesandvictimsoftheusurpedrightto authority.Thatisenoughforthemtobevirtuous,glorious,andprominentinhistory. Afterhehadkilledthishonorablegroupofpeople,andafterhehadperformedhis(accepted)hajj, Mu'awiyametalHusaynb.'Ali,peacebeonthem,inMeccaandsaidtohimproudly:"Haveyou heardwhatwehavedoneforHujr,hiscompanions,andhisShi'a(followers)whoweretheShi'aof yourfather?"AlHusaynasked:"Whathaveyoudoneforthem?"Mu'awiyareplied:"Wehave killedthem,shroudedthem,prayedoverthem,andburiedthem."AlHusayn,peacebeonhim, smiled,andthenhesaid:"Mu'awiya,thepeoplewillpingsuitagainstyou (beforeAllah).Ifwekilledyourfollowers,wewouldnot (320) shroudthem,norwouldweprayoverthem,norwouldweburythem.[1] ThefollowingarethemartyrsfromHujr'scompanions: A.Shuraykb.ShaddadorThaddadalHadrami Another(historian)hascalledhim'Urakb.Shaddad. B.Sayfib.FasilalShaybani HewasaleadingcompanionofHujr.Hehadanironheart,astrongbelief,andcorrectwords.He wascapturedandpoughtbeforeZiyadwhosaidtohim:"OenemyofAllah,whatdoyouthinkof AbuTurab(i.e.,Imam'Ali)?""IdonotknowAbuTurab,"repliedSayfi.

"Youknowhimverywell,"saidZiyad."Idonotknowhim,"answeredSayfi."Doyounotknow'Ali b.AbuTalib?"askedZiyad."Yes,"answeredSayfi. "ThatisAbuTurab,"saidZiyad."No,thatisAbualHasanandalHusayn,"saidSayfi.Sothe commanderofthepoliceofZiyadsaidtoSayfi:"TheEmirsaytoyou:HeisAbuTurab,andyou say:No."DoyouwantmetotellliesastheEmirdoesordoyouwantmetotestifyfalsehoodas theEmirdoes?"askedSayfi."Thisissomeofyoursin,too.pingmetherod,"saidZiyad.Therod waspoughttoZiyad,andthenhesaidtoSayfi:"Whatdoyousay?""Thesearethebestwords whichIhavesaidconcerningaservantfromthebelievingservantsofAllah,"repliedSayfi."Hithis shoulderwiththerodtillhesticktotheground,"saidZiyad.SoSayfiwashittillhestucktothe ground. ThenZiyadsaid:"leavehim.Whatdoyouthinkof'Ali?""By [1]AlMajlisi,BiharalAnwar.AlTabarihasnarratedatraditionsimilartothisoneontheauthority ofalHasan.ThatisincorrectforthetragedyofHujrandhiscompanionsweretwoyearsafterthe deathofalHasan.AsimilartraditionhasbeennarratedbyIbnalAthirontheauthorityofal HasanalBasriwhosaid:"BytheLordoftheKaaba,theyhaveinstitutedaproofagainstthem." (321) Allah,even,ifyoucutmetopieceswithrazorsandknifes,Iwillnotsayexceptwhatyouhave heardfromme,"answeredSayfi. "Youshouldcursehim(i.e.,Imam'Ali);otherwiseIwillcutoffyourneck,"saidZiyad."Therefore cutitoff,andAllahacceptsthat.Ifyourefuse(anything)buttocutitoff,thenIamsatisfiedwith Allah,(while)youareunhappy,"saidSayfi."Pushhimintheneck.Tiehimupwiththeshackles, andthrowhimintoprison,"shoutedZiyad. ThenSayfijoinedthecaravanofdeathwithHujr,andwasamongthoseblessedpeoplewhodied martyrsat(theMarjof)'Adhra'. C.'AbdalRahmanb.Hasanal'Anzi HewasamongHujr'scompanions.HewassentwithHujrwhilehewasshackled.Whenhearrived at(theMarjof)'Adhra,heasked(thepolicemen)tosendhimtoMu'awiya,forhethoughtthat Mu'awiyawouldbebetterthanb.Sumayya(i.e.,Ziyad).WhenhecametoMu'awiya,thelatter saidtohim:"potherofRabi'a,whatdoyousayconcerning'Ali?""Leavemeanddonotaskme (abouthim),forthatisbetterforyou,"replied'AbdalRahman."ByAllah,Iwillnotleaveyou," saidMu'awiya.AbdalRahmansaid:"ItestifythathewasamongthosewhorememberedAllah

verymuch,enjoined(thepeopletofollow)thetruth,undertookjustice,andforgavethepeople." "Whatdoyousayconcerning'Uthman?"askedMu'awiya."Hewasthefirsttoopenthedoorof injusticeandtoclosethedoorofthetruth,"answered'AbdalRahman."Youhavekilledyourself," saidMu'awiya."Rather,youhavekilledyourself,"said'AbdalRahman.ThenMu'awiyareturned himtoZiyadinKufaandorderedhimtokillhiminanevilmanner. Itwas'AbdalRahmanwhosaidthefollowingwordsonthedaywhenthepolicemenofMu'awiya imprisonedhimalongwithhiscompanions(attheMarjof)'Adhra':"OAllah,makemeamong thosewhomYouhonorthroughtheir(i.e.,theUmayyads')disgrace,andYouarepleasedwithme. Isubjectedmyselftokillingmanytimes,butAllahrefused(that)exceptwhatHewilled." (322) Inhisbook(Ta'rikhalKufa,p.274),Habbataal'Aranihasmentioned'AbdalRahmanasfollows: "AbdalRahmanb.Hassanal'Anziwasamongthecompanionsof'Ali,peacebeonhim.Helived inKufatoprovokethepeopleagainstthebanu(sons)ofUmayya.SoZiyadcapturedhimandsent himtoSham(Syria).(There)Mu'awiyasummonedhimtorenounce'Ali,peacebeonhim.So'Abd alRahmanansweredMu'awiyarudely.ThenMu'awiyareturnedhimtoZiyad,sohe(i.e.,Ziyad) killedhim." IbnalAthir(inhisbook'alKamilfialTa'rikh,vol.3,p.192.)andalTabari(inhisbook'Ta'rikh',vol. 6,p.155.)saidthatZiyadburied'AbdalRahmanaliveattheQisofalNatif.[1] I(i.e.,theauthor)say:IfMu'awiyahadknownthewayswhichZiyadusedtokilltheShi'aof'Aliin Kufa,andifhehadknownthatZiyadcutofftheirlegs,theirhands,andtheirtongues,and knockedouttheireyes,hewouldhavenotsuggestedanywaywhenheorderedhimtokill'Abdal Rahmanthroughanevilway.Isthereawayworstofthesewaysofkillingandpunishment? However,ZiyadcarriedoutMu'awiya'ssuggestion,sohecreatedawaythroughwhichheburied 'AbdalRahmanalivetokillhim.[2] DoyouknowwhichpunishmentMu'awiyaandZiyadwillfaceontheJudgmentDaybecauseof thesewaysofkilling? [1]AnextnearKufa.ItwasontheeasternbankoftheEuphrates. AlMarwahafaceditonthewesternbankoftheEuphrates.ThebattleofAbu'Ubaydthefatherof alMukhtaralThaqafitooknextatit. [2]Thenthiskindofkillingbecamethebadpractice(Sunna),whichthetyrantsafterZiyad

followed.WhentheUmayyadswereangrywith'UmaralMaqsus,theeducatorofMu'awiyab. Yazidb.Mu'awiya,whoresignedfromtheirsuccessionasprotestagainstthem,theytookhimand buriedhimalive.ThishasbeennarratedbyalDimyariinhisbook'HayatalHayawan,p.62.Inthe book,hehasnarratedthespeechwhichMu'awiyamadeconcerningthebackgroundsof'Umar's resignation,whichmakesonefeelthat'UmarwasafollowerofAhlalBayt,peacebeonthem. (323) D.QubaysabinRabi'aal'Abasi SomehistorianshavecalledhimQubaysab.Dubay'a.Hewasthepavemanwhodecidedtoresist theUmayyadswithhisweaponandhispeople.However,thecommanderofthepolicegavehim securityoverhisbloodandhisproperty.Soheputhishandintheirhandsdependingonsecurity covenantwhichtheArabsbeforeandafterIslamfollowed.However,itseemsthattheUmayyads abandonedtheArabicandtheIslamicmoralsorthattheyunderstoodthatsuchmoralswere meremeansforvictoryandviolence. Accordingly,(Qubaysa)b.Dubay'aal'AbasiwaspoughtbeforeZiyadwhosaidtohim:"ByAllah,I willdo(something)foryoutodistractyoufromcreatingdiscordsandrevoltingagainstthe governors."Qubaysasaid:"Ihavecometoyouaccordingtothesecuritycovenant.""Takehimto prison,"saidZiyad. ThenQubaysawasamongtheshackledpersonswhoweredriventodeathbecauseofpatience.In thisconnectionthetraditionsays:"Whoevergivessecuritytoamanoverhisbloodandkillshim, thereforeI(i.e.,theProphet)renouncethekillerevenifthekilledoneisunbeliever."[1] Beforethepolicementooktheprisoners(i.e.,Hujrandhiscompanions),theyhadpassedby Qubaysa'shouse.Qubaysasawhisdaughterslookingathimandweepingoverhim.Sohesaidto thetwopolicemen(i.e.,Wa'ilandKathir):"Permitmetorecommendmyfamily.Whenhe approachedhisdaughterswhowereweeping,hekeptsilentforanhour,andthenhesaidto them:"Besilent."Sotheykeptsilent.Thenhesaidtothem:"FearAllah,theGreatandAlmighty. Bepatient.IndeedIhopethatAllah,myLord,willgrantmeoneofthetwogoodthingsduringthis goingofmine:eithermartyrdomthatishappinessorcomingbacktoyouingoodcondition.Itis Allah,theMost'High,WhogivesYouyourprovisions.HeisLiving,andneverdies.IhopethatHe will [1]AhmadShahabalDinal'Asqalani,alIsabafiTamyizalSahaba,vol.4,p.294. (324)

