A Direct Spectral Domain Method For Near-Ground Microwave Radiation by A Vertical Dipole Above Earth in The Presence of Atmospheric Refractivity

A Direct Spectral Domain Method for
Near-Ground Microwave Radiation by a Vertical

Dipole Above Earth in the Presence of
Atmospheric Refractivity
Raj Bhattacharjea
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
August 12, 2013
Outline
Background and Motivation
Environmental and Mathematical Models
The Spectral Domain Greens Functions
Sommerfeld Integrals
Pole Extraction
Hybrid Asymptotic / Numerical Evaluation
Numerical Experiments
Future Research
R. Bhattacharjea, GT
A Direct Spectral Domain Method for Near-Ground Microwave Radiation by a Vertical Dipole Above Earth in the Presence of Atmospheric Refractivity 2/19
Motivation: Real World Applications
Mesh topology low power networks
Wireless sensor networks
Unattended ground sensor
networks
Applications
Intrusion detection
Localization
Tomography
Agricultural Sensing
Cooperative Cognitive Radio
Motivation: Real World Applications
Mesh topology low power networks
Wireless sensor networks
Unattended ground sensor
networks
Applications
Intrusion detection
Localization
Tomography
Agricultural Sensing
Cooperative Cognitive Radio
Refractivity
In non-magnetic media, n =
r
In air, n is a weak function of pressure, temperature, and air composition
(H
2
O is dominant term, followed by CO
2
) as
N = (n 1) 10
6
= K
1
P
T
+ K
2
e
T
+ K
3
e
T
2
If P, T, e are functions of height z above the earth, then so is N.
Refractive eects are known to be signicant (dominant propagation
mechanism in some cases) in classical radar scenarios, i.e. tens of
kilometers of range and kilometers of height over the ocean.
Refractivity
r
(H
2
2
) as
N = (n 1) 10
6
= K
1
P
T
+ K
2
e
T
+ K
3
e
T
2
Refractivity
r
(H
2
2
) as
N = (n 1) 10
6
= K
1
P
T
+ K
2
e
T
+ K
3
e
T
2
Near-Ground Temperature and Humidity
Dynamics: boundary-layer uid mechanics + solar forcing.
We use some measurements
(P(z), T(z), e(z)) N = K
1
P
T
+ K
2
e
T
+ K
3
e
T
2
Florida
Sensor 6
Sensor 5
Sensor 4
Sensor 3
Sensor 2
Sensor 1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
Height [m]
R
e
f
r
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y

[
N
u
n
i
t
s
]
Refractivity vs. Height in the nearsurface environment
Near-Ground Temperature and Humidity
Dynamics: boundary-layer uid mechanics + solar forcing.
We use some measurements
(P(z), T(z), e(z)) N = K
1
P
T
+ K
2
e
T
+ K
3
e
T
2
Florida
Sensor 6
Sensor 5
Sensor 4
Sensor 3
Sensor 2
Sensor 1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
Height [m]
R
e
f
r
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y

[
N
u
n
i
t
s
]
Refractivity vs. Height in the nearsurface environment
Maxwells Equations in Plane-Stratied Media
Time-harmonic Maxwells equations
(exp (j t)), Lorenz gauge
potentials, in multilayered media:
_
2
+ k
2
_
A =
0
J
Tangential E, H continuous at z
Sommerfeld radiation condition

= {1, 2, . . . L + 1}
_
2
+ k
2
_
A =
0
J

= {1, 2, . . . L + 1}
_
2
+ k
2
_
A =
0
J

= {1, 2, . . . L + 1}
The Spectral Domain Greens Function
_
2
+ k
2
_
A
z
=
0
I
z0
(z z
)

= {1, 2, . . . L + 1}
A
z
F
x,y

A
z
(x, y)
F
x,y
(k
x
, k
y
)
(
2
+ k
2
)
F
x,y

2
z
2
+ k
2
z
k
2
z
= k
2
k
2
, k
2
= k
2
x
+ k
2
y
Reduces the PDE to an ODE
2

A
z
z
2
+ k
2
z

A
z
=
_
_
_
I
z0
(zz
)
4
2
, source layer
0, other layers
With solution
A
z
= j

0
I
z0
8
2

_
_
e
jk
z
|zz
|
k
z
+ R
+
e
jk
z
(zz
1
)
+ R
e
jk
z
(zz
)
, source layer
R
+
e
jk
z
(zz
1
)
+ R
e
jk
z
(zz
)
, other layers
_
2
+ k
2
_
A
z
=
0
I
z0
(z z
)

