PROPERTY II OUTLINE PROFESSOR FRAN ORTIZ SUMMER 2002 E-mail: fortiz@stcl.edu Office: Room 6 8 (H) 832.252.6560 (!

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. %!&'()(*(O+ ,- %./ER)E 0O))E))(O+ a. *1eor2 a3d Eleme3ts of %d4erse 0ossessio3 i. %ctual e3tr2 5i4i35 e6clusi4e 7ossessio3 of t1e la3d . must actuall2 712sicall2 7ossess t1e 7ro7ert2 8it1 t1e same de5ree of occu7a3c2 a3d use as a4era5e o83er 8ould use t1at t27e of 7ro7ert2 a. ie.9 if t1e o83er 1as 5uests9 2ou ca3 1a4e 5uests: if t1e o83er 5oes o3 4acatio39 2ou ca3 5o o3 4acatio3 2. must e6clude true o83er 3. 7ossessio3 ca33ot ;e s1ared 8it1 t1e o83er or t1e 7u;lic #. if a la3do83er does 3ot ;ri35 actio3 to e<ect a3 ad4erse 7ossessor 8it1i3 t1e statutor2 7eriod9 t1e o83er is t1ereafter ;arred from ;ri35i35 a3 e<ectme3t actio3. a. 0 2ear )O=>?O o83s @ % e3ters i3 $$0. (tAs t1e 2ear 2002. % is co3sidered to 1a4e taBe3 title i3 $$0. i. Relatio3-,acB .octri3e . C1e3 2ou are co3sidered to ;e t1e o83er at t1e time 2ouA4e e3tered t1e 7ro7ert2 as soo3 as 2ou meet all t1e eleme3ts. )o9 i3 2000 1e is co3sidered to 1a4e ;ee3 t1e o83er i3 $$0.;efore t1e )O= ru3s9 t1e %0 1as all t1e ri51ts of a 7ossessor9 ;ut 1as 3o le5al i3terest 4alid as a5ai3st t1e true o83er ii. O7e3 a3d 3otorious . 4isi;le 7ossessio3 so as to 7ut o83er reaso3a;le 3otice 2. reaso3a;l2 i3form a3 atte3ti4e la3do83er t1at someo3e is o3 t1e 7ro7ert2 iii. 0ossessio3 must ;e ad4erse a3d u3der a claim of ri51t . 1as to ;e a5ai3st t1e true o83erAs i3terests (a.B.a. D1ostilit2E) 2. claim of title reFuireme3ts a. o;<ecti4e sta3dard (7u3is1es 7eo7le from slee7i35 o3 t1eir ri51ts) ;. 5ood fait1 ;elief 2ou o83 t1e 7ro7ert2 c. a55ressi4e tres7asser sta3dardG2ou B3e8 2ou did3At o83 t1e la3d ;ut 2ou did3At care i4. !o3ti3uous for t1e statutor2 7eriod . a77ro7riate to t1e su;<ect la3dGca3 ;e seaso3al 2. u3c1a35ed t27e of use im7orta3t 3. t1e 7ossessio3 of o3e 7erso3 ca3 ;e tacBed to t1at of a3ot1er if t1ere is 7ri4it2 ;et8ee3 t1em ;. Reaso3s for %d4erse 0ossessio3 i. &uiets title (esta;lis1es o83ers1i7): 8ill tell us 81o o83s t1e la3d ii. 0romote ;e3eficial use of la3d . Ear3i35 t1eor2: re8ards 7erso3 maBi35 ;e3eficial use of t1e la3d iii. 0e3alizes 7erso3 slee7i35 o3 t1eir ri51ts . )lee7i35 t1eor2: e3coura5es atte3ti4e o83ers1i7 i4. )ettles dis7utes: e3coura5es 7erso3s to maBe im7ro4eme3ts 4. Hurt1ers e67ectatio3s of t1e ad4erse 7ossessor . Eco3omic t1eor2: it is more eco3omical to let t1e %0 1a4e t1e la3d t1a3 to tr2 to determi3e 81o is t1e true o83er c. Van Valkenburg v. Lutz ( $52)G=utz 7urc1ased lots # a3d 5 i3 $ 2: ;e1i3d =utzAs lots 8ere lots $-22 t1at . used o3l2 for access to 1is 7ro7ert2 at first t1e3 later ;uilt a s1ed9 a c1icBe3 coo79 a3d 5arde3ed selli35 t1e 4e5eta;les to 1is 3ei51;ors: i3 $3" /a3 /alBe3;ur5 7urc1ased lots 3 a3d 32: lots $-22 8ere i3 ;et8ee3 0s a3d .s 7ro7erties: 0 7urc1ased t1ese lots i3 $#" a3d erected a fe3ce across 0As access-8a2 to 1is 7ro7ert2: . sued 09 admitti35 0 o83ed t1e lots ;ut claimed a ri51t of access across it: . lost ;ecause 1e did 3ot occu72 0As la3d u3der a claim of title reFuired i3 %0

i. *o acFuire ;2 %09 o3e must clearl2 a3d co34i3ci35l2 s1o8 t1at for at least I 2ears t1ere 1as ;ee3 actual occu7atio3 of t1e la3d (e3closi35 t1e la3d or culti4ati35 or im7ro4i35) u3der a claim of title ii. O3ce a3 %0 1as a3 i3terest i3 la3d9 it taBes more t1a3 a mere stateme3t or act to co34e2 it ;acB to former o83er. +ot1i35 2ou ca3 sa2 8ill c1a35e t1e fact t1at 2ou ad4ersel2 7ossess t1e la3d. . 0RO,=EJ 7. #2. % a3d , o83 ad<ace3t lots. % erects a fe3ce o3 ,As lot 3A ;e2o3d 81at s1e t1ou51t 8as commo3 ;ou3dar2: fe3ce sta2s for )O=: % o83s t1e stri7 of la3d ;2 %0: , sur4e2s a3d 3otifies % of t1e mistaBe so % Dto a4oid a 1assleE tears do83 1er fe3ce a3d erects a 3e8 o3e o3 t1e real ;ou3dar2: t1ree 2ears later % talBs to a la82er9 c1a35es 1er mi3d a3d sues to e<ect , from t1e 3E: % 8i3s ;ecause s1e o83s t1e 3A ;2 %0 a3d t1us so9 , 1as to meet 1is )O= too 81ic1 1e 1as 3ot (3 2ears 3o )O= for %0) d. Manillo v. Gorski ( $6$)G. e3tered la3d u3der K to 7urc1ase: i3 $#6 .As so3 made some im7ro4eme3ts to 1er 1ome i3cludi35 ;uildi35 co3crete ste7s to re7lace t1e 8oode3 ste7s: . ste7s e3croac1ed o3 0As 7ro7ert2 ;2 5E: t1e la3d 8as co34e2ed i3 $52: 0 filed com7lai3t seeBi35 i3<u3ctio3 a5ai3st .As alle5ed tres7ass: . cou3terclaimed seeBi35 .L to determi3e . 1ad 5ai3ed title ;2 %0: e3tr2 a3d co3ti3ua3ce of 7ossessio3 u3der mistaBe3 ;elief t1at 7ossessor 1as title to t1e la3d i34ol4ed e61i;its t1e 1ostile 7ossessio3 reFuired to o;tai3 title ;2 %0 i. JistaBe3 ,ou3daries . Jai3e .octri3eG%0 claima3t must 1a4e i3te3t to taBe t1e la3d re5ardless of 81et1er or 3ot it is 1is (a55ressi4e tres7asser) (re8ards tres7asser for tres7assi35 4. re8ardi35 some;od2 1o3estl2 maBi35 a mistaBe): mi3orit2 4ie8 2. !o33ecticut .octri3eG3o i3te3tio3al 1ostilit2 reFuired (o;<ecti4e sta3dardGi3te3t irrele4a3t): ma<orit2 4ie8 ii. *1e eleme3t of Do7e3 a3d 3otoriousE 7ossessio3 ma2 3ot ;e met 81ere t1e e3croac1me3t is of a small area or 81ere t1e i3trusio3 reFuires a3 o3-site sur4e2: 3o 7resum7tio3 of B3o8led5e arises from a mi3or e3croac1me3t alo35 a commo3 ;ou3dar29 actual B3o8led5e reFuired: o3l2 81ere t1e true o83er 1as actual B3o8led5e t1ereof ma2 it ;e said t1at t1e 7ossessio3 is o7e3 a3d 3otorious iii. Remed2Go83er ca3 ;e forced to co34e2 t1e la3d to . if: . %0Aer must ;e i33oce3t tres7asser 2. small e3croac1me3t 3. e3croac1me3t is: a. costl2 ;. im7ractical to remo4e c. remo4al 8ill cause 5reat 1ards1i7 #. %0Aer must 7a2 for 4alue 5. +o serious dama5e results to t1e la3d i4. C1et1er or 3ot t1e %0 is mistaBe39 t1e o83er is ousted from 7ossessio3: if 1e fails to attem7t to reco4er 7ossessio3 8it1i3 t1e reFuisite time9 