Annotated Bibliography Secondary Sources Arkes, Hadley. Bureaucracy, The Marshall Plan, and The National Interest.

Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 19731972. This secondary source was helpful in understanding how the European Recovery Program was created not only to help Europe, but also as a way to boost the United States economy and market internationally. We used this in our website by demonstrating the motives, partially focused on self interest behind the ERP. "For European Recovery: The Fiftieth Anniversary of the Marshall Plan Exhibition Overview." Overview. http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/marshall/marsh-overview.html (accessed November 11, 2013). Secondary source helped us to develop understanding of the reasons supporting George C. Marshalls launch of the European Recovery Program, and why he felt it was the United States responsibility to step in. We used this website to highlight the historical context in which the ERP was created, and what it accomplished. Gimbel, John. The origins of the Marshall plan. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1976. This secondary source about the Marshall Plan helped us discover the great amount of economic assistance the U.S. gave to Western Europe in the reconstruction of their economic as well as political infrastructure. We were able to incorporate this into our website by showing how essential the amount of money given was to the ERP. "Home." Our Documents -. http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=82 (accessed November 11, 2013). This secondary source helped us deepen our understanding on Marshalls motives and goals with the ERP, and why he felt it was necessary to take action in post-war Europe. We used the source to outline prior events leading up to the implementation of the ERP, and motivation for the program. A&E Television Networks. "Marshall Plan." History.com. http://www.history.com/topics/marshall-plan (accessed November 11, 2013). This secondary source helped us further comprehend the conflict that the ERP sparked between the United States and Soviet Russia. It was used to emphasize the impacts that the ERP had on not only Europe itself, but the future of United States Foreign Policy. "Marshall Plan." History. http://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/marshall-plan (accessed November 11, 2013). This secondary source was helpful in outlining the direct areas of Europes economy in the post-war era in which ERP funds would be directed towards. It helped us understand what aspects of Europe the plan would go towards improving, and we used it to emphasize the economic impacts of the ERP for Europe and the US. Hogan, Michael. The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe 1947-1952. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

We used this secondary source to show how the ERP was more than just a effort for the United States to grant economic assistance, it was a hope to completely refashion the the Western European market and its infrastructure. We were able to incorporate this into our website by highlighting not only the economic implications of the ERP, but the social and political as well. "The Marshall Plan." The Marshall Plan. http://www.marshallfoundation.org/TheMarshallPlan.htm (accessed November 11, 2013). This secondary source helped us to understand the need for the Marshall Plan that urged the US to intervene, as well as the impact it had on the people of Europe. We used it to demonstrate that not only did the ERP aid the Europes economy, but it also had a significant social and political impact on the people, protecting their basic human rights. "The Marshall Plan." Infoplease. http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/marshall-plan.html (accessed November 11, 2013). This secondary source was helpful in understanding the significance of the ERP, and how great the responsibility of the US was to intervene. We were able to learn how great the amount of economic assistance given to Europe was, and we used it to elaborate on what it did to restore Europes economy. "George C. Marshall - Biographical." George C. Marshall - Biographical. http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1953/marshall-bio.html (accessed January 9, 2014). This secondary source informed us about the life of George C. Marshall, and what lead to his career as Secretary of State. We used it to demonstrate what an impactful role he played in the post-World War II era, becoming an important historical figure during the 1940s and 50s. Behrman, Greg. The most noble adventure: the Marshall plan and how America helped rebuild Europe. New York: Free Press, 2008. This secondary source helped us to further understand the roles that many important figures played throughout the creation and implementation of the European Recovery Program. We used this mostly to emphasize the important responsibilities that many people took on during this plan. The White House. "Harry S. Truman ." The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/harrystruman (accessed January 10, 2014). We used this secondary source to learn about how Trumans role in the ERP was sprung on him when he became president part-way through a term. In our website, we were able to incorporate the pressure he felt at this time. For European Recovery: The Fiftieth Anniversary of the Marshall Plan. Netherlands: U.S. Library of Congress., 1949. Accessed November 12, 2013 We used this secondary source to learn more about motivation for the ERP, such as fear of communist domination in Europe. We used it to express how the US felt that this