notleaveyou.RatherIhopethatHewillprotectmeforyou."ThenQubaysawentaway. Thehopelessfamilyspentthatnightweepingandpraying,asMu'awiyawanted.Therewerethen manydaughterssimilartoDubaya'sonesintragedy. AlTabarisaid:"Qubaysab.Dubay'afellintothehandsofAbuSharifalBaddi.SoQubaysasaidto him:'Indeedthereisnoevilbetweenmypeopleandyourpeople.Thusletotherthanyoukillme.' AbuSharifsaid:'kinshipisobedienttoyou.'ThenalQuda'ikilledQubaysa." E.KaddambinHayyanal'Anzi F.MuhrizbinShahabbinBujayrbinSufyanbinKhalidbinMunqiralTamimi[1] Hewasamongthechiefsofthepeople,andfromthepureShi'iteswhowereknownfortheir Shi'ism.MuhrizwasthecommanderoftheleftwingofthearmyheadedbyMa'qalb.Qayswho wagedwaragainsttheKharijitesintheyear43A.H.DuringthosethreebattlesthearmyofMa'qal wasthreethousandpeoplefromtheloyalShi'itesandtheirhorsemen,asalTabaridescribed theminhisbook(Ta'rikh,vol.6,p.108). 2.'AmrbinalHamaqalKhaza'i Hewasb.(sonof)alKahilb.Habibb.'Amrb.alQaynb.Dhrrahb.'Amrb.Sa'db.Ka'bb.Rabi'aal Khaza'i. HebecameMuslimbeforetheConquest(ofMecca),andimmigratedtoMedina.Hewasaloyal companion.ThustheProphet,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,prayedforAllahtomakehim (i.e.,'Amru) [1]SeethefollowingreferencesaboutwhatwehavewrittenconcerningHujrandhiscompanions: AlDinawari,IbnalAthir,alTabari,b.AbualHadid,alIsti'ab,alNasa'ihalKafiya,andTa'rikh Baghdad. (325) enjoyhisyouth.Soeightyyearspassedandnoonesawawhitehairamonghishair,inadditionto this,therewashandsomenessonhisface,thatincreasedhissplendor. AftertheProphet,'AmrbecameacompanionoftheCommanderofthefaithful(i.e.,'Ali),peace

beonhim.Thushewasthesincerecompaniontowhom'Alisaid:"IwishIhadahundredpeople likeyouinmyarmy."'AmrwitnessedtheBattlesheadedby'AlisuchastheCamel,Siffin,andal Nahrwan. TheCommanderofthefaithfulinvokedAllahfor'Umruwiththesewords:"OAllah,enlightenhis heartwithpiety,andguidehimtoYourstraightpath."Moreover,hesaidtohim:"Amru,youwill bekilledafterme.Indeed,yourheadwillbemoved(fromonenexttoanother).Itwillbethefirst headtobemovedinIslam.Woeuntohimwhowillkillyou!"[1] IbnalAthirsaidinhisbook(alKamilfiTa'rikh,vol.3,p.183):"WhenZiyadcametoKufa,'Ammara b.'Aqabab.AbuMi'yatsaidtohim:'Indeed'Amrb.alHamqhasgatheredtheShi'itesofAbu Turab(i.e.,Imam'Ali)."'ThusZiyadsentforhim(andsaidtohim):"Whatarethesegroupswhich youhavegathered?Whomeveryouwanttospeakto,(youshouldspeaktohim)inthemosque. [2] "Then'Amrwasstill(asalTabarihasnarrated)afraidandexpectingtilltheeventofHujrb.'Adi occurred.Thenheprovedhimselfpave.AmancalledBakrb.'UbaydfromalHamra'(i.e.,the policeofZiyad)hit'Umruontheheadwithanironbar.Thus'Amrfellovertheground.The Shi'itescarriedhimandhidhiminthehouseofamanfromtheAzd.Then'Amrwentouttoleave (Kufa).Theotherleader,Rifa'ab.Shaddad,accompaniedhim.SotheyheadedforalMada'in. ThentheydepartedtilltheyarrivedatthelandofMousil.Theyhidina mountainthere.ThegovernorofalRustaqcondemned [1]'AbbasalQummi,SafiinatalBihar,vol.2,p.360. [2]AlTabarihasmentionedtheslanderof'Ammarab.'Aqaba,andthenhesaid:"Itissaidthatit wasYazidb.Ruwaymwhoslandered'Amrb.alHamq,andsaid:'He(i.e.,'Amru)hasprovokedthe twocities(i.e.,BasrahandKufa' (326) that.Sohewenttothemwiththehorses.Asfor'Amru,hereachedMousilwhilehewasill.Asfor Rifa'ab.Shaddad,whowasastrongyoungman,hejumpedonhisquickhorseandsaidto'Amru: 'Iwillfightonbehalfofyou.''Itdoesnotavailmethatyoufightonbehalfofme.Saveyourselfif youcan.'ThusRifa'aattackedthem,sotheylethimgo.Thenhewentoutwhilehishorsewas bolting.Thehorsemenwentoutlookingforhim.Hewasasharpshootersothathewoundedor killedthosehorsemenwhofollowedhim.Thustheylefthimandwentaway.Thentheyasked 'Amru:"Whoareyou?""Itishimwhomifyouleave,itwillbesaferforyou,andwhomifyoukill,it willbemoreharmfulforyou,"replied'Amru.Againtheyaskedhim,butherefusedtotellthem.

Thusb.AbuBalta'a,thegovernorofalRustaq,senthimto'AbdalRahmanb.'AbdAllahb. 'UthmanalThaqafi,thegovernorofMousil.Whenthelattersaw'Amrb.alHamaq,heknewhim, andthenhewrotetoMu'awiyaconcerninghim.SoMu'awiyaordered'AbdalRahmantostab 'Amrninetimesashe(i.e.,'Amru)stabbed'Uthman." IbnKathiropposedtheabovementionedaccountofalTabari.Hesaid:"Indeedthecompanions ofMu'awiyafound'Amrdeadinacave.TheycutoffhisheadandsentittoMu'awiya.Thusitwas thefirstheadtobemovedinIslam.ThenMu'awiyasenthisheadtohis(i.e.,'Amru's)wife,Amina bintalSharid,whowasintheprisonofMu'awiya.Theheadwasputonherlap.Sheputherhand onhisforeheadandkissedhismouth,andthenshesaid:'Youhadconcealedhimforalongtime, thenyouhaveofferedhimtomeandheisdead.Thereforewelcometothislovablegift.' "ThenhewasinwhatalHusayn,peacebeonhim,wrotetoMu'awiya:Aren'tyouwhokilled'Amr b.alHamaq,theCompanionoftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily?Hewas therighteouspersonwhomworshipworeouttotheextentthatitmadehisbodyweakandhis coloryellow.Youhadgivenhimsecurity.YouhadgivenhimsomeofthecovenantsofAllahand Hispledges.Ifyouhadgiventhemtoabird,itwouldhavecomedownfromthetopofthe mountainforyou.ThenyoukilledhimshowingimpudencetowardsyourLordanddisdainingHis covenantthroughthat." (327) I(i.e.,theauthor)say:Throughthiscovenant,alHusaynreferstotheclausesofthefifthitemin thePeaceTreaty. Inhisbook'SafiinatalBihar,''AbbasalQummisaid:"His(i.e.,'Amru's)gravewasintheoutskirts ofMousil.Abu'AbdAllah(i.e.,Saidb.Hamdan),thecousinofSaifalDawla,wasthefirsttobuild thegraveinthemonthofSha'banintheyear336A.H." Inthebook('UsulalTa'rikhwaalAdab,vol.9,p.2)ithasbeenmentioned:"AbualHasan'Alib. AbuBakralHarawisaidinthebook'alZiyarat(i.e.,visitations):'Theshrineof'Amrb.alHamaq wasonthehighestelevationattheoutskirtsofMousil.Hisbodywasburied(there)andhishead wascarriedtoDamascus.ItwassaidthatitwasthefirstheadtobecarriedinIslam.Intheshrine weresomeSheriffsfromthechildrenofalHusayn,peacebeonhim.'" 3.'AbdAllahbinYahyaalHadramiandhisCompanions Inhisbook(alFuruqbaynaalAbatilwaalHuquq),Muhammadb.BahralShaybanihas mentionedthefollowingontheauthorityofalQasimb.Mujayma:"Mu'awiyadidnotfulfill

anythingofthecovenanthemadewithalHasan.I(i.e.,alQasimb.Mujayma)havereadtheletter ofalHasantoMu'awiya,inwhichhecountedthecrimesMu'awiyacommittedagainsthimand theShi'itesof'Ali,peacebeonhim.AlHasanmentioned'AbdAllahb.YahyaalHadramiandthose whomMu'awiyakilledwithhim."[1] I(i.e.,theauthor)say:WedonotknownowanythingabouttheconditionsofalHadrami,the eventofhiskilling,andthenumberofhismartyredcompanions.However,weknowthatthisman (i.e.,'AbdAllahb.Yahya)wasamongthemenoftheCommanderofthefaithfulwhosaidtohim attheBattleoftheCamel:"ObinYahya,youandyourfatherbecheerful." WehaveknownthereasonswhyalHasanmentioned'AbdAllahbeforetheShi'iteswhom Mu'awiyakilled.Amongthesereasonsis [1]AlMajlisi,BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.101. (328) thathewasthefarthestofthemfromthelifeofthisworldandthenearestofthemtothelifeof asceticism. They(i.e.,thehistorians)said:"Mu'awiyaknewthat('AbdAllah)b.Yahyaandhiscompanions werefullofsadnesswhentheCommanderofthefaithful(i.e.,'Ali)died,andthattheylovedhim andmentionedhisoutstandingqualitiesverymuch.ThusMu'awiyapoughtthemandcutofftheir headsbecauseofpatience.Theonewhopingsdownamonkfromhiscelltokillhimwithouta crime(issues)fromhimtowardshiskillerismorewonderfulthantheonewhotakesoutapriest fromanabbeyandkillshim,fortheowneroftheabbey(i.e.,thepriest)isnearertothestretching ofthehandthantheownerofthecell(i.e.,themonk)whoisbetweentheskyandtheearth. ThereforenowonderwhenalHasancountedMu'awiya'scrimes,preferredservantstoservants, asceticstoascetics,andthelampsofthecountry(i.e.,thepilliantfigures)tothelampsofthe country.Rather,itisawonderifhehadpreferredaneglectfulonetotheonewhowashumble (beforeAllah),andamoderateonetoahardworkingone."[1] Thetragedyof'AbdAllahb.YahyawassimilartothetragedyofHujrb.'Adi.Fortheybothwere killedbecauseofpatience.Companionswerekilledwiththemboth.Moreover,theybothwere killedwithoutanycrimeexceptthecrimethatwasthetitleoftheiroutstandingvirtues.