it is 7ro;a;l2 t1e result of lacB of B3o8led5e t1at 1e is ;ei35 de7ri4ed of la3ds to 81ic1 1e 1as title 4. %32 e3tr2 a3d 7ossessio3 for t1e reFuired time t1at is e6clusi4e9 co3ti3uous9 u3i3terru7ted9 4isi;le a3d 3otorious9 e4e3 u3der mistaBe3 claim of title9 is sufficie3t to su77ort a claim of title ;2 %0 e. Constructive Adverse PossessionGif someo3e else o83s t1e la3d9 2ou ca3 o3l2 ad4ersel2 7ossess 81at 2ou ca3 712sicall2 e3ter f. Color of TitleGclaimi35 title 4ia 8ritte3 i3strume3t: a3 i3strume3t or act t1at 1as t1e a77eara3ce of 5ra3ti35 title to t1e claima3t ;ut i3 realit2 falls s1ort of esta;lis1i35 it (e.5.9 for5ed deed): must 1a4e a3 actual e3tr2 5. Boundary Dis utesGmost courts a77l2 t1e o;<ecti4e test to determi3e if o3e of t1e 7arties 1as acFuired title to t1e dis7uted stri7 of la3d ;2 ad4erse 7ossessio3: ie.9 ;2 7utti35 u7 a fe3ce a3d usi35 t1e la3d for t1e 3ecessar2 3um;er of 2ears9 t1e 7art2 ca3 acFuire title to t1e la3d i. .octri3e of %5reed ,ou3dariesGif t1ere is u3certai3t2 ;et8ee3 3ei51;ors as to t1e true ;ou3dar2 li3e9 a3 oral a5reeme3t to settle is e3forcea;le if t1e 3ei51;ors acce7t t1e li3e for a lo35 7eriod of time ii. .octri3e of %cFuiesce3ceGacFuiesce3ce for a lo35 7eriod of time is same as a3 a5reeme3t ;ecause 2ou did somet1i35 a3d t1e ot1er 7erso3 did3At o;<ect: liBe a sile3t a5reeme3t iii. .octri3e of Esto77elGif o3e 3ei51;or maBes re7rese3tatio3s a;out locatio3 or e35a5es i3 co3duct t1at te3ds to i3dicate t1e locatio3 of t1e commo3 ;ou3dar2 a3d t1e ot1er 3ei51;or c1a35es 1er 7ositio3 i3 relia3ce o3 t1e re7rese3tatio3s or co3duct9 t1e first 3ei51;or is esto77ed from de32i35 t1atAs 81ere t1e ;ou3dar2 is 2

2. *HE JE!H%+(!) OH %./ER)E 0O))E))(O+ a. !o"ard v. #unto ( $"0)GHo8ards a3d Ku3tos 1old 7ro7ert2 i3 a summer resort area 81ere 1ouses are used 7rimaril2 for summer occu7a3c2: 0s o83ed la3d o3e lot a8a2 from .s: 81e3 0s tried to co34e2 la3d to 3d 7art29 t1e2 fou3d t1e title t1e2 1eld 8as to t1e ad<ace3t lot (most ot1er la3d o83ers too): 0s ;rou51t actio3 to Fuiet title: court 1eld t1at si3ce . o83ed la3d for ? 2ear a3d t1e 7ri3ci7le tacBi35 8as 3ot esta;lis1ed9 t1e title 8as Fuieted i3 0s: .s a77eal: L re4ersed i. *1e fact t1at t1e la3d 8as o3l2 used i3 summer mo3t1s maBes 3o differe3ce i3 esta;lis1i35 %0 ii. !o3ti3uous 0ossessio3 . 81e3 7ossessor mai3tai3s 7ossessio3 for t1e statutoril2 reFuired 7eriod of time a3d t1e 7ro7ert2 is used i3 a customar2 ma33er: ie.9 summer ca;i3s9 farmi35 someo3e elseAs field for e3ou51 2ears iii. *acBi35 . allo8i35 %0 to tacB t1e time 1e is i3 7ossessio3 o3to t1at of 1is 7redecessor i3 i3terestAs 7eriod of %0 2. t1ere must ;e 7ri4it2 of estate ;et8ee3 t1e t8o %0s 3. o3ce t1ere is a3 e3tr2 a5ai3st a3 o83er9 %0 ;e5i3s a3d is3Mt defeated 81e3 o83ers1i7 c1a35es t1rou51 8ill or i3testac2 a. %merica3 RuleG%0Aers ca33ot tacB u3less t1ere is 7ri4it2 ;. E35lis1 RuleG%0Aers ca3 tacB re5ardless of 7ri4it2 i. 0ri4it2G4olu3tar2 tra3sfer of 7ro7ert2 from o3e to a3ot1er #. 0RO,=EJ a. O o83s i. $8"G% e3ters ii. $$#G, BicBs % off9 % lea4es a3d , e3ters i3to 7ossessio3 iii. $$"G81o o83sN O o83s u3der %merica3 Rule: u3der E35lis1 Rule , o83s 5. 0RO,=EJ (co3ti3ued) a. $$#G% lea4es u3der t1reat of force ;. 6 mo3t1s laterG% reco4ers 7ossessio3 from , c. (f O does 3ot1i359 8ill % o83 ,lacBacre 0 2ears a3d 6 mo3t1s from t1e date of e3tr2 i3 $8" 6. 0RO,=EJ a. O o83s- 0 2ear )O= i. $8 G% e3ters ii. $82GO de4ises to , for life9 Rm to ! iii. $$"G, dies 8it1out e4er 1a4i35 e3tered u7o3 ,lacBacre i4. C1o o83s ,lacBacreN % ". R'=EG2ou ad4ersel2 7ossess t1e estate 2ou e3ter u7o3: o3ce t1ere is a3 e3tr2 u7o3 a3 o83er9 %0 ;e5i3s a3d 7ossessio3 is 3ot defeated or i3terru7ted ;2 su;seFue3t tra3sfers ;2 t1e o83er9 81et1er ;2 co34e2a3ce9 8ill or i3testac2 8. R'=EG%d4erse 7ossessio3 is a5ai3st t1e 7ossessor2 estate: so 81ate4er estate is t1e 7ossessor2 estate is 81at t1e %0Aer 8ill 5et u3less t1e future i3terest 1olders are 7ut o3 i3terest i4. (m7ro4eme3ts a3d E3croac1me3ts (;uildi35s a3d fi6tures erected 8it1out ri51t) . !om7e3sated eFual to marBet 4alue of im7ro4eme3ts or 7ermitted remo4al of t1e im7ro4eme3ts 2. =a3do83er ma2 1a4e c1oice to 7a2 for im7ro4eme3ts or co34e2 la3d at marBet 4alue to im7ro4er 3. (f ;uildi35 3ot e3tirel2 o3 3ei51;ori35 la3d ;ut 7artiall2 o3 8ro35 lot is usuall2 3ot co3sidered fi6ture #. (f e3croac1me3t result of i33oce3t mistaBe9 courts te3d to looB at relati4e 1ards1i7s of 7arties 5ra3ti35 or de32i35 i3<u3cti4e relief 5. (f remo4al is difficult or e67e3si4e for t1e i3truder com7ared to i3co34e3ie3ce to la3do83er9 i3<u3cti4e relief usuall2 de3ied a3d o3l2 dama5es a8arded 6. C1ere i3co34e3ie3ce tri4ial9 some courts de32 all relief ". (f e3croac1me3t is 8illful or i3te3tio3al9 most courts issue i3<u3ctio3 reFuiri35 remo4al of e3croac1me3t re5ardless of co34e3ie3ce or 1ards1i7 8. 0art2 81o i3te3tio3all2 e3croac1es does so at o83 7eril 4. .isa;ilities . %3 actio3 to reco4er t1e title to or 7ossessio3 of real 7ro7ert2 s1all ;e ;rou51t 8it1i3 2 2ears after t1e cause of actio39 ;ut if a 7erso3 e3titled to ;ri35 suc1 actio3 at t1e time t1e cause of actio3 3

