Finite Element Methods (FEM)

Finite Element Methods

Part 3 Plane Strain and Plane Stress

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Plane Strain and Plane Stress

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General 2-D elasticity

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General 2-D elasticity

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General 2-D elasticity

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General 2-D elasticity

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General 2-D elasticity

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Transformation laws
For non-isotropic materials
The D matrix varies with the orientation of the reference frame The stress-strain is specified with respect to a global coordinate In case a local coordinate system is defined in deriving D, it is necessary to transform it to global coordinates

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Transformation laws

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Transformation laws

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Transformation laws

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Transformation laws

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Triangular elements

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Triangular elements

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Triangular elements

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Triangular elements

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Triangular elements

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Triangular elements

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Triangular elements

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Triangular elements

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Triangular elements

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Triangular elements

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Constant Strain Triangular

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Constant Strain Triangular

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Constant Strain Triangular

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Constant Strain Triangular

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Constant Strain Triangular

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Constant Strain Triangular

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Linear Strain Triangle

In case of constant strain, to have accurate stress, one should use a large number of small elements So, refined elements are developed
Linear, quadratic, higher order strain expressions

Linear Strain Triangle Element

displacements expressed with a complete 2nd order polynomials There are 12 displacement parameters Six for each component in a linear variation within each element.
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Linear Strain Triangle

Inter-element displacement compatibility
Displacement expansion on a boundary, only contain the nodal quantities on that boundary 3 constants in this case An additional interior node is required for each boundary Convenient to locate these nodes in the middle point of the side
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Linear Strain Triangle

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Linear Strain Triangle

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Linear Strain Triangle

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Linear Strain Triangle

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Quadratic Strain Triangle

Displacements expressed as complete cubic polynomials Each displacement component involves 10 parameters There must be 20 nodal displacements per element . vary 2nd order within elements

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Quadratic Strain Triangle

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Quadratic Strain Triangle

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Quadratic Strain Triangle

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Quadratic Strain Triangle

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Triangular Elements Applications

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Triangular Elements Applications

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Triangular Elements Applications

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Static Condensation
Both models involve centroidal displacements as nodal variables The equilibrium equations for this node contains only displacement measures Its displacements can be expressed in terms of boundary displacements List nodal displacement such that the centroidal values are last Partition , S and p matrices as follows
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Static Condensation

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Static Condensation

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Higher order triangular elements

1. Cubic strain Element

4th order polynomials 15 parameters for each component of u & v Continuity of displacements on boundary, requires 5 conditions
A 4th order polynomial has 5 constants
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Higher order elements

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Higher order elements

2. 4th order strain element

5th order polynomials 21 parameters for each components u & v Continuity of displacements on boundary requires 6 conditions

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Higher order elements

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Rectangular elements
Rectangular Element
8 DOF rectangular element

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Rectangular elements

Corner nodes, so linear displacement interpolation functions on boundaries Appropriate two dimensional interpolation functions for displacements can be generated by evaluation
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Rectangular elements

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Rectangular elements

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Rectangular elements

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Rectangular elements

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Rectangular elements

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Rectangular elements

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Rectangular elements

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Rectangular elements

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Rectangular elements

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Rectangular elements

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Rectangular elements

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Gaussian Quadrature

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Gaussian Quadrature

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Gaussian Quadrature

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Numerical Integration
Sometimes necessary to use numerical integration in calculating stiffness matrix. Numerical integration is easier than explicit integration
It allows changing the material properties Minimizes the chance of algebraic errors

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Gaussian Quadrature

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Gaussian Quadrature

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Gaussian Quadrature

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Axisymmetric solid under axisymmetric loading

The mathematical problem is similar to that of plane stress and plane strain By symmetry
If cut the solid by a plane along the axis The state of strain is defined by 2 components of displacement As a result the state of stress could also defined
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Axsi-symmetric solid

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Axsi-symmetric solid

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Axsi-symmetric solid

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Axsi-symmetric solid

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Axsi-symmetric solid

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Axsi-symmetric solid

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Axsi-symmetric solid

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Axsi-symmetric solid

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Axsi-symmetric solid

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