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THE BRAZILIAN FOREST SECTOR: CHALLENGES AND

STRATEGIES FOR ITS DEVELOPMENT


HOEFLICH, V. A.1, (hoeflich@cnpf.embrapa.br) ALVES, M. V. G.2
(marcos@floresta.ufpr.br); KOEHLER, H. S. (koehler@ufpr.br)3

Abstract: The paper points out some important issues related to the Brazilian forest
primary products industry. As the most important market in Latin America, it has been
participating in quite diversified segments: solid wood products, boards, paper, cellulose
and furniture among others. The paper also indicates the importance of the Brazilian
forestry sector and its related chains in economic, social and environmental terms. The
paper points out the several challenges related to development of the Brazilian forest sector,
including: 1)the present economic, technological, social and environmental status of the
Brazilian forest sector; 2)the challenges/issues to promote the Brazilian forest sector; and
3)the strategies to better develop and promote the Brazilian forest sector.

Key works: Brazilian Forest Sector, Brazil Primary Products

1 – INTRODUCTION
The Brazilian forest sector, due to its importance to the country production, taxes
income, exportation and salary payments, can be one the most important ways to increase
the economy growth, once it is able to use non skill labor, which is generated by the
technological progress and use of modern agricultural techniques that forces non skill
worker to leave rural areas. Therefore, the forest industry can use the available labor once
the activity is stable in terms of the country economy.
Economic growth based on the development of the forest industry is a suitable way,
being discussed and proposed since 1950 by the Food and Agricultural Organization,
mainly for developing countries. Although it has happened in Scandinavian countries and
Canada, this strategy has not been seen in third world countries. This is due to a lack of
right forest management, production and valuation of the forest products, aiming to
aggregated value to them.
It can be seen that the reforestation sector is gaining importance due to the great
potential it has shown as a non skill employment and income generator, not only by
government policies, but also by the use of a new growth model, which intends to incentive
and improve investments by the creation of forest stands in small rural areas.

1
Researcher of the Brazilian Research Crop and Dairy Institute (EMBRAPA) and Professor of Forestry /
Federal University of Paraná, Brazil (UFPR)
2
Graduate student at the Forestry Masters Degree Program / Federal University of Paraná, Brazil (UFPR)
3
Professor of Forestry / Federal University of Paraná, Brazil (UFPR)
2 – OVERVIEW OF THE BRAZILIAN FOREST SECTOR
The activities of the forest sector, until the end of the 60's, were less expressive in
the Brazilians economy. With the implementation of public policies, during the 1960 - 1970
period, the forest sector started to contribute with an important part of the country
economy, by the production of forest products for internal and external consumption, as
well as the creation of jobs and increase of taxes income.

The creation of the Brazilian Forest Development Institute, in February 28th, 1967,
by law number 289 of September 26th, 1966, completed the reorganization process started
in 1965 with the issue of the new Brazilian Forest Policy Act.

The Brazilian Forest Development Institute was created with the objectives of
formulation, coordination and management of the necessary policies for the rational
utilization, protection and conservation of the country forests. According to PEREIRA
(2001), the institute creation represented a great improvement in the Federal forest
administration, since it has eliminated the conflicts existing in the sector.

In scenery of increasing demands for regulation, IBDF had an important rule in the
development of the Brazilian forest sector, having the responsibility of managing the
National Forest Improvement Program, established by the 5106 acts, of September 26th,
1966.

The results of the improvement program, during 22 years of duration, provided a


great change in the Brazilian forest scenery. At the end of 1988 - when its activities were
finished - the country had a reconstructed forest area, mainly in the southern and southeast
Brazilian regions, showing:
• An area of 6 millions hectares of planted forests;
• An implemented a reforestation area of 300,000 hectares annually, having
created about 500,000 jobs of non skill labor, between 1970 and 1985;
• That in less than a decade the country reached a worldwide projection due
to the planted forest expansion area resulted of the new improvement
policies;
• That the reforestation implemented due to the improvement policies has
allowed the reborn of the forest industry, even though the quality of the
products did not met quality standard requirements;
• The improvement program had created a new wide reforestation scale basic
structure in the country.