accrues9 is 8it1i3 t1e a5e of mi3orit29 of u3sou3d mi3d9 or im7riso3ed t1e3 t1at 7erso3 ma2 ;ri35 a !O% 8it1i3 0 2ears after suc1 disa;ilit2 is remo4ed 2. .isa;ilit2 is immaterial u3less it e6isted at t1e time t1e !O% accrued a. 0RO,=EJ i. $6"GO o83s ,lueacre: O i3sa3e ii. 5O O6"G% e3ters iii. $$0GO dies i3sa3e a3d i3testate: OAs 1eir H u3der 3o disa;ilit2 i4. C1e3 8ould % acFuire titleN 2000 4. H 5ets to sue ;ecause 1eAs t1e successor i3 i3terest i3 t1e 7ro7ert2 ;. 0RO,=EJ (co3ti3ued) i. OAs 1eir H is o3l2 6 2ears old ii. still 1as to sue ;2 2000 ;ecause disa;ilities ca3At ;e tacBed (le5al 5uardia3) c. 0RO,=EJ i. $6"GO o83s ,lueacre: O 1as 3o disa;ilit2 ii. 5O O6"G% e3ters iii. $85GO dies i3testate i4. OAs 1eir H is 2 2ears old 4. % 8ill o83 ,lueacre i3 $88 ;ecause t1e disa;ilit2 does3At a77l2: it 8as3At 7rese3t at t1e time of e3tr2: $6" P 2 2ears is $88 d. 0RO,=EJ i. $6"GO o83s ,lueacre: O is 5 2ears old ii. 5O O6"G% e3ters iii. $""GO ;ecomes i3sa3e i4. $$2GO dies i3sa3e a3d i3testate 4. OAs 1eir H 1as 3o disa;ilit2 4i. $$0 ;ecause o3l2 disa;ilit2 t1at cou3ts is disa;ilit2 at time of e3tr2: disa;ilities ca3At ;e tacBed 4i. R'=E . deat1 remo4es a disa;ilit2 2. at t1e 7oi3t t1e disa;ilit2 is remo4ed9 t1e 0 2ear 7ro4isio3 starts ticBi35 3. disa;ilities ca3At ;e tacBed #. disa;ilit2 must ;e 7rese3t at e3tr2 5. if t1ere are t8o disa;ilities9 taBe t1e lo35er of t1e t8o 3. 0RE)!R(0*(/E E%)EJE+*) a. $t%en v. &osier ( $50)Guse ;2 e67ress or im7lied 7ermissio39 3o matter 1o8 lo35 co3ti3ued9 ca33ot ri7e3 i3to a 7rescri7ti4e easeme3t: . co3se3ted to 0As use of t1e la3d so 0 does 3ot 1a4e a 7rescri7ti4e easeme3t i. Easeme3t . limited use of someo3e elseAs la3d (71o3e9 ca;le9 electric9 8ater com7a3ies 1a4e a3 easeme3t across 2our la3d to la2 a3d mai3tai3 7i7es9 li3es9 etc.) 2. 5e3erall2 is for a ri51t of 8a2 3. same eleme3ts 7rese3t for %0 also t1ere for easeme3ts ii. .iffere3ces ;et8ee3 %0 a3d 0E . %0 is to o83 t1e la3d a. 7ossessor2 i3terest ;. e6clusi4e 7ossessio3 2. 0rescri7ti4e easeme3t is to use t1e la3d a. 3o3-7ossessor2 i3terest ;. 3o3-e6clusi4e 7ossessio3 iii. Eleme3ts of 0rescri7ti4e Easeme3ts . actual e3tr2 2. De6clusi4e useE (ca3At s1are t1e use 8it1 a32o3e else) 3. o7e3 a3d 3otorious #. Dad4erseE 5. co3ti3uous use of a3ot1erAs la3d for t1e statutor2 7eriod i4. 0rescri7tio3 ;2 t1e 0u;licGLurisdictio3s 4ar2: #

. some sa2 Q 3o 7rescri7tio3 allo8ed 2. ot1ers sa2 Q 2es9 8e 8ill allo8 7rescri7tio3 ;2 a lar5e9 defi3a;le 5rou79 ;ut o3l2 if: a. stro35 7roof of ad4ersit2 ;. differe3t use t1a3 t1at made ;2 5e3eral 7u;lic 3. 0u;lic itself ca3 7rescri;e ;ut o83er must ;e o3 3otice9 ;2 t1e Bi3d a3d e6te3t of use9 t1at a3 ad4erse ri51t is ;ei35 claimed ;2 t1e 5e3eral 7u;lic a3d 3ot ;2 i3di4idual #. *o 7re4e3t a 7rescri7tio39 effecti4el2 7re4e3t t1em from usi35 it or 5i4e t1em 7ermissio3 so it 8ill 3ot ;e ad4erse #. E%)EJE+*) ,- +E!E))(*- %+. E%)EJE+*) ,- 0RE)!R(0*(O+ a. Matt%e"s v. Bay !ead '( rove(ent Assn.( $8#)Go83ers1i79 domi3io3 a3d so4erei53t2 o4er la3d flo8ed ;2 tidal 8aters e6te3di35 to t1e 1i51 8ater marB is 4ested i3 t1e state for t1e 7eo7le: 7u;lic uses i3clude 3a4i5atio39 fis1i359 a3d recreatio3al uses9 i3cludi35 ;at1i35: t1is doctri3e a77lies to mu3ici7all2 o83ed dr2 sa3d areas si3ce e3<o2me3t of ri51ts i3 t1e fores1ore is i3se7ara;le from use of dr2 sa3d ;eac1es: 7u;lic i3terest i3 7ri4atel2 o83ed dr2 sa3d ;eac1es ma2 i3clude ) t1e ri51t to cross i3 order to 5ai3 access to t1e fores1ore: a3d 2) t1e ri51t to su3;at1e a3d e3<o2 recreatio3al acti4ities: 8it1out some mea3s of access9 t1e 7u;lic ri51t to use t1e fores1ore 8ould elimi3ate t1e 7u;lic trust doctri3e: t1e 7u;lic i3terest is satisfied as lo35 as t1ere is reaso3a;le access to t1e sea: ;at1ers reaso3a;le e3<o2me3t of t1e fores1ore a3d t1e sea ca33ot ;e realized u3less some e3<o2me3t of t1e dr2 sa3d area for rest a3d rela6atio3 is also allo8ed 5. *HE =%+. *R%+)%!*(O+ a. !o3tracts of )aleGi34ol4es 2 ste7s: i. K to sellO7urc1ase is si53ed s7ecif2i35 t1e date for t1e closi35 ii. at closi359 t1e ) 5i4es t1e , a deed to t1e 7ro7ert2 a3d t1e , 5i4es t1e ) t1e a5reed-u7o3 co3sideratio3 ;. *1e )tatute of HraudsG3o i3terest i3 real 7ro7ert2 ca3 ;e co34e2ed 8it1out a 8riti35 si53ed ;2 t1e 7art2 to ;e c1ar5ed (7art2 a5ai3st 81om it is asserted t1ere is a K) i. K for sale of la3d must ;e: . si53ed ;2 7art2 to ;e ;ou3d 2. descri;e t1e 7ro7ert2: a3d 3. state t1e 7rice c. Esse3tial *ermsGdescri7tio3 of t1e 7ro7ert2 sufficie3t to maBe clear 81at 7ro7ert2 t1e 7arties 1a4e i3 mi3d9 7rice (reaso3a;le or marBet)9 t1e 7arties9 a3d ot1er terms a3d co3ditio3s 7erti3e3t to t1e tra3sactio3 (ma33er of 7a2me3t9 etc.) d. )7ecific 0erforma3ceGrat1er t1a3 a8ard dama5es9 t1e a55rie4ed 7art2 must asB for s7ecific 7erforma3ce e. Oral Re4ocatio3Gmost states 1old t1at t1e )tatute of Hrauds a77lies o3l2 to t1e maBi35 of t1e K a3d 8ill t1us allo8 oral re4ocatio3 or modificatio3 f. *ime of 0erforma3ceGeac1 7art2 1as a reaso3a;le time i3 81ic1 to com7lete its 7erforma3ce if t1e K does 3ot s7ecif2 time is of t1e esse3ce or a date is called for i3 t1e K i. )tate v. Buyers )ervice Co. ( $8")G81o 7re7ares t1e KN . is title com7a32 assisti35 7ros7ecti4e 7ro7ert2 ;u2ers ;2 7re7ari35 closi35 7acBa5es a3d closi35s 8it1out attor3e2 7rese3t: 0 ;rou51t suit alle5i35 u3aut1orized 7ractice of la8: court 1olds t1at la82er must 7re7are deeds9 mort5a5es9 3otes a3d ot1er le5al real 7ro7ert2 tra3sfers: acti4ities suc1 as 7re7ari35 a;stracts reFuires le5al B3o8led5e a3d sBill a3d must ;e su7er4ised ;2 a3 attor3e2: closi35s s1ould ;e co3ducted u3der attor3e2As su7er4isio3: recordi35 docume3ts is act t1at co3stitutes 7ractice of la8 5. E6ce7tio3s to )tatute of Hrauds i. 7art 7erforma3ce (4aries ;2 <urisdictio3) . 7a2me3t of all or su;sta3tiall2 all of t1e 7urc1ase 7rice (rarel2 sta3ds alo3e): a3d 2. 7ossessio3 (ca3 sta3d alo3e): a3dOor 3. im7ro4eme3ts (ca3 sta3d alo3e) ii. esto77el . 7art2 seriousl2 c1a35es 7ositio3 to detrime3t: 2. i3 relia3ce o3 K: 3. resulti35 i3 u3co3scio3a;le i3<ur2 1. !ickey v . Green ( $82)Gs7ecific 7erforma3ce: 0s 7ut de7osit o3 .As lot after oral a5reeme3t for sale of R 59000: . acce7ted R500 c1ecB marBed ;2 0 o3 ;acB 8it1 D.e7ositS.)u;<ect to 4aria3ce from *o83 of 0l2mout1:E 0As told . to fill i3 3ame of 7a2ee left ;la3B ;ecause of u3certai3t2 of 81o to maBe it out to: . 1eld c1ecB ;ut did 3ot e3dorse it9 5

i.

