Grierson Sharada

On the Sarada Alphabet Author(s): George Grierson Source: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and
Ireland, (Oct., 1916), pp. 677-708 Published by: Cambridge University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25189479 . Accessed: 26/06/2013 02:28
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JOURNAL
OF THE
ROYAL
ASIATIC 1916
XVII
SOCIETY
ON THE SARADA ALPHABET

By Sir GEORGE GRIERSON, K.C.I.E., M.R.A.S.
alphabet with which in Leech's is that contained I am acquainted " " in the JASB., Grammar of the Cashmeeree Language Leech gives the forms only vol. xiii, pp. 399 ff., 1844. and does not of the vowels and of the simple consonants, or of consonants with vowels the combinations deal with fTlHE earliest account of the Sarada As the subject is one of some conjunct consonants. not only here I tables, showing interest, give complete all but also and consonants, the simple vowels possible in this alphabet. of these, as they occur combinations for me by my friend have all been written The characters Rama Sastri of Mukunda Pandit Mahamahopadhyaya with and may Siinagar, Two confidence. published Sakuntala that by therefore plates Burkhard fullest were the alphabet illustrating of the Kasmir in his edition be accepted with the
it will be found 1884), but I think (Vienna, tables are much more complete. the following is based on the same system as The Sarada alphabet It is most nearly related to that of the Nagari alphabet. and and to the Landd, them through
of the Panjab Hillsl the Takrl alphabet or "clipped", of the Panjab, alphabet
1 jras. 1916. 44 See JRAS. 1904, pp.
67 ff.
678 to the Gurmukhl
but, unlike them, and like alphabet, sa it letters the and at the end of the ha puts Nagari, and after the not is called vowels. Kashmir, alphabet, or land of the goddess the Sdradd-lcsetra, Sarada, holy and of the name of the origin in his Kdshoniri Vocabulary although alphabet, a tradition that it 1872), s.v. Shdradd, mentions (London, of one Saradanandana, who is said is so called in honour this doubt the Elmslie, to have first reduced the Kashmiri In India when is no
to writing. language written the is down, it proper, alphabet oiaonah is usually the invocation Om siddham, preceded by a In. Kashmir established.1 reverence, Om, slightly viz. Ooh formula is employed, of invocation different As one, established. siddhaoh, Om, hail! a curious it is fact the word one, ekam, that, regards in writing the invocation, the words ooh, svasti, while, are and siddhaoh ^T, ^rf%, out?thus, fully written svasti ekaoh Instead we ekam is not written. "ftpir?the word in named which is Kashmiri the mystic sign ^no, as sam read So that what is and ekaoh. oku .is gor, is ^ff ^t^f **nv>ftNf character in the Sarada written The ekam siddham. traditional read as ooh svasti and have : In order to master the of this is as follows explanation in Kashmiri to it is necessary Saivism, theory of maoitras or power of each letter composing learn the meaning a onantra, or the ondtrlcd-cakra. some Each letter The of the alphabet represent from ka and
1
represents the various to ma other
mystic object. consonants saktis, the twenty-five lower tattvas, the twenty-five represent letters the while tattvas, higher or Life-seed.2 In this way ksa the
vowels
the
represents
Cf. Biihler, (Vienna, Eastern
the prdoia-bija
Brahma On the Origin p. 29 Alphabet, of the Indian ' on of Unknown "The and Hoernle, 1895), Languages' translates Buhler Turkistan siddham, ", JRAS. 1911, p. 450. account of be found will the Mdtrkd-cdkra in the Indian Thought in Kseniaraja's Series, No. II.
success. 2 A full
Sivasutravimarsini,
ii, 7, translated
ON THE SARADA ALPHABET letter a represents
679
the the jndna-sakti. It also indicates = and Solitary (anuttara) (alcula JcvZdttirna) Supreme The The sign ^*TO? is composed of three parts. Siva. ? line horizontal letter i.e. also the a, Siva; represents 11 represent the twTo perpendicular the other strokes and the two curved marks vowels, and also the saktis; >j (/ a and hence all the represent Qiala), plough " are called by grammarians hai". which The consonants, all the vowels whole sign therefore plus the represents consonants, the mystical saktis the way
In " the non-dual"
or,
in other side
and
tattvas, of so-called
Kashmiri ; sam
the entire alphabet. words, Siva plus it also represents all i.e. Siva and all his developments creation.
oku sam gor, of oku means " or one
On the in
name is a
",
contraction
samvittva,
con
dition is for
of para goru,
understood). " the supreme it has been

has the same
; and gor samvit, the Supreme Experience into (and therefore it has been inquired means the whole added siddham With, monist has experience in the agamas) been mastered ". Ekam (for siddham
established
meaning.
has been kindly less mystical given to interpretation me by Professor Barnett. He points out that the siddham from the first siitra of the Katantra, derived is probably A which order
this
runs of the
grammar
siddho
varnasamamnayah, letters is established

was, over a thousand
i.e. "the traditional (as follows)