Having a great potential growth, the sector is searching a defite way of improving
sustainability aiming a continuous production, without loosing aggregate value and
productivity.
The improvement policies adopted by the country also provided a continuous supply
of raw material for the forest industry, as well as an increase of quality in wood products,
through the use of new and modern forest management and genetic practices. Therefore,
another uses for the wood products from reforested areas arose, mainly in the furniture
industry, where wood can be used in a solid form or by different types of boards.

2.1 – GENERAL ISSUES

The activities related to the forest sector are responsible by the generation of an
important portion of the Brazilian Gross National Product (GNP), as well as for the creation
of a great number of job positions. In 2002, the forest sector, in its productive chain,
industrialization and trade has contributed with approximately 4.5% of the GNP, which
represents USD 20 billions, as can be seen in Table 01 (ABIMCI, 2003)

Considering the forest sector entirely, the taxes revenue has reached USD 4.6
billions during 2002, which represents 2% of the total collected by the government (USD
254 billions), creating 6.5 millions of direct and indirect job positions, which in this turn
represents 9% of the country working population.

Another relevant trait is its contribution to the Brazilian commercial balance, where
in 2004 USD 6.6 billions were exported and USD 0.8 billions imported, resulting in a
positive surplus for the Brazilian commercial trade of USD 5.8 billions, representing 18%
of the surplus obtained, help to reduce the dependency on external money.

TABLE 01 – Macro economical indicators of the Brazilian forest sector.


Indicator Forest Sector %
4.5%
GNP (2002) USD 20 billions
of GNP
2.0% of national
Taxes Income (2002) USD 4.6 billons
income
9% of working
Job Positions (direct and indirect) (2002) 6.5 millions
population
7% of total
Exportation (2004) USD 6.6 billions
exportation
1.3 % of total
Importation (2004) USD 0.8 billions
importations
18% of total commercial
Surplus Commercial (2004) USD 5.8 billions
trade surplus
Source: ABIMCI (2003) & SECEX (2005)

The Brazilian activities may be classified in several areas, such as: i) pulp paper; ii)
steel industry; iii) solid wood; iv) furniture; v) wood boards; and vi) forest no wood
products. Each sector has specific traits concerning the type of raw material utilized,
company size and geographical distribution, as can be observed in Table 02.
TABLE 02 – Principal traits of Brazilian private forest sector.
Sectors Forest Type Company Size

Pulp and Paper Planted large

Steel industry (charcoal) Planted medium / large

Solid Wood Planted and natural medium / small

Furniture Planted and natural most small / medium

Wood boards Planted and natural medium / large

No wood forest products Planted and natural small


Source: Authors (2005)

2.2 – INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Historically the trade of forest products always had a strong participation in the
international Brazilian commerce. In the last decades, the participation of forest products in
the total Brazilian exportations varied from 6% to 7% of the total exported by the country.
In the same period of time, importation of forest products felled from 2.2% to 1.3% of the
total importations.
Wood products are the most representative of the international trade, where they
account for 3.2% of Brazilian total exportation and approximately 45.5% of Brazilian forest
products exportation, in 2004.
Figure 01 shows the historic of wood forest products exported. During the analyzed
period of time, can be observed and average increase of 11.8% per year, in currency. In
2004 the exportations had increased 45.3% in currency compared to 2003. However, if the
volume is analyzed, the increase was 18% higher than 2003, at the same period of time.
3000

2500

2000
(millions USD) .

1500

1000

500

0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Exportation Importation Trade Balance


Source: SECEX (2005)
FIGURE 01 – Brazilian international trade historic of forest wood products.
The main destinies of Brazilian forest products have been changed during the past
years, as can be seen in Figure 02. In 1996, Japan was the principal importer of Brazilian
wood products (in volume). In 2000 United States turned the most important buyer,
keeping this position since then. In the last four years the USA participation in Brazilian
wood products exportation changed from 21% in 2001 to 37% in 2004, representing an
increase of 15% during the analyzed period.

