HYDROMAGNETIC MIXED CONVECTION IN A LID-DRIVEN CAVITY FILLED WITH A FLUID-SATURATED POROUS MEDIUM

M. Muthtamilselvan 1, P. Kandaswamy2, and J. Lee2

1

Department of Mathematics, Kalaignar Karunanidhi Institute of Technology, Coimbatore-641 046, India Email: muthtamil1@yahoo.co.in 2 School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea Email: pgkswamy@yahoo.co.in Received 3 February 2009; accepted 3 October 2009

ABSTRACT A numerical investigation is conducted to study the effect of magnetic eld on mixed convection in a lid-driven cavity lled with a uid saturated porous medium. The left and right vertical walls of the cavity are insulated while both the top and bottom horizontal walls are kept at constant but different temperatures. The top horizontal wall is moving on its own plane at a constant speed while all other walls are xed. A uniform magnetic eld is applied in the vertical direction normal to the moving wall. The governing equations are solved using nitevolume approach along with the SIMPLE algorithm. Numerical solutions are obtained for a wide range of parameters. The effects of the controlling parameters involved in the heat transfer characteristics are studied in detail. Keywords: Mixed convection, Lid-driven, Porous medium, Hydromagnetic. Nomenclature B0 Da g Gr H Ha K Nu Nuavg P Pr Re Ri T U, V U0 magnetic eld strength Darcy number, K/H 2 gravitational acceleration, [m/s2 ] H 3 Grashof number, g 2 enclosure length [m] Hartmann number effective thermal conductivity of the porous medium [W m 1 K 1 ] local Nusslet number average Nusslet number pressure [P a] Prandtl number, e H Reynolds number, U0 Richardson number, Gr/Re2 c dimensionless temperature, h c dimensionless velocities in X- and Y-direction lid-driven velocity [m/s]

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Uc dimensionless velocity in x-direction at mid-plane of the cavity u, v velocities in x- and y -direction Vc dimensionless velocity in y -direction at mid-plane of the cavity X, Y dimensionless cartesian coordinates x, y cartesian coordinates Greek symbols effective thermal diffusivity of porous medium [m 2 s1 ] coefcient of thermal expansion of uid [K 1 ] temperature difference temperature [o C ] K permeability of porous medium [m 2 ] effective dynamic viscosity [P a s1 ] effective kinematic viscosity, / uid density [kgm3 ] porosity Subscripts avg average C cold wall H hot wall

1 INTRODUCTION The problem of mixed convection in a lid-driven cavity has been a major topic for research studies due to its frequent occurrence in industrial and technological applications. This includes crystal growth, electronic cooling, oil extraction, solar collectors, etc. Many numerical techniques have been proposed to tackle this fundamental problem (Iwatsu et al. 1993; Moallemi and Jang 1992; Aydin and Yang 2000; Singh and Sharif 2003). Prasad and Koseff (1996) performed an experimental investigation of mixed convection ow in a lid-driven cavity. They considered heated moving bottom wall with high Reynolds number and high Grashof number. Their results indicate that the overall heat transfer rate is a very weak function of the Grashof number for the examined range of Reynolds number. They have also analyzed the mean heat ux values over the entire boundary to produce Nusselt numbar and Stanton number correlations which are useful for design applications. Mixed convection ow in a lid-driven porous cavity has recently received considerable attention because of numerous applications in engineering and science. Lai and Kulacki (1991) carried out an experimental study of free and mixed convection in horizontal porous layers locally heated from bellow. They considered three different sizes of the heat source and compared the experimental Nusselt numbers with numerically calculated values. Mixed convection ow in an enclosure lled with a Darcian uid saturated uniform porous medium in the presence of internal heat generation is numerically investigated by Khanafer and Chamkha (1999). Their results indicate that heat transfer mechanisms and the ow characteristics inside the cavity are strongly dependent on the Richardson number. Also they nd signicant inuence on the features of the isotherms and slight effects on the streamlines for small values of the Richardson number. A similar trend has also been observed by Al-Amiri (2000). Jue (2002) studied the convection ow caused by a torsionally-oscillatory lid with thermally stable stratication in an enclosure lled with porous medium. He found that the oscillatory frequency seriously affects the heat transfer phenomena.
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M. Muthtamilselvan, P. Kandaswamy, and J. Lee

