Date Course Name Instructor Name Student(s) Name

Resistivity
The resistance of a conductor depends on several factors. The physical shape and the type of material are factors that affect resistance. Two conductors with the same physical shape but made of two different materials have different resistances. The resistivity of the material is the physical quantity that determines the resistance of the object. The resistance of a wire is directly proportional to the length and inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area. This is similar to the water flow in a pipe. The longer the pipe, the more the resistance to the flow rate. But the greater the cross-sectional area of the pipe, the greater the flow rate. The constant of proportionality that relates the resistance to the length and the cross sectional area is the resistivity. Temperature is another factor that determines the resistance of the material. But in this exercise, the factors that will be considered are the shape and the resistivity of the material. STUDENT OUTCOMES Through this experiment, students will learn: - the factors that determine the resistance of the wire - how to determine the resistivity of the material - difference between resistance and resistivity MATERIALS Tablet "ogger $ernier $ernier ! !omputer "aptop ro !urrent robe &ifferential $oltage robe #heostat Board with wire spools ower %upply 'ires

PRELIMINARY QUESTIONS:
(. 'hat are the factors affecting the resistance of an electrical conductor) *. +f the length of a wire is doubled and the diameter is halved, how is the resistance affected) ,xplain. -. 'hy is resistivity a material property) 'hat are the units of resistivity)

PROCEDURE:
(. !onnect the !urrent robe to !hannel ( and the &ifferential $oltage robe to !hannel * of the computer interface. *. .pen the file /*0 .hms "aw1 in the Physics with Computers folder. 2 graph of potential vs. current will be displayed. The meter displays potential and current readings. -. !onnect together the two voltage leads 3red and blac45 of the $oltage robe. !lic4 , and then clic4 to 6ero both sensors. This sets the 6ero for both probes with no current flowing and with no voltage applied. 7. 'ith the power supply turned off, connect the circuit as shown in the figure below. Ta4e care that the positive lead from the power supply and the red terminal from the !urrent 8 $oltage robe are connected properly. Note: 2ttach the red connectors electrically closer to the positive side of the power supply.

a m m e te r

7. %et the rheostat at maximum resistance and have the instructor chec4 the circuit. 0. Turn the control on the &! power supply to - $ and then turn on the power supply. 9. 2. 2djust the rheostat until the current probe reads :.0

;. #ecord the current probe and voltage probe readings on the table. .pen the switch as soon as the readings have been recorded. <. #ecord the length and gauge number of the wire. The wire si6e is indicated by a gauge number which corresponds to the diameter measurement. =. >sing the same wire, repeat steps 9 ? ; for a different current probe reading. (:. #eturn the rheostat to the maximum resistance and repeat procedures for the other wire spools.

ANALYSIS:
(. >sing .hm@s "aw, compute the resistance of each spool of wire. *. "oo4 up the corresponding diameter of your wire from a gauge number table. !alculate the cross sectional area of each wire. -. !ompare the resistance of the wires with their respective cross sectional areas. +s there a proportional relationship between the two quantities) +f so, state the relationship into a mathematical equation. 3>se A as your constant of proportionality.5 7. !ompare the resistance of the wires with their lengths. +s there a proportional relationship between the two quantities) +f so, state the relationship into a mathematical equation. 3>se A as your constant of proportionality.5 0. !ombine the two mathematical equations obtained in numbers - and 7. 'rite down the equation that shows the relationship between the resistance, the cross sectional area and the length. The proportionality constant is 4nown as the resistivity. 9. >sing the equation that you got in number 0, compute the resistivity of the wires for each trial and compute the average.

;. !ompare the average resistivity for wires made of the same material but different lengths. &oes the resistivity change with length) ,xplain. <. !ompare the average resistivity for wires made of the same material but different cross sectional areas. &oes the resistivity change with area) ,xplain.

DATA TABLE:
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=. "oo4 up the accepted resistivity values for the wires used in the exercise. !ompare the experimental resistivities with the accepted values by computing the percent error. (:. 2re your experimental values accurate) ,xplain.