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%
1996 2000 2004
USA Japan UK Portugal Other

Source: SECEX (2005)


FIGURE 02 – Main destinations of Brazilian wood products exportations over 1996 and
2004 period.

Sawn wood and plywood boards are the main wood products exported. Together
they represent about 55.6% of the total Brazilian wood exportation. Plywood boards
exportation has been increased since 1998 and in 2003 they reached 2.2 millions of cubic
meters, with approximately 66% of pine plywood and 35% of tropical plywood boards,
representing USD 780 millions. Compiled information by the authors indicated that the
exported volume in 2004 has reached 2.9 millions of cubic meters, placing Brazil as the
third largest world exporter.

Research done by BRASIL et al (2003) concluded that the growth in Brazilian


plywood board exportation will have to be based on the real competition capability of
Brazilian wood industry and efforts should be done to increase the advantages of scale
production, price and promotion of the Brazilian products at the international market.

The pulp and paper sector is strongly represented in the Brazilian international trade
operations. In 1966 the sector exported around USD 1.9 billions and in 2004 exported USD
2.9 billions, showing an growth rate of 4.6% per year, as it can be seen in Figure 03. Lately
(2004) the sector represents 44% of the Brazilian forest products exportations.

The importations of the pulp and paper sector were, in 1996, approximately USD 1
billion and in 2004 were USD 759 millions, showing a annual decrease rate of 4.6%. These
importations represents 90% of the Brazilian importation of forest products.
3000

2500

2000
(millions USD) .

1500

1000

500

0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Exportation Importation Trade Balance


Source: SECEX (2005)
FIGURE 03 – Pulp and paper international Brazilian trade historic.

The nations importing Brazilian pulp and paper products have been changing during
the last years, as can be observed in Figure 04. The USA is the main imported during the
analyzed period, however, the exportations of Brazilian pulp and paper are gaining new
markets, like Holland, which in 1996 imported 0.1% of the total exported by Brazil and has
imported 11.5% of the total Brazilian exportations of pulp and paper in 2004.

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%
1996 2000 2004

EUA China Holland Belgica Italia Others

Source: SECEX (2005)


FIGURE 04 – Main buyers of Brazilian pulp and paper products.
3 – BRAZILIAN FOREST POTENTIAL
Brazilian forests represent a major position worldwide. Brazil is the 5th largest
country in the world and its economy is the 13th. In 2000, there were 543.9 millions
hectares of forest in 845.6 millions hectares of land, corresponding to 64,3% of the country
territory (FAO, 2001). The Brazilian forests represent 59.8% of the tropical forests in South
America and 26.6% of tropical forests in the world (FAO, 1999).
As far as tropical forests are concerned, Brazil has three times more area than the
second country, the Democratic Republic of Congo, most of them inside the so-called
Legal Amazon. These forests are located in the northern part of the country, and the
majority of its areas are still unexplored. There are estimates that the Brazilian biodiversity,
if explored rationally, would generate two trillions of American dollars per year, around
four times the 2003 country Gross National Product.
The areas used in forest and agricultural activities are far from reaching its
maximum productive potential. Even under these conditions, the economics data show that
Brazilian forest products business already represents 4.5% of the nation Gross National
Product, 23% of agricultural business and 7% of the total Brazilian exportations, generating
1.2 millions of direct job positions and 5.3 millions of indirect ones, job positions in fields
as natural rubber extraction, wood, pulp and paper and furniture. The number of job
positions would be much greater if it has included positions in no wood forest products and
environmental activities (VIANA et al, 2002).

3.1 – NATURAL FORESTS

The Amazon forest is the largest tropical forest in the world, with its unique
biodiversity and volume of water. The so-called Brazilian Legal Amazon forest includes in
its area other forest types like savanna. The Legal Amazon forest occupies 5 millions of
square meters, composed of 74% of forest, 13% of savanna and 13% of exploited areas
(INPE, 2002), as shown in Figure 05.