4.RushaydalHajri[2] Hewasthestudentof'Ali,peacebeonhim,andhiscompanionwhodevotedhimselftohim.He wasareligiousscholar.Hewasfamousfortheknowledgeofdeathsanddisasters.Manypeople narratedaccountsonhisauthority.However,theyallrefrainedfrommentioninghisname becausetheywereafraidoftheUmayyadrulers.Noonenarratedstoriesopenlyonhisauthority excepthisonlydaughterwhoattendedhimwhenhewaskilled.Itwasshewho [1]AlMajlisi,BiharalAnwar,vol.10,p.102. [2]HewasattributedtoHajr(i.e.,Bahrain). (329) gatheredhislimbs(i.e.,hishandsandhislegs)whichb.Sumayya(i.e.,Ziyad)cutoff. Whenhislimbswerecutoff,hisdaughteraskedhim:"Omyfather!Doyoufeelpainbecauseof whathashityou?"No,mylittledaughter,but(itis)likethecrowdamongthepeople!" RushaydwaspoughtbeforeZiyadwhosaidtohim:"Whathadyourcompanion(i.e.,'Ali,peacebe onhim)toldyouaboutwhatwewoulddoforyou?" "Youwouldcutoffmyhand,myleg,andwouldhangme,"saidRushayd."ByAllah,Iwillrefutehis (i.e.,'Ali's)words.Releasehim!"WhenRushaydwantedtogoout,Ziyadsaid:"Returnhim!We findnothingmoreappropriateforyouthanwhatyourcompanionhadsaidtoyou.Foryoustill intendtodoevilforusifyouremain(alive).Cutoffhishandsandhislegs!"They(i.e.,thepolice men)cutthemoffwhileRushaydwasstillspeaking!ThusZiyadsaid:"Hanghim!""Athingforme iswithyou.Idonotthinkthatyouhavedoneityet,"saidRushayd."Cutoffhistongue!"shouted Ziyad.WhentheytookoutRushayd'stongue,hesaid:"Releasemetosayoneword."Sothey releasedhim,andhesaid:"ByAllah,thisconfirmswhattheCommanderofthefaithfulhadtold me.Hehadtoldmethatmetonguewouldbecutoff." Rushaydwaspoughtoutofthepalacewhilehewastomtopieces.Thepeoplegatheredaround him.He,mayAllahbepleasedwithhim,diedonthesamenight. Hisdaughtersaid:"Isaidtomyfather:'Howhardyourstruggleis!"'"Mylittledaughter,people willcomeafterus.Theirinsightswillbefortheirreligion.Thus(theirstruggle)willbebetterthan ours,"heanswered. Alsohesaidtoher:"Mylittledaughter,makethespeechdiethroughconcealment,andmakethe heartanabodefortrust."[1]

[1]'AbbasalQummi,SafiinatalBihar,vol.1,p.522. (330) 5.JuwayriyabinMasharal'Abdi IbnAbualHadidsaid:"Oneday,'Ali,peacebeonhim,lookedatJuwayriyaandcalledhim: 'Juwayriya,followme.ForwhenIseeyou,Iloveyou.'Thenhetoldhimaboutsomeaffairs secretly.Hislastwordstohimwere:'Juwayriya,lovethepersonwhomweloveaslongasheloves us,andhatetheonewhomwehateaslongashehatesus.However,ifhelovesus,thenlovehim. Ifhehatesus,thenhatehim.'Juwayriyadevotedhimselfto'Ali,peacebeonhim.Thushecame onedaytohim,peacebeonhim,whilehewassleepingandtherewerepeoplefromhis companionswithhim,andcalledhim:"0youwhoissleeping,getup.Indeedyouwillbehitonthe topofyourheadsothatyourbeardwillbecoloredbecauseofthathit.'He(i.e.,Juwayriya)said: 'ThustheCommanderofthefaithfulsmiled,'andthenhesaid:'Juwayriya,Iwilltellyouabout yourfate.ByHiminwhosehandismysoul,youwillbetakenbyforcetotherudebastard(i.e., Ziyad).Hewillcutoffyourhandandyourleg,andwillkillyoubesideashorttrunk.'He(i.e.,the narrator)said:'ByAllah,onlyfewdaysafterthat,ZiyadtookJuwayriya,cutoffhishandandhis leg,andkilledhimbesidethetrunkofb.Ma'kbar.Itwasalongtrunksothathehangedhimona shorttrunkbesideit." I(i.e.,theauthor)say:Habbataal'Arani,mayAllahbepleasedwith,hasnarratedthisstory,too. Moreover,headdedthefollowingwords:"Ziyadb.Abihwasamongthosewhoshowedenmity towardstheCommanderofthefaithful,peacebeonhim.Hefollowedthecompanionsof'Ali whilehe(i.e.,Ziyad)knewthemverywell.Stillhekilledthemeverywhere." 6.AwfabinHisn HewasamongthevictimsoftheUmayyadinjustice.Ziyadsummonedhim,butherefusedto meethim.ZiyadreviewedthepeoplesothathepassedbyAwfaandsaid:"whoisthis?"Itwas saidtohim:"Awfab.Hisn."ThusZiyadsaid:"Histwolegshavepoughtyouatraitorous(deed)." ThenhesaidtoAwfa:"Whatdoyouthinkof (331) 'Uthman?""TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,marriedhis(i.e.,'Uthman's) twodaughters,"repliedAwfa.ThenZiyadaskedhim:"WhatdoyouthinkofMu'awiya?""(Heis) generousandclement,"answeredAwfa.

AwfawassmartinhislanguageandhisstylesothatZiyadwasunabletofindajustificationtokill him. AgainZiyadcamebacktoAwfaandaskedhim:"Whatisyouropinionconcerningme?"Awfa replied:"IhaveheardthatyousaidinBasrah:ByAllah,Iwillpunishtheinnocentonebecauseof theguiltyoneandthecomerbecauseoftherunaway.""Isaidthat"saidZiyad."Youmixedthem atrandom,"saidAwfa. I(i.e.,theauthor)say:Someofthesmartnessofthiswiseman(i.e.,Awfa)wasthathegave gradualanswerstoZiyadtodrawhisattentiontohiserrors.DonotforgetthatAwfawasatthat timebetweentheleatherrugandthesword(i.e.,hewasabouttobekilled),andbetweenthe rightandthewrong.Theseattitudesincreaseouradmirationtowardstheseheroesfromthe studentsof'Ali.However,allhispreachmentwentinvain.ThatisbecauseZiyadsaidconcerning him:"Theblowerisnottheworstofthegroup."ThenZiyadorderedAwfatobekilled'.[1] I(i.e.,theauthor)donotknow,andIdonotthinkthatZiyadhimselfknewthereasonwhyheshed thebloodofAwfa,whiletheProphetictraditionsays:"ItisforbiddenfortheMuslimto(shed)the bloodoftheMuslim,(toviolate)hishonor,and(toconfiscate)hisproperty." Inallhisanswers,theman(i.e.,Awfa),asyouhaveseen,didnotrevealasecret,nordidheviolate anaffair.RathertheonewhoopposedtheQur'anopenlywhenhepunishedtheinnocentbecause oftheguiltyandthecomerbecauseoftherunawaydidnotunderstandtheabovementioned traditionandtheWordsofAllah,thatsay:"Andnobearerofburdenshallbeartheburdenof another." [1]IbnalAthir,alKamilfialTa'rikh,vol.3,p.183.AlTabari,Ta'rikh,pp.13032. (332) Ziyadadheredtohisimmoderation.Thusthepeoplearoundhimsufferedfromthestrongest ordealsintheworld:someofthemweredriventoprisons;someofthemwerechased,and hundredsofthemwerepoughtbeforehimeverydaysothattheireyescouldbeknockedout, theirlimbswerecutoff,andtheirribsweredestroyed.[1]Othershackledvictimswerebetween KufaandSham(Syria).TherewasnothinginKufaexceptdreadfulterrorism,andtherewas nothinginShambuthorribledeath. Kufa,whichwasfullofplotsandopposition,submittedasthepokenwingdidbecauseofthe oppressionoftheUmayyadrulers.ThusthepeoplewhoplottedagainsttheUmayyadsyesterday begantopracticeoppressiontodaywhentheybecamerulersovertheKufans.ThustheKufans becamevariousgroupsandtooktoflight.

Mu'awiya,Ziyadb.Abih,andthemenoftheirschoolwereheedless.Theydidnotthinkthat violencewouldresultinfindinganidealleaderwhowasabletofightagainsttheviolentruler,and thatviolencewasunabletodestroythatopinionthathasbecomeimmortalinhistory. ForthisreasonhundredsofmillionsofpeopletookpartintheopinionoftheKufans,andwere readytosendMu'awiyaandhismenitsechowhichthedayswereunabletowearout. Torturewithoutkilling TheUmayyadshadmethodsotherthankilling,homelessness,demolishinghouses,confiscating properties,andmuzzlingmouths. WhenIbnalAthirmentionedthetragedyofAwfab.Hisn,hesaid:"He(i.e.,Awfa)wasthefirstto bekilledbyZiyadaftertheeventofthethirtyortheeighty(people)whosehandsZiyadcutoff. [1]Inhisbook(Ta'rikh,vol.6,p.147),alTabarisaid:"'Umayrb.Yazid(acompanionofHujrb. 'Adi's)waspoughtbeforeZiyad.Hehadbeengivensecurityoverhisbloodandhisproperty.Ziyad orderedhimtobeshackled.Thenthemenbegantolifthimtothehighestpointandlethimfall overthegroundmanytimes." (333) Mu'awiyaknewthoroughlytheinternalaffairsofBasrahandKufa.Thusheattackedthechiefsof thepeople,theswordsmen,thenotableorators,andtheShi'itetalentedpoets.Heirritatedthem, imprisonedthem,shackledthem,madethemhomeless,andshedtheirblood. ThefollowingaresomeexamplesofthetragediesthatAbuYazid(i.e.,Mu'awiya)committedthen againsttheprominentfiguresfromtheShi'iteleaders. B.TerrifiedShi'iteLeaders 1.'AbdAllahbinHashimalMirqal HewasthechiefofQurayshinBasrahandheadoftheShi'itesthere. Hisfather,Hashim(alMirqal)b.'Uttbab.AbuWaqqaswasthepaveleaderoftheleftwingofthe armyof'Ali,peacebeonhim.HedefeatedMu'awiyainadreadfulwayattheBattleofSiffin. Mu'awiyawrotetohisgovernor,Ziyad,:"Nowthen,lookfor'AbdAllahb.Hashimb.'Uttba.Tiehis