years ago,
", and
the
that
most
popular
handbook of Central
in Northern Asia. The used
India1 mark at the
and ^nrv
the Buddhist
symbols to by such as are referred end of any important writing, on p. 85 of his Indische and has Buhler Paldeographie, a sign of punctuation. A not of the force practically
1When confined In the rest I was to Eastern in India its use in Northern India it with in general seems bo have been I studied where Bengal, was the Mugdhabodha of Bengal the local use. Pandits.
regions one of the sacred
is evidently or commencement
680 dissimilar
very
sign will be found at the end of the plate 281 vol. ii of Rajendra Lala Mitra's Notices of facing p. this sign as Taking Manuscripts of Sanskrit (C3Ej()one of punctuation, this first it would be natural to mark
ekam, as a distant by mentally interjecting division-point of the first sutra of the Katantra, echo of the numbering the word ekam would in course of time become and a new and be the would forgotten, meaning petrified, to it. meaning given mystical wrhich I am India with of Northern In those parts no special in the there are, except Panjab, acquainted names letters. H a is called a-kdra, for the various ^ and so on. In the Gurmukhi ka-kdra, Here the it is different. in the Panjab, used alphabet, a is initial ^ have each its own name. vowels Thus, so on. and T d is called d-kannd, called dird, non-initial ka is called consonants are also named the consonant is called and each by enunciating mentioned the second kha is called twice time.
The
doubling Thus cR ka
and so on.
kakkd, ^
khakkhd,
In the schools much has further. its separate no definite have names as and,
of Kashmir Every individual vowel
is carried this Panjab system form and every consonant name. of these names Most from this connotation, apart been do not seem to have
meaning of letters,
of on any regular Even each syllable invented system. for ekam, and the sign ^^ dm svasti, and of siddham, I give these names in the following has its own name. in the Nagari and Sarada characters, tables, written As character. a transliteration into the Roman with are not Sanskrit, but are in the Kashmiri these names followed is that of transliteration the system language, differs slightly and which to Kashmiri, is applied which or of the corresponding from the transliteration Nagari Sarada letters wrhen used for Sanskrit.
? sonant aspirates ? Kashmiri. in
^ ^ ddham ?There damar q?^ dam *j*^ are no
VOWELS, Etc.
in Kashmiri Kashmiri in in name vr-6-3-o t> ,
^ (h?b) ^fcfi e/cam -g^^^Vf^^^ff) ^ft^ Read o/c** o/dr e/cara. as sam mttu w
^t ^Pi #*J ^ ^r 3 *? sva soyam so ooh ^J^ ^tNt^T ^ff ns^r** f? oohkdrd om
? % 1% ^rf^* Af si ST^^f 3* sediv se -i T c> ? t; V T^TT^ ^ ?*Hcr\ y% Y yisherav ?2 iX ^ ^^\ $?T3/ ye si" yeyev ^ -a T i^1T^ 3E5*#/ wahay *f<EK mfioithar iJ^M
Sf% (3f%^?l i^W^ **i Aj *#vw*e
Nagan. Roman. ^^ Sarada. Boman._Bemarks' ^^
to
me
name
as
for
the
initial
form.
kr IF Thus,
-f g ^ Same name as the form. for initial Thus, /cf cfi is called kov kahas tai rakhav ril. is called
/co'y
kahas
kl Same initial the -/ ^f Thus, is for form. kov kahas called tai leyev ? le. name as ?? ?
^T
JNagari. Sarada. Roman. re, or renan ^PCar miLnthflr Kashmiri in 6iin name -d xr-? , -d -u Kashmiri *s -i ? ^ ?*^f -3 ftR w#paJ ^ sft ^ wo "ST*!-**^^
re
B? ^ IR*[ ^T ii bd ^3> wopal >? a ^*|^ ar -w J re? *I^ khwru * a f^^f^*^ G?|; If1/
i.e. ka, /co?; under /cMr#
|^*W$] g Wl^DfO f |# r*khavr* ^?

r | | Itytvtt g**/i? | .I^^^? *% *Z w -/ ^ *?. Samename
under
/ca.
|| I *3? *ffacr HP % sfl*r*1 I^| Usav

for initial as the
form, as ab
Nagari. Roman. Sarada. Remarks. XT_ x ... ^.
Vowels, etc. (continued). o?
I | killed") kov ka onoonth. ^
!H"
1 |(" TrfT*r Thus, *j*frff/ morith having ^f A is called
^ j{ ^^ft 55^"*T half (" *ST5 a") ^ S Avagraha. oduddau w a ^
; ^t ^t^ ^:
?D
îJWpffa
ÛVFît
^ *?#^r ^â^
[^t [J^/lJ-] V] Wt^ g phyor ah.
wupadhmdniye
~ ^^R^^ ^ ^r(lJ
o -o >
xT^
tsandra ^ ^f*^ as/lic^ RF "3^5?
onaspher*aoh .ad* "qq^ Vttlgft^ ^^55S5

au
>
phyoo*1 j
ra^ sîfl *" I talavy t&* hondfi 5^" ^ ye \I&*rf S^tT ~ hooijor -ai ^ *>5
ffgT^J^fta I ~x 3 I ^ ^ o/^ s/^r" ^ ^ffiT ^ -tjSjfitZWJ wahdy ^fT^ ok?shi w -au "9|>IP1
zihwdonuliyeo
f??JS*?K*l3
_;_' _i__^_
j jj J* 3T^1 fote j > f!T^ ai Ti TI wutho
I ^ ** ^Ft fit
>
not possess the > letter #/ia. >
not possess the letter jha.
? language does U ^T**/* ^ ndrngna fT^Tf Tia
CONSONANTS g Nagari. & Sarada. Roman.

Kashmiri in in name j6-d xtt^ , ka w\^ 4h*/#r $ ^ kov ka cR tf* -:?.-:-.-
3 [^f] C"* The [<7&a] ^TT^T gr/ia***?*** grcte* Kashmiri 1 ^T #a ?T w
mi of nr
*??rT$fzny^flf^ phup jha [fl] [jha] 9 j* *?/fcnrf ?**] The 5j zoshin Kashmiri iji za khona *? r*p^~fe
ne language does
c/ia ^ ^C ^tz^ te/*,o?m ?$ ?r fofta | fT*/? ? ^5^^ tsdtuvtsa ca ?xi ffcmf