Exploited 13%

Savanna and
13%
Open Areas

Forest 74%

0 20 40 60 80

Source: INPE (2002)


FIGURE 05 – Composition of Brazilian Legal Amazon forest (1998).
Following the late called Soviet Union, Brazil has the largest forest in the planet,
twice the Canadian area, the second largest, retaining more biomass than any other country
in the world (FAO, 2001).
Brazil is divided in five large geographical regions. The North region, the largest,
corresponds to the traditional Tropical Amazon forest. However, the Legal Amazon forest,
delimited for political and planning purposes, has 500 millions of hectares, representing
60% of the country territory.
Table 03 shows the remaining vegetal cover in the five Brazilian regions, grouped
by Dense Forest, Open Forest and others types. Dense Forests cover 352 millions of
hectares, with 288 millions of hectares that could be considered potentially productive.
Open Forests cover and area of 205 millions hectares, with 172 millions of hectares
showing productive potential (FUNATURA, 1995).

TABLE 03 – Brazilian Natural Forest areas by region.


Productive Potential % Of
Forest
Country Region Areas productive
(millions of ha)
(millions of ha) areas
North 358 310 86.6
Dense Forest 284 246 86.6
Open Forest and/or Others 74 64 86.5
Northeast 73 62 84.9
Dense Forest 11 6 54.5
Open Forest and/or Others 62 52 83.9
Middle West 95 72 75.8
Dense Forest 48 34 70.8
Open Forest and/or Others 47 38 80.8
Southeast 22 14 63.6
Dense Forest 4 1 25.0
Open Forest and/or Others 18 13 72.2
South 9 2 22.2
Dense Forest 4 1 25.0
Open Forest and/or Others 5 1 20.0
Total 557 460 82.6
Dense Forest 352 288 81.8
Open Forest and/or Others 205 172 83.9
Source: FUNATURA (1995)

3.2 – PLANTED FORESTS

By the time the above mentioned forest improvement program ended, in 1987, the
total area of planted forests were 5 millions hectares of Eucalyptus and Pine species. From
1987 to 2004, the forest industries increased in more than 200% their production but the
reforested areas remained the same, according to the sector data. The main explanation for
this is that the industry had invested heavily in research and development thought
association with Universities and Research Institutes, reaching a significant improvement in
forest productivity.
The reforested areas were submitted to new plantations and 50% of them were
replanted two or three times, each time incorporating new technology available, leading to
improvements in the forest productivity. Besides the technological improvements, is worth
mentioning that environmental and social gains are also detectable. These references
indicate the great planting potential of the Brazilian industry, granting their better
competition pattern (SBS, 2003).
It can be observed in Figure 06 a comparison nation of average annual growth rate
between Brazilian planted forests and other countries. The average growth rate in Brazilian
planted forest is 35 m³/ha/year, with a rate of 70m³/ha/year under excellent site conditions.
The average growth rate is, therefore, higher than any other country.

35
30
25
(m³/ha/year)

20
15
10
5
0

d
lia

ca
en

SA
da

ile
o

il
an
ic

az
fri
ed
na

tra

Ch
ex
U

al

Br
A
Sw
Ca

us

Ze
M
h
A

ut

ew
So

Source: Forest Research Institute (2003)


FIGURE 06 – Average growth rate in several countries.

Wood from planted forests, mainly from Eucalyptus and Pine species, constitutes
the most important source of raw material to several Brazilian forest industries. The use of
this type of wood is already a reality and is very promising in the future. The knowledge
accumulated in the past years, regarding forest management, genetic improvement and
mechanical and industrial technologies are considerable, allowing the wood products
originated from these kind of forest to be used in a variety of forms, in a high competitive
way and also aggregating social and environmental values to them. Social and
environmental care is traits being requested by the countries, which import solid wood or
its products.
According to data from the Brazilian Silviculture Society (SBS - Sociedade
Brasileira de Silvicultura) Brazil has nowadays 4,3 millions of hectares of planted forests of
Eucalyptus and Pine species. The Eucalyptus planted forests represents 61.4% of the
Brazilian reforestation area, where 57% of them planted in the State of Minas Gerais,
southeast part of the country. The planted area of Pine species are 38.6 % of the total,
mainly in the State of Paraná, which is located at the South region of the country, as it can
be seen in Figure 07.
1600

1400

1200

1000
(1000 ha)

800

600

400

200

0
Minas Gerais São Paulo Paraná Bahia Santa Rio Grande Others
Catarina do Sul

Pinus Eucaliptos

Source: SBS (2003)


FIGURE 07 – Area Distribution of Eucalyptus and Pine species in Brazil (2001).