= {1, 2, . . . L + 1}
A
z
F
x,y

A
z
(x, y)
F
x,y
(k
x
, k
y
)
(
2
+ k
2
)
F
x,y

2
z
2
+ k
2
z
k
2
z
= k
2
k
2
, k
2
= k
2
x
+ k
2
y
2

A
z
z
2
+ k
2
z

A
z
=
_
_
_
I
z0
(zz
)
4
2
, source layer
0, other layers
With solution
A
z
= j

0
I
z0
8
2

_
_
e
jk
z
|zz
|
k
z
+ R
+
e
jk
z
(zz
1
)
+ R
e
jk
z
(zz
)
, source layer
R
+
e
jk
z
(zz
1
)
+ R
e
jk
z
(zz
)
, other layers
_
2
+ k
2
_
A
z
=
0
I
z0
(z z
)

= {1, 2, . . . L + 1}
A
z
F
x,y

A
z
(x, y)
F
x,y
(k
x
, k
y
)
(
2
+ k
2
)
F
x,y

2
z
2
+ k
2
z
k
2
z
= k
2
k
2
, k
2
= k
2
x
+ k
2
y
2

A
z
z
2
+ k
2
z

A
z
=
_
_
_
I
z0
(zz
)
4
2
, source layer
0, other layers
With solution
A
z
= j

0
I
z0
8
2

_
_
e
jk
z
|zz
|
k
z
+ R
+
e
jk
z
(zz
1
)
+ R
e
jk
z
(zz
)
, source layer
R
+
e
jk
z
(zz
1
)
+ R
e
jk
z
(zz
)
, other layers
_
2
+ k
2
_
A
z
=
0
I
z0
(z z
)

= {1, 2, . . . L + 1}
A
z
F
x,y

A
z
(x, y)
F
x,y
(k
x
, k
y
)
(
2
+ k
2
)
F
x,y

2
z
2
+ k
2
z
k
2
z
= k
2
k
2
, k
2
= k
2
x
+ k
2
y
2

A
z
z
2
+ k
2
z

A
z
=
_
_
_
I
z0
(zz
)
4
2
, source layer
0, other layers
With solution
A
z
= j

0
I
z0
8
2

_
_
e
jk
z
|zz
|
k
z
+ R
+
e
jk
z
(zz
1
)
+ R
e
jk
z
(zz
)
, source layer
R
+
e
jk
z
(zz
1
)
+ R
e
jk
z
(zz
)
, other layers
Spectral Domain Boundary Conditions
Tangential continuity of E, H + Sommerfeld radiation condition:
_
A
z
=

A
z(+1)
_
z=z
R
+
1
= 0, R
L+1
= 0
_
1
n
2

A
z
z
=
1
n
2
+1

A
z(+1)
z
_
z=z
_
A
z
=

A
z(+1)
_
z=z
R
+
1
= 0, R
L+1
= 0
_
1
n
2

A
z
z
=
1
n
2
+1

A
z(+1)
z
_
z=z
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Matrix Column
M
a
t
r
i
x

R
o
w
_
A
z
=

A
z(+1)
_
z=z
R
+
1
= 0, R
L+1
= 0
_
1
n
2

A
z
z
=
1
n
2
+1

A
z(+1)
z
_
z=z
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Matrix Column
M
a
t
r
i
x

R
o
w
Sommerfeld Integral and Quadrature
Fourier integral simplies to Sommerfeld integral:
_ _
(k
x
,k
y
)
A
z
(k
x
, k
y
) exp (j (k
x
x + k
y
y)) dk
x
dk
y

_

0
A
z
(k
)J
0
(k
)k
dk
Two issues to handle for numerical integration

Singularities in complex-k
plane
1 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
8
6
4
2
0
2
Log SDGF Contours
Integration Path
Oscillatory nature of J
0
(k
)
0 10 20
0.5
0
0.5
1
0 10 20
0.5
0
0.5
1
0 10 20
0.5
0
0.5
1
0 10 20
0.5
0
0.5
1
_ _
(k
x
,k
y
)
A
z
(k
x
, k
y
) exp (j (k
x
x + k
y
y)) dk
x
dk
y