ga il it ÎIPC T JJTI tin gagar ga H
kha M6V Ksfft igfir Pf ?? *? nr o
ja ^ iirt f^J y ?f ?j?/$r 0a 2%*
Roman. Nagari. Sarada. Remarks. 6_ XT_ t> n-
? rf/â letters or oia.
not possess the 5
not possess the gj letter bha.
3-5/ 5 da ^ dud 5 da The ^ Kashmiri f^P I
tj
if
dakada[dha]
[w] Possess [V<J tlie ^JJ^* ^TRjtt not [na] ^ T|jr ndnagur* na ^ tf^t^ ^
language
language does q T^*/ T ?ias?w> *H*Jf *T m =f na ^
does
f?*$
letter pa V" paduri
a3/ia.
f^
[XI
5"J^f^
dunda[dha] 6/ia *T ^ îr]
^Tt^f ^[H]
The Kashmiri ^^ 6a 66y F^] ^ [6/ia] The Kashmiri
c ^T>*rfe ta ^ ar-ondta *F?/j4p?c tha *R;-*rre o ^ sar-ondtha +r*l iho
da ^*T ^ dadav ITXF^/ " da * ^#
^ft^^J ?5 GftttJG pliarinpha jp/ta xr h does H" language "$*/ *ftcT h m^ *? ?T ma ??ia
^/ia *j ^Tgrrfir 8*tf> 9 TET tfwfefc* tha w
6a ^T .3 ^rf otto ^ ?R oa
fo rT *?*j <ff^ yJ ?T *< ta h
CO
***
g the not letter H sa. possess
8$^*T does H language ? -9^1 W sus sa
] M f |oi# *? ** tfiltx; ^ [sa] IT The ?>/tor* Kashmiri t* she sa if
*Nagari. Sarada. Roman. Kashmiri Kashmiri in -6-1Kashmiri atname in -o -r, , e**a ^ ^t^ 9 q ^ ya j/? i/e
IT^f
3 T?? ^cff ^ 7 ra/ca ra *^ o la ^f $t zp*^ ^f ?j i$rm a ia /atf H
g ^ ^$r zu va washe wa w
^^ * shtikar ^T ^ she sa *?
*?** ?5
3>îfc*S koli W\f%^t?^f fea 3> kshe ^ veth* ^ ^^r^rj ?ft^. ?ra/ca tra 3^R ^ ?? tov tra
_;_:_ _ Ci
Roman. Nagari. Sarada. Remarks. 6-1-d AT_
gg (continued).
>
Ci00 -J
is and simply ?dy* za (phup wa) =? under ne khona spelt out,
S^
n>) we) no jpAw*? ?? (^t^ ^ (zdyi 3na ^f^ (^(^^sj^fjnsf Thiscompoundhas <**[ khona tai zahas
special
name,
the
only
difference
between ^f 3 faT te 1^ ^ bod^ bodu (or ysjsfs dud da a? *p
for the
ma
and
sa
is
that
characters
_;_ 5j| There is no this for equivalent ?* .
> letter in Sarada. >
the the it of in latter former while is pointed. round, corner w
f,
I,
and I is followed Gonsonaoits hy Vowels.?As in the Nagari, form it is non-initial of vowel used when <x> a
different.
it-. # is the Here they if
consonant
that
is
put
into
hese non-initial four is itself. governed
is slightly altered the to in dative while ^ as so of agent consonant case, appear or the , as name vowels treated e isare preceded by a consonant. the naming In syllable, aksara, or formed, so except in the cases of the vowels hond This the first. is followed of uttered by is the and f, I, consonant of name non-initial name r, by the led therefore is kov and ka wahdy, aksara kd. In the named wahdy of most vowel cases name called the postposition of ka name the Thus,
The is ka. employed forms ku their for and in I irregular, place the give and are names following table The shows With how is two the aksara each exceptions named. consonant 5 tai kahas Kov kr ka", is kahas kov called and under " tai kov means ka, under i.e. re, reoiav renav re ^ Similarly It the for will ka. others. under that, be subsequently far r or nomenclature so seen second as dative of which is members hooije, the and were Thus, that kov of from non-initial ka
of and con k we a
is
kov ka, under. tai,
the that principle is followed whole in named on of conjunct consonants. case
forms khu for and These quite and respectively. are regular. names
kov
ke. ka? hooije
^t5
^ /eai
Ichu *? | ^^ ^ 'fS* ]chftri ^ lcha ,chw ^J ^ ^? kha ar ^ ^ ? ^^ *G S^t^ ^ 33 ^[ ifaqjj ^ ki ^ kov m^nth^rd ka k% ar ,ch?ni JchSn*
? ^ ^^ 3^ ke ^ ^v ^ca ke honje khlir^ ^ honjor /ca /cov
w khil ^t^ ^ 4? /mv ^ kam "TOf^ /ca *m /cam _p/i_r? ?R ??ias kai
kl ^| ^b ^ ^^ ^?m kahas kov <T^J *i ^^ ^f kahas kov rTsT kl % \ ^^ Ê) *Rf ^ <5R^[ kov ^ kahas leyev tai le >^ tai ^ renavtai relisav ^? kf ?j ^ p?^[ ?Rt^T kov kahas tai ^R?^ ^ rakhav ? cT*T ru kau ?ft 4^ ^t"^ ^R /coy /ca L'^l ^ \ 'Sft^C ^t ^ft ^ kov ko ka ok" shyiiri ^*Pf *3W^ \^^t^ f? ^tW ik t% î ki ka kov onilnth^ ^RT ÎT^ Wt^f kov ^5 ka wahdy lea /ca/z, ^r: ' f^s^Hjt?! ka kovdo pher ka < ashmiri Nagari. Kashmiri name in Roman. in ^^cR^tj^
3f
name
T^T ^f
/ca ^ kov ka cffcf ?p cjj
to r
ja, *P ^ the have similar stroke right, with ta, and already I* non-initial a na and, on na, ?* a, Non-initial is, in table, this ? shown indicated a blunt by usually triangle short suspended a as this the following and stroke kind (^) into of hollow combine vowel triangle a semicircle called or Irregular Formations from the top line, thus -*. Other examples are VF ca, u? khd, s9 ta, and v named pa, respectively kha khd, khooii wahdy tsa tsdtuv tov tsa, ta pd. padur* The wahdy pa letters and ta, wahdy
^ .
TRlf^ 3i^f% T*I ^ff TUT na kuoidali ndnaguri ?T *"?> wahdy ?TT na nd > na vgT t? *(V$H 3i^f% *f ?TT ^T^T^ oia kuoidali ndrug walidy nd > The same changes the occur when any of above consonants appears as a member of a conjunct to ZT c ^-^nfe igRTftr Zl ^ffT*T ar-mdta wahdy kundali ta tj The form blunt is triangle of usual non-initial u a lying its thus side, j, from the suspended on ja ?lt^ ?fT cR^f% T*T ^f kundali UT 9 wahdy zd *? 2%* 0a tsdtuv tsa tu, tsu khuri 5 respectively klinr* jha, ar-mdta named The ga, and letters tu. ka, na, da, blia, do this take the ta, but and suffix form, not lower initial part of sa u, wopal named \J, wo, khu in the table This 13. khuru. is Other consonant, sign called *[ on.p. as examples are and cu Koman. Nagari. Sarada. Kashmiri name Nagari. in Kashmiri name in Roman. __ _:_,__to
-!-,-.-H For below that head. examples under consonant. see
? kundali Thus? ivahdy.
wo &j wopal wo ^tT IT wopal ^jf? ?f^?T W *|^ *|T khona ?P^ 7c/io?ia cf*T tai ?>/m^' phutine rj *J wu nu we_ t> . khuri %vo ^t ^ rfu *?J^ 1FR f I ^n? dudu dn khur1 das duda *f tai du ^^ rl^ wopal wo c r wopaJ nu >
^[ U ?JTfil?J jhn *|f^ ^TTftl?f WX^l ? g 5 ?f tai 5f^ zoshiii *T cf klitcr* j? wopal zoshin ZV/ zas wo za zu
g U '"g As spelt out in Kashmiri Kashmiri name As spelt out in Kashmiri Kashmiri name $(Nagari (Nagari). (Roman ,? (Roman). character). o character). The instead. Besides sign resultant the Nagari these with resembles spelt-out usual a name v,. ^t IW ^cfT cTTcft ^5^5 ?u tai tas ^<xô cRt, cR <J tutd tu wopal wo 43 ^J ^T "^PCt eft IR^j ir^ If^ cT^ *J su tai shekar s/iu shes shukari shu ^T*ft Tt *?J^ bhu ^T{?J J 1 iF ^ W1**! hu boyl has *J rC^T tai khnr^ ba boy* bu wopal too h
(Not ?2 ^*?T^ JJ" out.) spelt ^ out.) ^ rukhari ru ku 3* ^^ *ft tai ^Tcfit ^? IR*[ -3) û Icdho cT^T kas kukd cR^ <J ku wopal wo Q
3 TTft *ft gagarl :JT l^^t 1^ :J V gu *FTTt gagari <T*[ gas tai
these Thus? conju-ncts, their particular have of conjuncts each own. name a _-^ -.?.?.?.
The aksara follows:? formed is ru as
Src_ iih
692 When it takes ^ g g 7tfm 'd c3
ON THE SARADA ALPHABET u is added to a conjunct the following forms :? i=3 Kashmiri name in H ,J a NagarL ofitw ^R ^rf^f consonant in ra
ending
xr . , _ Kashmiri
name m Roman.
?ji
3g?
^Tt
*J /cov 7ca dutarikh khru
khurl
km
khru ^ gru
%t?J^
<prf^ W(t *I Mon* Ma. dutarikh khnrl khiwi ^T^ H gagar ga dutarikh
gru
^ Ml
And
IT^ ^^tTI
so on.
Dutarikh the forms for kra, khra, gra below. Compare of a it is the second member is the name of ra when
conjunct.
is a straight horizontal as in khu in from the consonant, line, thus ?i, suspended are _Ughu and Jf eu, the table on p. 13. Other examples ar khnril called respectively gos* ga ghu and tsdtuv tsa The usual form of non-initial u ar khu^ Those tsil, the letters which take called ar khuri1. itself being sign -take the lower part of the initial the lower part of the initial form of instead of ar khuo*1. u, So these the aksaox^s with
form of u also
initial u ^?, named ivopal bd u also does the letter ra. Unlike
[to next page
When it takes S o Ph kru IS
is added
the following
to a conjunct forms :?
consonant
ending
in ra
^ ie? ^ I hJC_ *^ 5)
Kashmiri name (Nagari i? character). ___ ?fit ?[ ?R ^ff^Ti "3p?
Kashmiri name (Roman character). kov ka dutarikh ar khiio
khru
*| ** n$ \ \
*|^sff <gt5 Ti^crft^ ^ *3^?TI ^
km
Ichori kha dutarikh khari1 khru
ar
^,_j_.
And
so
on.
ON THE SARADA ALPHABET akmras descriptive with rw, no special have, except a name. out is sufficient spelling u name. Thus?
G93 The
g 3
J__
a
___?___
l!
'n
Kashmiri name (Nagari $ ,S character).

