1.

What is your understanding of theories, concepts and hypotheses in learning this course?

Theory is a set of interrelated concepts, assumptions and generalizations that systematically describes and explains regularities in behaviour in educational organizations by Fred N. Kerlinger 1986). Daniel Griffiths (1988) includes many of the same ideas in his discussion of theory. He adds that a theory is a deductively connected set of empirical laws and that all statements in a theory are generalizations that explain the empirical laws and unify the areas of subject matter. Concepts are the basic building block of the theory. They are abstract terms that have been given special definitions. This is because, concepts have specific connotations that make us agree on the meaning of terms and their abstractness ensure the generality of concepts. Hypotheses is a conjectural statements that indicates a relationship between at least two concepts or variables. Theories are by nature general and abstract. They are not strictly true or false but rather useful or not. The theory is the beginning or product of a review of the scientific. It is considered as the basis for a research hypothesis. In the field of educational administration as administrative, scientific studies trying to describe behavior that occurred or done by the members of the organization such as a school of education, department of education or the Ministry of Education. Scientific researchers can describe the behavior of an individual or group of individuals. In the field of educational administration, according to (Hoy and Miskel,1996), the theory is a concept , the caretakers of assumptions and generalizations that describe a systematic norms for behavior in educational organizations. Various theories, concepts and hypotheses discussed in the course PXGM 6102. Most of it is about the improvements in management process to make it into a more effective and productive management. In addition, the theories and concepts learned PXGM 6102, is been applied in our daily routine and it gives good results to the practitioners of these theories. As a leader in the organization, the person must be bold enough to make decisions, take risks and accept changes and built a good conflict and avoid bad conflict. All this can contribute to a better management system in all organization and policy will be process smoothly, and can be beneficial to the country. As the conclusion, the theory and the concept of the learning organization plays an important role in the administration of education. Each member of the organization must understand the theories and concepts in educational organizations to facilitate the organization to achieve the desired goals. The concept of organizational learning is also closely associated with theories of organization. Thus, each of the leaders and members of the organization need to master all these theories, and can be consulted in the formulation of concepts related to educational organizations.
Nurul Qistina Abu Bakar PDG 130009 PXGM6102

2.

Do You Think Changes Need To Be Done In An Educational Organization? Why?

In my opinion, there sure need changes in the Educational Organization. This is because,changes is very important in order to improve things. But not all changes made can be accepted by everyone in an organization. There is certainly have the pro and con in the organization.For example conflict will arises and the leaders need to think rationally, creative and innovative in bringing changes to employees so that the changes can be achieved and adapted. In educational organization, various aspects can lead to changes in educational organizations such as changes in the passage of time, technology, demography, environment, quality education and foreign competition. In order to compete with educational organizations outside of our country, the government and the policy makers need to know what is the main objective of education in Malaysia. The changes now is clearly shows that we are trying our best to be the best as other country. This can show in the changes made in information technology such as encouraging students in the use of ICT in schools, applied the School-Based Assesment (PBS) system for teacher, implementing the Blue Print in educational organization and we trying to produce expertise student and teachers in IT. Changes in Educational Organization will provide bright future for our children and our new generations.

Nurul Qistina Abu Bakar PDG 130009 PXGM6102

3.

You have to discuss various topics in the course PXGM 6102, and the topics have important element in efforts to improve schools in Malaysia. Explain why and how it can be implemented.

In PXGM6102 class, variety of topics and issues shared among our classmates and lecturer. The topics that we had disccused such as the effectiveness of schools, changes in educational organization, conflict in educational organization, beaurecracy and loose coupling in education, effective communication, issues in the administration of educational organizations, the management theories used in educational organizations as well as the concept of the learning organization. It is important for us to improve the quality of school in Malaysia in order to stand and be the best shool among other big country in the world. There are various policies created in Malaysia to achieve the target of globalization, it can be done but the organization of the school itself should play a big role because it involves achieving children educate students. Educational organizations to implement various elements of the child's self - pupils and teachers and educators as models and theories learned. Leaders also need to improve the educational organizations to improve school management system can be implemented. Malaysia, need to stop creating more and more policies for educational organizationa and try to fulfill the policies that had already created first. By fulfill all the policies that have been created, this will help to improve the educational system in Malaysia and we can compete with other country in educational system field. Changes is good but need to control the changes made so that the changes made will not burden the teachers and students.