threat was so extreme that in order to protect the rights of European assistance, they had no choice but to intervene. "1940s Timeline." About.com 20th Century History. http://history1900s.about.com/od/timelines/tp/1940timeline.htm (accessed January 28, 2014). We used this timeline on our context page to learn more about the events prior and after the implementation of the Marshall Plan. It helped us understand how the events surrounding the ERP impacted it. YouTube. "Cold War 03/24 full length documentary Marshall Plan 1947 1952." YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_DQTilkyIp0 (accessed January 29, 2014). This secondary source- short video documentary- was used to help expand the threat that expansion of Communism had on Western Europe. We used it to emphasis the rights that could be taken away as communism spread, so the greater responsibility the US felt to stop it. "The Truman Doctrine, 1947 - 19451952 - Milestones - Office of the Historian." The Truman Doctrine, 1947 - 19451952 - Milestones - Office of the Historian. http://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/truman-doctrine (accessed January 28, 2014). This secondary source was helpful in learning about what the Truman Doctrine truly was and we used this on our website by adding information on how this doctrine, just years before the Marshall Plan, set the stage for the ERP. "U.S. Senate: Art & History Home > Official Declarations of War by Congress." U.S. Senate: Art & History Home > Official Declarations of War by Congress. http://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/history/h_multi_sections_and_teasers/WarDeclaration sbyCongress.htm (accessed January 29, 2014). We used this secondary source to see when exactly World War II was declared, and how the timing of the Marshall Plan fell into play with the beginning and end of the war. It was helpful in determining how significant the timing was to European Recovery. "Welcome to the Marshall Center." History of the Marshall Plan. http://www.marshallcenter.org/mcpublicweb/en/nav-mc-about-history/nav-mc-abou t-portrait-marshall/431-art-mc-about-mission-marshall-plan.html (accessed January 29, 2014). This secondary source was helpful in giving us a more in depth background of the Marshall Plan and its implementation. We were able to use this in our website to get more information on the context and all of the people involved. Primary Sources Wikimedia Foundation. "George Marshall." Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall (accessed January 9, 2014). This picture, a primary source, was used to improve the visual appeal of our website, and put a face to the name, clarifying who exactly George C. Marshall was. Xplore. "George C. Marshall Quotes." BrainyQuote. http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/g/george_c_marshall.html (accessed

January 12, 2014). This primary source was a quote from Marshall himself that helped us recognize the risk that the US was taking by involving itself in Europes economy after such a devastating war. We now understand that the European Recovery Program was achieved through persistence and dedication to the reconstruction of Europe without looking back. We used it to reveal Marshalls outlook on his very own strategy for recovery. 80th Congress, "Foreign Assistance Act of 1948," Economic Cooperation Act of 1948. Last modified April 3, 1948. Accessed October 17, 2013. http://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/documents/Marshall_Plan/Reports/Foreig n_Assistance_Act_of_1948.pdf. This primary source is a series of documents that made up the Foreign Assistance Act of 1948 that helped us understand the steps that were taken after the official speech had been given by Marshall. We incorporated this into our website by showing the legitimacy and depth of the plan as it was developed. Hinton, Harold B. "Aid Bill is Signed by Truman as Reply to Foes of Liberty." New York Times, April 04, 1948. http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0403.html This primary source, being the front page of the New York Times, was helpful in understanding what a huge deal for American Foreign Policy the ERP was at the time. We used it to add visual aids to our website and emphasize how pivotal the Marshall Plan was for the post-war era. Marshall, George. "Remarks by the Secretary of State at Harvard University on June 5th, 1947." Last modified June 05, 1947. Accessed October 18, 2013. http://marshallfoundation.org/library/documents/Marshall_Plan_Speech_Complete.pdf. We used this primary source as our copy of the transcript of the the speech, which helped us further our understanding of Marshalls true intentions for the ERP. In our website we were able to use this source by pulling quotes and analyzing the speech. Committee of European Economic Cooperation, " Conference Report of the Committee of European Economic Co-Operation." Last modified September 21, 1947. Accessed October 18, 2013. http://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/documents/Marshall_Plan/Reports/Committ ee_of_European_Economic_Co-operation_General_Report_1947.pdf. We used this primary source to analyze the response of the Committee of European Economic Cooperation to Marshalls speech initiating the ERP. We used it to show that the responsibility felt by Marshall to rebuild Europe was felt across the globe, as the economic committee quickly approved the plan. "Special Message to the Congress on the Marshall Plan." Last modified December 19, 1947. Accessed October 18, 2013. http://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/documents/President_Truman_Special_Me ssage_to_the_Congress_on_the_Marshall_Plan.pdf. This primary source was used to help us see what Trumans thoughts were on the ERP and the general situation in Europe, and his hopes for nothing like this to ever happen again. We used this in our website by explaining how Truman felt very