_ _
Kashmiri name (Roman character).
ku gu jhu
^ i\ fl
^ cf*f W^^ ^T ^ kov kahas tai wopal ba ii 4?i 3Rt^ ?R? 0a0av Qahas taiwopal bd ii i{^^ rf*f *I*T? W^^t^T ^31 Q zoshin zahas tai wopal T? îfir^ Î^C c!*t IR^f
7sr\ \3S bd il
?~lil \ da
tu
^ ?
^^ ^^ ^
^^
khonaphup nehas tai

bd il Tsr\ wopal ^
ff ^?3; cf^1^ m ^
dud dahas tai ivopal bail
cft^ 3^ ri^ fW m ^R tov tahas tai wopal ba ii ^ ^ bhu *J m^T ^T^ boy* bahas tai ivopal bd ii J> î^ ^1^ <!*[ ^fi shekar shkhas tai wopal **L % iPirSTO^WjJWWfT^ bd ii ru ^ >_ TT ^ ^TT ^ ar khara rd (T^l^W) rd
Conjunct Consonants a The following is Their list of conjunct consonants. names are based on first their the component parts, member being put into the dative, governed by tai, below. Thus kka is called kov kahas ka; kca
kov
kov ka, or ka under

isa, i.e. tsdtuv tsa
is called
ka, or
tai kov ka, i.e. kou ka under tai tsdtuv kov kahas
ca under ka; and so on.
under
When it takes
^cff^l is called and Thus, ^ kya is written ^t^ ^ ^ptfT*| 3\, on so kov ka shutarikh and the others. *(% for kya, ra is the second member When of a conjunct consonant it takes the form Thus, kov ka dutarikh
.Iras. 191G.
ya the
is the second member form c_, which
of a conjunct
consonant shxitarikh.
is named
VR kra
is written
45
duiarikh. ^crfT^ cR ^ftcf î, <|fTR;*sj VR kra, and so on for the others. and is named
Jk., which
is named
094
1.4 icj fl fl
ij-5
S17H icj ice
a
rt
a
53 ^
a
rt
a
&
e
*&o
a
rt
a
Jz;
g
*c?
Hu IS 3S 7t7c7ia ^55 3i Jtairc cn^ ^