Nurul Qistina Abu Bakar PDG 130009 PXGM6102

4.

You have to learn about the conflict that brought two (2) different perspectives on the conflict. explain the causes of the conflict and its impact on educational organizations.

Conflict happens between the two people disagrees with one other. Conflict can be both positive and negative effects. Conflict is an element of human life, whether at work or outside the workplace. It was sparked by a person has the desire and the hope that is often at odds with the desires and expectations of others, whether employers, colleagues, family or others. With the conflict on the side winning each will play a role in the matter or issue that is maintained. Some of the changes implemented in an administrative and educational organizations will create conflict among its members. Organizational impact of education is the result of changes made do not hit the target. It also resulted in the organization of school management system is not smooth because there will be misunderstandings and harmonious school environment and may not be around for the teachers and staff were on strike. In educational organizations conflict happens to all leaders do not want to accept the changes that have been made by the government. They had melelakukan to create conflict within themselves and bring the action goes unnoticed . This action is not all to the negative effects , but also the positive effect. This occurs because leaders had act mainly produce satisfactory job of a leader is not acting at all.

Referring to the School Based Assessment policy ( PBS ). Educators see this policy as a policy that is very difficult for them . The emergence of conflict in them having to do work that is considered difficult , but unwittingly produce quality students as a result of action had educators. The conflict that lies within the educator has a positive effect on student performance. In conclusion conflict can have positive and negative effects . It depended largely on how educators is to control and disperse . If educators rational and optimistic that the conflict will produce positive output . If instead educators need to master and learn how to control and deal with conflicts that will happen or is happening. However, there are ways to overcome such conflicts discretion, establish goals and objectives in greater detail and in accordance with the consent of the teachers and staff. Adding staff to not add to the burden of teachers with office work and not their field, and many more steps that can be taken to prevent and mitigate conflict

Nurul Qistina Abu Bakar PDG 130009 PXGM6102

5.

Today we can see the 21st century school is different from 20th century school? Describe the changes that occur. Many efforts to improve the quality of school learning in the 21st century, one of the changes that

are being made are in the syllabus and the way and method of learning. In terms of the assessment of the children are also different from the 20th century. We can see, the ministry has established a range of policies such as PISA, the PBS system (School Based Assessment), and the last is the MECC (Education Development Plan). The changes are for one purpose, mostly to put Malaysia on the eyes of the world from the point of education. Besides, this also been implement in order to upgrade the quality of their children's education and future generations, improve the economy and also to make sure there will be no dropout of the childrens in Malaysia especially in term of education. Teh example of changes made in the school such as Curriculum for Primary Schools (KBSR) has been replaced with Standard Curriculum for Primary Schools (USSR) from 2011, School Based Assessment (PBS) and 1 Student 1 Sport. These changes is to improve the primary education system in Malaysia. Many policies have been established by the Government of Malaysia in the field of education. Teaching and learning is the most important aspect in process implementation of the curriculum. 21st century students need to get all the facilities that are available to help them in the learning process. Computers have certainly widely used. The main source of knowledge is the future of the 21st century resources related to information technology. With facilities such as computers, multi-media, disc and the information highway as 'internet' to be made available for use by all students. This is hope that teaching and learning in the 21st century will be fully utilize by using computer. This is not to burderns the teachers to use the technology but to create an atmosphere of teaching and learning more enjoyable, efficient and more meaningful. Information technology is the communication technology equipment or electronic network system that can be used to collect, store, process, distribute and communicate information quickly and accurately to assist the teaching and learning process. The development of information technology to facilitate human communication in managing, storing and disseminating information more sophisticated data either in the form of text, image or voice. Students in the 21st century will be the wave of information technology, so that every student should be computer literate. This is because the computer beupaya improve learning. It's a time when computers become standard equipment in all schools at the primary, secondary and post-secondary. In this era of information explosion and heaps of knowledge, the use of computer technology fueled students organize information and at the same time looking for a specific fact effectively and fast.

Nurul Qistina Abu Bakar PDG 130009 PXGM6102