L.

a3d did 3ot fill i3 7a2eeAs 3ame: 0s sold t1eir 1ouse a3d acce7ted a de7osit c1ecB: . told 0s s1e 1ad decided to sell lot to a3ot1er for R 69000: 0s offered . R 69000: . refused: 0 sou51t s7ecific 7erforma3ce: court fou3d for 0s: . claimed )OH ;arred relief a3d a77eals: a K for tra3sfer of i3terest i3 la3d ca3 s7ecificall2 ;e e3forced if 3o com7lia3ce 8it1 )OH if 7art2 seeBi35 e3forceme3t reaso3a;l2 relied o3 K a3d 1as so c1a35ed 7ositio3 t1at i3<ustice ca3 ;e a4oided o3l2 ;2 s7ecific 7erforma3ce: . must ;e 1eld to 1er e3d of t1e ;ar5ai3 *alker v. 'reton ( $"")Gseller did3At B3o8 ;u2er 8as 5oi35 to sell 1is farm: court did3At 5ra3t s7ecific 7erforma3ce i. Proble(s . O o83s ,lacBacre a3d e6ecutes a3d deli4ers a deed to 1er dau51ter % as a 5ift: deed 3ot recorded: t1e3 O tells % s1e 8ould liBe ,lacBacre ;acB so % 1a3ds deed ;acB to O a3d sa2s Dt1e la3d is 2ours a5ai3:E O tears u7 t1e deed: O o83s ,lacBacre 2. , 5i4es ) c1ecB for R59000: , 8ould 3ot ;e a;le to resci3d u3less ) 1as misre7rese3ted t1e co3ditio3 or 1as 4iolated a dut2 to disclose or 4iolated im7lied 8arra3t2 of 1a;ita;ilit2: =E* *HE ,'-ER ,EC%RE 3. )u77ose , ca3 o;tai3 loa3 secured ;2 mort5a5e o3 R 509000 ;ut , e67ected ) 8ould ;e a;le to o;tai3 R "59000 loa3: ca3 , resci3dN +o9 u3less 8ai4er i3 K stati35 Dco3ditio3ed u7o3 , o;tai3i35 fi3a3ci35E: , scre8ed: =E* *HE ,'-ER ,EC%RE J%RKE*%,=E *(*=EGtitle t1at a reaso3a;le 7erso3 8ould 1a4e 3o dou;ts t1at title 8as 4alid a3d a 7erso3 8ould ;e 8illi35 to 7a2 HJ/: free of defects: im7lied i3 e4er2 sale of real 7ro7ert2 t1at title is free from dou;ts: o3e 81ic1 a 8illi35 7erso3 8ould ;e 8illi35 to ;u2: , ca3 resci3d if title 3ot marBeta;le i. Lo%(eyer v. Bo"er ( $5 )G0 K to ;u2 1ouse: . to 7ro4ide 5ood marBeta;le title su;<ect to all restrictio3s of record: a;stract of title s1o8ed t1e ori5i3al su;di4ider im7osed restrictio3 reFuiri35 t1at a32 1ome erected o3 t1e lot to ;e 2 stories (t1e e6isti35 1ome 8as stor2): also9 zo3i35 ordi3a3ce reFuired 3o frame ;uildi35 could ;e erected 8it1i3 3A of lot li3e (e6isti35 1ouse 8E of lot li3e): 0 ;rou51t suit to resci3d t1e K: . cou3ter-sued for s7ecific 7erforma3ce: t1e 4iolatio3 of t1e 7ri4ate a3d 7u;lic restrictio3s re3ders title u3marBeta;le: 7ri4ate co4e3a3ts or restrictio3s (1ei51t reFuireme3t) ma2 co3stitute e3cum;ra3ces re3deri35 title u3marBeta;le u3less 8ai4ed: 7re-closi35: 4iolatio3s of zo3i35 ordi3a3ce > e3cum;ra3ces (K sta5e) . E3cum;ra3ceG;urde3 o3 title t1at 8ould maBe a reaso3a;le 7erso3 dou;t t1at t1e2 1a4e full title: e3cum;ra3ces maBe real 7ro7ert2 u3marBeta;le 2. Restricti4e co4e3a3tG7romise t1at restricts: ie.9 si35le famil2 1ousi359 easeme3t: more easil2 fou3d 3. Real !o4e3a3ts a. E3cum;ra3ces (u3less 8ai4ed) > u3marBeta;le title ;. Real co4e3a3ts > e3cum;ra3ces (u3less 8ai4ed) c. Real co4e3a3ts > u3marBeta;le title d. /iolatio3s of real co4e3a3ts > u3marBeta;le title #. To3i35 Ordi3a3ces a. E3cum;ra3ces (u3less 8ai4ed) > u3marBeta;le title ;. To3i35 ordi3a3ces e3cum;ra3cesOmarBeta;le title c. /iolatio3s of zo3i35 ordi3a3ces > e3cum;ra3ces O u3marBeta;le title 5. E3cum;ra3ce a. Restricti4e co4e3a3t Q 2es ;. /iolatio3 of restricti4e co4e3a3t Q 2es c. To3i35 ordi3a3ce Q 3o d. /iolatio3 of zo3i35 ordi3a3ce Q 2es e. (f D2esE a3d , 1as 3ot 8ai4ed t1is 7articular e3cum;ra3ce i3 t1e K9 , ca3 resci3d ii. Conklin v. Davi ( $"8)G) K to sell 1ouse to ,: K called for ) to fur3is1 marBeta;le title a3d i3sura;le title: , disco4ered t1at ) o;tai3ed title to 7art of t1e 7ro7ert2 t1rou51 %0: ) 3e4er 8e3t to court to Fuiet title: , refused to 5o t1rou51 8it1 t1e deal: ) sued , for s7ecific 7erforma3ce: ) cou3terclaimed to resci3d K: title o;tai3ed ;2 ad4erse 7ossessio3 is 3ot u3marBeta;le: 81e3 a sellerAs title is 5rou3ded o3 %0 1e ma2 eit1er: 7erfect record title (o;tai3 record from former o83er9 actio3 to Fuiet title9 actio3 to co3cede outsta3di35 e3cum;ra3ce9 etc.): or c1oose to e3ter i3to a K of sale 1o7i35 to co34i3ce t1e 7urc1aser or t1e court t1at 1is estimate of t1e marBeta;ilit2 of t1e title is <ustified: t1e K did 3ot reFuire 7erfect title of record9 <ust marBeta;le title: t1e title does3At 3eed to ;e free from e4er2 dou;t: t1e la8 im7lies t1at a title must ;e marBeta;le e4e3 if a K fails to s7ecif2: if title ;2 %0 is clearl2 esta;lis1ed9 t1e title is marBeta;le . *ime is of t1e Esse3ce 6