kca
.
g ^
_.
3; ?)
*E I nlclia ^ {JJ I lchya W 7t7ira Tj| n^ oilchya ^ ^ oikhyd ?TT S
#;Kl ^
(/o3a (7o37ta
?u/a
.
il
/cua
^Tff ^) , f a7cto Tff
i?
ni SL
mJ
ST
to
ngya
.
$\
__
^j
g,
w#2/a ^5JT ?
ktva gj Ma W
Arfrya ip
gma f?
1M
^ 3?>
*>
^ ^
giya
& ^
2*
iighoxx ^
S^
%7irt* ^T ^ iighran ^ ^
? S gp
7c?/iiva< sra
foiya
Aâ fcma m %a
kra
?W fi g?q ^ % ti
^
ff7l7ia
?f
nya
^j
?
^
ghnya \W g n cjhma V* ?* ^ ^ __ ? ^ ,,ya cchm ^

g]tra jt yjt _
7^1* 77 c??ia ^JT JJL
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APPENDIX
The very attributed 6aivism, complicated Mukunda Sanskrit, references the most subject As little to I have Alphabet is known the letters from obtained in Saiva regarding of the the Mysticism the mystic alphabet account character in Kashmir of this Pandit in by him terms of and an expert Barnett in has
following
subject Rama oastrl. and it is to Saiva could come
Mahamahopadhyaya It was written of it. technical that only Professor and
so
full
philosophy interpret to my his
kindly is from translation is interested in this for the care
rescue,
hand. competent branch of mysticism labour that he a maze
following who Everyone will be grateful has in expended of considerable Barnett of view. treatise, this work
the
to him order
and
to guide us laymen through and notes Additions intricacy. are enclosed account between The
himself
It contains
is interesting a quotation from a hitherto The it was
by Professor square brackets. from another point unknown of importance not written from The which passage
the Mahd-oxaoja-poxxkdsa. in the fact that consists but modern in an old form Kashmiri short,
in Sanskrit, apparently is quoted to obtain
of Prakrit but I am
is descended.
tantalizingly endeavouring a copy of the to throw work, which complete promises on as much the to what form of light disputed question was current in North-Western Prakrit in ancient India
times.
{Note.?According of his Sakti agency tattva, Kundalini, Sabda-tattva, cause whence six Adhvans
to the Agamas, Paramesvara by the stirs up the Bindu (also called Siva Kutila, 6abda-brahma, is the insentient material this disturbance Pada, Varna, arise the
Suddha-maya, The Bindu etc.). in consequence of (viz. the Mantra,
Bhuvana,
700 and Kalti Tattva, of all differences of the
ON THE SARADA ALPHABET and it is the real substrate Adhvans); of condition (e.g. rise and dissolution are described as uf)ddhis which to the The Bindu but of Siva, or is a parigraha-sakti is in no sense identical
cosmos) unconditioned Siva. " Power" possessed with him. From the the latter the Bindu the
consonants
there emerges and from the Pranava, the Varnadhvan, of which letters, forming are lifeless their bodies and the vowels
thereof form eighty-one life; the combinations words, are produced the Padadhvan, whence eleven spells, the Mantradhvan. The Varnas, Mantras, and Padas together form the Vedas and Agamas. The tattva, without and Will tattva Tattvadhvan the is composed of efflux the Bindu from or Siva the Bindu (an in the of the Action Powers of change equipoise in Paramesvara), or lsvara MaheSvara-tattva Sadasiva-tattva
is depressed in and Action intensified (when Will reverse the Bindu), and Suddha-vidya-tattva the (when is the case). Some Sakti-tattva states the Siva-tattva identify with the Bindu. with But the Nada, the and the
Pauskaragama that the Bindu is as described above, and clearly that it is that whence the "complex of sound", ndddtmiko arises in which it moves, and into yogah, immediately, it dissolves which (ii, 3).]
The utterance oku sam g6ru", and its sign ^m>.
object of using the upper horizontal
The
this line ?-
sign indicates
is this.
In the first place the letter a, that is transcending The
to say the Uppermost (anuttara), the Kulal and secondless (akula

[! The space, which On this Kula consists of Jiva (individual
or Siva,
advaitasvarupa).
time, ether, all these are basis
water, earth, as conceived up
iimtter)> soul), Prakrti (primal in state of grace The fire, and air. or Siva one M'ith Brahma is Kuldcdra. or Kaulika cult, which differs from
is built
the Kaula
ON THE SARADA ALPHABET two middle lines perpendicular while the two outer indicate
701
a onwards, a (hata), and therefore plough The whole sign >*ro therefore (hai). of all the letters from a to h.
Its utterance " oku sam
from all the vowels curved lines o c represent indicate all the consonants indicates the totality
absolute,
goru".?oku,
One,
secondless
; sam,
the
tattva); g6ru, known all". This "One", "by secondless Brahma in all and (siddha) Lord's Supreme of the Uppermost with
of Consciousness principle of the Ego. by the Intuition the expressed
(samvit Supply
Agamas. mystic Power secondless (Anuttara) ends with
the Syllabic indicating as a unity, is established sense The is : The
and
begins in germ the whole which contains pure Consciousness, are in of and which the universe, principles being perfectly transcendental power (siddhi), comprehended?bestows viz. enjojnnent and salvation. In the various Agamas it is laid down that the Word
a and
consists (Sakti), which the Visarga, and (thus) ha?which has the form of
of the brahma from letters (sabda-brahma), consisting a to ha, and a secondless Consciousness, of the form having exists as the total universe. To prakasa,
vernacular,
this
efFect are consisting

viz. :
two of
verses verses
book Mahd-naya in very ancient composed
in the
akula
chntta
kulagata sdnekarup)a
the Sakta cult
bodhdrani vyapaka satta gnmuna ahall