_

0
A
z
(k
)J
0
(k
)k
dk

plane
1 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
8
6
4
2
0
2
Log SDGF Contours
Integration Path
0
(k
)
0 10 20
0.5
0
0.5
1
0 10 20
0.5
0
0.5
1
0 10 20
0.5
0
0.5
1
0 10 20
0.5
0
0.5
1
_ _
(k
x
,k
y
)
A
z
(k
x
, k
y
) exp (j (k
x
x + k
y
y)) dk
x
dk
y

_

0
A
z
(k
)J
0
(k
)k
dk

plane
1 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
8
6
4
2
0
2
Log SDGF Contours
Integration Path
0
(k
)
0 10 20
0.5
0
0.5
1
0 10 20
0.5
0
0.5
1
0 10 20
0.5
0
0.5
1
0 10 20
0.5
0
0.5
1
_ _
(k
x
,k
y
)
A
z
(k
x
, k
y
) exp (j (k
x
x + k
y
y)) dk
x
dk
y

_

0
A
z
(k
)J
0
(k
)k
dk

plane
1 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
8
6
4
2
0
2
Log SDGF Contours
Integration Path
0
(k
)
0 10 20
0.5
0
0.5
1
0 10 20
0.5
0
0.5
1
0 10 20
0.5
0
0.5
1
0 10 20
0.5
0
0.5
1
Singularity Extraction and Modal Solutions
log(

A
z
(k
)), z = 5, z
= 3.1123
1 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
8
6
4
2
0
2
Log SDGF Contours
Integration Path
log(

A
z
(k
)), z = 5, z
= 3.1123
1 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
8
6
4
2
0
2
Log SDGF Contours
Integration Path
1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08
0.05
0
0.05
10
8
6
4
2
0
Log SDGF Contours
Integration Path
1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08
0.05
0
0.05
5
4
3
2
1
0
Pole 1
1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08
0.05
0
0.05
7
6
5
4
3
2
Pole 2
1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08
0.05
0
0.05
5.5
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
No Pole SDGF
_

0
f (z)
k
2
k
2
p
J
0
(k
) k
dk
=
j
2
f (z)H
(1)
0
(k
p
)
1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08
0.05
0
0.05
10
8
6
4
2
0
Log SDGF Contours
Integration Path
1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08
0.05
0
0.05
5
4
3
2
1
0
Pole 1
1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08
0.05
0
0.05
7
6
5
4
3
2
Pole 2
1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08
0.05
0
0.05
5.5
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
No Pole SDGF
_

0
f (z)
k
2
k
2
p
J
0
(k
) k
dk
=
j
2
f (z)H
(1)
0
(k
p
)
Handling Oscillatory Integrals
0 10 20
0.5
0
0.5
1
0 10 20
0.5
0
0.5
1
0 10 20
0.5
0
0.5
1
0 10 20
0.5
0
0.5
1
Usual Approaches
Contour deformation to less oscillatory paths
Curve t

A
z
with functions that have closed form Sommerfeld integrals.
New approach: account for the oscillation in the quadrature rule weights.
Takes numerical samples and returns asymptotic ( ) results:
Filon-Clenshaw-Curtis Quadrature.
0 10 20
0.5
0
0.5
1
0 10 20
0.5
0
0.5
1
0 10 20
0.5
0
0.5
1
0 10 20
0.5
0
0.5
1
Usual Approaches
Curve t

A
z
0 10 20
0.5
0
0.5
1
0 10 20
0.5
0
0.5
1
0 10 20
0.5
0
0.5
1
0 10 20
0.5
0
0.5
1
Usual Approaches
Curve t

A
z
0 10 20
0.5
0
0.5
1
0 10 20
0.5
0
0.5
1
0 10 20
0.5
0
0.5
1
0 10 20
0.5
0
0.5
1
Usual Approaches
Curve t

A
z
Filon-Clenshaw-Curtis Quadrature
A
z
(k
)
M
m=0
a
m
T
m
(k
)
_

A
z
(k
)J
0
(k
)k
dk
m=0
a
m
_
T
m
(k
)J
0
(k
)k
dk
w
m
() =
_
T
m
(k
)J
0
(k
)k
dk
There is a recurrence relationship among T

m
polynomials (and thus
among the weights). Solving the recurrence numerically for any M and
is its own problem, solved by V. Domnguez in the FCC package.
Numerically stable implementation for
_