a. *itle must sta3d or fall as it e6ists o3 t1e da2 of closi35 a3d seller ca33ot later cure t1e defects: if t1e K does 3ot sa2 time is of t1e esse3ce t1e court 8ill 5i4e t1e 7arties a reaso3a;le time for 7erforma3ce: if t1e K does 3ot same t1at time is of t1e esse3ce9 eit1er 7art2 ca3 fi6 t1e time for 7erforma3ce ;2 5i4i35 3otice to t1e ot1er9 7ro4ided t1e 3otice lea4es a reaso3a;le time for re3deri35 7erforma3ce 2. .ama5es for ,reac1 of K a. )7ecific 7erforma3ce ;. =oss of ;ar5ai3 dama5es i. *1e differe3ce ;et8ee3 t1e K 7rice a3d t1e J/ of t1e 7ro7ert2 o3 t1e date of ;reac1 (ca3 flu6uate a3d eit1er 5o for 2ou or a5ai3st 2ou) 3. EFuita;le !o34ersio3 a. .etermi3es 81o ;ears t1e risB of loss after t1e K 1as ;ee3 si53ed ;ut ;efore t1e deed 1as 7assed: if K 1as ;ee3 si53ed , t1i3Bs 1e o83s 7ro7ert2 a3d ) t1i3Bs 1eAs sold t1e 7ro7ert2 ,'* =EU%==- title does3At 7ass u3til deed 7asses at closi35 (5"8): at closi359 deed a3d title 7ass9 a3d t1e ,u2er ;ecomes t1e O83er: Ue3erall2 ,u2er 1as eFuita;le title after K 1as ;ee3 si53ed9 ;ut ;efore t1e deed 1as ;ee3 7assed. +ot le5al title. ,u2er carries risB of loss after si53i35 K. ,u2er 8ould 5et i3sura3ce 7roceeds from fire etc. (f a )eller remai3s i3 reside3ce9 some <urisdictio3s sa2 )eller ;ears risB of loss u3til t1e2 mo4e out. ,u2er 1olds eFuita;le title. )eller 1olds le5al title i3 trust for t1e ,u2er. K. *HE .'*- *O .()!=O)E .EHE!*) i. )ta(bovsky v. Ackley ( $$ )GO83er 8as ad4ertisi35 1ouse as 1au3ted 7rior to sale: ,u2er ;u2s 1ouse9 i53ora3t t1at it 8as 1au3ted: O83er did 3ot disclose it to ,u2er: ,u2er fi3ds out it is 1au3ted a3d 8a3ts to resci3d sa2i35 )eller 1as failed to maBe t1e co3ditio3 of t1e 1ouse B3o83 to 1im: +- la8 8as caveat e( tor Q D,u2er ,e8areE . Eleme3ts of !a4eat Em7tor a. +o dut2 to disclose late3t (1idde3) defects9 u3less: i. !o3fide3tial or fiduciar2 relatio3s1i7 e6ists ;et8ee3 7arties: or ii. %cti4e co3cealme3t ;2 )eller. . %cti4e co3cealme3t ca3 ;e: a. Affir(ative (isre resentation or artial disclosure: or ;. Mere non+disclosure9 ;ut o3l2 if meet t1e reFuireme3ts of )ta(bovsky or Davis. .oes 3ot a77l2 to su7er3atural e4e3ts. %s-is clause 8as i3sufficie3t: o3l2 t1e )eller B3e8 a;out it9 t1e ,u2er did3At B3o8: allso9 )eller 8as su77osed to lea4e 1ouse 4aca3t9 !ourt sa2s it is 3ot Q t1ere are 7olter5eists i3 t1e 1ouse: !ourt is maBi35 t1e assum7tio3 t1at 7olter5eists decrease marBet 4alue: if )eller 8a3ts out9 3eeds to ar5ue t1at 7olter5eists do 3ot decrease t1e marBet 4alue: ())'E: )1ould ,u2er s1ould 1a4e fou3d out a;out t1e 7olter5eistsN +o. Ji51t 3ot 8a3t to talB to 3ei51;ors: <ust ;Oc 1ouse 8as featured i3 ReaderAs .i5est does 3ot mea3 t1at e4er2o3e B3o8s a;out it: R'=E: (f )eller creates defectO7eculiarl2 (solel2) 8it1i3 t1e B3o8led5e of t1e )eller u3liBel2 to ;e disco4ered ;2 7rude3t 7urc1aser e6ercisi35 due care9 t1e co3ditio3 (aterially im7airs t1e 4alue of t1e K. ii. ,o%nson v. Davis ( $85)G)eller said t1e roof 8as fi3e ;ut t1e roof leaBed: ,u2er tries to resci3d alle5i35 ;reac1 of K9 fraudule3t co3cealme3t: 81e3 a .ut2 to .isclose is 4iolated9 t1e ,u2er is e3titled to resci3d: R'=E: (f t1e )eller kno"s of a defect (aterially affecti35 t1e 4alue of t1e 7ro7ert2 a3d t1e defect is not readily observable to ,u2er9 t1e defect is not kno"n to Buyer. . Ho8 to i3ter7ret Jaterialit2 (Lurisdictio3s differ): a. O;<ecti4e test Q 81et1er a reaso3a;le 7erso3 8ould co3sider it material ;. )u;<ecti4e test Q 81et1er t1e ,u2er 1erself 8ould co3sider it material. )ome <urisdictio3s reFuire )eller fill out .isclosure Horm. 2. .o3At 1a4e to disclose se6ual offe3ders as t1e2 are listed i3 t1e 7u;lic records. .o3At 1a4e to disclose if a s8arm of Biller ;ees are s8armi35 arou3d9 as t1e2 are readil2 o;ser4a;le to t1e ,u2er. =. JERUER. i. %t closi359 K of sale mer5es 8it1 t1e deed. +o8 1a4e docume3t. )eller ca3 o3l2 sue 3o8 o3 8arra3ties i3 t1e deed9 3ot o3 8arra3ties co3tai3ed i3 t1e K of sale. E6ce7tio3s: fraud or misre7rese3tatio3. %lso could ar5ue t1at t1e o;li5atio3 to ;e e3forced is outside t1e sco7e of t1e deed9 t1erefore ca3 sue for it. J. *HE (J0=(E. C%RR%+*- OH &'%=(*i. =o5icall2 must occur 7ost-closi35. (f disco4er fault 7rior to closi359 t1e3 ,u2er s1ould resci3d. "

ii. Le( ke v. Dagenais ( $88)G,uilder ;uilds 5ara5e for t1e )ellers. )u;seFue3t ,u2er of a 1ouse sues ,uilder of 5ara5e for structural defects. ,u2er sues ,uilder for eco3omic loss u3der ,reac1 of K. (m7lied Carra3t2 of &ualit2 is a *ort !O%. . Eleme3ts of (C& a. .efects must ;e latent ;. Ja3ifest after urc%ase c. -ot discoverable by reasonable ins ection 7rior to 7urc1ase d. =imited to reasonable eriod of ti(e e. Carra3t2 limited to "ork(anlike .uality. 2. ,u2er s1ould do a3 i3s7ectio3 7rior to 7urc1ase. (f t1e2 do3At9 could ;e ;arred from ;ri35i35 (C& as (C& ca3 o3l2 succeed if a reaso3a;le i3s7ectio3 .(. +O* tur3 u7 t1e defect. 3. Ja<or 0oi3ts 8it1 (C& a. %5ai3st Builders ;. %rises after Closing. 6. *HE .EE. a. Carra3ties of *itle i. Ue3eral Carra3t2 .eedG8arra3ts title a5ai3st all defects i3 title9 81et1er arisi35 ;efore or after 5ra3tor taBes title ii. )7ecial Carra3t2 .eedGco3tai3s 8arra3ties o3l2 a5ai3st t1e 5ra3torAs o83 acts ;ut 3ot t1e acts of ot1ers iii. &uitclaim .eedGco3tai3s 3o 8arra3ties of a32 Bi3d: merel2 co34e2s 81ate4er title Ura3tor 1as9 if a32. !o3cer3ed a;out title after deed 1as 7assed to e3sure t1at if somet1i35 1a77e3s9 t1e )eller 8ill 7a2 t1e ,u2er ;acB. . O o83s ,lacBacre. % sells ,lacBacre to ,. O outs ,. !a3 , sue % u3der a: a. UC.N -es ;. )C.N -es9 % created t1e 7ro;lem ;2 selli35 to , i3 t1e first 7lace: also % did3At 1a4e su7erior title a3d sold it to , so , ca3 sue % c. &.N +o9 3o 8arra3ties 81atsoe4er 2. O o83s t1e 7ro7ert2. % sells it to ,. , sells it to !. O outs ! a3d O s1o8s 1e 1as su7erior titleN !a3 ! sue , if , 7assed a: a. UC.N -es9 7ro;lem arose 81e3 % sold to , ;ut , 8arra3ted a5ai3st all defects 81et1er 7ro;lem arose ;efore or after ;. )C.N +o9 ;ecause , did 3ot cause t1e 7ro;lem9 % did c. &.N +o9 3o 8arra3ties of a32 Bi3d 81atsoe4er 3. O o83s 7ro7ert2. % for5es OAs 3ame a3d sells it to ,. (3 a suit ;et8ee3 O a3d ,9 81o 8i3sN O9 ;ecause it 8as a for5ed i3strume3t9 O 8as 3ot co34e2i35 it: t1e 5ra3tor 81ose si53ature is for5ed 7re4ails o4er all ot1ers #. O o83s. % for5es OAs si53ature a3d sells to ,. , sells to !. (3 a suit ;et8ee3 O a3d !9 81o 8i3sN *1e 5ra3tor 81ose si53ature 8as for5ed 7re4ails o4er all ot1ers9 i3cludi35 su;seFue3t ;o3a fide 7urc1asers 81o did3At B3o8 t1e deed 8as for5ed 5. O o83s 7ro7ert2. % co3s O i3to selli35 50 acres ;2 c1a35i35 t1e deed. (% fraudule3tl2 i3duces O to sell.) (3 a suit ;et8ee3 O a3d %9 81o 8i3sN O. *1e tra3sactio3 is 4oid if % committed fraud. 6. O o83s 7ro7ert2. % fraudule3tl2 i3duces O to sell to %. % co34e2s to ,. (3 a suit ;et8ee3 O a3d ,9 81o 8i3sN ,9 5ra3tor 81o 1as ;ee3 defrauded ca3 4oid t1e ori5i3al tra3sactio39 ;ut ca33ot 4oid co34e2a3ces to su;seFue3t ;o3a fide 7urc1asers (,H0s): t1e 7eo7le 81o ca3 7re4e3t t1e 1arm are differe3t i3 for5er2 a3d fraud ;. Hor5er2 i. t1e 5ra3tor 81ose si53ature is for5ed to a deed 7re4ails o4er all 7erso3s9 i3cludi35 su;seFue3t ;o3a fide 7urc1asers from t1e 5ra3tee 81o do 3ot B3o8 t1e deed is for5ed: a true o83er ca33ot 7re4e3t t1e 1arm: a su;seFue3t ,H0 ca3 sto7 t1e 1arm ;2 reFuiri35 some Bi3d of ide3tificatio3 to maBe sure itAs 3ot for5er2 c. Hraud i. % 5ra3tor 81o 1as ;ee3 defrauded ca3 4oid t1e ori5i3al tra3sactio39 ;ut ca33ot 4oid co34e2a3ces to su;seFue3t ;o3a fide 7urc1asers (,H0s): a true o83er ca3 7re4e3t t1e 1arm ;2 5etti35 someo3e to read t1e deed for 1er: t1ere is 3ot1i35 t1at su;seFue3t ,H0 ca3 do . .iffere3t rules for for5er2 a3d fraud ;ecause t1e 7eo7le 81o ca3 7re4e3t t1e 1arm are differe3t. (3 for5er29 t1e true o83er ca33ot sto7 t1e for5er2. *1erefore9 true o83er al8a2s 8i3s. (3 fraud9 t1e 8

true o83er ca3 7re4e3t t1e 1arm ;2 5etti35 someo3e to readOi3ter7ret t1e sale 3ote. *1erefore ,H0 8ill 8i3. *1ere 8as 3ot1i35 t1e ,H0 could 1a4e do3e to 7re4e3t t1e 1arm from occurri35. d. !o4e3a3ts i. 0rese3t !o4e3a3tsGt1e2 1a4e to ;e ;reac1ed 81e3 deed is deli4ered9 if ;reac1ed at all: )O= ;e5i3s ru33i35 at deli4er2 of t1e deed: (e.5.9 c1icBe3 la2s e55s t1at 8ill cracB immediatel2 or 3ot at all;reac1ed 81e3 deed deli4ered or 3ot at all: must sue ;efore )O= ru3s) . !o4e3a3t of )eise3G5ra3tor 8arra3ts t1at 1e o83s t1e estate t1at 1e 7ur7orts to co34e2 2. !o4e3a3t of Ri51t to !o34e2G5ra3tor 8arra3ts t1at 1e 1as t1e ri51t to co34e2 t1e 7ro7ert2: i3 most i3sta3ces t1is co4e3a3t ser4es t1e same 7ur7ose as t1e co4e3a3t of seise39 ;ut it is 7ossi;le for a 7erso3 81o 1as seise3 3ot to 1a4e t1e ri51t to co34e2 (e.5.9 a trustee ma2 1a4e le5al title ;ut ;e for;idde3 ;2 t1e trust i3strume3t to co34e2 it 3. !o4e3a3t %5ai3st E3cum;ra3cesG5ra3tor 8arra3ts t1at t1ere are 3o e3cum;ra3ces o3 t1e 7ro7ert2: e3cum;ra3ces i3clude mort5a5es9 lie3s9 easeme3ts a3d co4e3a3ts ii. Huture !o4e3a3tsG;reac1ed i3 t1e future 81e3 5ra3tor fails to li4e u7 to 7romise (e.5.9 a ;roBe3 e55 > a cause of actio3: )O= does3At ;e5i3 ru33i35 u3til e55 ;reaBs: 81e3 a co4e3a3t is ;reac1ed9 t1e co4e3a3t 3o lo35er ru3s 8it1 t1e la3dSitAs a !O% a3d 2ou must sue 8it1i3 t1e )O= ot1er8ise 2ouA4e 5ot a ;roBe3 e55 t1atAs 5oi35 to start smelli35) . !o4e3a3t of Ue3eral Carra3t2G5ra3tor 8arra3ts t1at 1e 8ill defe3d a5ai3st lawful claims a3d 8ill com7e3sate t1e 5ra3tee for a32 loss t1at t1e 5ra3tee ma2 sustai3 ;2 assertio3 of su7erior title 2. !o4e3a3t of &uiet E3<o2me3tG5ra3tor 8arra3ts t1at t1e 5ra3tee 8ill 3ot ;e distur;ed i3 7ossessio3 a3d e3<o2me3t of t1e 7ro7ert2 ;2 assertio3 of su7erior title: t1is co4e3a3t is ide3tical to t1e co4e3a3t of 5e3eral 8arra3t2 a3d is ofte3 omitted from UC.s 3. !o4e3a3t of Hurt1er %ssura3cesG5ra3tor 7romises t1at 1e 8ill e6ecute a32 ot1er docume3ts reFuired to 7erfect t1e title co34e2ed /never tests on t%is0 iii. 0ro;lems . %ssume 5-2ear )O=: La3 9 $$5 Q O o83s. % sells to ,. C1at co4e3a3ts 1a4e ;ee3 ;reac1edN *1e o3l2 o3es are )eise3 a3d Ri51t to !o34e2 ;ot1 ri51ts are i3 O. C1e3 must , sue %N La3. 9 2000. 2. %ssume 5-2ear )O=: La3 9 $$5 Q O o83s. % co34e2s to ,. C1at co4e3a3ts 1a4e ;ee3 ;reac1edN )eise3 a3d Ri51t to !o34e2 ;reac1ed o3 La3. 9 $$5. *1ese 8ere ;reac1ed immediatel2. )O= La3 9 2000. La3 9 $$6 Q O ousts ,. !o4e3a3t of Ue3eral Carra3t2 a3d &uiet E3<o2me3t 1a4e ;ee3 ;reac1ed. La3 9 200 )O=. 