In the last several decades, there has been considerable interest in studying the inuence of magnetic elds on the uid ow dynamics and performance of various processes employing electrically conducting uids. Some of these studies considered hydromagnetic ows and heat transfer in many different porous and non porous geometries, for example, (Oreper and Szekely 1983; Vajravelu and Hadjinicolaou 1998; Borjini et al. 2006; Chamkha 2002; Al-Nimr and Hader 1999). Natural convection of an electrically conducting uid in a rectangular enclosure in the presence of a magnetic eld is studied numerically by Rudraiah et al. (1995). They indicate that the average Nusselt number decreases with an increase in the Hartmann number and the Nusselt number approaches unity for a strong magnetic eld. This shows that the convection in the enclosure is suppressed due to the introduction of the magnetic eld. Recently Robillard et al. (2006) investigated numerically as well as analytically the effect of an electromagnetic eld on the natural convection in a vertical rectangular porous cavity saturated with an electrically conducting binary mixture. They conclude that under the condition of constant uxes of heat and mass imposed at the long side walls of the layer, the ow is parallel in the core of the cavity and turns through 180o in regions close to the end boundaries. This ow structure is not affected by the imposition of a magnetic eld. Pangrle et al. (1992) performed an experimental investigation of magnetic resonance imaging an incompressible, laminar uid ow in porous tube and shell systems ow. They used porous tube module in closed end mode for Reynolds number of 100 to 200 based on the tube radius to study the ow behaviour and heat transfer. Other experimental studies dealing with magnetohydrodynamic ows in porous media were reported by McWhirter et al. (1998) and Kuzhir et al. (2003). Khanafer and Chamkha (1998) studied numerically hydromagnetic natural convection heat transfer in an inclined square enclosure lled with a uid-saturated porous medium with heat generation. Their results indicate that the effects of magnetic eld and the porous medium are found to reduce the heat transfer and uid circulation within the cavity. Recently Chamkha (2002) investigated combined forced-free convection ow in a lid-driven square cavity in the presence of magnetic eld. He conducted a parametric study for both aiding and opposing ow conditions. His results show that signicant reductions in the average Nusselt number are produced for both aiding and opposing ow situations as the strength of the applied magnetic eld is increased. Also he concludes that for a xed value Gr , increasing the Re produces higher values in the average Nusselt number for aiding ow. The objective of the present numerical investigation is to examine the characteristics of a hydromagnetic mixed convection in a lid-driven porous enclosure. The mathematical formulations are based on the Brinkman-extended Darcy equation model. The governing equations are solved using the nite-volume formulation. Detailed results are presented in the form of the streamlines and isotherms. The results of the present work for the particular case (Ha = 0 and all walls are xed) is in excellent agreement with those of the already publish work. 2 MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS Consider a steady-state two-dimensional square cavity lled with a porous medium of height H as shown in Fig. 1. It is assumed that the top wall is moving from left to right at a constant speed U0 and is maintained at a constant temperature h . All other remaining walls are xed. The bottom wall is maintained at a constant temperature c (h > c ). The vertical sidewalls are considered to be adiabatic. A uniform magnetic eld is applied in the vertical direction normal to the moving wall. The one way magnetic eld is coupling to y momentum equation. The physical properties are considered to be constant except the density variation in the body force term of the momentum equation which is satised by the Boussinesqs approximation. The
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magnetic Reynolds number is assumed to be very small so that the induced magnetic eld and Hall effect are negligible (Cramer and Pai 1973). A consequence of small magnetic Reynolds number is the uncoupling of the Navier-Stokes equations from Maxwells equation (Cramer and Pai 1973). In the present investigation the porous medium is assumed to be hydrodynamically and thermally isotropic and saturated with a uid that is in local thermal equilibrium (LTE) with the solid matrix. A general Brinkman-extended-Darcy model is used to account for the ow in the porous medium. Using the above assumptions, the governing equations for mass, momentum and energy can be written in the nondimensional form as (Nield and Bejan 2006): U V + =0 X Y 1
2

(1)

U U +V X Y

P 1 + X Re

U
1/2

U ReDa U
3/2

1.75 (U 2 + V 2 ) 150 Da 1
2

(2)

V V +V X Y

P 1 + Y Re

V
1/2

V ReDa V
3/2

1.75 (U 2 + V 2 ) 150 Da U

Gr Ha2 V T Re2 Re

(3)

