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A-LEVEL MATHEMATICS MID-TERM NOTES AND WORKSHEET web ID: L6.11.W03

Instructions: This worksheet is designed to assist you revise current material as well as some well needed fundamentals. Hence, please pay attention to any intermediate notes (Section 1). For Sections 2 to 8, please work neatly, show all working and relevant explanations; 3 signicant gures accuracy is generally required. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Revision ~ Working Denitions and Properties 1.1. Surds This is an innite set of Irrational Numbers formed by taking the roots of integers. Some examples are as below: True Surds Forms Square roots: True Surd Form after Simplication

32 = 2 ! 16 = 2 16 =4 2

2,

3,

Other roots:
3

0.004 = 10 ! 0.0004
3

(why form '0.0004 '?)

5,

67 ,

21

= 10 ! ( 0.02 ) = 0.02 10

21 = 3 3 ! 7 = 3 3! 3 7

2700 = 3 100 ! 27 = 3 3 100

BZK Inc. 2011

Date Given: Oct 16, 2011

Date Due: Oct 20, 2011

Hampton School, Jamaica

1.2.

Nomenclature of Roots and Powers

Root Index or Exponent Radical

Base

x = n xm
Radicand

m n

1.3.

Laws of Indices (Exponents) and Applications to the Simplication of Surds Descriptions and Comments Results of the base & index for 0 & 1 Results of the index innity An exponent accelerates multiplication and in this case, n ! ! For ! , with equal bases, add the indices For , with equal bases, subtract the indices Treatment of reciprocals (based on the previous result)

Laws and Properties of Indices ( a ! 0 )

1n = 1 and 0 n = 0 ; a 0 = 1 and a1 = a
If a > 1 , then a ! = ! and

1 =0 a!

a n = a ! a ! ... ! a "n times" a n a m = a( n + m ) ! 1 1 = (n+ m) m aa a

n

an = a( n ! m ) m a a0 1 1 ! n = a( 0 ! n ) " n = a ! n # ! n = a n a a a
n

am = !am

( a) = a = ( !1 " a )
n n n

m n

= (!a) n
q

Alternate representations of radicals

a pb q = a pb q

1 n

= a nbn

1 1 a a = ! = a a a a 1 1 a" b a" b = ! = a"b a+ b a+ b a" b

Rationalization of simple & composite fractions with radicals (surds). (NB: Ive used the square root as a demo but any root (or term) applies)

BZK Inc. 2011

Date Given: Oct 16, 2011

Date Due: Oct 20, 2011

Hampton School, Jamaica

1.4.

Laws and Properties of Logarithms (logarithm = exponent or index) Descriptions and Comments Denition of logarithm from its inverse Common and Natural logarithms Logarithm to any base of 0 is indenite Logarithm upper limit is indenite Logarithm to any base of 0 is 1 Law of Products for logarithms Law of Quotients for logarithms

Laws and Properties of Logarithms

a = b n ! log b a = n log10 a ! log a = lg a

x! 0+

, a > 0, b > 0 and log e a ! ln a

lim ( log b x ) = "# $ log b 0 is undefined

x ! +"

lim ( log b x ) = +" log b 1 = 0

log b (ac) = log b a + log b c ! a$ log b # & = log b a ' log b c " c% log b a n = n log b a
r

, c!0

log b

p log b a a = r
p

Handling indices or exponents

! 1$ log b # & = ' log b a " a% ! ! 1$ log b a = ' log b # & " a% log b a = log c a log c b
Change of Base formula Handing Reciprocals

If y = Ab kx with A, b & k as constants, then log y = log Ab kx

) ( )
kx

= log A + log b

Linearizing and Solving Simple Equations

log y = ( k log b ) x + log A ! Y " mX + c

BZK Inc. 2011

Date Given: Oct 16, 2011

Date Due: Oct 20, 2011

Hampton School, Jamaica

1.5.

Practical Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Mathematics ! Finance ! ! World Affairs ! Economics ! Psychology ! Chemistry ! Biology! !

Representations of Complex Numbers Gross National Products Population Growth, Spread of an Epidemic Compound Interest, Mortgage calculations Modeling Recall from Memory Measure of Acidity, pH and Alkalinity, pOH Bacteria growth Seismic activity (earthquake strengths), Carbon Dating Describe the paths of planetary motion

Geology ! ! Astronomy !

Electrical Engineering! Photovoltaic effects, Capacitor discharge, etc. Genetic Engineering! Nuclear Physics ! ! General Computing ! Cell mutation rates, etc Radioactivity Decay Areas (oor space, etc), Volumes (bottling, etc.)

The list continues!

Can you nd others? (Class Discussion on Oct 20/21)

BZK Inc. 2011

Date Given: Oct 16, 2011

Date Due: Oct 20, 2011

Hampton School, Jamaica

Problems 2 to 8 are the Worksheet Problems for Submission [Total Time: 60 Mins]

2. Solve the following, leaving answers in surd form if possible. 2.1. 2.2.

[14 mins]

2 x 2 ! 3x ! 1 = 0

(nd the 2 real roots)

x 2 = y and x = y ! 1 (solve simultaneously for the 2 pairs of real solutions)

3. Simply the following expressions 3.1.

[3 mins]

4 3 7 + 2 3 2 ! 1 $ + 1& # 3 5 " 40 %

3.2.

4. Basic Understanding of Logarithms 4.1.

[5 mins]

What is the most important relationship between the functions y = 10 x and

y = log x ? Hence or otherwise, explain the statement the antilog of 3 is 1000.

4.2. Sketch the graphs of y = 10 x and y = log x on the same axes, same scale.

5. Without using Calculators, evaluate the following (clearly show your working and the logarithm law or property used) 5.1. [6 mins]

log10 !2 ! 53 5 $ log 5 # 1/3 & " 5 % log 10

5.2.

5.3.

BZK Inc. 2011

Date Given: Oct 16, 2011

Date Due: Oct 20, 2011

Hampton School, Jamaica

6. Evaluate: 6.1. 6.2.

[2 min] (hint: refer to the meaning of anti-log)

z = 10 log 2 q = 10 3log 5 ! 2 log 3

7. Solve the following equations. (In all cases except 7.3, rewrite the exponential functions in logarithmic form and then solve for x) 7.1. 7.2. 7.3. 7.4. 7.5. [25 mins]

4 = 10 x 25 = 5 x
2

+2 x+3

log 2 x = log 2 x 5 x = e2 8 = 2 e0.04 x

(hint: use the substitution y = log 2 x ) (*Hint: use natural logs to ensure accuracy!)

8. Rewrite the following expressions as a single logarithm using radicals where necessary (see your notes for examples) 8.1. 8.2. 8.3. 8.4. 8.5. [5 mins]

3log x +

log y 2

x log 3 ! log x x log y + 3( log z ! 1) 0.25 ( log x ) + 0.5 ( log y ) + 2 ( log z ) ! log A ! ( log B ! log C )

- ENFIN -

BZK Inc. 2011

Date Given: Oct 16, 2011

Date Due: Oct 20, 2011

Hampton School, Jamaica