3.3 – PROTECTION FOREST

Brazil has a large net of tropical forests protection areas. This net embraces
permanent protection areas, sustainable management areas for direct use, exploitation areas
and integral protection areas for indirect use.

There are 229 conservation areas under government supervision, adding up to 45


millions of hectares, representing 5.25% of the country territory. Out of them, 101 are
considered Permanent Protection areas (indirect uses) with 18.3 millions of hectares, being
47 National Parks, 29 Ecological Stations, 24 Biological Stations and two Ecological Sites.
The remaining 128 areas are designated as of Sustainable Use (direct uses), covering 26.5
millions of hectares, with 60 National Forest areas, 23 Exploitation areas, 28
Environmental Protection areas and 17 of high Ecological Importance (IBAMA 2002 &
WWF 1999).

State protection areas add up to 26.9 millions of hectares, representing 3.18% of the
country total area. Adding the federal and state conservation areas, Brazil has 80 millions of
hectares of protected forests, representing 8.43 % of its territory.

Even not being part of the National System of Conservation Units (SINUC), Brazil
has 105 millions of hectares of legal Indian Protection areas, where more than 300 different
Indians tribes live, divided in 586 areas and representing 12.4% of the country territory,
most of them (98%) located at the Legal Amazon region (ISA 2003).
3.4 – BRAZIL FOREST SECTOR IN THE WORLD

As already mentioned, Brazil has 54.3 millions of hectares of forests, which


represents 64.3% of the country area (FAO, 2001). This vegetal coverage represents 14% of
the world’s coverage, making the country the second largest. However, if the biomass stock
is considered, the country is the largest in the world, as it can be seen in Table 04.

TABLE 04 – Area of vegetal coverage of the world,


considering the major countries.
Total Area Vegetal Coverage % Of
Country
(1,000 ha) (1,000 ha) Country
Soviet Union 1,688,851 851,392 50,4
Brazil 845,651 543,905 64,3
Canada 922,097 244,571 26,5
USA 915,895 225,993 24,7
China 932,743 163,480 17,5
Australia 768,230 154,539 20,1
Republic of Congo 226,705 135,207 59,6
World 13,063,900 3,869,455 29,6
Source: FAO (2001)

Concerning planted forests, Brazil has 4,9 millions of hectares, representing 0.5% of
the country territory. The area of planted forests put the country as the eighth largest of the
world, representing 2.7% of the area of planted forests in the planet, as can be seen in Table
05.

TABLE 05 – Area of planted forests in the major countries


of the world.
Country Area Planted Forests % Of
Country
(1,000 ha) (1,000 ha) Country
China 932,743 45,083 4.8
India 297,319 32,578 11.0
Soviet Union 1,688,851 17,340 1.0
USA 915,895 16,238 1.8
Japan 37,652 10,682 28.4
Indonesia 181,157 9,871 5.4
Brazil 845,651 4,982 0.5
Thailand 51,098 4,920 9.6
Ukraine 57,935 4,425 7.6
World 13,063,900 186,733 1.4
Source: FAO (2001)
The world international trade holds USD 6.0 trillions and forest products are among
the ten principal commodities traded. International transactions of forest products represent
a total annual value of USD 132 billions.
The international trade of forest products has been shown a very positive behavior
during the last decade. Between 1993 and 2003, the growth rate of international trade of
forest products has reached 2.6% per year, as a result of international demand. The flow of
the international trade of forest products is basically concentrated in the developed
countries (80%), being East Europe and North America (USA and Canada) the largest ones.
More recently, it can be observed a slow penetration of the developing countries in the
international market, mainly China, Indonesia and Brazil.
In the last years, Brazil is gaining some space in the international market of forest
products. In 1993, the country participation was 2.1% of the total traded, while in 2003, the
country has contributed with 3.7% of world exportations, as shown in Figure 08.

