2007 IJSE Appendix

1 Appendix Evaluation information and rubric scores for published science attitude instruments Instrument name Category Study
population Instruments categorized as Attitudes toward science (A) Attitude Toward Science in School Assessment (Germann, 1988) A n=705 7th-10th grade Yes = 0.93-0.97 Content Discriminant r=0.08-0.49 Convergent r=0.59-0.71 Contrasting groups t test Exploratory factor analysis Attitude Toward the Subject Science Scale (Krynowsky, 1988) A n=197 10th grade Yes = 0.96 test retest r=0.84 Content Convergent r=0.65-0.79 21 items 1 subscale Total scoring 16 14 items 1 subscale Total scoring 22 Theoretical basis Reliability evidence Validity evidence Dimensionality (subscales) Rubric score 0-28
This Appendix belongs to: Blalock, et al. In Pursuit of Validity: A Comprehensive Review of Science Attitude Instruments 1935-2005. International Journal of Science Education, in press.
2 Appendix Evaluation information and rubric scores for published science attitude instruments Instrument name Category Study population Baldwin and Boedeker General Attitude Survey (Baldwin & Boedeker, 1975) Changes in Attitude about the Relevance of Science (Siegel & Ranney, 2003) Davis instrument (Davis, 1935) A n=295 10th-12th grade 25 teachers Yes Information not Information not reported reported A n=235 9th-10th grade Yes = 0.80-0.91 Information not reported A n=1035 college No Theoretical basis Reliability evidence Information not Contrasting groups reported Validity evidence Dimensionality (subscales) 5 items 1 subscale Total scoring 59 items 1 subscale Total scoring 169 items 2 subscales Subscale scoring 7 10 Rubric score 0-28 7
3 Appendix Evaluation information and rubric scores for published science attitude instruments Instrument name Category Study population Duckworth and Entwistle instrument (Duckworth & Entwistle, 1974) A n=604 high school No Theoretical basis Reliability evidence test retest r=0.31-0.90 Content Convergent r=0.31-0.81 Contrasting groups Exploratory factor analysis Dutton and Stephens Attitudes Toward Elementary School Science (Dutton & Stephens, 1963) A n=226 college No test retest r=0.93 Content 20 items 1 subscale Total scoring 10 Validity evidence Dimensionality (subscales) 20 items 4 subscales Total and subscale scoring Rubric score 0-28 11
4 Appendix Evaluation information and rubric scores for published science attitude instruments Instrument name Category Study population Fancher and Gutkin Science Questionnaire (Fancher & Gutkin, 1971) Fisher Science Opinionnaire (Fisher, 1973) A n=182 7th-8th grade No r=0.83 test retest r=0.79 Hadden Johnstone instrument (Hadden & Johnstone, 1982) (Hadden & Johnstone, 1983) Hough instrument (Hough & Piper, 1982) A n=583 4th-6th grade No Information not Convergent r=0.45 reported 6 items 1 subscale Total scoring 6 A n=1000 7th-8th grade Yes Information not Information not reported reported Content A n=145 college No Theoretical basis Reliability evidence Information not Convergent r=0.42 reported Validity evidence Dimensionality (subscales) 50 items 1 subscale Total scoring 20 items 1 subscale Total scoring Information not reported 3 12 Rubric score 0-28 7
5 Appendix Evaluation information and rubric scores for published science attitude instruments Instrument name Category Study population Image of Science and Scientists Scale (Smith & Krajkovich, 1979) (Krajkovich & Smith, 1982) (Koballa, 1983) (Erb, 1983) (Erb & Smith, 1984) (Smith & Erb, 1986) (Wyer, 2003) Jaus How I Feel About Science (Jaus, 1977) A n=154 2nd-4th grade Yes test retest r=0.76-0.93 Content Convergent t test 10 items 1 subscale 16 A n=675 7th-12th grade, teachers Yes Theoretical basis Reliability evidence = 0.76-0.86 Contrasting groups ANOVA & t test Validity evidence Dimensionality (subscales) 48 items 1 subscale Total scoring Rubric score 0-28 13
Contrasting groups t test Total scoring
6 Appendix Evaluation information and rubric scores for published science attitude instruments Instrument name Category Study population Leavers Opinion Survey (Leavers, 1975) A n=130 college No Theoretical basis Reliability evidence Information not Information not reported reported Validity evidence Dimensionality (subscales) 4 items 1 subscale Total scoring Misiti, Shrigley, Hanson instrument (Misiti, Shrigley, & Hanson, 1991) (Butler, 1999) National Science Foundation Attitudes of USA Public Toward Science and Technology (Sadava, 1976) A n=65 college No Information not Information not reported reported 9 items 1 subscale Total scoring 3 A n=206 5th-8th grade Yes =0.92-0.96 Content Convergent r=0.91 Contrasting groups t test 23 items 5 subscales Total scoring 9 Rubric score 0-28 4
7 Appendix Evaluation information and rubric scores for published science attitude instruments Instrument name Category Study population Perrodin instrument (Perrodin, 1966) A n=554 4th, 6th, 8th grades Tilford Attitude Toward Science A scale (Tilford, 1973) Vitrogan Attitude Scale (Vitrogan, 1967) A n=205 10th grade No r=0.88 Discriminant r=0.12 Convergent Contrasting groups ANOVA n=195 college No =0.77-0.81 Content No Theoretical basis Reliability evidence Information not Information not reported reported Validity evidence Dimensionality (subscales) 20 items 1 subscale Total scoring 21 items 1 subscale Total scoring 80 items 1 subscale Total scoring 13 9 Rubric score 0-28 4