T T 1 2 T. (4) +V = X Y P rRe Here U and V are dimensionless velocity components in the X and Y directions respectively, T is the dimensionless temperature, P is the dimensionless pressure and is the porosity. The term on the right-hand side of equation (3) includes the Larentz force induced by the interaction of the magnetic eld with convective motion (Garandet et al. (1992)). The dimensionless variables are dened as: x y u v c p U0 H X= , Y = , U= , , V = , T = , P = , Re = 2 H H U0 U0 h c U0 Gr =
2 2 K H g H 3 B0 2 , Da = 2 , P r = . , Ha = 2 H e

The dimensionless boundary conditions can be written as: U = 1, V = 0, T = 1 (Y = 1) U = 0, V = 0, T = 0 (Y = 0) U = V = 0, T = 0 (X = 0, 1). X The local Nusselt number can be expressed as Nu =

T dX . Y and the average Nusselt number can be expressed as

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M. Muthtamilselvan, P. Kandaswamy, and J. Lee

1 0

Nuavg =

T dX . Y

3 METHOD OF SOLUTION The governing equations along with the boundary conditions are solved numerically employing nite volume method using staggered grid arrangement. The semi-implicit method for pressure linked equation (SIMPLE) is used to couple momentum and continuity equations as given by Patankar (1980). The third order accurate deferred QUICK scheme of Hayase et al. (1992) is employed to minimize the numerical diffusion for the convective terms for both the momentum equations and energy equation. The solution of the discretized momentum and pressure correction equations is obtained by TDMA line-by-line method (Patankar 1980). The pseudotransient approach is followed for the numerical solution as it is useful for a situation in which the governing equations give rice to stability problems, for example, buoyant ows (Versteeg and Malalasekera 1995). At each step, the solution is iterated until the normalized residuals of the mass, momentum and temperature equation become smaller than 10 7 . The grid independence test is performed using successively sized grids, 31 31 to 91 91 for P r = 7.0, Ri = 103 , Ha = 25, Da = 103 and = 0.4. Uniform grid is used for all the computations. The distribution of the v -velocity in the vertical mid-plane is shown in Fig. 2. It can be seen from this gure that by using lower than 81 81 grid the solution for the velocity prole is dependent on the mesh size. Also this result shows that the two grids 81 81 and 91 91 give the same result. Therefore considering both the accuracy and the computational time, all the computations are performed with a 81 81 grid. 4 CODE VALIDATION In order to check on the accuracy of the computational code employed for the solution of the problem considered in the present study, it is validated by performing simulation for the analysis of Benard convection in rectangular cavities lled with a porous medium in the absence of a magnetic eld which is reported earlier by Jue (2001). Fig. 3 shows the mid-plane velocity prole for Da = 102 , P r = 7.0 and different Rayleigh numbers. This comparison shows good agreement between the two numerical results. In addition, table 1 clearly shows good agreement of the average Nusselt number between the two numerical results. These effects provide credence to the accuracies of the present numerical solutions. 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The main objective of this investigation is to study the effects of the Hartmann number on the ow and heat transfer in a lid-driven square cavity driven by a combined shear and buoyancy forces. The present computation will be focused on the parameters having the following ranges: The Hartmann number from 0 to 100, the Darcy number from 10 4 to 101, the porosity from 0.2 to 0.8 and the Reynolds and Grashof numbers from 10 2 to 103 . The ratio Gr/Re2 (Richardson number Ri) provides a measure of the importance of buoyancy-driven natural convection relative to lid-driven forced convection. For increasing value of Ri, three different heat transport regimes were dened namely, the forced convection, the mixed convection and the natural convection (Aydin 1999).
