APPENDIX

A. Standardization of Hydrochloric Acid Solution (Methyl Orange endpoint)

Primary standard used: Na2CO3
Formula mass of primary standard: 106. 00 g/mol
%Purity of primary standard: 99.9%
Final volume Initial Voume = Net Volume
ew =
= 0.14
Trial
1 Standard weight, g
Volume of HCl used, mL

1
0.1005 0.0002
43.30 0.14

2
0.1000 0.0002
42.30 0.14

Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2CO3

)(

)(

)(

Trial 1

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

ew =
=
=
Trial 2

ew =

=
=

Average Molarity

B. Sample Analysis
Sample Stock Solution
Total Volume of Sample Stock: (25 0.03 mL dH2O) +(50 0.05 mL dH2O)
ew =
= 0.06
Mass of sample: 0.5009 0.0002 g
Total Volume of Sample Stock: 75.00 0.06 mL
Working Sample Solution
Total Volume of Working Sample: (25 0.03 mL dH2O) +(50 0.05 mL dH2O)
ew =
= 0.06
Volume of Sample Stock: 25.00 0.03 mL
Total Volume of Working Sample: 75.00 0.06 mL
Final volume Initial Voume = Net Volume
ew =
= 0.14
Trial

Phenolphthalein endpoint
5.00 0.10
8.10 0.10
0.00 0.10
0.00 0.10
5.00 0.14
8.10 0.14
Methyl Orange endpoint
25.30 0.10
35.50 0.10
5.00 0.10
8.10 0.10
20.30 0.14
27.40 0.14

Final Volume of HCl, mL

Initial Volume of HCl, mL
Net Volume of HCl , mL
Final Volume of HCl, mL
Initial Volume of HCl, mL
Net Volume of HCl , mL

12.10 0.10
4.80 0.10
7.30 0.14
40.00 0.10
12.10 0.10
27.90 0.14

Relationship of Vph and Vmo: Vmo>Vph

Composition of Soda Ash: NaHCO3 + Na2CO3
PERCENT COMPOSITION
(

)(

)(

Trial 1

= 14.03034538

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

ew

ew =
=

0.4048 %

Trial 2

= 22.72915951

ew

ew =
=

0.4234 %

Trial 3

ew

ew =
=

0.4179 %

Average %Na2CO3
ew =
= 0.7196
=

0.7196 %

)(

)(

Trial 1
=(

= 34.02631419

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

ew

ew =
=

0.5038 %

Trial 2
=(

= 42.92208261

ew

ew =

=
Trial 3

0.5356 %

=(

= 45.81320735

ew

ew =
=

0.5470 %

Average %NaHCO3
ew =
= 0.9165
=

0.9165 %

Trial 1
[

ew =
= 0.6463
=

0.6463 %

Trial 2
[

0.4234 %)]

ew =
= 0.6827
=

0.6827 %

Trial 3
[

0.4179 %)]

ew =
= 0.6884
=

0.6884 %

Average %inert
ew =
= 1.1652
=

1.1652 %

PERCENT ERROR
%Na2CO3
%error =
=

x100

%NaHCO3
%error =

x100

=
%Inert
%error =

x100

=
STANDARD DEVIATION AND RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATION

RSD

( )

%Na2CO3
Trial 1=
Trial 2=
Trial 3=
Average =

0.4048 %
0.4234 %
0.4179 %
0.4179 %

= 4.515981865

RSD

(
= 236.67 ppt

%NaHCO3
Trial 1=
Trial 2=
Trial 3=
Average

= 6.143065569
RSD

(
= 150.12 ppt

%Inert
Trial 1=
Trial 2=
Trial 3=
Average

1.1652 %

= 10.34986381
RSD

(
= 258.76 ppt

CONFIDENCE INTERVAL (95%)

Confidence limit =

%Na2CO3

= (7.8699, 30.2927)
%NaHCO3

= (25.6697, 56.1713)
%Inert

=
= (14.3036, 65.6928)

References
[1]Skoog, D.,D. West, J. Holler & S. Crouch. 2013. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry.9th ed. USA: Cengage
Learning.p. 360,370

[2] Chang, R. 2005. Chemistry. 8th ed. USA:McGraw-Hill International. p700

[3] Petrucci, R. 2011. General Chemistry. 10th ed. USA:MacMillan Publishing Company.p 929

[4]Lancu, P., Velea, S. , Plesu V., Muscalu C. and David D.(2010), Modelling and simulation of CO2 absorption in
alkaline buffer solutions in gPROMS, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 21, 679-684, DOI: 10.3303/CET1021114.

[5] Kumar, S. 2009. Theory of Indicator. Retrieved January 12, 2014 from
http://www.creativechemistry.org.uk/alevel/module1/documents/N-ch1-36.pdf

[6] Clark, J. 2002. pH (TITRATION) CURVES. Retrieved January 12, 2014 from
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/acidbaseeqia/phcurves.html