handtohisneck,andthensendhimtome." ThusZiyadcameto'AbdAllah'shousebynight.Heshackledhim,andthensenthimtoDamascus. 'AbdAllahwaspoughtbeforeMu'awiya.'Amrb.al'AswaswithMu'awiya.Mu'awiyasaidto 'Amru:"Doyouknowthis?"'Amrreplied:"Thisis(theman)whosefathersaidattheBattleof Siffin..."Hereadhislinesofpoetrythathememorized,andthenherecitedthislineofpoetry: "Thepasturemaygrowonthedunghill. Thusthespitesoftheselvesremainastheyare." Then'Amrwentonsaying:"Commanderofthefaithful,takethistrickyone.Cutoffhisjugular veinsandhisshoulders.DonotreturnhimtoIraq,forhealwaysplaysthehypocrite.They(i.e., theIraqis)arethepeopleofhypocrisyanddiscord,andthepartyofIbliswhenhebecomes excited.His(i.e.,'AbdAllah's)desiremoveshim,his (334) opinionmakeshimtyrant,andhisretinuesmakehimstrong.Soanevildeedisforanevildeed. SuchareportandsuchdiscriminationagainstIraqandtheIraqiswerefromthefamoushabitsof 'Amru.WedonotthinkthattherewasapersonwhohaddescribedtheIraqisinsuchahostile mannerbeforehim. Asfor'AbdAllahb.HashimalMirqal,hewassopavethathesaidto'Amrb.al'As:"'Amru,ifIam killed,thenIamthemanwhosepeoplehavedeserted,andwhosedeathhascome.Aren'tyou whoturnedawayfromfightingwhenwesummonedyoutoencounter?(Aren'tyouwho)sought protectioninthecompactstones?Youwereliketheblackfemaleslaveandthetractableewe. Youwereunabletopushthehandofatoucher." Thus'Amrsaid:"ByAllah,IdonotthinkthatyouwillescapefromtheclawsoftheCommanderof thefaithful(i.e.,Mu'awiya)." 'AbdAllahsaid:"ByAllah,b.al'As,Youareungratefulinease,cowardlyduringtheencounter, unjustduringauthority,faintheartedduringbattles.Youarenotimportantinallcircumstances. Didn'ttheseattitudesissuefromyouwhenthepeoplemetyou?Youknowthatthepeopledidnot becomeviolentwhentheywereyoungsters,nordidtheyrenounce(theirownfaith)whenthey becamegrownups.Theyhadstronghandsandsharptongues.Theyreformedthedeviation(from thetruth),removedthesin,increasedthelittle(thing),quenchedthirst,andsupportedtheweak." Then'Amrsaid:"ByAllah,Isawyourfatheratthetimewhenhisbowelssplitapart,hisintestines

remained,andthemiddlepartsofhisbackbecamerestless." So'AbdAllahsaid:"'Amru,wehavetestedyouandyourspeech.Sowehavefoundthatyouhave alyingdisloyaltongue.Youarealonewiththepeoplewhodonotknowyou,andwiththesoldiers whodonotbargainwithyou.IfyouwantedtospeaktootherthantheSyrians,yourreasonwould beconfused,yourtonguewouldbestammering,andyourtwothighswouldshakeliketheyoung camelwhoseloadhasburdenedit." (335) ThusMu'awiyasaid:"Stopquarreling!"Thenheordered'AbdAllahtobereleased.'Amrwenton blamingMu'awiyaforreleasing'AbdAllah,saying: "Ihavegivenyouaresoluteorder. Itwasanactofsuccesstokillb.Hashim. Wasn'thisfather,Mu'awiya,whohelped'AliWhenhe(i.e.,'Ali)cutofftheheads? Hedidnotleave(us)tillourblood at(theBattleof)Siffinflewlikeoverflowingseas.Thisishisson,andthepersonislikehis Shaykh,andyouareabouttognash thetoothofarepentantbecauseofhim." 2.'AdibinHatamalTa'i. HewasanobleCompanion(oftheProphet).TheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhis family,honoredhimwhenhe(i.e.,'Adi)cametohim.Hewasagreatleader,skillfulorator,and fearfulhero.HebecameMuslimintheyear9A.H.,andhisIslambecamewell.'Adisaid:"WhenI cametoMedina,thepeoplereceivedmeandsaid:''Adib.Hatam!'TheApostleofAllah,mayAllah blesshimandhisfamily,saidtome:''Adi,beMuslimandyouaresafe.'I(i.e.,'Adi)said:'Ihave religion.''Iammoreknowledgeablethanyouinyour,'saidtheProphet,'Ithinkthatthe shortcomingwhichyouseefromthosewhoarearoundmepreventyou(fromadoptingIslam), andyouseethatthepeoplehavegatheredagainstus.'He(i.e.,theProphet)said:'Haveyouseen alHira.''No,Ihaven't',Isaid,'butIknowwhereitis.''Youareabouttotakethehowdah(al Za'ina)outofitwithoutneighborhoodtillyoucircumambulatetheKaaba,andyouwillconquer forusthetreasuresofKasrab.Hurmoz,'hesaid.'Kasrab.Hurmoz?'Iasked.'Yes,'hesaid,'and thepropertywillbeverymuchtotheextentthatthemanwillworrywhowillaccepthisalms.'

'Adisaid:'ThusIhaveseentwo(things):thehowdah(alZa'ina),and (336) IwasamongthefirsthorsemenwhoattackedthetreasuresofKasra.IswearbyAllah,thethird (thing)willcome."[1]Alsohe(i.e.,'Adi)said:'AgroupofmypeopleandIcameto'Umar.He allotted(money)forallpersonsandturnedawayfromme.ThusImethimfacetofaceandsaid: 'Doyouknowme?'He(i.e.,'Umar)said:'Yes,youbelieved(inAllah)whentheydisbelieved(in Him),youknew(Him)whentheydenied(Him),youwereloyalwhentheydeserted,andyou walkedforward(theenemy)whentheyturnedaway(fromhim).Indeedthefirstalmsthatmade happytheCompanionsoftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,wasthealmsof Tay.'"[2]He(i.e.,'Adi)said:"FromthedaywhenIbecameMuslim,Ihadperformedtheritual ablutionbeforetheprayerswereestablished.[3] AttheBattleofSiffin,'A'idhb.QaysalHazmarialTa'idisputedwith'Adioverthestandard.The banuofHazmarweremoreinnumberthanthebanuof'Adi,[4]thetribeofHatam. Thus'AbdAllahb.KhalifaalTa'iaddressedthembefore'Ali,peacebeonhim:"BanuHazmar,do youwanttocompetewith'Adiunjustly?Isthereapersonlike'Adiamongyouoristhereaperson likehisfatheramongyourfathers?Wasn'thetheprotectorofthewaterskin?Wasn'thetheson oftheonewhotookthefourthofbootyandsonoftheonewhowasthemostgenerousofallthe Arabs?Wasn'thethesonoftheonewhosehorsewasveryquick,andwhoprotectedhis neighbor?Wasn'thetheonewhodidnotbetray,wasnotignorant,wasnotmiserly,wasnot dissolute,didnotremindanyoneofafavor,andwasnotcowardly?Givemeanexampleofyour fatherslikehisfather!Orgivemeanexampleofyourselveslikehim!Isn'the(i.e.,'Adi)thebestof youinIslam?Wasn'theyourrepresentativewhocametotheApostleofAllah,mayAllahbless himandhis [1]AhmadShahabalDinal'Asqalani,alIsabafiTamizalSahaba,vol.4,p.22829. [2]Ibid. [3]Ibid. [4]Hewasthefifthgrandfatherof'Adi.Thus'Adi,theCompanion(oftheProphet)wasb.Hatam b.'AbdAllahb.Sa'db.alHashrajb.'Umru'alQaysb.'Adi. (337) family?Wasn'theyourcommanderattheBattleofalNukhayla,theBattleofalQadisiya,the BattleofalMada'in,theBattleofJalawla',theBattleofNahawand,andtheBattleofTaster? Thereisagreatdeferencebetweenyouandhim!ByAllah,nooneofyourpeoplerequestslike

whatyouhaverequested." So'Ali,peacebeonhim,saidto'AbdAllahb.KhalifaalTa'i:"BinKhalifa,thatisenough.Opeople, cometome!LetthegroupofTaycometome,too.Thustheyallcametohim.Then'Ali,peacebe onhim,asked:'Whowasyourchiefduringthesebattles?''Adi,'theyreplied.Sob.Khalifasaidto 'Ali:'Commanderofthefaithful,askthem:Aren'ttheysatisfiedtohandovertheleadershipto 'Adi?'Alidid(that).'Yes,'theyanswered.Therefore'Alisaidtothem:''Adiisthemostappropriate ofyou(forcarrying)thestandard.Thushanditovertohim.'"[1] Ziyadsentfor'Adiintheyear51A.H.'Adiwasinhismosquecalledthemosqueof'AdiinKufa. Thushewaspoughtoutofthemosqueandwasimprisoned.SoalltheKufans,whobelongedto theYemen,Rabi'a,andMudar,rushedtosupport'Adib.Hatam.TheycametoZiyadandspoketo himconcerning'Adi.Theysaid(toZiyad):"Whyhaveyoudonethistowards'Adib.Hatam,the CompanionoftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily?" Ziyadasked'Aditopinghim'AbdAllahb.KhalifaalTa'i.Forhewasacompanionof'Adi's,andfor thepoliceofZiyad(alHamra')sufferedfromhimverymuch.However,'Adirefusedthat.Then Ziyadagreedwith'Adionbanishingb.KhalifafromKufa.[2] 'Adib.HatamcametoMu'awiya.Thelatterrespectedtheformer,knewhiswisepatienceduring criticaldiscords,hiskeenpracticeduringadversities,hispenetratinginsight,andhismanypast experiences.ThusMu'awiyaheldatalkwith'Adi,dependingonhisown(privatetalent) towhichheresortedwhenhedebatedwiththe [1]AlTabari,Ta'rikh,vol.6,p.5. [2]IbnalAthir,alKamilfialTa'rikh,vol.3,p.189. (338) greatfiguresfromhisopponents.He(i.e.,Mu'awiya)asked'Adi:"'Adi,wherearetheTarafat(i.e., 'Adi'ssons:Tarif,Tarif,andTarafa)?""Theywerekilledbefore'Alib.AbuTalibattheBattleof Siffin,"replied'Adi."BinAbuTalib(i.e.,'Ali)didnottreatyouwithjustice,forheadvancedyour sonsanddelayedhissons,"saidMu'awiya."Rather,Ididnottreat'Aliwithjustice,forhewas killed,andIhaveremained(alive)afterhim,"said'Adi."Indeedadropofthebloodof'Uthman hasremained.Nothingremovesitbutthebloodofanoblemanfromthenoblemenofthe Yemen,"saidMu'awiya.Thus'Adisaid:"ByAllah,ourheartswithwhichwehavehatedyouare stillinourchests,ourswordswithwhichwefoughtagainstyouareonourshoulders.Ifyou approachedusthroughasmallspanoftreason,wewouldapproachyouthroughaspanofevil!