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In general uid circulation is strongly dependent on the Hartmann number as shown in Figs. 4-6. Figs. 4-6 illustrate the streamlines (on the left) and isotherms (on the right) for different values of the Hartmann number for a xed value of the Darcy number. Fig. 4(a) shows that the main circulation lls the entire cavity and the minor cell is visible near the right bottom corner in the absence of a magnetic eld. The isotherms are clustered close to the bottom wall which points to the existence of steep temperature gradients in the vertical direction in this region. In the bulk of the cavity except this localized area, however, the temperature gradients are weak. This implies that, due to the vigorous actions of mechanically driven circulations uids are well mixed. Consequently the temperature differences in this interior region are very small. When Ha is increased to 50, the clustering of the lines near the sliding lid for the streamlines and toward the bottom wall for the isotherms (see Fig. 4(b)). In this case weakened ow activities due to the stratication suggest the formation of a separate cell in the lower half of the cavity. As Ha is increased to 100, streamlines show three rotating cells to exists (see Fig. 4(c)). The vertical temperature stratication is substantially linear in the stagnant bulk of the interior regions. Only in a relatively small region, where the mechanically induced convective activities are appreciable. This reects the fact that heat transfer is mostly conduction in the middle and bottom parts of the cavity. Fig 5(a) shows the streamlines to collapse together toward the right top corner where the sliding top wall impinges on the vertical right wall for Ha = 25 and Ri = 10 2 . In addition the results show that on increasing the Ha values the rotating cell increases to two for Ha = 50 and it increases to three for Ha = 100. In all the three ranges of the Hartmann number conduction is more dominating in the most portions of the cavity. At the top right portions of the cavity uids are comparatively well mixed. The reading from the temperature contours point out that conduction is the dominant mode of heat transfer and that the convection heat transfer is conned to the top right corner. This portion decreases for increasing values of Ha. Also the streamlines are elongated and the bottom region becomes broadly stagnated. For a strong magnetic eld, the axis of the stream line is tilted. This is due to the retarding effect of the Lorentz force. Fig. 6 displays similar case of Fig. 5. Comparing Figs. 4-6 for xed value of Ha the mixed convection portion is decreased for increasing value of Ri. Fig. 7 illustrates the streamlines and isotherms for Ri = 10 3 , Da = 102 and Ha = 50. In this case for increasing values of conduction is more dominating in the entire cavity because the buoyancy is still too weak to affect the ow pattern. Similarly Fig. 8 shows that the buoyancy effect is increasing at the right top corner for increasing values of the Darcy numbers. For high Darcy values (Da = 101 ) mixed convection is more dominating in the entire cavity in the absence of a magnetic eld. The effect of magnetic eld on the velocity prole in a vertical cavity for various values of the Richardson number at mid-sections of the cavity is depicted in Fig. 9. The presence of a magnetic eld within the cavity results in a force, opposite to the ow direction, which tends to resist the ow. This causes suppression in the thermal currents of the ow. This is clearly noticed from the horizontal and vertical velocity proles at the center of the cavity as depicted in Fig. 9. Fig. 10 shows that the local Nusselt number for Ri = 10 1 , = 0.4 and Da = 102 at different Hartmann numbers. As discussed earlier for increasing value of Ha conduction is more dominating mode in the cavity. The average Nusselt number for different Hartmann numbers is depicted in Fig. 11. In general for a xed value of the Richardson number, the average Nusselt number decreases with increasing values of the Ha. The reason is that the magnetic eld affect the ow pattern therefore the buoyancy effect is still too weak. Also the average Nusselt number is increasing with decreasing values of the Richardson number. This
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M. Muthtamilselvan, P. Kandaswamy, and J. Lee