8 Appendix Evaluation information and rubric scores for published science attitude instruments Instrument name Category Study population Webb instrument (Webb, 1951) A N=312 college Yes Theoretical basis Reliability evidence r=0.81-0.98 Content Validity evidence Dimensionality (subscales) 136 items 1 subscale Total scoring Instruments categorized as Scientific attitudes (S) Baumel & Berger instrument (Baumel & Berger, 1965) Billeh and Zakhariades Scientific S Attitude Scale (Billeh & Zakhariades, 1975) S n=? 9th grade n=501 10th, 12th grade, college, teachers Yes No Information not Information not reported r=0.55-0.74 reported Content Convergent r=0.25 Contrasting groups ANOVA Information not reported 36 items 1 subscale Total scoring 15 1 Rubric score 0-28 13
9 Appendix Evaluation information and rubric scores for published science attitude instruments Instrument name Category Study population Noll Instrument (Noll, 1935) (Blair, 1940) Test on Scientific Attitudes (Kozlow & Nay, 1976) S n=307 11th grade Yes r=0.55 test rest r=0.71 S n=383 8th-12th grade Yes Theoretical basis Reliability evidence r=0.80 Discriminant Convergent r=0.41 Contrasting groups Content Discriminant r=0.13-0.41 Convergent r=0.26-0.43 Exploratory factor analysis Validity evidence Dimensionality (subscales) 134 items 1 subscale Total scoring 40 items 2 subscales Subscale and total scoring 15 Rubric score 0-28 16
10 Appendix Evaluation information and rubric scores for published science attitude instruments Instrument name Category Study population Instruments categorized as Nature of science (N) Facts About Science Test (Cossman, 1969) N n=42 11th-12th grade No Information not Contrasting groups reported t test Total items not reported 2 subscales Subscale scoring Rubba, Horner, and Smith Questionnaire (Rubba, Horner, & Smith, 1981) N n=102 7th-8th grade No Information not Content reported Contrasting groups ANOVA 5 items 1 subscale Total scoring 7 6 Theoretical basis Reliability evidence Validity evidence Dimensionality (subscales) Rubric score 0-28
11 Appendix Evaluation information and rubric scores for published science attitude instruments Instrument name Category Study population Science Attitude Questionnaire (Wilson, 1954) N n=381 10th-12th grade, college, teachers Test on Social Aspects of Science N (Doran, Guerin, & Cavalieri, 1974) (Aikenhead, 1975) n=719 11th-12th grade No r=0.50-0.67 test rest r=0.62 Information not reported 52 items 1 subscale Total scoring 4 No Theoretical basis Reliability evidence Information not Information not reported reported Validity evidence Dimensionality (subscales) 26 items 1 subscale Total scoring Rubric score 0-28 4
12 Appendix Evaluation information and rubric scores for published science attitude instruments Instrument name Category Study population Views of Nature of Science Questionnaire (Lederman, Abd-El-Khalick, Bell, & Schwartz, 2002) Instruments categorized as Scientific career interests (C) UK Department of Education Survey (Johnson, 1987) C n=6000 ages 9-15 No Information not Information not reported reported Information not reported 0 N n=2018 college, professors Yes Theoretical basis Reliability evidence Information not Information not reported reported Validity evidence Dimensionality (subscales) 10 items 1 subscale Total scoring Rubric score 0-28 7
13 Appendix Evaluation information and rubric scores for published science attitude instruments Instrument name Category Study population Instruments categorized as Other (O) Fraser Instrument (Fraser, 1978b) O n=302 9th grade No =0.65-0.87 Discriminant r=0.26-0.59 Contrasting groups t test Inventory of Societal Issues (Steiner & Barnhart, 1972) (Steiner, 1973) O n=304 12th grade Yes =0.38-0.80 test retest r=0.39-0.85 Content Contrasting groups MANOVA Exploratory factor analysis 60 items 7 subscales Subscale scoring 18 28 items 4 subscales Subscale scoring 9 Theoretical basis Reliability evidence Validity evidence Dimensionality (subscales) Rubric score 0-28
14 Appendix Evaluation information and rubric scores for published science attitude instruments Instrument name Category Study population Skinner & Barcikowski Science Activities Checklist (Skinner & Barcikowski, 1973) Instruments categorized in multiple categories Allen Attitudes Toward Science and Scientific Careers: Reaction Inventory (Tatara, 1964) Beardslee and ODowd Questionnaire (Beardslee & O'Dowd, 1961) (Brush, 1979) A, C, O n=1074 college No Information not Exploratory factor reported analysis 21 items 1 subscale Total scoring 6 A ,C n=120 12th grade No Information not Information not reported reported 46 items 1 subscale Total scoring 3 O n=2137 7th-8th grade No Theoretical basis Reliability evidence Information not Exploratory factor reported analysis Validity evidence Dimensionality (subscales) 48 items 8 subscales Subscale scoring Rubric score 0-28 7
15 Appendix Evaluation information and rubric scores for published science attitude instruments Instrument name Category Study population Biology Attitude Scale (Russell & Hollander, 1975) A, O n=880 college No Theoretical basis Reliability evidence r=0.80 test retest r=0.80-0.90 British Columbia instrument (Ebenezer & Zoller, 1993) A, O n=2410 10th grade No Information not Information not reported reported Convergent r=0.80 Validity evidence Dimensionality (subscales) 22 items 2 subscales Total scoring 7 items 1 subscale Total scoring Brown Attitude to Science Scale A, S, N, O n=323 (Brown & Davis, 1973) (Houston & Pilliner, 1974) Age 11-14 No r=0.93 test retest r=0.55-0.93 Content Contrasting groups t test ANOVA 60 items 6 subscales Subscale & total scoring 13 3 Rubric score 0-28 10
16 Appendix Evaluation information and rubric scores for published science attitude instruments Instrument name Category Study population Brown California Elementary School Science Attitude Test (Brown, 1954) A, O n=2901 5th & 8th grade No Theoretical basis Reliability evidence r=0.73 Content Convergent r=0.34-0.67 Contrasting groups Eggleston Science Pupil Opinion A, O Poll / Skurnik and Jeffs Science Attitude Questionnaire (Lloyd, 1976) n=? Age 11-12 No Information not Information not reported reported Total items = ? 6 subscales Subscale scoring 3 Validity evidence Dimensionality (subscales) Information not reported Rubric score 0-28 9