Indeedthecuttingofthethroatandtherattleofthemiddleofthechestareeasierforusthan hearingtheinsulttowards'Ali.Therefore,Mu'awiya,handovertheswordtohimwhohassentit." "Thesewordswereasacrushingdefeat.Stillhewentontalkingwith'Adiasifhehadaddressed himwithnothing."[1] "Thereisnogoodinclemencythathasnogesturesthatprotectsitsclearnessfromcloudiness." ThenMu'awiyasaidto'Adi:"Describe'Aliforme.""Ithinkitisbettertoforgiveme,"said'Adi."I willnotforgiveyou,"saidMu'awiya.Thus'Adisaidthefollowingconcerning'Ali,peacebeonhim: "ByAllah,hewasadiscerning(man)withstrongabilities.Hiswordswerejust,andhisjudgment wassound.Wisdomgushedoutofhissides,andknowledge(gushedout)ofhisstandpoints.He feltlonelybecauseofthelifeinthisworldanditsembellishment.Heassociatedwithnightandits calmness.Hereckonedhimselfwhenhewasalone,andthoughtoverwhathadpassed.Short clothesandhoarselivingpleasedhim.Hewasamonguslikeoneofus.Heanswereduswhenwe askedhim.Heapproachedustohimwhenwecametohim. [1]AlMas'udi,Hamishb.alAthir,vol.6,p.65. (339) Thoughhepoughtusnearertohim,andthoughhewasneartous,wedidnotspeaktohim becauseofhisprestige,nordidwelookathimbecauseofhisgreatness.Whenhesmiled,(his teeth)werelikethewellorganizedpearl.Heregardedthepeopleofreligionasgreat.Hehad affectionfortheneedy.Thepowerfulonewasnotafraidofhis(i.e.,'Ali's)oppression,norwasthe weakonehopelessofhisjustice.I(i.e.,'Adi)swear(byAllah)thatIsawhimonenightathisprayer niche(mihrab)whenthenighthadspreadandwhenitsstarsappeareddown.Histearswere followingonhisbeard.Hewasmovingrestlesslyasthesickonedoesandwasweepingasthesad onedoes.ItisasifIhearhimnowsay: "Oworld!Oworld!Getawayfromme.Whydoyoupresentyourselftome?Orareyoueagerfor me?Youmaynotgetthatopportunitytoimpressme.Deceivesomeotherperson.Ihaveno concernwithyou.Ihavedivorcedyouthricewhereafterthereisnorestitution.Yourlifeisshort, yourimportanceislittleandyourlikingishumble.Alas!Theprovisionislittle,thewayislong,the journeyisfar,extendingandthegoalishardtogetto." WhenMu'awiyaheardthesewordsof'Adi,hiseyeswerefulloftearsandhesaid:"MayAllah havemercyonAbualHasan.Hewasreallyso."Thenheturnedto'Adiandsaid:"Howdoyoufeel

inhisabsence?""Mygriefislikethatofawomanwhoseonlychildisbutcheredonherlap.Thus herteardoesnotcease,nordoesherwailingbecomecalm,"said'Adi."Howdoyouremember him?"askedMu'awiya."Doesthetimeletmeforgethim?"asked'Adi.[1] I(i.e.,theauthor)say:'Adib.Hatamdiedattheageof120yearsduringthetimeofalMukhtarb. Abu'Ubaydintheyear68A.H.[2]Thusanobleselfwhichisnotcreatedexceptinanangeldied withhim.Awiseopinionthatdoesnotbecomeripeexceptwithawiseman,andtruthfulfaith whichisnotknownbutwithafriend(ofAllah)diedwithhim,too. [1]AlBayhaqi,alMahasinwaalMasawi',vol.1,p.33. [2]HusaynalBuraqi,Ta'rikhalKufa,p.388.AhmadShahabalDinal'Asqalani,alIsabafiTamyiz alSahaba,vol.4,p.119. (340) 3.Sa'sa'abinSawhan Sa'sa'awasamongtheArabchiefs.Hewasamongthevirtuoushighbornfigures.Hebecame MuslimduringthelifetimeoftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.However, hedidnotmeettheProphet,forhewasstilllittle.Duringthedaysofhiscaliphate,'Umarfaceda difficultproblem.Thusheaddressedthepeopleandaskedthemaboutananswerforthe problem.Sa'sa'a,whowasstillyoung,rose.Hegaveanexcellentanswer.SotheMuslimsputhis opinionintopractice.Sa'sa'awasamongtheplannersinKufa.HetookpartattheBattleofthe CamelandtheBattleofSiffinheadedbytheCommanderofthefaithful(i.e.,Imam'Ali)."Indeedal MughirabanishedSa'sa'afromKufatotheisland(aljazira)ortoBahrain.Itwassaidthathewas exiledtotheislandofbinKafan(jaziratbinKafan).Thushediedthere."[1] "Mu'awiyaimprisonedSa'sa'ab.Sawhanal'Abdi,[2]'AbdAllahb.alKauwa'alYashkuri,agroup of'Ali'scompanions,andagroupofQuraysh.Oneday,Mu'awiyacametothemandaskedthem: 'SwearbyAllahtosaythetruth.WhichoftheCaliphshaveyouseenme?'Thusb.alKauwa'said: 'Wereitnotforthatyouaskedus,wewouldnotsay,foryouareastubborntyrant.Youdonot fearAllahwhenyoukillthegoodones.Stillwesay:Yourlifeinthisworld,asweknow,iswide, andyournextlifewillbenarrow.Youareneartothegroundandfarfromthepasture.Youmake darknesslightandlightdarkness.'ThenMu'awiyasaid:'IndeedAllahhashonoredthismatter(i.e., theauthority)throughtheSyrianswhodefendHisentity,andwhoavoidwhatHehasforbidden. TheSyriansareunliketheIraqiswhoviolatewhatAllahhasforbidden,makelawfulwhatAllahhas forbidden,andmakeunlawfulwhatAllahhasmadelawful.'Thusb.alKauwa'said:'BinAbu Sufyan,thereisananswerforeveryspeech.Weareafraidofyourmight.Ifyoureleasedour tongues,wewoulddefendthe

[1]AhmadShahabalDinal'Asqalani,alIsabafiTamyizalSahaba,vol.3,p.23. [2]AlMas'udi,Hamishb.alAthir,vol.6,p.117. (341) IraqiswithsharptonguesthatdonotfeartheblameofablamerconcerningAllah;otherwisewe willbepatienttillAllahjudgesandshowsusHisease.''ByAllah,yourtonguewillnotbereleased,' saidMu'awiya.ThenSa'sa'asaid:'BinAbuSufyan,youhaveexaggerated,andhavenotabpeviated whatyouhavewanted.Thematterisnotasyouhavementioned.Doesthesuccessorrulethe peoplebyforce,subjugatethemwithhaughtiness,anddominate(them)withthefalseways(such as)lyingandcunning?Verily,byAllah,youhadneitheraswordnoraspearattheBattleofBadr. Youandyourfatherwere(busy)intradeandwar.Youwereamongthosewhogatheredagainst theApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Youwereafreedprisoner(ofwar).The ApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,hadreleasedyou.Then,isthesuccession (Khilafa)appropriateforafreedprisoner(ofwar)?'ThusMu'awiyasaid:'WereitnotforthatI resorttothewordsofAbuTalibwhosaid: (Imethisignorancewithclemencyandforgivenessandforgivenessisatypeofgenerosity.),I wouldkillyou.'ThenMu'awiyaaskedSa'sa'a:'Whoarethepious,andwhoarethesinners?' 'Whoeverunveils(thefacts)leavesdeception.'AliandhisCompanionswerefromthepious Imams.Youandyourcompanionsarefromthose(i.e.,thesinners)'saidSa'sa'a.ThenMu'awiya askedhimaboutHisham.ThusSa'sa'asaid:'He(i.e.,Hisham)wasthemostobedientofallpeople toacreature,andthemostdisobedientofthemtotheCreator.HehasdisobeyedtheAlmighty (Allah)andfollowedtheevil.Maydestructionbefallhim,andtheevilabodebehis.''BinSawhan, byAllah,youhavecarriedyourknifeforalongtime.However,itistheclemencyofb.AbuSufyan thatpreventsmefrom(killing)you,'saidMu'awiya.'RatherthedecreeofAllahandHispower havestoppedyoufromkillingme.IndeedAllah'sdecreeiscertain.'" AlMas'udisaid:"Sa'sa'ab.Sawhanhadgoodstoriesandcleareloquentwordsconcerningthe meaningsthoughtheyarepief."Sa'sa'awasaprominentfigurefromthecompanionsofthe Commanderofthefaithful.TheCommanderofthefaithfuldescribedhimasamiserlyorator. ThenalJahizdescribedhimasthemosteloquentofallthepeople.WhenMu'awiyaenteredKufa afterthe (342) PeaceTreaty,hesaidtoSa'sa'a:"Indeed,byAllah,Ihadhatedtogiveyousecurity."ThusSa'sa'a said:"ByAllah,Ihatetocallyouwiththistitle(i.e.,theCommanderofthefaithful)."

ThenSa'sa'agreetedMu'awiyaduringhissuccession.SoMu'awiyasaidtohim:"Ifyouare truthful,thengouponthepulpitandcurse'Ali."ThusSa'sa'awentuponthepulpit.Hepraised Allahandlaudedhim,andthenhesaid:"Omen,Ihavecometoyoufromamanwhohas advancedhisevilanddelayedhisgood.Hehasorderedmetocurse'Ali.Thereforecursehim(i.e., Mu'awiya),mayAllahcursehim."Thusthepeopleofthemosqueshouted:"Amen!"WhenSa'sa'a camebacktoMu'awiyaandtoldhimaboutwhathehadsaid,thelattersaid:"No,byAllah,you havemeantme.Gobackandmentionhisname."Sa'sa'awentback,wentuponthepulpit,and said:"Opeople,theCommanderofthefaithful(i.e.,Mu'awiya)hasorderedmetocurse'Alib. AbuTalib.Thereforecursehim(i.e.,Mu'awiya).WhenMu'awiyawastoldaboutthat,hesaid:"By Allah,hehasmeantnooneexceptme.Takehimout.Heshouldnotlivewithmeinacertain country."Thusthepeopletookhimout(ofthecountrywhereMu'awiyalived).[1] Ibn'AbdRabbihsaid:"Sa'sa'ab.SawhancametoMu'awiyawhen'Amrb.al'Aswaswithhim(i.e., Mu'awiya)andwassittingonhis(i.e.,Mu'awiya's)bed.ThusMu'awiyasaid(to'Amrab. al'As):"Makeroomforhim(i.e.,Sa'sa'a)inspiteofhis(tirabiya)"[2]"ByAllah,Iama(tirabi)(i.e.,I wascreatedfromdust),Iwascreatedfromit,toitIwillreturn,andfromitIwillberaisedfrom thedead.However,youwerecreatedfromaflameoffire." ThedelegationoftheIraqiscametoMu'awiya.'Adib.HatamwasamongthedelegationofKufa. AlAhnafb.QaysandSa'sa'ab.SawhanwasamongthedelegationofBasrah.Thus'Amrb.al'As saidtoMu'awiya:"Thesearethemenofthelifeinthisworld.TheyaretheShi'itesof'Aliwholed themattheBattleoftheCamel,andtheBattleofSiffin.Thereforebecarefulofthem." [1]'AbbasalQummi,SafiinatalBihar,vol.2,31. [2]hisloveforAbuTurab(i.e.,'Ali,peacebeonhim). (343) Sayyid'AbdalQayswroteatlengthaboutSa'sa'ab.Sawhantotheextentthathisdetailsarenot appropriateforourpiefintention.Inotherwordswehaveintendedtogiveapiefideaaboutthe historyofSa'sa'a,andabouttheattitudesofMu'awiyatowardshim. 4.'AbdAllahbinKhalifaalTa'i 'AbdAllahkindledwar.HetookpartattheBattleofal'Adhib,theBattleofJalawla',theBattleof Nahrwan,theBattleofTaster,andtheBattleofSiffin.Heprovedhimselfpaveatallthesebattles. HewastheoratorwhorefutedtheTa'iswhentheycompetedwith'Adib.Hatamforcarryingthe standardattheBattleofSiffin,aswehavesaidbefore.