6
% of world exportations

5
4
3
2
1
0
1963 1973 1983 1993 2003
Austria China Indonesia Brazil
Source: FAO (2004)
FIGURE 08 – Participation of some countries in world exportation of forest products.

Between 1993 and 2003 the growth rate of Brazilian exportations was 6% per year.
The total exportation of forest products by the country reached USD 6.6 billions, which
represents 7% of the total exported by the country.
Concerning forest products using raw material originated from planted forests,
Brazil appears as the largest exporter of Pine plywood and Eucalyptus sort fiber pulp. In
case of products based on tropical wood, the country is the third world exporter of plywood
and sawn wood, being however the largest exported of raw tropical wood, with 90% of its
production coming from the Amazon forest.
Log cuttings from Amazon forest has grown significantly in the last two decades.
The production of logs had an increase from 4.5 millions m3, in 1976, to 28 millions of m3
in 1977, mainly from the northern states of Pará, Mato Grosso and Rondonia. The majority
of these cuttings (80%) happen inside the belt surrounding the southeast area of Amazon,
from Rondonia to the north of Mato Grosso and south and east of Pará.
Brazil is also the greatest consumer of tropical wood. The majority of wood logs
produced at the Amazon region (86%) is for the internal market in the southeast region,
used mainly as a charcoal source, having an estimate total revenue of USD 2.5 millions per
year (SMERALDI & VERÍSSIMO, 1999).
According to NOCE (2003), Brazil is showing a very competitive pattern,
increasing exportations, and this fact is based on factors like low costs, product quality, and
cambium rates.
The Brazilian forest products sector has all the basic conditions to occupy a
privileged position at the international market. To accomplish that is important that the
country uses its comparative advantages for improve it’s competitive. The efforts done by
the private Brazilian wood industry must be followed by government actions towards a
common sector strategy.
In reality, the Brazilian forest product sector has shown great capability of penetrate
the international market and has full conditions to increase its participation on it. However,
the boundaries of its participation will be established by the country government policies,
which in its turn may help or restrict the development of the sector.

4 – CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF


BRAZILIAN FOREST SECTOR
The forest products sector, as any other national economy segment, needs to its
development, clear and adequate policies assuring resources and technology as a way to
achieve its goals, according to local characteristics. The politics turned to the development
of the country forest sector must be objective and wide. Objective because is treating of an
issue of high complexity, and wide because deals with sustainable production of goods and
services, taking into account environmental aspects.
The development is not reached by only using the natural resources available, but
treating issues concerning the management of its sources. The goods provided by the
natural resources allow its exploitation and the services, otherwise, lead to the necessity of
its conservation. Therefore, the development of an adequate national forest policy cannot
leave to consider:
Ecosystem conservation;
Utilization of the natural resources as a development factor.
As shown in the previous sections of the present paper, forest products sector
generates 6.5 millions of direct and indirect job positions, has a strong participation on the
National Gross Product and at the country's international trade. These benefits may be
increased significantly and the challenges are being transposed. Among the challenges to be
meet, are:
- New Institutional Structure;
- Raw material availability;
- Sector policies;
- Simplification and stability of legislation;
- Technological development and labor training;
- Financial resources;
- Consolidation of the forest development spots in the country;
- Decrease of bureaucracy costs.

• New Institutional Structure

The issue of conservation of natural resources is complex and is pressuring highly


all forest production activities. The major challenges and pressure are over public and
private institutions, such as:
− The private sector needs for a stronger identity to support the national forest
development;
− A strategic strength program of institutional capability needs to be formulated
and executed, embracing public and private levels;
− Public institutions need to be capacitated and organized, having monitoring and
controlling instruments to fulfill their role in implementing and managing sector
development policies, with special emphasis on the forest production sector;
− Creation of one agency focused on production and commercialization of forest
products, mainly for planted forests;
− Change of the public institutional model, which presently privileges command
and control actions;
− Decentralization of the public administration, with the creation of new
commands and controls procedures;
− Skill improvement on processes management and development of new
regulations.