implies that substantial contribution of convective heat transfer in the middle and upper portions of the cavity. 6 CONCLUSION In this paper, mixed convection in a lid-driven porous cavity in the presence of a magnetic eld is studied numerically. The nite-volume method is employed for the solution of the present problem. The streamlines and the isotherms for various parametric conditions are presented and discussed. It is found that the heat transfer is strongly dependent on the strength of the magnetic eld and the Darcy number. The effect of the magnetic eld is found to reduce the heat transfer and uid circulation within the cavity. In general, for xed value of Richardson number, the average Nusselt number decreases with increasing values of the Hartmann number. Also the average Nusselt number increases with increasing values of the Darcy number. REFERENCES Al-Amiri AM (2000). Analysis of momentum and energy transfer in a lid-driven cavity lled with a porous medium. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 43, pp. 35133527. Al-Nimr MA and Hader MA (1999). Mhd free convection ow in open-ended vertical porous channels. Chemical Eng. Sci. 54, pp. 18831889. Aydin O (1999). Aiding and opposing mechanisms of mixed convection in a shear and buoyancy driven cavity. Int. Comm. Heat Mass Transfer 26, pp. 10191028. Aydin O and Yang WJ (2000). Mixed convection in cavities with a locally heated lower wall and moving sidewalls. Numer. Heat Transfer Part A 37, pp. 695710. Borjini MN, Aissia HB, Halouani K, and Zeghmati B (2006). Effect of optical properties on oscillatory hydromagnetic double-diffusive convection within semitransparent uid. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 49, pp. 39843996. Chamkha AJ (2002). Hydromagnetic combined convection ow in a vertical lid-driven cavity with internal heat generation of absorption. Numer. Heat Transfer Part A 41, pp. 529546. Cramer KR and Pai SI (1973). Magnatouid Dynamics for Engineers and Physicists. McGrawHill, New York. Hayase T, Humphrey JAC, and Grief R (1992). A consistently formulated quick scheme for fast and stable convergence using nite-volume iterative procedures. J. Compt. Phys. 98, pp. 108118. Iwatsu R, Hyun JM, and Kuwahara K (1993). Mixed convection in a driven cavity with a stable vertical temperature gradient. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 36, pp. 16011608. Jue TC (2001). Analysis of benard convection in rectangular cavities lled with a porous medium. Acta Mech. 146, pp. 2129. Jue TC (2002). Analysis of ows driven by a torsionally-oscillatory lid in a uid-saturated porous enclosure with thermal stable statication. Int. J. Therm. Sci. 41, pp. 795804.
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Khanafer KM and Chamkha AJ (1998). Hydromagnetic natural convection from an inclined porous square enclosure with heat generation. Numer. Heat Transfer Part A 33, pp. 891910. Khanafer KM and Chamkha AJ (1999). Mixed convection ow in a lid-driven enclosure lled with a uid-saturated porous medium. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 42, pp. 24652481. Kuzhir P, Bossis G, Bashtovoi V, and Volkova O (2003). Flow of magnetorheological uid through porous media. European Journal of Mechanics B/Fluids 22, pp. 331343. Lai FC and Kulacki FA (1991). Experimental study of free and mixed convection in horizontal porous layers locally heated from below. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 34, pp. 525541. McWhirter JD, Crawford ME, and Klein DE (1998). Magnetohydrodynamic ows porous media ii: Experimental results. Fusion Science and Tech. 34, pp. 187197. Moallemi MK and Jang KS (1992). Prandtl number effects on laminar mixed convection heat transfer in a lid-driven cavity. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 35, pp. 18811892. Nield DA and Bejan A (2006). Convection in Porous Media (third ed). Springer-Verlag, New York. Oreper GM and Szekely J (1983). The effect of an externally imposed magnetic eld on buoyancy driven ow in a rectangular cavity. J. Crystal Growth 64, pp. 505515. Pangrle BJ, Walsh EG, Moore SC, and Dibiasioo D (1992). Magnetic resonance imaging of laminar in porous tube and shell systems ow. Chemical Eng. Sci. 47, pp. 517526. Patankar SV (1980). Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow. Hemisphere, Washington, DC. Prasad AK and Koseff JR (1996). Combined forced and natural convection heat transfer in a deep lid-driven cavity ow. Int. J. Heat and Fluid Flow 17, pp. 460467. Robillard L, Bahloul A, and Vasseur P (2006). Hydromagnetic natural convection of a binary uid in a vertical porous enclosure. Chem. Eng. Comm. 193, pp. 14311444. Rudraiah N, Barron RM, Venkatachalappa M, and Subbaraya CK (1995). Effect of a magnetic eld on free convection in a rectangular enclosure. Int. J. Engng. Sci. 33, pp. 10751084. Singh S and Sharif MAR (2003). Mixed convective cooling of a rectangular cavity with inlet and exit opening on differently heated side walls. Numer. Heat Transfer Part A 44, pp. 233253. Vajravelu K and Hadjinicolaou A (1998). Nonlinear hydromagnetic convection at a continuous moving surface. Nonlinear Analysis, Theory, Methods and Applications 31, pp. 867882. Versteeg HK and Malalasekera W (1995). An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics: the Finite Volume Method. Longman Group Ltd., Malaysia.