I
I II II
ganthi-cakka-adlulra-vidharana
alclcai
vij ay una
expounded and a plain s.v.
in being more gross of ritual, It is details (besides etc.). in the Mahdnirrdim-tantra, ibid. ; vii, 95 it, and elsewhere, account of its ritual, in all its nastiness, is given unvarnished also in Tarunacarya's in Visvakosa, See the account Kularahasya. Kvldcdra. (Konow's saw him.] The speech transl., of Bhairavfmanda p. 285) gives in Bajasekhara's a good idea of the Karpura as Kaula
mavjari others
702 The
ON THE SARADA ALPHABET of it is:
Kula
form transcending the akula, bodhd ; vydp>aka, omnipresent; touching the rise of perception ; then kulagata, raoii, in form of ahalt the the Kula ; ahali, having existing without i.e. of the consonants a, this being a compound meaning l; chutta, seat of formed with the elision of the middle i.e. being in the a-hal), becoming has being devoid of this a, which word (a-vaoyita-hal but form of consonants, a definite the form of
the Power Ahalii. line2; iatta, Power, Or again ahali thus) : lati, she takes (we may derive a or and /ia, the first and the last the letters pervades as she consists of in utterance sounds (of the alphabet), the letters. is she in whom there exists no hai, no ahal Or again: in the form of breath, not scil. the Kundalini consonant; course in of utterance. the written down, only shatterer of bonds, Ganthi'Cakka-ddhdoxx-vidhaoxioia, as it and bases; guonuna, buzzing, murmuring, a a her let her make utter sound. From were, noise, the Ahala, of the power scil. the Power consisting place circles, of upward the bonds, to rise sound. Sakti Linga
although
in her condition of uprising breath?shattering a for herself circles, and bases?opening passage in reveal herself, manifest aloft?shall becoming to Tan which identifies the refers trie notion [This the Kundalini onulddhdoxi
secondless thus
with
force of
in
resting
coiled
round
mani
the
in the
the microcosm.]
character ; anekao*ui>a,
Sd alckai,
fold ; vijayuoia, may she prosper! the same To effect (it is said) tr ions ikd:
in
the
Aondvdsya
onahdn I 'sau paoxipiaoxxh sdntah sivah sao'vagato ca || ap>ranieyo hy a?ia?i?a? vydp>l sao*vesvaox?svarah I saktih j>aox% tasydsti sahaja sarvasaktionayi yd
1 See [2 Scil. footnote. the preceding line the top horizontal
in the
figure
>*1XI'.]
ON THE SARADA ALPHABET saivaikd bahudhd sthitd II
703
icchdjndnakriydtvena
tasya uditarupdya ye bheddh kdryato gatdh \ tan antas tu samdhrtya Hve sthitd II sdmarasye " That Siva who is at once Higher and Lower, still, of omnipresent, scope great, beyond (logical) perception, congenital One only, She exists in various forms as powers. Though and The divisions Action. which issue as Will, Thought, Her from is in when She the State of products being aroused, Herself, She when and (then) in equilibrium gathers She rests in Siva." being then the Power, together within and a boundless, all-pervading, Power Higher lord of all which lords, possesses is constituted of all
The object the Agamas:
of study
as it is said
in
sthxdd visvatanur para " The nityodita Goddess when
devi santa
suksmd
cinmatrariLpini\ II
brahmasattasvardpini the
when
universe; subtile, Eternal is She called, Higher, the being of Brahma."
forms gross She has only still,
the of body form of spirit: essentially composed of the
of the Maya-nay (The author the Goddess firstly (mentioned) scil. in the words ahda Higher, next
Lower,
(the Goddess)
scil. in the
praises as being ch.utta vydpaka bodhdru.ni, in the subtile form, as both Higher and (above)
kulagata . . . vidhdrana ; and
a-]irakdsa) at the end
thrice
words
in gross scil. in the form, as Lower, (the Goddess) " : and (he means to say as words anekariipa She, follows): " in three is and She forms, one," though may appearing be successful in Her as nature essential of Selfhood, identical with the Self : pervading the akula and sphere; as arani scil. mother, to perceptions, acting (fire-stick), i.e. phenomena in form, ; and manifold though one, may she then conquer ! Essentially consisting in infinite manifestation.
704
ON THE SAHADA ALPHABET
check, by repulse of opponents, may She without prosper in sole monarchy, i.e. in empire ".l in detail to expound then proceeds the [The author of of the the the form the Power revelation of in theory letters, with vionarsioii, may ii, 1, 3, 7, and
extract in Indian above dealt with
which
the Siva-sutoxi compared Series 19, etc., in the Kashmir

Shrinivas vol. The of
be
of
t1 The following Siva-sntra-vimarsinl, on the subjects light has been altered paper:? " Para Siva-sakti,
from
Thought, with. the system
of translation Iyengar's throws iii, p. 360, note, words of Sanskrit spelling transliteration used in this
to agree
Sakti the
is the mother consciousness
and Unlimited. Universal, that drives she is the vibratory energy * as the she is sjmibolized by Light; world to
as be conceived of the universe. She may of Isvara. She is Consciousness, Pure, she is Independence Hence {svacchanda); the cosmos. light desire of the consciousness, Being sun makes the whole action visible of him aware to a body and take place, she with them. Maha-Sakti, the greatest of aspect of parts By as it
so she makes visible, cognition that exercises these the man functions, is Siva, in his own real nature Man them. When is hence these turns his attention i.e. when act, on them and makes great ; in this she us. outside are the the latter
and muscular i.e. she makes but attached
mind. She
cognition, him identify She
etc., himself is also
the driver manifestation
Malia-Maya, of the cosmos of energy sounds sounds
deceiver.
individual her, viz. of her, her themselves, dead were,
is symbolized by Sound, As Sound this symbolizes manifestations bodies, physical
attendant
these
divinities, devis, yoginis, the mantras that constitute
etc. Saktis, are merely,
one acquires when vitalized sound ; they become mantravlrya is This with the mantras aud makes (Sakti). power mystic charged 4< Sakti of Kundalini. Kundalini is Para done by the herself, rousing" In the a minified in a man's or rather, of her, body. replica residing in the is potential case of ordinary ; she resides men, Kundalini merely " " is not heart coiled round his heart. By tho word shape of a serpent of tho body but the centre meant the physiological imagined organ, not as is sound conceived aka?a. Aka.sa as a hollow and filled with sensation fills buddhi of the the within inside guha,' of there the the brain, body. is a dot but as In an its an aka.sa Such entity. objective ' the is the heart, which centre, the representative It is the Siva,
of Light. in the Him As Siva's Sakti surrounds in the microcosm. supreme is surrounded so in man this dot of Light (bindu) by the Sakti cosmos, ' ' with the bindu makes in the shape of the sleeping serpent. Churning the coiled straight."] serpent * "Symbolized" would embodied" be is " hardly nearer.?L. adequate; D. B. cosmically revealed, or
ON THE SARADA ALPHABET Texts lation give each and with Mr. vol. Shrinivas iii), and then of the mystic curious
705 trans on to of
Studies,
(Indian Thought, the following account the letter, with which
Iyengars he goes
significance
reader
the exposition A : the first Ego,