• Raw material availability

Brazil has 4.8 millions of hectares of planted forests, using 5% of the national
territory and 2.3% of the agricultural land area, and are providing growth conditions for
several industrial branches, which are supplying internal and external markets.
Statistics show, however, that keeping the growth levels of the last twenty years,
and assuming the same consumption of forest products quantities, it will be necessary
enlarge the reforested areas in about 6 millions of hectares until 2012. This is a hard task,
demanding great efforts and attention of government authorities and the interested parts of
society aiming to overcome the existing limitations. However, another aspects must be
taken into consideration, such as:
− Development of ways to improve the creation of planted forests at small and
medium size properties;
− Coordination and support to the developed forest stands at small and medium
size properties;
− Explaining and teaching the population the social, economic and environmental
benefits from planted forests.

• Sector policies
There is a necessity of taking some acts towards the implementation of a
Reforestation Program at federal and state levels. Some actions are urgent and, if not
established, may compromise deeply the industry expansion in the future. The priority
actions are:
− Ecological and economical mapping, considering the forest sector needs, mainly
the increase of the planted area;
− Effective access to financial sources compatible with the forest activities, with
special emphasis on reforesting new areas at small and medium size properties;
− Reduction of importation costs for forest activities, with taxes and customs fees
reduction for forest equipment;
− Creation of incentive programs aiming the increase of technology, training and
media exposure for forest resources;
− Simplification and stabilization of the forest legislation, with a full revision of
the Brazilian Forest Code;
− Forest and environmental equalization of legislation;
− Stability guaranty of legislation for a medium and large period of time;
− Establishment of a national forest program, contemplating the creation of a solid
and organized base for forest activities;
− Revision of the land use and ownership code, seeking for a less concentrated
model.

• Technological development and labor training

The Brazilian forest activity, based on research and experimental work, reached an
excellent technological point. However, the new acquainted technical and scientific
knowledge must not be set aside, once they may represent a great improvement either in
quantity as in quality of the forest sector. Among the new traits that can be incorporated,
the following are worth of mentioning:
− Knowledge in genetic improvement;
− Scientific definition of the relations among the productive process and
environmental demands;
− Development of products with high aggregated value;
− Multiple use and application for forest products;
− Increase research with different and alternative forest species;
− Training of technicians and government agents;
− Improve the public and private managing capabilities;
− Integration of universities with the new markets needs and demands;
− Training of small and medium size forest producers.

• Financial Resources

Reforestation lost, ant the end of the 80's, the flow of economical resources that had
allowed the implementation of the Brazilian forest industry site, based on which the wood
processing, plywood, wood board, vegetal charcoal, extraction and industrialization of
vegetal resins and pulp and paper industries established their growth in the last 30 years.
The come back of reforestation requires a new placement and dimension strategy as
a productive activity, through the adoption of some mechanisms of correction and
compensation of the disadvantages it has, as compared to another activities.
The structural aspects of forest reforestation demand a set of institutional actions,
aiming the reduction or suppression of the actual pressure on the sector. allowing the
activity to gain yield. Some strategies for the sector, regarding these aspects is:
− Taxes compensation for legal reserved areas, permanent protection areas, and
ecological areas;
− Protection mechanisms against variations on interest taxes, specially in a long
term period;
− Creation of a forest reforestation found;
− Inflation reposition on forest actives;
− Time adequacy and probation period for official financial loans for forest
activities;
− Special lines of financing for small and medium forest owners and/or
cooperatives.
With these actions, the gaps between different competing countries would be
minimized, especially with the ones offering some type of subsidies.

