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Mid-term Examination #3
Wednesday, November 16, 7:30-9:30pm, No recitations on the day of the exam. Coverage: Lectures 118 Recitations 116 Homeworks 110
Homework 10 will not be collected or graded. Solutions are posted. Closed book: 3 pages of notes (8 1 2 11 inches; front and back). No calculators, computers, cell phones, music players, or other aids. Designed as 1-hour exam; two hours to complete. Prior term midterm exams have been posted on the 6.003 website.
Fourier Representations
Weve seen a variety of Fourier representations: CT CT DT DT Fourier Fourier Fourier Fourier series transform series transform
1 ak = ak+N = N
x[n]ej N kn
n=<N >
X (e j ) =
n=
x[n]ej n
x [ n ] = x[ n + N ] =
k=<N >
ak e
j2 N kn
x[ n] =
1 X (e j )e j n d 2 <2>
CT Fourier Series
CT Fourier transform
ak =
2 1 x(t)ej T kt dt T T
X (j ) =
2 kt T
x(t)ejt dt
x(t) = x(t + T ) =
k=
ak e j
x(t) =
1 X (j )e jt d 2
CT Fourier Series
CT Fourier transform
t
5
2 k N
CT Fourier Series
2 k T
CT Fourier transform
The Fourier transform of a sum is the sum of the Fourier transforms: 0 X (j ) = 2ak ( k0 )
k=
Therefore periodic signals can be equivalently represented as Fourier transforms (with impulses!).
a a 1a0 a1 a2 a3 2 a3 a4 a4
0 1 ak ej0 kt
Fourier Transform
x(t) = x(t + T ) =
k=
N
periodic extension
interpolate
periodic CT CTFS
T
periodic extension
aperiodic CT CTFT
x(t) 1 1 0 1 t
X (j ) =
x(t)ejt dt
y (t) 1
1 1 2 2
y (t ) 1 t
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1 1 2 2
y (t) 1
1 1 2 2
Y (j ) 1 2 2
x(t) 1 1 1 t
X (j ) 1 2 2
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z (t) =
k=
x(t + 4k ) 1 t
12
z (t) =
k=
x(t + 4k ) 1 t
0 k= 0 k=
x(t + 4k ) = (x p)(t)
(t + 4k )
Z (j ) = X (j ) P (j )
13
Check Yourself
x(t) =
k=
(t kT ) 1 0 t T
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Check Yourself
Whats the Fourier transform of an impulse train?
x(t) =
k=
(t kT ) 1 0 t T k
1 T
1 ak = T
X (j ) =
k=
2 2 ( k ) T T
2 T
0
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2 T
z (t) =
k=
x(t + 4k ) 1 t
0 k= 0 k=
x(t + 4k ) = (x p)(t)
(t + 4k )
Z (j ) = X (j ) P (j )
16
X (j ) 1 2 P (j )
2 2 2
Z (j ) /2
2 2
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z (t) =
k=
x(t + 4k ) 1 t
Z (j ) /2
2 2
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Z (j ) /2
2 2
ak 1/4 k
1 1
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X (j ) 1 2 2 Z (j ) /2
2 2
ak 1/4 k
1 1
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N
periodic extension
interpolate
periodic CT CTFS
T
periodic extension (sampling in frequency)
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aperiodic CT CTFT
CT Fourier Series
CT Fourier transform
t
22
2 k N
CT Fourier Series
2 k T
CT Fourier transform
23
N
periodic extension
interpolate
periodic CT CTFS
T
periodic extension (sampling in frequency)
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aperiodic CT CTFT
N
periodic extension
interpolate
periodic CT CTFS
T
periodic extension
aperiodic CT CTFT
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x(t) 1 1 0 1
Take T = 1 2.
x[ n ]
n 1 1
What is the eect on the frequency representation?
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(t + kT )
x(t) 1 1 0 1 x[ n ] t xp (t)
n 1 1
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t 1 1
(t + kT )
x(t) 1 1 0 1 xp (t) t
t 1
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X (j ) 1 2 P (j ) 4 4 Xp (j ) 2 4
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xp (t)
t 1 1 Xp (j ) 2 4 4
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x[ n ]
n 1 1 X (ej ) 2
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DT Fourier transform
CT Fourier transform of sampled signal xp (t) = DT Fourier transform of samples x[n] where = T , i.e., X (j ) = X (ej )
=T
xp (t) t 1 x[ n ] n 1 1
= T = 1 2
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Xp (j ) 2 4 X (ej ) 2 4
x[n]ej n
Xp (j ) = = = =
xp (t)ejt dt 0
n
0
n
x[n]
0
n
x[n]ejnT
= T
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x[ n ]
n 1 1 p[ n]
n 8 xp [n] = (x p)[n] 8
n 8 1 1
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X (ej ) 2
2 P (ej )
Xp (ej )
2
4 4
35
xp [n] = (x p)[n]
n 8 1 1 Xp (ej )
2
4 4
36
Xp (ej )
2
4 4
ak
1 4
1 1
37
X (ej ) 2
2 ak
1 4
1 1
38
CT Fourier Series
CT Fourier transform
t
39
2 k N
CT Fourier Series
2 k T
CT Fourier transform
40
periodic CT CTFS
T
periodic extension
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aperiodic CT CTFT
1 ak = ak+N = N
x[n]ej N kn
n=<N >
X (e j ) =
n=
x[n]ej n
x [ n ] = x[ n + N ] =
k=<N >
ak e
j2 N kn
x[ n] =
1 X (e j )e j n d 2 <2>
CT Fourier Series
CT Fourier transform
ak =
2 1 x(t)ej T kt dt T T
X (j ) =
2 kt T
x(t)ejt dt
x(t) = x(t + T ) =
k=
ak e j
x(t) =
1 X (j )e jt d 2
42
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