nature.
in Siva-sutra-vimarsini, element perfect in the conception egoity essentially
may p. 60 f.]
compare
of
the Uppermost transcendental
in
: the sinking to rest in that same (perfect egoity), hence the Power of Joy, consisting in the combination of two as. the Power of Will, styled Aghora, instinct towards external the union consisting of consisting self-manifestation of the equilibrium an
I:
amidst of Siva. I : the same when to rest
mistress in the
fallen and, as it were, (Uitrl) hence of the Self, composed
combination of two i's. : U the Power of Thought in the form of an out opening a of while there is in universe, (unmem) (the an instinct outwards. Power of) Will a condition U: in the of revealing deficiency principle excess to the of the Consciousness, owing object
of thought, while this (Power of Thought)

undivided Void of a town upon
is still
of the
R,
li
like (the image) : as the twofold Will reposing touches the luminous
in a mirror.
the realm
by principle (tejas) the agency of the Power of Thought, it reveals itself in the sound 11 like the lightning-flash and the lightning.1 the same (Will) advances to a owing itself
page.
L, L:
when
far certain
in the
realm
of
the Void, and the Power of Thought and stone, it reveals

1 See note
assumes
of deficiency the form of wood way as
in the same
on next
706 the
ON THE SARADA ALPHABET and lightning,1 of by means lightning-llash of its solid nature; hence sound L because these eternal, (wood, etc.) are similarly things in rest the to Self. The because sink solely they the term are unable (bija, instinct is applied, because (the { and I) to generate radical other letter any a mystical letter forming the essential part "neuter" outwards. radical (bija) due to the predominance of
of the spell of a deity), owing to their lack of

E: a triangular are
the Uppermost whilst

proceeding because being) of
the Uppermost
(its
and Joy
in Will, the
form triangular of Will, equilibrium
Thought, AI: a prolongation a result two (scil.
and Action. to greater (vocalic ?) sound, as owing extension of the same the extreme represented by a, and
of
the Uppermost, (the I). an extension
Joy, represented hy d) inWill

the Mistress O : having the and form of of
(the letter i) and

the Uppermost for manifestation the (when the universe same
due to the desire Joy, of Thought in the Power outwards, in which latter is) in the condition opens AU: as this out is an into manifestation. extreme
prolongation (vowel o), it is a trident-radical because Will, hija), Thought, in it. distinct
of
the
letter (tonsoda are and Action
n. 39, note The ibid. saj's: p. GI, and [l Cf. Siva'Sfitra-vimarsim, the latter i.e. of the "As the illumination {vidj/Olana) lightning-Hash, is so the same Will, the form of the letter R, is slightly taking superior, i.e. a slight of the illumination the like the latter, ; lightning-flash It is the seed of is the Ti, and the sound (of the former), superiorit}' of radiance. Fire, consisting is L ; and so to the lightning-Hash Will when resembling Similarly, is L, and tho of the same, being the illumination superior, slightly speak is the seed of the Earth."] solid of nature, sound L, being
ON THE SARADA ALPHABET AM :a
707
for the first time of the intuition Power-inspired so far (as it }Tet exists), as being the universe, because it consists of sensation. Bindu, intuition of the predominance of Power the in the latter above-mentioned in unbroken that
AH
: an
(when Uppermost union with the Power and the Power
the Uppermost as intuited) being of the
is) of Joy, (so of Joy are
in the form of the Visarga.
Lord are five; each of Supreme a fivefold combination. is of again capable Hence the K-sevies from the Uppermost, the issuing in her essential from Will when G'-series arising form, the ^'-series springing from the same Will when she is in The Powers these Powers the double and not disturbed, form of being disturbed arises from the opening which jT-series, and P-series so as to form a universe), each have (of the Power Of these is Brahmi, essential matter, O-series scil. that nature the presiding of the if-series is that of the goddess is Mahesvaii, five elements and the out five their
members.
of the A -series of primitive ether. Of the
earth, water, fire, wind, and the presiding is Varahi, and they have goddess the five subtile scil. elements, smell, fluidity, form, touch, and sound. Of the 2T-scries the presiding is goddess the five organs and they have of action, scil. Kaumarl, and speech - organs. the Of anus, foot, hand, penis, is Camunda, ^'-series the presiding and they have goddess the five skin, organ, organs and ears. of perception, scil. smell-organ, tongue, eye, Of the P-series the presiding is goddess and they have the five tattvas, scil. thought Ahaih kara Prakrti Buddhi, (personal egoity), and Purusa Matter), (individual soul). the four tattvas, Niyati, Rfiga, Kashmir Shaivism, p. 75 ff'., 153 f.], [see arc Kala in them included [see ibid.]. have
and sa represent Isvara, Sadasiva, and
Carcika,
(Primal The semi-vowels Kal a, and Vidya and Maya and

The letters sa,
sa,
708 the ha
ON THE SARADA ALPHABET is a grosser that form of the above-mentioned
Power;
Visarga.
In order
to show
the Uppermost whole universe, and constituting Uppermost, at the end
in the pratydhdra of composed the and the letter ha (sc\\. ah, the Visarga) of terms of and objects composed speech the Six Adhvans,1 sinks to rest in the
the ku(a-bija ksa is shown (topmost radical) a the because it is of (of alphabet), compound is the Uppermost, the letter 7ca, which and of the letter sa, Thus of which is composed of Power. the determination the letters. we have above the nature of the Similarly explained is of the and Great radical ^mp, which composed Spells, indicates Siva as identical with Consciousness composing the thirty-six [Regarding Tattvas. the above, and 101, with Sakti, see kiiva-sutra-vimarsini, Shrinivas Iyengar's pp. 45 translation, is objects,
(and note) The ut supra. into two divided
with by combination or and vowels (bljas yonis or consonants), in into nine (nine vargas of letters), and into fifty (letters or a series. her mdlinl From becomes thus She all). issue, after the twelve vowrels, bindu and visarga, twenty to the universe five ka~ma, letters, (the corresponding
from from the Sakti of a, the ca-series /ca-series coining then come the four letters ya, ra, la, va, that of i, etc.); are called antastha because in which they are established as of niyati, the sheath the Purusa (kaiicnka), consisting etc. (see Siva-sutra-vimarsini, kald, rdga, vidyd, p. 62); then come sa, sa, sa, ha, called ns?na because they emerge of and unity differentiation vanishes when (nnmisita) or conies the ksa then is grasped (ibid.); prdna-bija, being sa from ha, or Andhata, and of ka from Anuttara, composed and hence = aham, the consciousness of all being in self, the universe
1 [Namery, Adhvans.]
formed
the
by
Mantra,
the Saktis
Pada,
Anuttara
Bhuvana,
and Anahata.]
Tattva, and Kala
Varna,