17 Appendix Evaluation information and rubric scores for published science attitude instruments Instrument name Category Study population Gardner Physics Attitude Index (Mackay, 1971a) (Gardner, 1973) (Gardner, 1974a) (Gardner, 1974b) (Lewis, 1975) (Gardner, 1976) Hoff instrument (Hoff, 1936) A, S n=337 12th grade, college, adult Yes r=0.65-0.76 Content Discriminant Convergent 150 items 1 subscale Total scoring 15 A, O n=1014 11th-12th grade Yes Theoretical basis Reliability evidence r=0.78 Content Contrasting groups ANCOVA Validity evidence Dimensionality (subscales) 40 items 4 subscales Subscale scoring Rubric score 0-28 11
18 Appendix Evaluation information and rubric scores for published science attitude instruments Instrument name Category Study population Jarvis & Pell instrument (Pell & Jarvis, 2001) (Jarvis & Pell, 2002) (Jarvis & Pell, 2005) A, O n=978 1st-6th grade No Theoretical basis Reliability evidence =0.82 Convergent Contrasting groups ANOVA Exploratory factor analysis Lednew and Moser Instrument (Lednew & Moser, 1958) A, N n=112 8th-9th grade No Information not Information not reported reported 25 items 3 subscales Information not reported on scoring 0 Validity evidence Dimensionality (subscales) 43 items 5 subscales Subscale scoring Rubric score 0-28 13
19 Appendix Evaluation information and rubric scores for published science attitude instruments Instrument name Category Study population Meyer Attitude Test (Meyer, 1963) A, O n=240 Age 10-18 No Theoretical basis Reliability evidence Information not Convergent reported Contrasting groups Validity evidence Dimensionality (subscales) Total items = ? 1 subscale Total scoring Nature of Science Knowledge Scale (Rubba & Andersen, 1978) (Lederman, 1986) N, O n=949 9th-12th grade, college Yes =0.65-0.88 Content Contrasting groups t test 48 items 6 subscales Subscale & total scoring 12 Rubric score 0-28 7
20 Appendix Evaluation information and rubric scores for published science attitude instruments Instrument name Category Study population Nature of Science Scale (Kimball, 1967) (Doran et al., 1974) (Aikenhead, 1975) (Munby, Kitto, & Wilson, 1976) (Munby & Wilson, 1978) Ormerod Brunel Socatt Scales (Ormerod, 1971) (Ormerod, 1973) A, O n=898 Age 13-14 No r=0.77-0.91 Convergent r=0.34-0.66 Contrasting groups r=0.38-0.55 Exploratory factor analysis 20 items 2 subscales Subscale scoring 16 N, O n=? K-12 students (grade not reported) Yes Theoretical basis Reliability evidence Information not Discriminant r=-0.04 Reported Convergent r=0.68 Contrasting groups Validity evidence Dimensionality (subscales) Information not reported Rubric score 0-28 10
21 Appendix Evaluation information and rubric scores for published science attitude instruments Instrument name Category Study population Projective Test of Attitudes (Lowery, 1967a) (Lowery, 1967b) (Johnson, 1974) (Hofman, 1977) Relevance of Science Education (ROSE) Questionnaire (Ogawa & Shimode, 2004) (Jenkins & Nelson, 2005) (Lavonen, Byman, Juuti, Meisalo, & Uitto, 2005) (Sjberg & Schreiner, 2005) A, C, O n=3626 Secondary students No =0.81-0.89 Content validity Contrasting groups ~250 items (35 items used in study) 4 subscales used in study Subscale scoring 9 A, O n=108 6th grade No Theoretical basis Reliability evidence test retest r=0.87 Contrasting groups ANOVA Validity evidence Dimensionality (subscales) Information not reported Rubric score 0-28 7
22 Appendix Evaluation information and rubric scores for published science attitude instruments Instrument name Category Study population Remmers Purdue Opinion Polls (Snow & Cohen, 1968) A, O n=192 college Yes Theoretical basis Reliability evidence Contrasting groups ANOVA Validity evidence Dimensionality (subscales) 20 items 1 subscale Total scoring Rennie instrument (Rennie, 1986) (Rennie & Punch, 1991) A, O n=342 6th grade Yes =0.80-0.91 test retest r=0.65-0.83 Content Discriminant Convergent r=0.15-0.66 Contrasting groups t test Exploratory factor analysis 37 items 4 subscales Subscale scoring 21 Rubric score 0-28 9
23 Appendix Evaluation information and rubric scores for published science attitude instruments Instrument name Category Study population Selmes Attitudes Towards Science (Wilmut, 1972) (Selmes, 1973) Scientific Attitude Inventory (Moore & Sutman, 1970) (Moore, 1971) (Welch, 1972a) (Welch, 1972b) (Lawrenz, 1975) (Nieft & LaShier, 1975) (Lawrenz, 1976) A, S, N, C n=67 10th grade Yes test retest r=0.93 A, N n=249 High school No Theoretical basis Reliability evidence r=0.74-0.87 Convergent r=0.38-0.56 Contrasting groups ANOVA Contrasting groups ANCOVA 60 items reduced to 40 items 6 subscales Total scoring 10 Validity evidence Dimensionality (subscales) 56 items 1 subscale Total scoring Rubric score 0-28 10
24 Appendix Evaluation information and rubric scores for published science attitude instruments Instrument name Category Study population Scientific Attitude Inventory continued (Novick & Duvdvani, 1976a) (Novick & Duvdvani, 1976b) (Ward, 1976) (Nagy, 1978) (Munby, 1983b) (Moore & Foy, 1997) (Munby, 1997) Science Opinion Survey (Gibson & Chase, 2002) A, C n=831 7th-12th grade No Information not Contrasting groups reported ANOVA 30 items 1 subscale Total scoring 6 Theoretical basis Reliability evidence Validity evidence Dimensionality (subscales) Rubric score 0-28