A
z
(k
) exp(jk
)dk
, but
J
0
(k
)
_
1
2k
_
e
jk
j

4
+ e
jk
+j

4
_
for large
A
z
(k
)
M
m=0
a
m
T
m
(k
)
_

A
z
(k
)J
0
(k
)k
dk
m=0
a
m
_
T
m
(k
)J
0
(k
)k
dk
w
m
() =
_
T
m
(k
)J
0
(k
)k
dk

m
_

A
z
(k
) exp(jk
)dk
, but
J
0
(k
)
_
1
2k
_
e
jk
j

4
+ e
jk
+j

4
_
for large
A
z
(k
)
M
m=0
a
m
T
m
(k
)
_

A
z
(k
)J
0
(k
)k
dk
m=0
a
m
_
T
m
(k
)J
0
(k
)k
dk
w
m
() =
_
T
m
(k
)J
0
(k
)k
dk

m
_

A
z
(k
) exp(jk
)dk
, but
J
0
(k
)
_
1
2k
_
e
jk
j

4
+ e
jk
+j

4
_
for large
A
z
(k
)
M
m=0
a
m
T
m
(k
)
_

A
z
(k
)J
0
(k
)k
dk
m=0
a
m
_
T
m
(k
)J
0
(k
)k
dk
w
m
() =
_
T
m
(k
)J
0
(k
)k
dk

m
_

A
z
(k
) exp(jk
)dk
, but
J
0
(k
)
_
1
2k
_
e
jk
j

4
+ e
jk
+j

4
_
for large
A
z
(k
)
M
m=0
a
m
T
m
(k
)
_

A
z
(k
)J
0
(k
)k
dk
m=0
a
m
_
T
m
(k
)J
0
(k
)k
dk
w
m
() =
_
T
m
(k
)J
0
(k
)k
dk

m
_

A
z
(k
) exp(jk
)dk
, but
J
0
(k
)
_
1
2k
_
e
jk
j

4
+ e
jk
+j

4
_
for large
Putting it All Together: Numerical Results 1
Range [
0
]
H
e
i
g
h
t

[
0
]
Dipole radiation in an exponential gradient above lossy dielectric material

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
5
0
5
10
15
60
40
20
0
Range [
0
]
H
e
i
g
h
t

[
0
]
Dipole radiation over PEC with no gradient

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
5
0
5
10
15
60
40
20
0
Range [
0
]
H
e
i
g
h
t

[
0
]
Dipole radiation in an exponential gradient above lossy dielectric material

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
5
0
5
10
15
60
40
20
0
Range [
0
]
H
e
i
g
h
t

[
0
]
Dipole radiation over PEC with no gradient

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
5
0
5
10
15
60
40
20
0
Range [
0
]
H
e
i
g
h
t

[
0
]
Dipole guided modes at 5.8 GHz in a linear gradient above copper

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
0
10
20
d
B
80
60
40
20
0
Range [
0
]
H
e
i
g
h
t

[
0
]
Raytracing of guided modes in a linear gradient above copper

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
0
10
20
I
n
d
e
x

o
f

R
e
f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
1
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08
Future Research
Closed form expressions for the quadrature weights
Horizontal Dipoles and Magnetic Duals
Scattering formulation based on surface integral equations for terrain
Validation against measurements
Acknowledgements
Dr. V. Domnguez of Universidad P ublica de Navarra
This work is sponsored by the US Oce of Naval Research
Extra Material
Environmental Model: Plane-Stratied Lossy Dielectric

A Direct Spectral Domain Method For Near-Ground Microwave Radiation by A Vertical Dipole Above Earth in The Presence of Atmospheric Refractivity

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

A Direct Spectral Domain Method For Near-Ground Microwave Radiation by A Vertical Dipole Above Earth in The Presence of Atmospheric Refractivity

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

A Direct Spectral Domain Method for

Near-Ground Microwave Radiation by a Vertical

Sommerfeld radiation condition

Sommerfeld radiation condition

Sommerfeld radiation condition

Sommerfeld radiation condition

Sommerfeld radiation condition

Sommerfeld radiation condition

Sommerfeld radiation condition

Two issues to handle for numerical integration

Two issues to handle for numerical integration

Two issues to handle for numerical integration

Two issues to handle for numerical integration

There is a recurrence relationship among T

There is a recurrence relationship among T

There is a recurrence relationship among T

There is a recurrence relationship among T

There is a recurrence relationship among T

S-ar putea să vă placă și