'AbdAllahsupportedthestrongattitudeofHujrb.'AdialKindiwhenthelatterdefendedthe Commanderofthefaithful(i.e.,Imam'Ali),peacebeonhim. ThepoliceofZiyad(alHammra')chased'AbdAllah.However,theywereunabletocapturehim.In themeantime,hewasabletodefeatthemthroughhispeople.HissisteralNauwarwentoutand said:"PeopleofTay,doyouwanttohandoveryourspearheadandyourtongue(i.e.,'AbdAllahb. Khalifa)?"ThustheTa'isattackedthepoliceanddefeatedthem.Ziyadwasunabletocapture'Abd Allahsothathecapturedtheleaderofhistribe('Adib.Hatam).Heimprisonedtheleadertoforce himtoping'AbdAllah.'Adirefusedtoping'AbdAllah,forhewassurethatZiyadwouldkillhim. ThusZiyadagreedwith'Adionbanishing'AbdAllahfromKufa. 'Adiadvised'AbdAllahtoleaveKufaandpromisedhimthathewoulddohisbesttoreturnhimto it.Forthisreason,'AbdAllahwenttothetwomountains(aljabalayn).[1]Itwassaidthathewent toSan'a'.Hewasstillhomelessthere.Thushelongedverymuchforhishomeland. [1]TheywerethetwomountainsofTay:theywerecalledAjaandSahna.Therewasoneday betweenthemandFadak,fivenightsbetweenthemandKhaybar,andthreestagesbetweenthem andMedina. (344) 'AbdAllahremainedthereforalongtimesothathewroteto'Aditourgehimtofulfillhis promise.Hewasapoetwithanabilitytodescribethingswell.Hehadmanypoemsthroughwhich hereminded'Adiofhis(i.e.,'AbdAllah's)backgrounds,hisestrangement,andhislonging. However,theconditionsdidnotpermit'Aditohelphim.So'AbdAllahremainedtheretillhedied. HisdeathwasalittletimebeforethedeathofZiyad.MayAllahhavemercyon'AbdAllah."[1] [1]AlTabari,Ta'rikh,vol.6,p.5andpp.15760. Chapter22:Conclusion (345)

Anoticeablespacehasremainedamongthesegapsinhistory.Thereferenceswehavearenot abletofillthisspacewithstudiesthatsuitethoseevents. Uptothistopic,wehaveunderstoodthatMu'awiyaviolatedalltheconditionswithwhichhe boundhimself. Wehaveknown,uptohere,thatMu'awiyadidnottakecareofthePeaceTreatywithfiveitems. Inotherwordshiscaredidnotsuitethosecovenants,agreements,andtheoathwithwhichhe boundhimself. WhenMu'awiyatookthereinsofgovernment,hedidnotactaccordingtotheBookofAllah,the Sunna(i.e.,practices)ofHisApostle,andthepractices(Sira)oftheOrthodoxCaliphs,nordidhe leavetheauthorityafterhimtotheConsultativeCommitteeortotheOwneroftheright(i.e.,al Hasan),nordidherefrainfromcursing'Ali,nordidhegive(alHasan)thelandtaxes,nordidhe givesecurityto'Ali'sShi'itesandcompanions.Inspiteofthesestipulationsandpledges,he increasedcursing'Alitotheextentthatheorderedhisoratorstocursehimeverywhere. Moreover,hecommittedhorriblecrimesagainsttheShi'itesof'Ali: ThusthefirstheadtoberoamedinIslamwasfromthem.He(i.e.,Mu'awiya)orderedittobe roamed. ThefirstmantobeburiedaliveinIslamwasfromthem.Heorderedhimtobeburiedalive. ThefirstwomantobeimprisonedinIslamwasfromthem.Heorderedhertobeimprisoned. Thefirstpatientmartyrswerefromthem.Itwashewhokilledthem. (346) Mu'awiyaviolatedalltheitemsofthePeaceTreaty,pokehisstrongoath,andopposedhiscertain pledgeswhichhemadebeforeAllah,theMostHigh. ThereforeI(i.e.,theauthor)wonder:Isthisthereligioussuccession? Mu'awiyaprotectedhimselffromthelaststipulationinthePeace Treaty,foritwasthemostsensitiveofallthestipulationsandthestrongestofthemall.Ifhehad pokenthiscondition,thenhewouldhavechallengedtheQur'anopenly,andtheApostleofAllah, mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,directly. ThusMu'awiyawaspatienttowardsthisconditionforeightyears.Thenhewasunabletobearit.

ForhisUmayyadlineagemovedhimtomakehischildreninherittheauthority.Inthiswayhe underlinedthathewasb.(thesonof)HindandAbuSufyan. Wasn'tthereagreatdifferencebetweenb.AbuSufyan(i.e.,Mu'awiya)andtheApostleofAllah? Wasn'tthereagreatdifferencebetweenb.Hind(i.e.,Mu'awiya)andtheBookofAllah? Thenit(i.e.,thepledgeofallegiancetohissonYazid)wasthefirstmalicethatcametotheArabs, asb.'Abbas,mayAllahbepleasedwithhim,said. Ratheritwasthefirstmalicethatcametothepeople,asAbuIshaqalSubay'i,mayAllahbe pleasedwithhim,said. It(i.e.,thesuccessiontoauthority)was,initsnature,thefarthestofalltheitemsofthePeace Treatyfromtreason.Alsoitwas,initsconditions,theworthiestofthemallofcare.Itwasthe mosthorriblecrimeinMu'awiya'slifefullofcrimes.Forit(i.e.,thePeaceTreaty)occurredwhen thesoldiersweredisarmed,thestandardwarwrapped,andtheenemyboundhimselftofulfillthe conditions. NeitherinMedina(thehomelandofalHasan,peacebeonhim)noramongthemembersofthe House(AhlalBayt,peacebeonthem)noramongtheShi'itesofalHasanandhisrelativeswasa justificationtomakeMu'awiyafearforhislifeinthisworld. Thereforewhatisthisdeception?Whatistheexcuse? Weren'tthosecovenants,agreements,andoaththestrongestand (347) themostcertainwordsinthedictionariesoftheArabiclanguage? I(i.e.,theauthor)wonder:ShallweapologizeonbehalfofMu'awiyaasthosehonorableoneswho areattributedtoIslamapologizeonbehalfofhissonYazidwhokilledalHusayn,thegrandsonof theApostleofAllah,thebestblessingandpeacebeonhimandhisgrandfather,whentheysaid: "He(i.e.,Yazid)wasaselfconceitedyoungman.Themonkeysdistractedhim.Wineand dissolutenesscontrolledhim?" ThereforewherewastheexperienceofMu'awiyaandhisclaimedcleverness?Wherewashisold ageandhisexperienceinthematters?

Thisdeedofthefather(i.e.,Mu'awiya)urgedtheson(i.e.,Yazid)tofollowhisfather'sexampleto achievehisambitions.Thustheycooperatedwitheachothertoaccomplishthegreatestcrimein thehistoryofIslam.ThatwasthekillingofthetwoLordsoftheyouthofHeaven,thetwoonesof whomtherewasnothird.Alsotheycooperatedwitheachothertocuttheonlymeanstowhich theprogenyoftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,waslimited.Thecrime,in thismeaning,isdirectkillingtothehistoricalcontinuityofthelifeoftheApostleofAllah,may Allahblesshimandhisfamily! Yes,nevertheless,thetwokillersweretwocaliphsinIslam! WhatagreatlossIslamsufferedfromwhenitscaliphswereofsuchakind! ItwastheclaimedclevernessthaturgedMu'awiyatofollowsuchakindofkilling,whichhisson Yazidwasunabletoaccomplish.Thusthis(i.e.,Yazid)was"aselfconceitedyoungmanandthat (i.e.,Mu'awiya)wasexperiencedinmanagingtheaffairs! IfAbuSufyanhadlivedforalongertime,hewouldhavebeensurethatthesetwosonsofhis(i.e., hissonMu'awiyaandhisgrandsonYazid)wereabletoachievethegame,whichhehopedforthe childrenofhisfather. (348) Accordingly,Mu'awiyaorderedMarwanb.alHakam[1]toconvinceJu'dabintalAsh'athb.Qays alKindi,whowasoneofthewivesofalHasan,peacebeonhim,togivepoison,whichwasadrink ofhoneymixedwithRomewater,todrink.IfalHasandied,Mu'awiyawouldmarryhertohisson Yazid,andwouldsendherahundredthousanddirhams. AsJu'dawasthedaughterofalAsh'athb.Qays,theknownhypocritewhobecameMuslimtwice andtherewasatrociousapostasybetweenthem,shewasthenearestofallpeopletoacceptthis abominablebargaining. ImamJa'farb.MuhammadalSadiq,peacebeonhimsaid:"IndeedalAsh'athtookpartinkilling theCommanderofthefaithful(i.e.,Imam'Ali),peacebeonhim.HisdaughterJu'dapoisonedal Hasan.Moreover,hissonMuhammadtookpartinkillingalHusayn." I(i.e.,theauthor)say:InthismannerMu'awiyaaccomplishedwhathewanted. ThroughthisplotMu'awiyawasabletocontroltheaffairsofallthecommunity.Thushesubjected thecommunitytomanydisasters.Moreover,hefilledhimselfandhischildrenwithspitessothat they