25 Appendix Evaluation information and rubric scores for published science attitude instruments Instrument name Category Study population Science Process Inventory (Welch & Pella, 1967) (Rothman, Welch, & Walberg, 1969) (Welch, 1972a) (Welch, 1972b) (Lawrenz, 1975) (Aikenhead, 1975) N, O n=1056 10th-12th grade, teachers, adults No Theoretical basis Reliability evidence r=0.79 Standard error of measurement = 4.7 Validity evidence Dimensionality (subscales) Convergent r=0.61-0.67 150 items Contrasting groups 1 subscale Total scoring Rubric score 0-28 12
26 Appendix Evaluation information and rubric scores for published science attitude instruments Instrument name Category Study population Science Support Scale (Schwirian, 1968) (Schwirian, 1969) (Schwirian & Thomson, 1972) (Doran et al., 1974) (Simpson, Shrum, & Rentz, 1972) (Spears & Hathaway, 1975) (Symington & Fensham, 1976) A, N, O n=642 10th grade, teachers Yes Theoretical basis Reliability evidence =0.34-0.77 Contrasting groups ANCOVA Confirmatory factor analysis Validity evidence Dimensionality (subscales) 40 items 5 subscales Subscale scoring Rubric score 0-28 12
27 Appendix Evaluation information and rubric scores for published science attitude instruments Instrument name Category Study population Simpson/Troost Attitude Instrument (Simpson & Troost, 1982) (Cannon & Simpson, 1985) (Talton & Simpson, 1985) (Simpson & Oliver, 1985) (Simpson & Oliver, 1990) (Atwater, Wiggins, & Gardner, 1995) (Hill, Atwater, & Wiggins, 1995) (Greenfield, 1997) A, O n=14000 6th-10th grade Yes Theoretical basis Reliability evidence =0.88-0.94 Content Contrasting groups ANOVA Validity evidence Dimensionality (subscales) 60 items (11 items used in study) 14 subscales Subscale scoring Rubric score 0-28 12
28 Appendix Evaluation information and rubric scores for published science attitude instruments Instrument name Category Study population Smail & Kelly instrument (Smail & Kelly, 1984) (Kelly, 1986) (Craig & Ayres, 1988) A, O n=2065 Age 11 No Theoretical basis Reliability evidence r=0.69-0.87 Convergent r=0.10-0.62 Contrasting groups t test & ANOVA Exploratory factor analysis Tamir, Arzi, and Zloto Physics/Chemistry Attitude Scale (Tamir, Arzi, & Zloto, 1974) (Hofstein, Ben-Zvi, Samuel, & Tamir, 1977) A, O n=157 11th-12th grade No =0.74-0.87 Contrasting groups t test 76 items 4 subscales Subscale scoring 10 Validity evidence Dimensionality (subscales) 142 items 11 subscales Subscale scoring Rubric score 0-28 13
29 Appendix Evaluation information and rubric scores for published science attitude instruments Instrument name Category Study population TIMSS study instrument (Papanastasiou & Papanastasiou, 2004) (Papanastasiou & Zembylas, 2004) A, O n=16900 8th grade No Theoretical basis Reliability evidence Information not Information not reported reported Validity evidence Dimensionality (subscales) 4 items 1 subscale Total scoring Rubric score 0-28 3
30 Appendix Evaluation information and rubric scores for published science attitude instruments Instrument name Category Study population Test of Interests (Meyer & Penfold, 1961) (Meyer, 1970) (Dennien, Gunn, Swinswood, & Tawney, 1973) (Kempa & Dube, 1974) (Hofstein, Ben-Zvi, Samuel, & Kempa, 1977) A, S, O n=1060 10th grade No Theoretical basis Reliability evidence =0.71-0.76 Exploratory factor analysis Validity evidence Dimensionality (subscales) 17 items Multiple subscales Subscale scoring Rubric score 0-28 9
31 Appendix Evaluation information and rubric scores for published science attitude instruments Instrument name Category Study population Test of Science Related Attitudes A, S, C, O (Fraser, 1977) (Fraser, 1978a) (Schibeci & McGaw, 1981) (Fraser & Butts, 1982) (Lin & Crawley, 1987) (Khalili, 1987) (Stuessy & Rowland, 1990) (Joyce & Farenga, 1999) (Joyce & Farenga, 2000) (Clewett & Tran, 2003) n=336 11th-12th grade Yes Theoretical basis Reliability evidence =0.87 Discriminant r=0.22-0.65 Exploratory factor analysis Confirmatory factor analysis Validity evidence Dimensionality (subscales) 70 items 7 subscales Subscale scoring Rubric score 0-28 19
32 Appendix Evaluation information and rubric scores for published science attitude instruments Instrument name Category Study population Test on Understanding Science (Miller, 1963) (Tisher, 1967) (Cossman, 1969) (Rothman et al., 1969) (Broadhurst, 1970) (Mackay, 1971b) (Welch, 1972a) (Welch, 1972b) N, O n=42 11th-12th grade No Theoretical basis Reliability evidence Information not Contrasting groups reported t test Validity evidence Dimensionality (subscales) 60 items 3 subscales Subscale scoring Rubric score 0-28 6
33 Appendix Evaluation information and rubric scores for published science attitude instruments Instrument name Category Study population Views on Science-TechnologySociety (Aikenhead, Fleming, & Ryan, 1987) (Aikenhead & Ryan, 1992) (Ryan & Aikenhead, 1992) (Rubba, Bradford, & Harkness, 1996) (Vzquez-Alonso & ManasseroMas, 1999) A, S, N n=10800 12th grade Yes Theoretical basis Reliability evidence Information not Content reported Validity evidence Dimensionality (subscales) 46 items (expanded to 114 items) 1 subscale Total scoring Rubric score 0-28 10
34 Appendix Evaluation information and rubric scores for published science attitude instruments Instrument name Category Study Population Women in Science Scale (Erb & Smith, 1984) (Smith & Erb, 1986) (Mulkey, 1989) (Stake, 2003) (Wyer, 2003) (Evans, Whigham, & Wang, 1995) A, O n=1224 5th-12th grade No Theoretical Basis Reliability Evidence =0.92 test retest r=0.82 Discriminant r=-0.04 Convergent r=0.18-0.46 Contrasting groups ANOVA Validity Evidence Dimensionality Rubric Score (Subscales) 27 items 3 subscales Total scoring 0-28 13
Note: If an instrument had multiple journal articles, the evaluation information and the rubric score originated from the article that scored highest based on the published evidence (article indicated by bold text).