3. %ssume 5-2ear )O=. La3 9 $$5 Q O o83s. % co34e2s to ,. La3 9 2005 Q O ousts ,. C1at co4e3at3s 1a4e ;ee3 ;reac1ed9 if a32N #. Ura3tor co34e2s: Dto % i3 trust for O 8it1out t1e 7o8er of sale.E La3 9 $$5 Q % ,. La3 9 2005 Q O ousts ,. C1at co4e3a3ts 1a4e ;ee3 ;reac1ed9 if a32N % ;reac1ed ri51t to co34e2 i3 $$59 1e lacBs t1e 7o8er to sell. !o4e3a3t of 5e3eral 8arra3t2 ;reac1ed ;ecause O 1as su7erior title. !o4e3a3t of Fuiet e3<o2me3t ;ecause , 1as ;ee3 ;ooted off t1e 7ro7ert2 a3d ri51t to Fuiet e3<o2me3t 1as ;ee3 ;reac1ed. i4. Bro"n v. Lober ( $"$)G7rese3t 4. future co4e3a3ts: O sells to ,osts reser4i35 2O3 mi3eral ri51ts: t1e2A4e sold t1e surface estate a3d O3 mi3eral ri51ts: ,osts UC. ,ro83s9 3o reser4atio3 me3tio3ed: ,ro83s leased mi3eral ri51ts for R6K to !o3solidated !oal: !! does title searc1 a3d fi3ds t1at ,osts still o83 2O3 mi3eral ri51ts a3d said t1e2 8ould 5i4e R2000 to ,ro83s a3d R#000 to estate of ,osts for mi3eral ri51ts: ;reac1 of seise3 81e3 ,osts sold to ,ro83s ;ecause t1e2 did3At me3tio3 reser4atio3 a3d ;reac1 of ri51t to co34e2 ;ecause t1e2 o3l2 reall2 co34e2ed O3 mi3eral ri51ts: )O= 1ad alread2 ru3 ;ecause 7rese3t co4e3a3ts ;roBe3 81e3 co34e2ed: 8ould 1a4e 8o3 of sued earlier: looBed to future co4e3a3ts a3d c1ose to sue u3der co4e3a3t of Fuiet e3<o2me3t: 8arra3t2 sa2i35 5ra3tor sa2i35 2ou 8ill 3ot ;e distur;ed i3 2our Fuiet e3<o2me3t ;2 someo3e comi35 o3to 7ro7ert2 sa2i35 5et off: ,ro83s 7issed: court said 3o ;reac1 of Fuiet e3<o2me3t ;ecause ,ro83s tr2i35 to e6te3d a3d 8ould ;e same as co4e3a3t of seise3 O co4e3a3t of ri51t to co34e2 1. 2uiet 3n4oy(ent a. ,reac1ed o3l2 if t1ere is a3 i3terfere3ce 8it1 7ossessio3 or co3structi4e e4ictio3 ;. Jere e6iste3ce of su7erior title is 3ot e3ou51 4. 5ri(berger v. Anzellotti ( $$ )Glate3t la3d use 4iolatio3s: 7ost-closi35: /iolatio3s of =a3d 'se )tatutes E3cum;ra3ces (deed sta5e): .As ;rot1er ;uilt 1ouse o3 title 8etla3ds i3 4iolatio3 of !lea3 Cater %ct: $

co34e2s to . ;2 Fuitclaim deed: . co34e2ed 7ro7ert2 to 0 ;2 C.9 free a3d clear of all e3cum;ra3ces ;ut su;<ect to all ;uildi359 ;uildi35 li3e a3d zo3i35 restrictio3s: 0 disco4ered 4iolatio3 of la3d use statute 81e3 1e tried to maBe re7airs: .E0 i3formed . t1at 1e 8ould 1a4e to su;mit a77licatio3 demo3strati35 3ecessit2 of mai3tai3i35 ;ulB1ead: i3stead 0 filed suit claimi35 ;reac1 of 8arra3t2 a5ai3st e3cum;ra3ces a3d i33oce3t misre7rese3tatio3: trial court fou3d for 0: . a77eals: L re4ersed ;ecause late3t 4iolatio3 of restricti4e la3d use statute t1at e6ists at time fee is co34e2ed does 3ot co3stitute ;reac1 of t1e 8arra3t2 deed co4e3a3t a5ai3st e3cum;ra3ces: late3t 4iolatio3s of state or mu3ici7al la3d use re5ulatio3s t1at do 3ot a77ear o3 la3d records t1at are u3B3o83 to seller as to 81ic1 t1e a5e3c2 c1ar5ed 8it1 e3forceme3t 1as taBe3 3o official actio3 to com7el com7lia3ce at t1e time t1e deed 8as e6ecuted9 a3d t1at 1a4e 3ot ri7e3ed i3to a3 i3terest t1at ca3 ;e recorded o3 t1e la3d records do 3ot co3stitute a3 e3cum;ra3ce for t1e 7ur7ose of t1e deed 8arra3t2: 3eit1er a title searc1 3or a 712sical e6ami3atio3 of t1e 7remises 8ould disclose t1e 4iolatio3 . 0ro;lems a. I dum7s 1azardous 8aste o3 Uree3acre. I %9 3o actual B3o8led5e of dum7i35. I 5oes out of ;usi3ess. % , ;2 UC.. !a3 , sue % for ;reac1 of t1e co4e3a3t a5ai3st e3cum;ra3cesN +o9 , ca3At sue % ;ecause 4iolatio3 of t1e la3d use statue of 3ot a3 e3cum;ra3ce ;. % o83s ri51t-of-8a2 across ,As la3d (easeme3t): % 1as ;e3efit of easeme3t ;ecause 1eAs 5etti35 to use t1e road: , 1as t1e ;urde3 ;ecause , is ;ei35 ;urde3ed ;2 %As use: a3 easeme3t is <ust liBe a co4e3a3t: it ca3 ;e a3 e3cum;ra3ce: % ;u2s la3d from O 81o 7ur7ortedl2 co34e2s t1e ri51t-of-8a2: % lear3s O 8as i3com7ete3t a3d 3o8 dead: , 3o8 o;<ects to %As use of easeme3t: % 8a3ts to sue 1eirs of O alle5i35 4iolatio3 of co4e3a3t a5ai3st e3cum;ra3ces: 3o 4iolatio3: if alle5ed e3cum;ra3ce is a ;e3efit to t1e la3d it is 3ot a3 e3cum;ra3ce for 7ur7oses of co4e3a3t a5ai3st e3cum;ra3ces: if it is a ;urde3 it is a 4iolatio3 of t1e co4e3a3t a5ai3st e3cum;ra3ces i. % ser4itude t1at co3stitutes a ;e3efit to t1e la3d of t1e 5ra3tee is 3ot a3 e3cum;ra3ce for 7ur7oses of t1e !o4e3a3t a5ai3st E3cum;ra3ces ii. % ser4itude t1at co3stitutes a burden o3 t1e la3d of t1e 5ra3tee is a3 e3cum;ra3ce for 7ur7oses of t1e !o4e3a3t a5ai3st E3cum;ra3ces . )er4itudes are: a. Easeme3ts ;. Real co4e3a3ts (restricti4e co4e3a3t) c. EFuita;le ser4itudes (restricti4e co4e3a3t) c. .ama5es i. Breac% of Covenant of )eisenGretur3 of all or a 7ortio3 of t1e 7urc1ase 7rice ii. Breac% of Covenant against 3ncu(brances . if easil2 remo4a;le (e.5.9 mort5a5e9 lie39 etc.) > cost of remo4al 2. if not easil2 remo4a;le (e.5.9 co4e3a3t9 easeme3t) > differe3ce ;et8ee3 la3d 4alue 8it1 t1e e3cum;ra3ce a3d 8it1out iii. .%J%UE) %RE =(J(*E. ,- *HE *O*%= 0R(!E RE!E(/E. ,- *HE C%RR%+*OR . E.5.9 O o83s: % R5K , R 0K ! > O ousts: , limited to R5K ;ecause 2ou 8a3t to 7ut t1e 5ra3tee i3 as 5ood a 7ositio3 1e 8ould 1a4e ;ee3 i3 if t1e ;ar5ai3 1ad 3ot 1a4e ;ee3 ;reac1ed 4i. &ockafellor v. Gray ( $22)Gremote 5ra3tees: .offi35 co34e2ed to RocBafellor 80 acres ;2 C.: t1ere 8as a3 outsta3di35 mort5a5e to Ura2 of R500 a5ai3st t1e la3d t1at RocBafellor a5reed to assume a3d 7a2: t1e mort5a5e 8as foreclosed o3 resulti35 i3 a s1eriffAs deed t1at 8as e6ecuted a3d deli4ered to !o33ell2 o3 2O23O $ : 2 mo3t1s later !o33ell2 co34e2ed t1at la3d to .i6o3: t1e deed co3tai3ed usual 8arra3ties a3d co3sideratio3 of R#K: 2 mo3t1s later .i6o3 co34e2ed to Ha3se3 @ Ure5erso3 ;2 )C. 8it1 co3sideratio3 of R"K: o3 8O 5O $ 8 RocBafellor ;rou51t suit to 4acate a3d set aside foreclosure sale ar5ui35 t1at it 8as 4oid for lacB of <urisdictio3: o3 O 3O $20 H@U filed cross-7etitio3: !o33ell2 a3d H@U 8ere made 7arties to ori5i3al actio3 a3d 7ra2ed t1at if RocBafellor successful i3 4acati35 s1eriffAs deed t1at t1e2 1a4e L a5ai3st !o33ell2 u7o3 t1e co4e3a3ts i3 1is deed to .i6o3: court e3tered L i3 fa4or of RocBafeller sa2i35 foreclosure 7roceedi35s i34alid9 s1eriffAs deed s1ould ;e set aside9 a3d e3tered L a5ai3st !o33ell2 i3 H@UAs cross7etitio3 o3 t1e co4e3a3t of seise3 i3 1is deed for R#K 8it1 i3terest from date of deed from .i6o3 to H@U 0