[1]AlMas'udi(Hamishb.alAthir,vol.5,p.198)andalBayhaqi(alMahasinwaalMasawi',vol.1, p.64)havementioned:"AlHasan,peacebeonhim,strove(totake)securityforMarwanwhenhe wascapturedattheBattleoftheCamel.ItwassaidthatMarwanhidinthehouseofawomanin Basrah." InNahjalBalagha(vol.1,p.121),alSharifalRadisaid:"WhenMarwanwastakenprisoneratthe BattleoftheCamel,heaskedalHusayn,peacebeonthem,tointercedeforhimwiththe Commanderofthefaithful.Thusthelatterreleasedhim.Thentheysaid:'Commanderofthe faithful,he(i.e.,Marwan)desirestopledgeallegiancetoyou.'Thushe,peacebeonhim,said:'Did henotpledgeallegiancetomeafterthekillingof'Uthman?Iaminnoneedofhispledgeof allegiance.For(hishand)isaJewishhand.Ifhepledgeallegiancetomewithhishand,hewould violateitafterawhile.Well,heistogetpower(asshort)asthedoglicksitsnose.Heisthefather ofthefoursons.Thepeoplewillfaceharddaysbecauseofhimandhissons.'" I(i.e.,theauthor)say:MarwanwasungratefulforalHasanwhenhetriedtoconvinceJu'dato poisonhim.Hewasastheysay:"Atreeisknownbyitsfruit." (349) wereliabletomanybattlesandcoups. ThroughthisplotMu'awiyawasabletoabolishallitemsofthePeaceTreaty. WhenalHasan,peacebeonhim,wasabouttodie,hesaid:"Mu'awiya'sdrink(ofpoison)has actedupon(me).Hehasobtainedhiswish.ByAllah,hehasnotfulfilledwhathepromised,nor hashebeentruthfulinwhathesaid."[1] Marwan'sletterconcerningcarryingouttheevilplancametoMu'awiya.Sothelattersaid:"How wonderful!AlHasantookadrinkofhoney(mixedwith)Romewater,sohedied."[2] ThenMu'awiyawasunabletorestrainhishappinesswhenalHasan,peacebeonhim,died. "Mu'awiyawasatalKhadra'.Thusheexclaimed:'AllahisGreat!'ThepeopleofalKhadra' exclaimed:'AllahisGreat!'withhim.Thenthepeopleofthemosqueexclaimed:'AllahisGreat' whenthepeopleofalKhadra'didthat.SoFakhta(Mu'awiya'swife)bint(daughterof)Qarzab. 'Amrb.Nawfab.'AbdMunafcameoutofherwicketandsaid:'Commanderofthefaithful,may Allahdelightyou.'Whathasmadeyouhappy?'ThedeathofalHasan,'hesaid.'ToAllahwe belongandtoHimisourreturn,'shesaid.Thensheweptandsaid:'TheLordoftheMuslimsand

sonofthedaughteroftheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily,died.''ByAllah, whatyouhavedoneisexcellent.Hewasso.Heisworthyofweepingoverhim,'hesaid." Apartfromthis,b.Qutaybasaid:"Whenthenews(ofthedeathofalHasan)cametoMu'awiya, heshowedrejoiceandpleasuretotheextentthatheandthosewhowerewithhimboweddown. 'AbdAllahb.'Abbas,whowastheninSham(Syria),heardofthat,sohecametoMu'awiya.When hesatdown,Mu'awiyasaid:'Bin'Abbas,alHasanb.'Aliperished.'Thusb.'Abbassaid:'Yes,he perished.ToAllahwebelongandtoHimisourreturn.Ihaveheardthatyoushowedrejoice [1]AlMas'udi,Hamishb.alAthir,vol.6,p.5556. [2]Ibn'AbdalBiralMaliki,alIsti'ab. (350) andpleasurewhenhedied.Indeed,byAllah,hisbodyhasnottakenthenextofyourgrave,nor hasthedecreaseof(theperiodof)hisdeathincreasedyourlife.Hediedwhilehewasbetterthan you.Ifwehavebeenafflictedbyhim,thenwehadbeenafflictedbyhimwhowasbetterthan him,hisgrandfathertheApostleofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.ThusAllah comfortedhisdisasterandappointedthebestsuccessoroverusafterhim. "Thenb.'Abbaswept.Thosewhoattendedthemeetingwept.Mu'awiyawept.Thenarratorsaid: 'Ihaveneverseenweepersasmanyasthosewhowerepresentonthatday.''Howoldwasal Hasan?'Mu'awiyaasked.'AlHasan'sbirthdayisveryfamousthateverybodyknowsit,'repliedb. 'Abbas.He(i.e.,thenarrator)said:Mu'awiyakeptsilentforawhile,andthenhesaid:'Bin'Abbas, youhavebecomethelordofyourpeopleafterhim.''(Iamnotthelordofmypeople)aslongas AllahhaskeptAbu'AbdAllahalHusaynalive',saidb.'Abbas."[1] AlYa'qubi(Ta'rikh,vol.2,p.203.)hasmentionedadescriptionaboutthegreatsadnessofthe KufanswhentheyheardofthedeathofalHasan,peacebeonhim.Thustheleadersofthe Shi'itesthereheldameetinginthehouseoftheirchiefSulaymanb.SirtakKhuza'i.Moreover, theycondoledalHusaynthroughapainfuleloquentletter. ThenewsofthedeathofalHasanreachedtheearsofthepeopleinBasrahwhichZiyadb. Sumayyagoverned.Sothepeopleweptloudly.ThusAbuBakra,Ziyad'shalfpother(onhis mother'sside),whowasthenillinhishouse,heardthatandsaid:"Allahhasrelievedhimofmuch evil.Thepeoplehavelostmuchgoodbecauseofhisdeath.MayAllahhavemercyonalHasan." [2] His(i.e.,alHasan's)potherMuhammadb.alHanafiyapraisedhimwhenhestoodbyhisholy

body.Thefollowingishispraise:"AbuMuhammad(i.e.,alHasan),mayAllahhavemercyonyou. ByAllah,indeedifyourlifewasvaluable,yourdeathhasundermined(us).The [1]IbnQutaybaalDinawari(died276),alImamawaalSiyasa,pp.15960.AlYa'qubiandal Mas'udihavementionedwordssimilartothese. [2]IbnAbualHadid,SharhNahjalBalagha,vol.6,p.57. (351) excellentsoulwasthatthroughwhichyourbodylived.Theexcellentbodyisthatwhichyour shroudhascovered.Ofcourse,youareso.Foryouarethedescendantofguidance,theallyofthe pious,andthefifth(person)ofthosewhowerecoveredwiththecloak(ashabalKisa).Thehand ofthetruthfedyou.YougrewinthelapofIslam.Thetwopeastsofbeliefsuckledyou.Youare goodwhetheryouarealiveordead.ThereforepeaceandAllah'smercybeonyoueventhough wedidnothateyounordidtheydoubtthatthechoicewasforyou.[1] ThetextsdenotingthatMu'awiyapoisonedalHasanareveryobviousinhistory.Thesetextshave beenmentionedinthefollowingbooks: 1)alIsti'abby'AbdalBiralMaliki, 2)alIsabafiTamyizalSahababyAhmadShahabalDinal'Asqalani, 3)MaqatilalTalibiyyinbyAbualFarajalIsfahani, 4)alFuruqbaynaalAbatilwaalHuquqbyalShaybani, 5)Ta'rikhbyalYa'qubi, 6)alTabaqatbyb.Sa'd, 7)alAhdathbyalMada'ini, 8)Ta'rikhDimashqbyIbn'Asakir, 9)AsadalGhabafiTamyizalSahababyIbnalAthir, 10)MurujalDhahabbyalMas'udi, 11)SharhNahjalBalaghabyb.AbualHadid, 12)TanzihalAnbiya'byalMurtada, 13)alAmalibyalTusi, 14)alDiwanbyalSharifalRadi, 15)alMustadrakbyalHakim, 16)alIrshadbyalMufid, 17)TadhkiratalKhawasbyalDhahabi, 18)Dala'ilalImamabyalTabari,...andthelike. Inhisbook'alBidayawaalNihayaIbnKathirsaid:"AlHasandiedintheyear49A.H.Ju'dabintal

Ash'athpoisonedhimwithwhatMu'awiyahadsenttoher.Hearrangedforhertomarryhisson Yazid.Thenhepokehispromise." Inhisbook'alTabaqat,'b.Sa'dsaid:"Mu'awiyapoisonedalHasanseveraltimes." AlMada'inisaid:"AlHasanwasgivenpoisontodrinkfourtimes." Inhisbook'alMustadrak',alHakimsaid:"IndeedalHasanb.'Aliwasgivenpoisontodrink severaltimes.Hewassafeduringthese [1]AlYa'qubi,Ta'rikh,vol.2,p.200.AlMas'udi,Hamishb.alAthir,vol.6,p.57. (352) timesexceptthelasttimewhenhedied.Indeedhespewedhisliver."[1] AlYa'qubisaid:"WhendeathwasclosetoalHasan,hesaidtohispotheralHusayn:'Mypother, thesearethelastthreetimeswhenIhavebeengivenpoisontodrinkbutIhaveneverbeengiven poisonlikethistime.Iwilldieonthisdayofmine.WhenIdie,thenburymebesidetheApostleof Allah,mayAllahblesshimandhisfamily.Forthereisnobodyworthierofhimthanme.Whenyou arepreventedfromthat,thendonotshedbloodintothecuppingglassin(carrying)it(out)." Ibn'AbdalBirsaid:"AlHusayncametoalHasan.ThusalHasansaid:'Mypother,Ihavebeengive poisontodrinkthreetimesbutIhaveneverbeengivenpoisonlikethis.Iamgoingtospewmy liver.'SoalHusaynsaid:'Whogaveyouthepoisontodrink?''Whydoyouaskaboutthat?Doyou wanttofightagainstthem?"askedalHasan."OpposethembeforeAllah." AlTabarisaidinDala'ilalImama:"ThecauseofthedeathofalHasanwasthatMu'awiya poisonedhimseventytimes.However,thepoisondidnotactuponhim.Thenhesent(someone) tohis(i.e.,alHasan's)wifeJu'dabintMuhammadb.alAsh'athb.QaysalKindiandgaveher twentythousanddinars,andtenestatesfromIraq.Alsoheensuredhertomarryhertohisson Yazid.ThusshegavealHasanpoisontodrink.Thepoisonwas(mixedwith)sweetenedflourina goldbowl."[2] Allah,theGreatandAlmightysaid:"However,ifyouheldcommand,youweresuretomake mischiefinthelandandcutoffthetiesofkinship!"(Qur'an47:22) [1]AlHakim,alMustadrak(Kufa),vol.6,p.5. [2]AlTabari,Dala'ilalImama,p.61.