strongly about keeping international peace in the years to come. Marshall Plan, "European Crisis." Last modified 27 05, 1947. Accessed November 12, 2013. http://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/documents/The_European_Crisis_Clayton_ to_Acheson_May_27_1947.pdf. We used this primary source to further understand the crisis that Europe was in prior to the implementation of the ERP. In our website we were able to incorporate this by explaining the economic debt and social issues that Europe was facing during and after WWII. George , Marshall. "Marshall Plan Announced." Speeches and Audio Recorded June 05 1947. History.com. Web, http://www.history.com/topics/marshall-plan/speeches This primary source was used by letting us hear what the delivery of the Marshall Plan speech actually sounded like, showing how big of a moment this was for not only Europe, but the entire world. In our website we were able to put the actual audio of the speech onto our homepage of the website. National Archives, "Pravda Newspaper." Last modified June 29, 1947. Accessed November 12, 2013.http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/coldwar/g3/cs3/cwar.pdf We used this primary source to understand the historical context in which the Marshall Plan was drafted, such as the Truman Doctrine. It was helpful in learning about not only George C. Marshalls perspective on the future of Europe, but also President Truman. "Uploads."Comicvine.http://static.comicvine.com/uploads/original/5/50734/1378360-ma r6.jpg (accessed January 12, 2014). We used this primary source to help give our website more visual appeal and help us understand the many different aspects of George Marshall. "On This Day: President Truman Signs Marshall Plan Into Law." On This Day: President Truman Signs Marshall Plan Into Law. http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/April/Truman-Signs-Marshall-Plan .html (accessed January 12, 2014). This picture of the actual signing of the Marshall Plan, a primary source, helped us see what the signing looked like, and how many people were visibly present. We included this picture on our website as one of the initial pictures that is seen on the web site. "Marshall Plan." - Conservapedia. http://www.conservapedia.com/Marshall_Plan (accessed January 12, 2014). We used this primary source, being a picture of the front page of the New York Times during the height of the ERP to see how important any new developments were to citizens of the United States. In our website this also shows up as one of the first pictures when one views the site. "Unlearning 101." 'Unlearning 101'. http://www.unlearning101.com/fuhgetaboutit_the_art_of_/politics/ (accessed January 12, 2014).

This photograph, a primary source was important in our understanding of how the Marshall Plan was delivered, with many graduating Harvard students surrounding him. We included this picture by adding it to our homepage as visual aid. "Bottroper Sonderstempel." Bottroper Sonderstempel. http://briefmarken-bottrop.de/sammlung_bottrop/sonderstempel/sonderstempel.htm (accessed January 12, 2014). We used this primary source, a picture of the stamp of signet for the Marshall Plan to see what the representation of the Marshall plan looked like at this time. This was apparent on our website in a header at the top of all pages for added visuals not of people. "The Marshall Plan." CNBC. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2014. http://fm.cnbc.com/applications/cnbc.com/resources/img/editorial/2011/08/23/2771893706_Marshall_Plan.jpg. We used this picture to visualize and further understand how bad conditions were in Europe after the war. This primary source was helpful in realizing what great need of an economic plan Europe was in need of at the time, because of such vast devastation it endured. "The Marshall Plan." The Marshall Plan. http://tpsnva.sonjara.com/teaching_materials/learning_experience/all.php?experiences_key=4374 (accessed January 9, 2014). We used this cartoon from the time, a primary source, to understand what the world would supposedly be like without the Marshall plan. We were able to put this on our website as a simple way to show and describe how essential the ERP would be. "George C. Marshall:Secretary of State." Wikipedia Commons. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:George_C._Marshall,_U.S._Secretary_of_State.jp g (accessed January 10, 2014). This picture helped us get a picture of what the secretary of state looked like, and we used the primary source to add visual aid and intrigue to our website, giving readers a more realistic perspective on the post-war era. Price, Harry Bayard. The Marshall plan and its meaning. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1955. This primary source written just years after the ERP helped us see a first hand account of the situation unrelated to the government. We were able to highlight the devastation that had taken over Europe before the Marshall Plan went into effect for every citizen who was negatively impacted as a result of WWII. "For European Recovery: The Fiftieth Anniversary of the Marshall Plan." Dutch View of the Marshall Plan: For European Recovery: The Fiftieth Anniversary of the Marshall Plan (Library of Congress Exhibition). http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/marshall/mars10.html (accessed January 12, 2014). This cartoon released by the Dutch after announcement of the Marshall Plan helped us to understand how other nations reaction to the ERP. We used it to illustrate how the ERP was a positive and effective plan for all of Europe.