35 Appendix References Aikenhead, G. S. (1975). Learning about the scientific enterprise in Saskatchewan high school chemistry classes: An evaluation. Saskatchewan Journal of Educational Research and Development, 5, 4-29. Aikenhead, G. S., Fleming, R. W., & Ryan, A. G. (1987). High-school graduates' beliefs about science-technology-society: I. Methods and issues in monitoring student views. Science Education, 71, 145-161. Aikenhead, G. S. & Ryan, A. G. (1992). The development of a new instrument: "Views on science-technology-society" (VOSTS). Science Education, 76, 477-491. Atwater, M. M., Wiggins, J., & Gardner, C. M. (1995). A study of urban middle school students with high and low attitudes toward science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 32, 665-677. Baldwin, T. O. & Boedeker, R. R. (1975). Nonscience student attitudes toward science, physics and two introductory physical science courses. Journal of College Science Teaching, 4, 179-182. Baumel, H. B. & Berger, J. J. (1965). An attempt to measure scientific attitudes. Science Education, 49, 267-269. Beardslee, D. C. & O'Dowd, D. D. (1961). The college-student image of the scientist. Science, 133, 997-1001.
36 Appendix References Billeh, V. Y. & Zakhariades, G. A. (1975). The development and application of a scale for measuring scientific attitudes. Science Education, 59, 155-165. Blair, G. M. (1940). The validity of the Noll test of scientific thinking. Journal of Educational Psychology, 31, 53-59. Broadhurst, N. A. (1970). A study of selected learning outcomes of graduating high school students in South Australian schools. Science Education, 54, 17-21. Brown, S. A. & Davis, T. N. (1973). The development of an attitude to science scale for 12-14 year olds. Scottish Educational Studies, 5, 85-94. Brown, S. B. (1954). Science information and attitudes possessed by California elementary school pupils. Journal of Educational Research, 47, 551-554. Brush, L. R. (1979). Avoidance of science and stereotypes of scientists. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 16, 237-241. Butler, M. B. (1999). Factors associated with students' intentions to engage in science learning activities. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 36, 455-473. Cannon, R. K. & Simpson, R. D. (1985). Relationships among attitude, motivation, and achievement of ability grouped, seventh-grade, life science students. Science Education, 69, 121-138.
37 Appendix References Clewett, C. F. M. & Tran, H. D. (2003). Macro analog to MEMS: A program to teach 8th and 9th grade students science and engineering. Journal of STEM Education, 4, 1-7. Cossman, G. W. (1969). The effects of a course in science and culture for secondary school students. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 6, 274-283. Craig, J. & Ayres, D. (1988). Does primary science affect girls' and boys' interest in secondary science? School Science Review, 69, 417-426. Davis, I. C. (1935). The measurement of scientific attitudes. Science Education, 19, 117-122. Dennien, R. T., Gunn, S. E., Swinswood, J. K., & Tawney, D. A. (1973). Devising evaluation instruments for technological problem solving. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 5, 122132. Doran, R. L., Guerin, R. O., & Cavalieri, J. (1974). An analysis of several instruments measuring "nature of science" objectives. Science Education, 58, 321-329. Duckworth, D. & Entwistle, N. J. (1974). Attitudes to school subjects: A repertory grid technique. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 44, 76-83. Dutton, W. H. & Stephens, L. (1963). Measuring attitudes toward science. School Science and Mathematics,63, 43-49.
38 Appendix References Ebenezer, J. V. & Zoller, U. (1993). Grade 10 students' perceptions of and attitudes toward science teaching and school science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 30, 175186. Erb, T. O. (1983). Comments on "the development of the image of science and scientists scale". Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 20, 589-591. Erb, T. O. & Smith, W. S. (1984). Validation of the attitude toward women in science scale for early adolescents. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 21, 391-397. Evans, M. A., Whigham, M., & Wang, M. C. (1995). The effect of a role model project upon the attitudes of ninth-grade science students. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 32, 195-204. Fancher, R. E. & Gutkin, D. (1971). Attitudes toward science, insight therapy, and behavior therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 27, 153-155. Fisher, T. H. (1973). The development of an attitude survey for junior high science. School Science and Mathematics, 73, 647-652. Fraser, B. J. (1977). Selection and validation of attitude scales for curriculum evaluation. Science Education, 61, 317-330. Fraser, B. J. (1978a). Development of a test of science-related attitudes. Science Education, 62, 509-515.