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M. Muthtamilselvan, P. Kandaswamy, and J. Lee

Table 1: Comparison of the average Nusselt number between the present solution and Jue (2001) for Da = 102 at P r = 7.0 Ra 3 104 3 104 5 104 105 105 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.4 Present Nuavg 2.2008 1.9929 2.5820 3.0893 2.9004 Jue (2001) 2.2222 2.0012 2.5969 3.0877 2.9435

h
U0

Porous medium
Adiabatic Adiabatic

y x

c
B0

Figure 1: Flow conguration and coordinate system.

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Hydromagnetic mixed convection in a lid-driven cavity lled with a uid-saturated porous medium

37

Y=0.5
0.04

VC

-0.04

31X31 51X51 71X71 81X81 91X91

0.5

Figure 2: Horizontal velocity prole for different mesh sizes at Ri = 10 3 , Da = 103, = 0.4, Ha = 0 and P r = 7.0.

80

Present Jue (2001)

40

Ra= 10 , = 0.6 4 Ra= 3 10 , = 0.6 5 Ra=10 , = 0.4

Vc

-40

-80

0.5

Figure 3: Comparison of the present horizontal velocity proles with Jue (2001) for Da = 10 2 and P r = 7.0.

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M. Muthtamilselvan, P. Kandaswamy, and J. Lee

0.8 8

0. 94

0. 06

(a) Ha = 0

0.94

0.31

0.06

(b) Ha = 50

0.94

0. 44

0.06

(c) Ha = 100

Figure 4: Streamlines (on the left) and isotherms (on the right) for Ri = 10 3 , Da = 102 .

= 0.4 and

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Hydromagnetic mixed convection in a lid-driven cavity lled with a uid-saturated porous medium

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0.

56

0.9 4

0. 13

(a) Ha = 25

0. 94

0.44

0.13

(b) Ha = 50

0.9 4

0.44

0.06

(c) Ha = 100

Figure 5: Streamlines (on the left) and isotherms (on the right) for Ri = 10 2 , Da = 102 .

= 0.4 and

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M. Muthtamilselvan, P. Kandaswamy, and J. Lee

0.63

0.

38

0.9

0.13

(a) Ha = 0

0.94

0.5
0.31

0.06

(b) Ha = 25

0.9 4

0.50

0.25

0.06

(c) Ha = 100

Figure 6: Streamlines (on the left) and isotherms (on the right) for Ri = 10 1 , Da = 102 .

= 0.4 and

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Hydromagnetic mixed convection in a lid-driven cavity lled with a uid-saturated porous medium

41

0.94

0.56

0.25
0.06

(a)

= 0.2

0.94

0.38

0.06

(b)

= 0.8

Figure 7: Streamlines (on the left) and isotherms (on the right) for Ri = 10 3 , Ha = 50 and Da = 102 .

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M. Muthtamilselvan, P. Kandaswamy, and J. Lee

0. 81
0. 88
0. 94

0.06

(a) Da = 104

0.88

0.

31

(b) Da = 101

Figure 8: Streamlines (on the left) and isotherms (on the right) for Ri = 10 3 , Ha = 0 and = 0.4.

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0.94

Hydromagnetic mixed convection in a lid-driven cavity lled with a uid-saturated porous medium

43

1
X=0.5 Ri=10
-3

0.2
Y=0.5 Ha= 100, 50, 25, 0

Ri=10

-3

0.1

Ha= 100, 50, 25, 0

0 0.5

0 -0.2

-0.1

0.1

0.2

VC
-0.1 -0.2 -0.3 0

0.25

0.5

0.75

UC

1
X=0.5 Ri=10
-2

0.1
Ri=10

-2

Y=0.5

Ha= 100, 50, 25, 0 Ha= 100, 50, 25, 0

0.5

0 -0.3

0.3

0.6

0.9

VC
-0.1 -0.2 0

0.5

UC

1
X=0.5 Ri=10 Ha= 100, 50, 25, 0
-1

0.2
Ri=10

-1

Y=0.5

0.1
Ha= 100, 50, 25, 0

0.5

VC
0 0.3 0.6 0.9

-0.1

0 -0.3

-0.2

0.5

UC

Figure 9: Vertical (on the the left) and horizontal (on the right) velocity proles at mid-plane of the cavity for = 0.4 and Da = 102 .

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M. Muthtamilselvan, P. Kandaswamy, and J. Lee

25

Ri= 10
20

-1

Hot wall

Nu loc

15

10

Da = 100, 50, 25, 0

0.5

Figure 10: Local Nusselt number for = 0.4 and Da = 102 .

15
Hot wall

10

Nuavg

-3

Ri=10

Ri=10 0 25

-2

Ri=10 50

-1

100

Ha

Figure 11: Average Nusselt number for = 0.4 and Da = 102 .

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