Grierson Sharada

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On the Sarada Alphabet Author(s): George Grierson Source: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and

ON THE SARADA ALPHABET

678 to the Gurmukhl

ON THE SARADA ALPHABET

represents the various to ma other

ON THE SARADA ALPHABET letter a represents

understood). " the supreme it has been

varnasamamnayah, letters is established

i.e. "the traditional (as follows)

in Northern Asia. The used

India1 mark at the

regions one of the sacred

ON THE SARADA ALPHABET

of Kashmir Every individual vowel

? sonant aspirates ? Kashmiri. in

^ ^ ddham ?There damar q?^ dam *j*^ are no

Sf% (3f%^?l i^W^ **i Aj *#vw*e

Nagan. Roman. ^^ Sarada. Boman._Bemarks' ^^

i.e. ka, /co?; under /cMr#

|^*W$] g Wl^DfO f |# r*khavr* ^?

|| I *3? *ffacr HP % sfl*r*1 I^| Usav

Nagari. Roman. Sarada. Remarks. XT_ x ... ^.

Vowels, etc. (continued). o?

I | killed") kov ka onoonth. ^

1 |(" TrfT*r Thus, *j*frff/ morith having ^f A is called

^ j{ ^^ft 55^"*T half (" *ST5 a") ^ S Avagraha. oduddau w a ^

tsandra ^ ^f*^ as/lic^ RF "3^5?

onaspher*aoh .ad* "qq^ Vttlgft^ ^^55S5

j jj J* 3T^1 fote j > f!T^ ai Ti TI wutho

not possess the > letter #/ia. >

not possess the letter jha.

? language does U ^T**/* ^ ndrngna fT^Tf Tia

CONSONANTS g Nagari. & Sarada. Roman.

3 [^f] C"* The [<7&a] ^TT^T gr/ia***?*** grcte* Kashmiri 1 ^T #a ?T w

c/ia ^ ^C ^tz^ te/*,o?m ?$ ?r fofta | fT*/? ? ^5^^ tsdtuvtsa ca ?xi ffcmf

kha M6V Ksfft igfir Pf ?? *? nr o

ja ^ iirt f^J y ?f ?j?/$r 0a 2%*

Roman. Nagari. Sarada. Remarks. 6_ XT_ t> n-

? rf/^a letters or oia.

not possess the 5

not possess the gj letter bha.

3-5/ 5 da ^ dud 5 da The ^ Kashmiri f^P I

language does q T^*/ T ?ias?w> *H*Jf *T m =f na ^

letter pa V" paduri

dunda[dha] 6/ia *T ^ ^ir]

The Kashmiri ^^ 6a 66y F^] ^ [6/ia] The Kashmiri

c ^T>*rfe ta ^ ar-ondta *F?/j4p?c tha *R;-*rre o ^ sar-ondtha +r*l iho

da ^*T ^ dadav ITXF^/ " da * ^#

^/ia *j ^Tgrrfir 8*tf> 9 TET tfwfefc* tha w

fo rT *?*j <ff^ yJ ?T *< ta h

g the not letter H sa. possess

8$^*T does H language ? -9^1 W sus sa

] M f |oi# *? ** tfiltx; ^ [sa] IT The ?>/tor* Kashmiri t* she sa if

3 T?? ^cff ^ 7 ra/ca ra *^ o la ^f $t zp*^ ^f ?j i$rm a ia /atf H

Roman. Nagari. Sarada. Remarks. 6-1-d AT_

is and simply ?dy* za (phup wa) =? under ne khona spelt out,

between ^f 3 faT te 1^ ^ bod^ bodu (or ysjsfs dud da a? *p

_;_ 5j| There is no this for equivalent ?* .

> letter in Sarada. >

the the it of in latter former while is pointed. round, corner w

it-. # is the Here they if

hese non-initial four is itself. governed

kov ka, under. tai,

the that principle is followed whole in named on of conjunct consonants. case

^ ^ ddham ?There damar q?^ dam j^ are no

Sf% (3f%^?l i^W^ **i Aj #vwe

|^W$] g Wl^DfO f |# rkhavr* ^?

|| I 3? ffacr HP % sflr1 I^| Usav

1 |(" TrfTr Thus, j*frff/ morith having ^f A is called

^ j{ ^^ft 55^"T half (" ST5 a") ^ S Avagraha. oduddau w a ^

onaspheraoh .ad "qq^ Vttlgft^ ^^55S5

3 [^f] C"* The [<7&a] ^TT^T gr/ia? grcte* Kashmiri 1 ^T #a ?T w

c/ia ^ ^C ^tz^ te/,o?m ?$ ?r fofta | fT/? ? ^5^^ tsdtuvtsa ca ?xi ffcmf

language does q T^/ T ?ias?w> HJf T m =f na ^

c ^T>rfe ta ^ ar-ondta F?/j4p?c tha R;-rre o ^ sar-ondtha +r*l iho

da ^T ^ dadav ITXF^/ " da ^#

^/ia j ^Tgrrfir 8tf> 9 TET tfwfefc* tha w

fo rT ?j <ff^ yJ ?T *< ta h

3 T?? ^cff ^ 7 ra/ca ra ^ o la ^f $t zp^ ^f ?j i$rm a ia /atf H

|^sff <gt5 Ti^crft^ ^ 3^?TI ^

JH V s?/ta ^f ^p s?ia ^ j# S7ii/a ?T Jf ?2?a W Q spha ^G V