39 Appendix References Fraser, B. J. (1978b). Some attitude scales for ninth grade science. School Science and Mathematics, 78, 379-384. Fraser, B. J. & Butts, W. L. (1982). Relationship between perceived levels of classroom individualization and science-related attitudes. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 19, 143-154. Gardner, P. L. (1973). Change in attitudes of PSSC physics students: A second look. Australian Science Teachers Journal, 19, 71-78. Gardner, P. L. (1974a). Changes in attitudes of PSSC physics students: A third look. Australian Science Teachers Journal, 20, 99-104. Gardner, P. L. (1974b). Deterioration of high school students' attitudes to physics. Nature, 250, 465-466. Gardner, P. L. (1976). Attitudes toward physics: Personal and environmental influences. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 13, 111-125. Germann, P. J. (1988). Development of the attitude toward science in school assessment and its use to investigate the relationship between science achievement and attitude toward science in school. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 25, 689-703. Gibson, H. & Chase, C. (2002). Longitudinal impact of an inquiry-based science program on middle school students' attitudes toward science. Science Education, 86, 693-705.
40 Appendix References Greenfield, T. A. (1997). Gender and grade level differences in science interest and participation. Science Education, 81, 259-275. Hadden, R. A. & Johnstone, A. H. (1982). Primary school pupils' attitudes to science: The years of formation. European Journal of Science Education, 4, 397-407. Hadden, R. A. & Johnstone, A. H. (1983). Secondary school pupils' attitudes to science: The year of erosion. European Journal of Science Education, 5, 309-318. Hill, G. D., Atwater, M. M., & Wiggins, J. (1995). Attitudes toward science of urban 7th grade life-science students over time, and the relationship to future plans, family, teacher, curriculum and school. Urban Education, 30, 71-92. Hoff, A. G. (1936). A test of scientific attitudes. School Science and Mathematics, 36, 763-770. Hofman, H. H. (1977). An assessment of eight-year-old children's attitudes toward science. School Science and Mathematics, 77, 662-670. Hofstein, A., Ben-Zvi, R., Samuel, D., & Kempa, R. F. (1977). A factor-analytic investigation of Meyer's test of interests. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 14, 63-68. Hofstein, A., Ben-Zvi, R., Samuel, D., & Tamir, P. (1977). Attitudes of Israeli high-school students toward chemistry and physics: A comparative study. Science Education, 61, 259-268.
41 Appendix References Hough, L. W. & Piper, M. K. (1982). The relationship between attitudes toward science and science achievement. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 19, 33-38. Houston, J. G. & Pilliner, A. E. G. (1974). The effect of verbal teaching styles on the attainment of educational objectives in physics. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 44, 163174. Jarvis, T. & Pell, A. (2002). Effect of the Challenger experience on elementary children's attitudes to science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 39, 979-1000. Jarvis, T. & Pell, A. (2005). Factors influencing elementary school children's attitudes toward science before, during, and after a visit to the UK National Space Centre. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 42, 53-83. Jaus, H. H. (1977). Activity-oriented science: Is it really that good? Science and Children, 14, 26-27. Jenkins, E.W. & Nelson, N.W. (2005). Important but not for me: Students attitudes towards secondary school science in England. Research in Science & Technological Education, 23, 41-57. Johnson, R. (1974). Inquiry and the development of positive attitudes. Science Education, 58, 51-56.
42 Appendix References Johnson, S. (1987). Gender differences in science: Parallels in interest, experience and performance. International Journal of Science Education, 9, 467-481. Joyce, B. A. & Farenga, S. J. (1999). Informal science experience, attitudes, future interests in science, and gender of high-ability students: An exploratory study. School Science and Mathematics, 99, 431-437. Joyce, B. A. & Farenga, S. J. (2000). Young girls in science: Academic ability, perceptions and future participation in science. Roeper Review, 22, 261-262. Kelly, A. (1986). The development of girls' and boys' attitudes to science: A longitudinal study. European Journal of Science Education, 8, 399-412. Kempa, R. F. & Dube, G. E. (1974). Science interest and attitude traits in students subsequent to the study of chemistry at the ordinary level of the general certificate of education. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 11, 361-370. Khalili, K. Y. (1987). A crosscultural validation of a test of science related attitudes. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 24, 127-136. Kimball, M. E. (1967). Understanding the nature of science: A comparison of scientists and science teachers. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 5, 110-120. Koballa, T. R. (1983). Comments on "the development of the image of science and scientists scale". Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 20, 595-597.
43 Appendix References Kozlow, M. J. & Nay, M. A. (1976). An approach to measuring scientific attitudes. Science Education, 60, 147-172. Krajkovich, J. G. & Smith, J. K. (1982). The development of the image of science and scientists scale. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 19, 39-44. Krynowsky, B. A. (1988). Problems in assessing student attitude in science education: A partial solution. Science Education, 72, 575-584. Lavonen, J., Byman, R., Juuti, K., Meisalo, V., & Uitto, A. (2005). Pupil interest in physics: A survey in Finland. Nordina, 2, 72-85. Lawrenz, F. (1975). The relationship between science teacher characteristics and student achievement and attitude. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 12, 433-437. Lawrenz, F. (1976). The prediction of student attitude toward science from student perception of the classroom learning environment. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 13, 509515. Leavers, D. R. (1975). A course which changed the attitudes of students toward science. Journal of Chemical Education, 52, 804. Lederman, N. G. (1986). Students' and teachers' understanding of the nature of science: A reassessment. School Science and Mathematics, 86, 91-99.