"27s Fly Over Polesti During WWII." Wikipedia Pictures. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B-24D%27s_fly_over_Polesti_during_World_War_II.jp g (accessed January 27, 2014). This picture of many dead bodies actually during WWII was helpful to visualize the extent to which those fighting in the war had been hurt. We used this on our background page on WWII. "American Spaces in the Philippines: August 8, 1945 President Truman signs U.N. Charter." American Spaces in the Philippines: August 8, 1945 President Truman signs U.N. Charter. http://www.americanspacesph.com/2013/08/august-8-1945-president-truman-signs-u n.html (accessed January 29, 2014). We used this primary source to show what the signing of big documents looked like at this time. We were able to incorporate it into our website on the page about Harry Truman. "Assistance for Greece and Turkey." Our Documents. http://www.ourdocuments.gov/document_data/document_images/doc_081_big.jpg (accessed January 28, 2014). This primary document was helpful in looking at the request for assistance for Greece and Turkey that lead to the Marshall Plan. We used this on our website so that the viewers can see what the actual document looked like, not just the text. "Avalon Project - Truman Doctrine." Avalon Project - Truman Doctrine. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/trudoc.asp (accessed January 28, 2014). We used this transcript of President Trumans address to learn the how this speech about the Truman Doctrine set the stage for the Marshall Plan. We were able to incorporate this onto our page about the Truman Doctrine and Harry Truman. Associated Newspapers. "Hell in the Pacific: Rare World War II photographs show American soldiers' fight for survival in brutal Battle of Saipan." Mail Online. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2087023/World-War-II-photographs-Americansoldiers-fight-survival-brutal-Battle-Saipan.html (accessed January 29, 2014). We used this photograph to visually show the brutality of WWII, and why George Marshall may have felt it a responsibility of the US to respond after his experiences. We used this in our website on the background information on WWII. "Suspects Held In Holocaust Memorial Desecration." Gadling.com. http://www.gadling.com/2012/06/26/suspects-held-in-holocaust-memorial-desecratio n/ (accessed January 29, 2014). We used this picture of the holocaust to show the wide range of people that were devastated by the war. This picture was used in the slideshow on WWII in our website. "The Blitz: 7 Bloody Months." The Kids Pages; London & The Blitz in World War II for Children. http://www.thekidswindow.co.uk/Kids/The_Blitz.htm (accessed January 29, 2014). This picture shows how the air raids affected the daily lives of European citizens, and created many hardships. We used this in the context section about World War II on the website.

"The History Place - World War II in Europe Timeline: British Children Endure an Attack." The History Place - World War II in Europe Timeline: British Children Endure an Attack. http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/timeline/children-shelter.htm (accessed January 29, 2014). We used this picture to understand the drastic measures that families had to take in order to protect themselves from the violence ensuing on Europe. We used this on the website about WWII in the slideshow. "Timelines: 1938." Eugenic sterilization in Nazi Germany. http://www.lifesciencesfoundation.org/events-Eugenic_sterilization_in_Nazi_Germany. html (accessed January 29, 2014). This picture allowed us to get a visual of the power that Adolf Hitler had over Europe during WWII which we used on our website by putting it into the slideshow. "Top 25 Quotes of Harry Truman." Listverse. http://listverse.com/2007/12/19/top-25-quotes-of-harry-truman/ (accessed January 29, 2014). We used this primary source of quotes from Harry Truman to get a better understanding of what kind of person he was, and his outlooks on the world at war. We used this in our website on the Harry Truman page, as well as the page on the Truman Doctrine. "Top of Glacier." Post World War II. http://stevemckelvie.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/top-of-glacier-001.jpg (accessed January 15, 2014). We used this picture to further see how great the improvement of Europe was after WWII was over. We put this on our website on the economic impacts page, because a better economy improved the quality of life. "World War II United States Army Pictorials." World War II United States Army Pictorials. http://www.paperlessarchives.com/wwii_army_pictorials.html (accessed January 28, 2014). We were able to incorporate this primary source by displaying how violent and high pressure being in the war was for military members. We put this in our slideshow on the WWII page. " World War II Photograph from Battle of Iwo Jima." World War II Photograph. http://www.wwiiarchives.net/servlet/action/photo/1866/0 (accessed January 29, 2014). This primary source, a picture of collapsed soldiers, was used in our website to understand how deadly WWII was. We put this in our slideshow on WWII.