• Consolidation of the forest development spots in the country

The consolidation of forest developments spots throughout the country is an


important challenge to be overcome, seeking to increase the competition of the Brazilian
forest sector. This is highly dependent on the available region infrastructure, like roads,
ports and electrical energy. The development of forest production spots contributes to the
attachment of the small and medium size producer to the economical and productive chain.
• Decrease of bureaucracy costs

Probably due to a subconscious association with natural forest exploitation, and


aiming to preserve and protect the environment, several administrative requirements were
established, making reforestation in the country quite bureaucratic, aggregating
administrative costs, which reduces the yield of forest activity in Brazil. Among them, it
can be stated:
− Annual reports by producing farms;
− Annual register and renewal of forest industries;
− Cutting plans and permissions;
− Inclusion and exclusion taxes in different activities, such as log trade, charcoal
production, commercialization;
− License to cut private wood;
− Obligation of several papers to transport logs and wood products;
− Environmental taxes.

5 – REFERENCES
ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DA INDÚSTRIA DE MADEIRA PROCESSADA
MECANICAMENTE (ABIMCI). Estudo Setorial 2003 – Produtos de Madeira Sólida;
Curitiba-PR, 72pp. 2003.

BRASIL, A. A.; ANGELO, H.; SANTOS, A. J.; BERGER, R. Demanda de Exportações


de Painéis de Madeira do Brasil. Revista Floresta, Vol. 33(2), Curitiba-PR, 135-146pp.
2003.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (FAO). Status and Progress in the


implementation of National Forest Programmes: Outcome of the FAO World-Wide
Survey. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, Italy.
1999.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (FAO). State of the world’s forests.


FAO, Rome, Italy. 181pp, 2001.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (FAO). Online Forestry Database.


FAO, Rome, Italy. Disponível em <http://www.fao.org>. 2001.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (FAO). Online Forestry Database.


FAO, Rome, Italy. Disponível em <http://www.fao.org>. 2004.

FUNATURA / IBAMA / ITTO. Diagnóstico do Setor Florestal Brasileiro. Brasília, 1995.


INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DO MEIO AMBIENTE E DOS RECURSOS NATURAIS
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Brasil. Brasília, 397pp. 2002.

INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS ESPACIAIS (INPE). Monitoring of the


Brazilian Amazon forest by satellite 2000-2001. São Paulo, 12pp. 2002.

INSTITUTO SOCIOAMBIENTAL (ISA). Povos Indígenas no Brasil. Disponível em:


<http://www. socioambiental.org>, 2003.

NOCE, R., CARVALHO, R. M. M. A., SOARES, T. S. et al. Desempenho do Brasil nas


exportações de madeira serrada. Rev. Árvore, set./out. 2003, vol.27, no.5, p.695-700.
2003.

PEREIRA, H. S.; Instituciones Forestales – Brasil; Proyecto Informacion y Analisis para


el Manejo Forestal Sostenible: Integrando Esfuerzos Nacionales e Internacionales en 13
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SECRETARIA DO COMÉRCIO EXTERIOR (SECEX); Ministério da Industria e


Comércio. Disponível em <http://www.mdic.gov.br>. Acesso em janeiro de 2005.

SMERALDI, R., VERÍSSIMO, J. A. O. et all. Acertando o Alvo: Consumo de madeira


no mercado interno brasileiro e promoção da certificação florestal. São Paulo: Amigos
da Terra – Programa Amazônia; Piracicaba, SP: IMAFLORA; Belém, PA. 1999.

SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE SILVICULTURA (SBS). Disponível em


<http://www.sbs.org.br>. 2003.

VIANA, V. M., MAY, P., LAGO, L., DUBOIS, O., GRIEG-GRAN, M. Instrumentos
para o manejo sustentável do setor florestal privado no Brasil. Uma análise das
necessidades, desafios e oportunidades para o manejo de florestas naturais e
plantações florestais de pequena escala. Série Instruments for sustainable private sector
forestry, International Institute for Environment and Development, Londres. 182pp. 2002.

WORLD WILDLIFE FUND (WWF). WWF-Forests for Life: Forest Protected Area
Triples in Brazil’s Amazon.. 1999.

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