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(3) Engraving. This is done on a metal plate with a cutting tool called a brain, which leaves a V-shaped trough. Drawings or designs on the plate are entirely composed of lines and/or dots. c. Surface Printing. It includes all processes in which printing is done from a flat (plane) surface. (1) Lithography. It is the art or process of printing from a flat stone or metal plate by a method based the repulsion between grease and water. (2) Silkscreen. Silk is stretched over a rectangular frame and unwanted portions in the design are blocked out. 4. Commercial Art. This includes designing of books, advertisements, signs, posters, and other displays to promote sale or acceptance of product, service or idea. 5. Mechanical Processes. These are developed by commercial printers for rapid, largequantity reproduction of words and pictures in one or more colors. 6. Photography. This is a chemical-mechanical process by which images are produced on sensitized surface by action of light. Reproductions may be in black or white or in full colors of the original. B. The plastic Arts. This group includes all fields of the visual arts in which materials are organized into three-dimensional forms. 1. Architecture. It is the art of designing and constructing buildings and other types of structures. Architecture is often referred to as the mother of the arts because it houses, serves as background for, or occurs in relation to other fields of art such as painting, sculpture, interior design, landscape architecture, and city planning. 2. Landscape Architecture. It is planning outdoor areas for human use and enjoyment, especially gardens, parks, playgrounds, golf courses. Chief materials are plants, trees, shrubs, flowers, vines, and ground cover. 3. City planning. This refers to planning and arranging the physical aspects of a large or small community. 4. Interior Design. This term is used to designate design and arrangement of architectural interiors for convenience and beauty. It includes backgrounds (walls, floors, and ceilings), furnishings, and accessories. 5. Sculpture. It refers to the design and construction of three-dimensional forms representing natural objects or imaginary shapes. Sculptures of figures are called statues. 6. Crafts. The term refers to the designing and making of objects by hand for use or for pleasure. It includes such fields as ceramics, jewelry, leatherwork, and weaving. 7. Industrial Design. It refers to design of objects for machine production. 8. Dress and Costume Design. This covers the design of wearing apparel of all types dresses, coats, suits, shoes, ties and the like. 9. Theater Design. It is the design of settings for dramatic productions. LITERATURE The art of combining or written words and their meanings into forms which have artistic and emotional appeal is called literature. 1. Drama. It is a form of literature. 2. Essay. This is non-fiction, expository (descriptive or explanatory) writing ranging from informal, personal topics to closely reasoned critical treatments of important subjects. 3. Prose Fiction. It includes narratives (stories) created by the author, as distinguished from true accounts. The word fiction comes from a Latin word which means to form, to invent, or to foreign. Fiction is generally divided into novel, novelette, and short-story forms. A novel or a short story describes characters and events which the author has invented.
4. Poetry. It is a literature of a highly expressive nature using special forms and choice of words and emotional images. Narrative (storytelling) poetry includes epics, romances, and ballads. Lyric forms include the sonnet, ode, elegy, and song. 5. Miscellaneous: history, biography, letters, journals, diaries, and other works not formally classed as literature often have definite literary appeal and status due to the high quality of the writing. MUSIC Music is the art of arranging sounds in rhythmic succession and generally in combination. Melody results from this sequence, and harmony from the combinations. Music is both a creative and a performing art. The common forms are song, march, fugue, sonata, suite, fantasy, concerto, and symphony. Musical compositions fall into three groups. 1. Vocal Music. It is composed primarily to be sung. The voice or voices are generally accompanied by one or more instruments. 2. Instrumental Music. Music of this kind is written for instruments of four general types keyboard (piano, organ, etc.); stringed (violin, cello, guitar, etc.); wind (flute, clarinet, etc.); brass winds (trumpet, saxophone, etc.); percussion (drums, xylophone). 3. Music Combined with Other Arts a. Opera. It is a drama set to music. It mostly or entirely sung with orchestral accompaniment. It is spectacularly staged with accomplished singers, elaborate scenery and costumes. b. Operetta and Musical Comedy. This is also a drama set to music but is light, popular, romantic, and often humorous or comic. Operettas use spoken dialogue instead of recitative. c. Oratorio and Cantata. It is a sacred musical drama in concert form. These are made up of recited parts (recitative), arias, and choruses, with orchestral accompaniment. No action, sets, and costumes are used. Oratories are usually based on Biblical themes. 4. Other forms of arts are the ballet music and background music for motion pictures. DRAMA AND THEATER A drama, or play, is a story re-created by actors on a stage in front of an audience. The following are the most common types of drama. 1. Tragedy. This is one of literatures greatest dramatic art forms. It is a drama of serious nature in which the central character comes to some sad or disastrous end. All tragedies portray suffering. 2. Melodrama. In this type of drama, the emphasis is on action rather than on character. The action is sensational or romantic and usually has a happy ending. 3. Comedy generally includes all plays with happy endings. a. The Romantic Comedy. Is a light, amusing table of lovers in some dilemma which is finally solved happily. b. Farce. It is a light, humorous play. The emphasis in a farce is on jokes humorous physical action, ludicrous situations, and improbable characters. c. Comedy of Manners. It is sometimes called drawing room comedy is sophisticated, sometimes satirical. The characters are usually high-society types, and situations have little to do with real life. The emphasis here is on witty dialogue. 4. Miscellaneous: a. Tragicomedy. A drama blending tragic and comic elements but which ends happily. b. Miracle and Mystery Plays. Dramatized stories from the Bible and of the lives of saints. c. Morality Plays. Are those in which characters represent specific vices and virtues. d. Closet Drama. It is a term used to designate plays written for reading rather than for staging.
e. Piano Drama. It is based on piano works which revolve around the musical pieces composed under the inspiration of a literary work. This piano drama which is a recent innovation is combining the interpretation of music with the recitation of poetry and the literary source of the music. DANCE Dance involves the movement of the body and the feet in rhythm. Some important types include: 1. Ethnologic. This includes folk dancing associated with national and cultural groups. 2. Social or Ballroom Dances. These are popular types of dancing generally performed by pairs. They include such forms as waltz, foxtrot, rhumba, and tango. 3. The Ballet. This is the formalized type of dance which originated in the royal courts of the Middle Ages. Ballet dances may be either solo or concerted dances with mimetic actions accompanied by music. These are generally built around a theme or story. 4. Modern. Modern dances are sometimes called contemporary or interpretative dances. These dances represent rebellion against the classical formalism of ballet: they emphasize personal communication of moods and themes. In the past, movements were natural and untrained. Today, there are varied styles of movements usually based on the current trend. 5. Musical Comedy. It refers to those dances performed by soloists, groups, choruses in theaters, night clubs, motion pictures, and television. It combines various forms of ballet, modern, tap, and acrobatics.