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2pa x
_ ;
m
1
0:6147 17:1844
a
W
_ _
2
8:7822
a
W
_ _
6
;
m
2
0:2502 3:2889
a
W
_ _
2
70:0444
a
W
_ _
6
:
7
With S
0
is the residual stresses prole along the crack path, m(x, a) is
a weight function and m
1
and m
2
its coefcients.
The contribution due to the effect of crack closure was esti-
mated by the following equation:
K
aperture
Cr
aperture
pa
p
;
C 1:12 0:231
a
W
_ _
10:55
a
W
_ _
2
21:72
a
W
_ _
3
30:39
a
W
_ _
4
:
8
In such way it was possible to take into account all the phenomena
affecting the deviation from the theoretical SIF value. The corrected
K
I
behavior as a function of the crack length compared with those
belonging to the calculations performed with CCD camera observa-
tions and TSA is plotted in Fig. 14a. The crack initiation and growth
behavior, for both the studied congurations is shown in Fig. 14b.
The fatigue crack growth rate results are shown in the curves pro-
cessed at a load ratio of R = 0.33. Both the L and T welds show a sim-
ilar behavior in the crack initiation and growth leading to the
conclusion that the FSW process eliminates the effect of rolling
direction on the fatigue properties of the welds. As a general behav-
ior the experimental curves tend to underestimate the K
I
value at
the same crack length, after few mm of crack propagation the TSA
measurements are coincident with the theoretical model while
the CCD camera calculations continue to underestimate the SIF.
4. Conclusions
The effect of rolling direction respect to the welding one on the
mechanical behavior of FSW AlLi plates was studied and the re-
sults reported in the present paper. The thermal proles of the
material during welds was very similar for both the congurations
with a temperature of 250 C at 10 mm from the centerline to
320 C in the center of the welds. The TEM observations in different
zones of the weld allowed the identication of the different rein-
forcing phases coupled with the grain size variation, the tempera-
ture evolution and the microhardness prole. The mechanical
strength of the base material results much more higher in the L
direction respect to the T one accompanied with a reduction in
ductility and an increase in the necking value, demonstrating the
strong anisotropy of such kind of AlLi alloys with respect to the
rolling direction. In the high cycle fatigue regime, the Whler
curves did not show clear differences. It was observed decreasing
stress amplitude limits as function of life endurance up to the fati-
gue limit (4 10
6
cycles to failure) and such value was very sim-
ilar for both the congurations at a value of the cyclic maximum
stress of 200 MPa.
Both the L and T welds show a similar behavior in the crack ini-
tiation and growth leading to the conclusion that the FSW process
eliminates the effect of rolling direction on the fatigue properties of
the welds.
Fig. 14. K
I
as a function of crack length for the specimen welded in T conguration
calculated with FEM and measured with TSA and CCD observations (a); Crack
growth behavior for the 2198 AlLi plates friction stir welded in T and L
congurations (b).
3630 P. Cavaliere et al. / Materials and Design 30 (2009) 36223631
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