44 Appendix References Lederman, N. G., Abd-El-Khalick, F., Bell, R. L., & Schwartz, R. S. (2002). Views of nature of science questionnaire: Toward valid and meaningful assessment of learners' conceptions of nature of science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 39, 497-521. Lednew, G. A. & Moser, G. W. (1958). Scientific attitudes possessed by junior high school students. Science Education, 42, 326-327. Lewis, R. (1975). Changes in attitudes of PSSC physics students: A fourth look or a second look at a third look. Australian Science Teachers Journal, 21, 95-100. Lin, B. & Crawley, F. E. (1987). Classroom climate and science-related attitudes of junior high school students in Taiwan. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 24, 579-591. Lloyd, G. (1976). An experiment with the teaching of science to non-streamed classes. School Science Review, 58, 355-360. Lowery, L. F. (1967a). An experimental investigation into the attitudes of fifth grade students toward science. School Science and Mathematics, 67, 569-579. Lowery, L. F. (1967b). Development of an attitude measuring instrument for science education. School Science and Mathematics, 66, 494-502. Mackay, L. D. (1971a). Changes in affective domain objectives during two years of physics study in Victorian schools. Australian Science Teachers Journal, 17, 71.
45 Appendix References Mackay, L. D. (1971b). Development of understanding about the nature of science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 8, 57-66. Meyer, G. R. (1963). Factors related to scientific attitudes within the secondary schools of an Australian city. Australian Journal of Education, 7, 21-40. Meyer, G. R. (1970). Reactions of pupils to Nuffield science teaching project trial materials in England at the ordinary level of the general certificate of education. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 7, 283-302. Meyer, G. R. & Penfold, D. M. (1961). Factors associated with interest in science. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 31, 33-37. Miller, P. E. (1963). A comparison of the abilities of secondary teachers and students of biology to understand science. Iowa Academy of Science, 70, 510-513. Misiti, F. L., Shrigley, R. L., & Hanson, L. (1991). Science attitude scale for middle school students. Science Education, 75, 525-540. Moore, R. W. (1971). A profile of the scientific attitudes of 672 ninth-grade students. School Science and Mathematics, 71, 229-231. Moore, R. W. & Foy, R. L. H. (1997). The Scientific Attitude Inventory: A revision (SAI II). Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 34, 327-336.
46 Appendix References Moore, R. W. & Sutman, F. X. (1970). The development, field test and validation of an inventory of scientific attitudes. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 7, 85-94. Mulkey, L. M. (1989). Validation of the early childhood attitude toward women in science scale (ECWiSS): A pilot administration. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 26, 737753. Munby, H. (1983). Thirty studies involving the "Scientific Attitude Inventory": What confidence can we have in this instrument? Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 20, 141-162. Munby, H. (1997). Issues of validity in science attitude measurement. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 34, 337-341. Munby, H., Kitto, R. J., & Wilson, R. J. (1976). Validating constructs in science education research: The construct "view of science". Science Education, 60, 313-321. Munby, H. & Wilson, R. (1978). Convergent and discriminant validity of classroom observation instruments: Conceptual background, critique, and a case in point. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 24, 69-80. Nagy, P. (1978). Subtest formation by cluster analysis of the scientific attitude inventory. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 15, 355-360.
47 Appendix References Nieft, J. W. & LaShier, W. S. (1975). The effects of an individualized, self-paced science program on selected teacher, classroom, and student variables -- ISCS level one. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 12, 359-369. Noll, V. H. (1935). Measuring the scientific attitude. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 30, 145-154. Novick, S. & Duvdvani, D. (1976a). The relationship between school and student variables and the attitudes toward science of tenth-grade students in Israel. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 13, 259-265. Novick, S. & Duvdvani, D. (1976b). The scientific attitudes of tenth grade students in Israel as measured by the scientific attitude inventory. School Science and Mathematics, 76, 9-14. Ogawa, M. & Shimode, S. (2004). Three distinctive groups among Japanese students in terms of their school science preference: From preliminary analysis of Japanese data of an international survey The Relevance of Science Education (ROSE). Journal of Science Education in Japan, 28, 279-291. Ormerod, M. B. (1971). The 'social implications' factor in attitudes to science. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 41, 335-338. Ormerod, M. B. (1973). Social and subject factors in attitudes to science. School Science Review, 54, 645-659.
48 Appendix References Papanastasiou, C. & Papanastasiou, E. C. (2004). Major influences on attitudes toward science. Educational Research and Evaluation, 10, 239-257. Papanastasiou, C. & Zembylas, M. (2004). Differential effects of science attitudes and science achievement in Australia, Cyprus, and the USA. International Journal of Science Education, 26, 259-280. Pell, A. & Jarvis, T. (2001). Developing attitude to science scales for use with children of ages from five to eleven years. International Journal of Science Education, 23, 847-862. Perrodin, A. F. (1966). Children's attitudes towards elementary school science. Science Education, 50, 214-218. Rennie, L. J. (1986). The influence of the social context of the classroom on the relationship between subject-related affect and achievement. Education Research and Perspectives, 13, 75-97. Rennie, L. J. & Punch, K. F. (1991). The relationship between affect and achievement in science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 28, 193-209. Rothman, A. I., Welch, W. W., & Walberg, H. J. (1969). Physics teacher characteristics and student learning. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 6, 59-63.
49 Appendix References Rubba, P. A. & Andersen, H. (1978). Development of an instrument to assess secondary school students' understanding of the nature of scientific knowledge. Science Education, 62, 449-458. Rubba, P. A., Bradford, C. S., & Harkness, W. J. (1996). A new scoring procedure for the Views on Science-Technology-Society instrument. International Journal of Science Education, 18, 387-400. Rubba, P. A., Horner, J. K., & Smith, J. M. (1981). A study of two misconceptions about the nature of science among junior high school students. School Science and Mathematics, 81, 221-226. Russell, J. & Hollander, S. (1975, May). A biology attitude scale. The American Biology Teacher, 270-273. Ryan, A. G. & Aikenhead, G. S. (1992). Students' preconceptions about the epistemology of science. Science Education, 76, 559-580. Sadava, D. (1976). Attitudes toward science of nonscience major undergraduates: Comparison with the general public and effect of a science course. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 13, 79-84. Schibeci, R. A. & McGaw, B. (1981). Empirical validation of the conceptual structure of a test of science-related attitudes. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 41, 1195-1201.