Chapter23:ComparisonBetweenTheConditionsOfAlHasanAndTheConditionsOfAlHusayn (353) Epilogue ManypeoplethinkthattheHashimitepride,whichalwaysresultedfromhonorableattitudes,was moreappropriatefortheattitudeofalHusayn,peacebeonhim,thantheattitudeofalHasan, peacebeonhim. Thisisaprimaryviewpointthatsuffersfromthepaucityofaninnermostanalysisandaccuracy. AlHasanwasaHashimitewithhighgloryduringallhisattitudes.Hewassimilartohisfatherand hispotheringlory.Thustheywereallanexampletotheoriginalreformersinhistory.However, eachoneofthemhadaspecialjihad(armedstruggle),message,andattitudeswhichhederived fromthecoreoftheconditionsthatsurroundedhim.Theseconditionswereearlyexamplesof jihad,glory,supportingtheusurpedrighttoauthority. AlHusaynfaceddeaththroughkillingduringhiscondition,andalHasanretainedhislifethrough makingpeace(withMu'awiya)duringhiscondition.Withthesetwowaystheywereableto continuetheirdoctrineandtocondemntheirenemies.Inthemeantimethesetwowayswerethe necessarylogicalsolutionsfortheproblemsofbothconditions.Thesesolutionswerethebest means,whichalHasanandalHusaynfollowedtopleaseAllah,theMostHigh,nottowinthelife inthisworld.They(i.e.,thesolutions)aretherealvictorythatlastthroughouthistorythoughal HasanandalHusaynwere (354) apparentlydeprivedoftheirrightsandtheirsuccessiontoauthority. Thetwosacrifices(i.e.,alHusayn'ssacrificeinhislife,andalHasan'ssacrificeinhissuccession) aretheutmostdegreestowhichtheoriginalleadersaspireduringtheirhumanrevolutionary attitudes.

ThetimefactorsaccompaniedbothalHasanandalHusaynduringtheirsuccession.Theycreated foreachofthemaprivateconditiontowardshissupporters,andaprivateconditiontowardshis enemy.Inotherwordsthetwopothershadtwodifferentconditions.Astheirconditionswere different,theirwaysofjihadweredifferent.Thereforetheirendsweredifferent. Thefollowingaretheconditionstheirsupportersandtheirenemiescaused: 1.TheConditionstheirSupporterscaused ForalHusayn,peacebeonhim,hesufferedfromthetreasonofhisKufancompanions.Sucha kindoftreasonhelpedalHusayntakeasteptopavethewayforhisglorioussuccessinhistory. ThatisbecausethepeoplehadpokentheirpledgeofallegiancetoalHusaynbeforehedeclared warmobilization.Thushislittlearmywasemptyofanytraitorouspersononthedaywhenhe stoodtofightagainsthisenemiestoachievehisidealobjectives. However,thetreasonfromwhichalHasan,peacebeonhim,sufferedattheCampofMaskanand theCampofalMada'inwasquitedifferentfromthatwhichalHusaynsuffered.Thatisbecause alHasandeclaredwarmobilization,andthenhisarmymovedtothementionedcamps.However, theenemyrumorsplayedanimportantroleinscatteringthearmy.Thuschaos,plots,andtreason spreadalloverit.Accordingly,alHasanwasunabletowageholywar(jihad)againsthisenemies. InotherwordsthiswasthearmythroughwhichalHasanlosthopeofwinningvictoryinthatwar. FromhereweunderstandthatAlHasan'ssupporterspledgedallegiancetohim,andaccompanied himtohiscampsasholyfighters(mujahidin).However,theypoketheirallegiancetoalHasan, (355) disobeyedhim,andjoinedhisenemies.Thustheywereworsethanthosewhohadpokentheir allegiancetoalHusaynbeforehemethisenemies. InthismanneralHusaynpavedthewaytofightagainsthisenemieswhentheeventsoftreason beforethebattlehelpedhimformthemostwonderfularmyinhistoryinloyaltyandobedience thoughhisarmywasfewinnumber. AsforalHasan,hewasunabletoretainsupportersevenfromhissincereShi'ites.Forhewasnot surethathewouldgatherthemanddirecttheirmovementsbecauseofthechaoswhichhis enemiesspread. Therefore,isn'tthereagreatdifferencebetweentheirtwoconditionstowardstheirsupporters?

2.TheConditionstheirEnemiescaused TheenemyofalHasanwasMu'awiya,andtheenemyofalHusaynwasYazidb.Mu'awiya.History isfullofdifferencesbetweenMu'awiyaandYazid.Forexample,theson(i.e.,Yazid)hadplain dullness,whilethefather(i.e.,Mu'awiya)hadadeepviewpointthatthepeopleregardas smartness. Theenmityofthesetwomen(i.e.,Mu'awiyaandYazid)towardsalHasanandalHusayndidnot resultfromanaccidentalcondition.RatheritwasapasthistoricalenmitybetweenbanuHashim andbanuUmayya. TheUmayyadsdidnotmatchtheHashimitesoneday.RathertheUmayyadsshowedenmity towardstheHashimites,fortheformerfearedthatthelatterwouldtaketheirauthority.Thisis thereasonwhythepeopleandthehistoriansmentiontheUmayyadsfacetofacewiththe Hashimites.Nowwehavetherighttoask:Isn'tthereagreatdifferencebetweenthosewhofollow desiresandthosewhofollowideals?Isn'tthereacleardifferencebetweenthosewhohadcorrupt lineagesandthosewhomAllahpurifiedcompletelyasitisintheQur'an?Isn't thereanobviousdifferencebetweenthecorruptpeople (356) andthosewhoadoptedintellectualtalents,goodmanners,purerace,andsciencesthathave playedanimportantroleindevelopingmaninallculturalfields?SuchweretheHashimiteswho poughtlighttotheworld.[1] Howdifferenttheyare! WhatalHasanb.'Alianticipatedwaslikely.Forifhehadwagedahopelesswaragainsthis historicalenemyMu'awiyab.AbuSufyanb.Harb,thewarwouldhaveledtothegreatestdisaster againstIslam.AlsoitwouldhavedestroyedallShi'itesofthemembersoftheHouse(AhlalBayt), peacebeonthem.InthisconnectionMu'awiyahadexcellentabilitiestocarryoutthisplantoend thatlonghistoricalenmitytowards'Ali,hissons,andtheirShi'ites. Wehavealreadymentionedthissubject.Thusthereisnoneedtomentionitagain. However,suchapossibilitywasenoughforalHusaynwhentheyoungman(i.e.,Yazid) antagonizedhim.ThatisbecauseYazidwasluxurious.Hewasunabletosolveproblemsnorwas

heabletomobilizethetrendsnorwasheabletomakeplans:Moreover,hisambitionwastobea kingwithmanytreasuries,eventhoughhefacedalAkhtalthepoetwhosewordsalBayhaqihas narrated: "Yourreligion,indeed,islikethereligionofthedonkeyRatheryouaremoreunbelieving(person) thanHurmuz." ThispossibilitywassufficientforalHusaynwhentheswordofterrorism(i.e.,Yazid)beganto chasetheShi'iteseverywhere,madethemhomelessandimprisonedthosegreatfigureswho followedthe [1]InreplytoMu'awiya,theCommanderofthefaithfulsaid:"Inspiteofouroldestablishedhonor andourwellknownsuperiorityoveryourpeople,wedidnotkeepawaymixingwithyouand marriedandgotmarried(amongyou)likeequalsalthoughyouwerenotso.Howcouldyoubeso when(thepositionisthat)fromusistheProphetwhilefromyouistheliar,fromustheLionof AllahwhilefromyouistheLionoftheallies,fromusisthetwoLordsoftheyouthofHeavenwhile fromyouarethechildrenofthefire,fromusisthemistressofthewomenoftheworldswhile fromyouisthebeareroffirewood,andtherearemanydistinctionsbetweenyouandus." (357) doctrinesofthemembersoftheHouse(AhlalBayt),andtowhomthesedoctrineswere entrustedtoconveythemtothegenerationsafterthem. ThusalHusaynthoughtthatitwasbetterforhimtogooncarryingouthisdecision.Hewassure ofhisplan,hisobjectives,andtheirfuturetowardshisenemies. AsforalHasan,hewasnotassureashispotheralHusayn.ThatisbecausealHasansuffered fromthespiritualbackgroundsofhisarmy.Moreover,amonghisenemieswereMu'awiyaandhis fearfulservantswhomadespitefulhostileplans. Finally,alHusaynmadeuseofMu'awiya'smistakessuchashisattacksagainstthepeaceful Muslimcities,hisattitudetowardstheconditionsofthePeaceTreatyofalHasan,hiskillingal Hasanwithpoison,hispledgeofallegiancetohissonYazid,andsoon.Alltheseerrorsof Mu'awiya,inadditiontothesupportoftheMuslimpublicopinionurgedalHusayntotakesteps againsttheUmayyads. InthemeantimealHusaynmadeusoftheerrorsofYazid,Mu'awiya'ssuccessor,whowasfondof monkeysandwine.AllthesethingswereappropriatefactorsforalHusayntocarryouthisplan.

AlHusayn'sconditionstowardshisenemies,andhisconditionstowardshissupportersagreed witheachotheronsupportinghismovement,carryingouthistask,andleadinghimtothe gloriousvictorythroughwhichhesucceededwithAllahandinhistory. AsforalHasan,aswehavealreadymentioned,hewastiredoftheconditionswhichhis companionscaused.Thustheseconditionspreventedhimfromobtainingmartyrdom.Alsohe sufferedfromtheconditionswhichhisenemiescaused.Sotheseconditionspreventedhimfrom wagingwaragainstthemthoughhewasawarethatsuchakindofwarwoulddestroyhis doctrines. ForthisreasonalHasanthoughtthatitwasnecessaryforhimtodevelophiswayofjihad,andto starthisbattlethroughmakingpeacewithMu'awiya. TheobjectiveswhichalHasanwantedtoaccomplishthroughhisPeaceTreatywithMu'awiya forcedMu'awiyaandhispartytofacea (358) quickfailureinhistory. Indeed,afterthisstudy,itisdifficultforustodistinguishwhichofthetwopothers(i.e.,alHasan andalHusayn),peacebeonthem,hadagreatereffectinhisjihad,moreintenseinfluenceonhis objectives,andamorecarefulopinionindefeatinghisenemies. ItisobviousthattheUmayyadsfacedmanyhardshipsafterthePeaceTreaty.Thatwasbecauseof alHasan'splansandhisdirections.Indeedallthesehardshipstooknextduetothissuccessfulplan whichalHasan'senemiessupported,whethertheyknewthatornot.

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mbersOfTheArmy Chapter9:'UbaydAllahIbn'Abbas Chapter10:TheBeginningOfTheEnd Chapter10:TheBeginningOfTheEnd/1 Chapter11:AttitudeTowardsConfusion

Introduction (XIII) IntheNameofAllah,MostGracious,MostMerciful

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