50 Appendix References Schwirian, P. M. (1968). On measuring attitudes toward science. Science Education, 52, 172179. Schwirian, P. M. (1969). Characteristics of elementary teachers related to attitudes toward science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 6, 203-213. Schwirian, P. M. & Thomson, B. (1972). Changing attitudes toward science: Undergraduates in 1967 and 1971. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 9, 253-259. Selmes, C. (1973). Nuffield A-level biology: Attitudes to science. Journal of Biological Education, 7, 43-47. Siegel, M. A. & Ranney, M. A. (2003). Developing the changes in attitude about the relevance of science (CARS) questionnaire and assessing two high school science classes. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 40, 757-775. Simpson, R. D. & Oliver, J. S. (1985). Attitude toward science and achievement motivation profiles of male and female science students in grades six through ten. Science Education, 69, 511-526. Simpson, R. D. & Oliver, J. S. (1990). A summary of major influences on attitude toward and achievement in science among adolescent students. Science Education, 74, 1-18.
51 Appendix References Simpson, R. D., Shrum, J. W., & Rentz, R. R. (1972). The science support scales: Its appropriateness with high school students. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 9, 123-126. Simpson, R. D. & Troost, K. M. (1982). Influences on commitment to and learning of science among adolescent students. Science Education, 66, 763-781. Sjberg, S. & Schreiner, C. (2005). How do learners in different cultures relate to science and technology? Results and perspectives from the project ROSE (the Relevance of Science Education). Asia-Pacific Forum on Science Learning and Teaching, 6, 1-17. Skinner, R. & Barcikowski, R. (1973). Measuring specific interests in biological, physical and earth sciences in intermediate grade levels. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 10, 153-158. Smail, B. & Kelly, A. (1984). Sex differences in science and technology among 11-year-old schoolchildren: II Affective. Research in Science and Technological Education, 2, 87106. Smith, J. K. & Krajkovich, J. G. (1979). Validation of the image of science and scientists scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 39, 495-498. Smith, W. S. & Erb, T. O. (1986). Effect of women science career role models on early adolescents' attitudes toward scientists and women in science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 23, 667-676.
52 Appendix References Snow, A. & Cohen, L. K. (1968). Student attitudes towards the sciences and humanities. Journal of Educational Research, 61, 456-461. Spears, J. D. & Hathaway, C. E. (1975). Student attitudes toward science and society. American Journal of Physics, 43, 343-348. Stake, J. E. (2003). Understanding male bias against girls and women in science. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33, 667-682. Steiner, R. L. (1973). Attitudes of Oregon high school seniors toward some environmentally oriented science related social issues. Science Education, 57, 417-435. Steiner, R. L. & Barnhart, R. B. (1972). The development of an instrument to assess environmental attitudes utilizing factor analytic techniques. Science Education, 56, 427432. Stuessy, C. L. & Rowland, P. M. (1990). Generalized beliefs and attitudes: Locus of control and science attitudes in high school and college students. Educational Research Quarterly, 14, 49-53. Symington, D. J. & Fensham, P. J. (1976). Elementary school teachers' closed-mindedness, attitudes toward science, and congruence with a new curriculum. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 13, 441-447.
53 Appendix References Talton, E. L. & Simpson, R. D. (1985). Relationships between peer and individual attitudes toward science among adolescent students. Science Education, 69, 19-24. Tamir, P., Arzi, A., & Zloto, D. (1974). Attitudes of Israeli high school students towards physics. Science Education, 58, 75-86. Tatara, W. T. (1964). Effect of novels on ideas about the scientist. Journal of Educational Research, 58, 3-9. Tilford, M. P. (1973). Toward the development of an instrument to measure the attitude toward science of Negro students: A research report. School Science and Mathematics, 73, 367372. Tisher, R. P. (1967). Understanding concerning science in some Australian students. Australian Science Teachers Journal, 13, 57-65. Vzquez-Alonso, A. & Manassero-Mas, M. (1999). Response and scoring models for the 'Views on Science-Technology-Society' instrument. International Journal of Science Education, 21, 231-247. Vitrogan, D. (1967). A method for determining a generalized attitude of high school students toward science. Science Education, 51, 170-175. Ward, W. H. (1976). A test of the association of class size to students' attitude toward science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 13, 137-143.
54 Appendix References Webb, S. (1951). A generalised scale for measuring interest in science subjects. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 11, 456-469. Welch, W. W. (1972a). Evaluation of the PSNS course: II Results. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 9, 147-156. Welch, W. W. (1972b). Evaluation of the PSNS Course: I Design and implementation. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 9, 139-145. Welch, W. W. & Pella, M. O. (1967). The development of an instrument for inventorying knowledge of the processes of science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 5, 64. Wilmut, J. (1972). The effect of project work on the attitudes to science held by sixth-form pupils. Educational Research, 15, 128-133. Wilson, L. (1954). A study of opinions related to the nature of science and its purpose in society. Science Education, 38, 159-164. Wyer, M. (2003). Intending to stay: Images of scientists, attitudes toward women and gender as influences on persistence among science and engineering majors. Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering, 9, 1-16.

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1 Appendix Evaluation information and rubric scores for published science attitude instruments Instrument name Category Study

Contrasting groups t test Total scoring

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