. RocB o83s. !.i6. .i6 H@U. RocB ousts H@U. %. ())'E V : does co4e3a3t of seise3 ru3 8it1 la3d so t1at actio3 ma2 ;e mai3tai3ed ;2 remote 5ra3tee (H@U)N -es. i. !o4e3a3t of )eise3G5ra3tor 8arra3ts t1at 1e o83s t1e estate t1at 1e 7ur7orts to co34e2 ,. ())'E V2: 81at is t1e amou3t of reco4er2 to ;e allo8edN R#000 2. *1e %merica3 Rule (ma<orit2)Gt1e co4e3a3t of seise3 does 3ot ru3 8it1 t1e la3d 3. *1e E35lis1 Rule (mi3orit2)Gt1e co4e3a3t seise3 ru3s 8it1 t1e la3d a3d is ;roBe3 t1e i3sta3t t1e co34e2a3ce is deli4ered a3d t1e3 ;ecomes a c1ose i3 actio3 1eld ;2 t1e co34e3a3tee i3 t1e deed a3d t1at a deed ;2 first co4e3a3tee o7erates as a3 assi53me3t of suc1 c1ose i3 actio3 to a remote 5ra3tee 81o ca3 mai3tai3 a3 actio3 a5ai3st t1e 5ra3tor i3 t1e ori5i3al deed a. Lurisdictio3 i. 81e3 a cause of actio3 is assi53ed9 a3 i3termediate seller ca33ot sue 1er 5ra3tor unless t%e cause of action is reassigned back to t%e inter(ediate seller ii. &e(ote grantee 1as c1oice of 81om to sue /((. +O*E: E)*O00E= ,- .EE. e. .eli4er2 i. .eli4er2 1as 2 reFuireme3ts: . 5ra3tor must ma3ifest a3 i3te3d to maBe t1e deed 7rese3tl2 effecti4e ;2 8ords or co3duct: or 2. 5ra3tor must immediatel2 5i4e it to t1e 5ra3tee ii. *27es of .eli4er2 . 5ra3tor-5ra3tee deli4er2 2. deli4er2 su;<ect to a co3ditio3 iii. )"eeney6 Ad(inistratri7 v. )"eeney ( $#0)GJaurice deeded 1is farm to 1is ;rot1er Lo139 a3d t1e deed 8as recorded: Lo13 deeded t1e 7ro7ert2 ;acB to Jaurice to co4er JauriceAs ass if Lo13 died first: ;ot1 deeds 8ere e6ecuted: t1e first o3e 8as recorded a3d t1e seco3d o3e 8as 3ot ;ecause it ;ur3ed u7 i3 Lo13As attor3e2As office: 0 is 8ido8 of Jaurice ;ut 1ad 3ot li4ed 8it1 1im for t1e 7ast 20 2ears: t1e court 1eld for Lo13 ;ecause t1ere 8as 3o deli4er2 of t1e 23d deed: deli4er2 must ;e made 8it1 t1e i3te3t to 7ass title if it is to ;e effecti4e: t1e o3l2 7ur7ose i3 maBi35 t1e deed 8as to 7rotect Jaurice i3 case Lo13 died first a3d si3ce t1e 7ur7ose 8ould 1a4e ;ee3 defeated 1ad t1ere ;ee3 3o deli4er2 8it1 i3te3t to 7ass title9 t1is co3clusi4el2 esta;lis1es t1e fact t1at t1ere 8as le5al deli4er2: a co3ditio3al deli4er2 is a3 ca3 o3l2 ;e made ;2 7laci35 t1e deed i3 t1e 1a3ds of a 3d 7erso3 to ;e Be7t u3til t1e 1a77e3i35 of t1e e4e3t at 81ic1 time t1e deed is to ;e deli4ered ;2 t1e 3d 7erso3 to t1e 5ra3tee (/. +O*E: .E=(/ER- C(*HO'* H%+.(+U O/ERGit is 3ot 3ecessar2 t1at a deed ;e D1a3ded o4erE to t1e 5ra3tee: deli4er2 mea3s t1at a3 act e4oBi35 a3 i3te3t to ;e immediatel2 ;ou3d ;2 t1e tra3sfer (1a3di35 o4er docume3t9 e67ress or im7lied declaratio3 t1at 5ra3tor is ;ou3d ;2 t1e deed): 1o8e4er9 if t1e 5ra3tor i3te3ds t1at 3o i3terest s1ould arise u3til deat1 a3d 3o deli4er2 duri35 life 1as taBe3 7lace9 t1e deed ca33ot taBe le5al effect at deat1 ;ecause t1e 5ra3tor i3te3ded it to ;e a 8ill9 3ot a deed9 a3d t1e i3strume3t is 3ot e6ecuted 8it1 t8o 8it3esses i3 accorda3ce 8it1 t1e )tatute of Cills 4. &osengrant v. &osengrant ( $8 )Gt1e deed 1as to ;e deli4eredWW ". *HE JOR*U%UE a. Jort5a5e Q securit2 o3 t1e loa3 ;. Jort5a5or Q ;orro8er c. Jort5a5ee Q le3der i. 2 *1eories of Jort5a5es . *itle *1eor2 Q =e3der taBes le5al title to la3d9 mort5a5or 1as o3l2 t1e eFuit2 of redem7tio3. 2. =ie3 *1eor2 Q ,orro8er taBes le5al title9 a3d mort5a5ee 1as o3l2 a lie3 o3 t1e 7ro7ert2. 3. *itleO=ie3 t1eor2 3ot o3 e6am. ,u2er ca3 redeem u3til foreclosure. ii. ,orro8erAs O7tio3s if =e3der 1as alread2 Horeclosed . ,orro8er ca3 5o to 3e8 ,u2er9 ;u2 it9 a3d taBe la3d a8a2. .eed is deli4ered 81e3 it is 5i4e3 to t1e escro8 a5e3t. !a3 1a4e more t1a3 o3e mort5a5e o3 a 7iece of 7ro7ert2. *1ere is a3 order to 1o8 t1e2 8ill ;e 7aid off. iii. 0riorities of Jort5a5es . (f )e3ior Jort5a5ee (%9 ;elo8) forecloses first: a. )e3ior mt5 7aid off first:

;. ,ala3ce (if a32) 7a2s off <u3ior mort5a5es i3 order of 7riorit2: c. ,ala3ce (if a32) 7aid to mort5a5or as eFuit2 d. ,u2er 7urc1ases la3d free a3d clear of all mort5a5es (i.e. all 8i7ed out Q 3o mort5a5es o3 t1e 7ro7ert2). 2. (f Lu3ior Jort5a5ee (,9 ;elo8) forecloses first: a. Lu3ior mt5 7aid off first ;. ,ala3ce (if a32) 7a2s off a32 ot1er <u3ior mt5s (t1ere 1as ;ee3 3o default o3 t1e se3ior mort5a5eeAs 3ote) c. ,ala3ce (if a32) to mort5a5or as eFuit2 i4. ,u2er 7urc1ases sub4ect to )enior Mortgage (or mort5a5es if more t1a3 o3e)9 ;ut free a3d clear of all <u3ior mt5s. . )e3ior mort5a5e is a32 mort5a5e t1at 1as come ;efore t1e o3e at issue. (f 2ou 1a4e mort5a5es % t1ru U9 a3d E is at issue9 t1e3 %-. are se3ior mort5a5es to E9 a3d H-U are <u3ior mort5a5es. a. ,u2er ;orro8s: i. R 00B from % at 7urc1ase ()e3ior Jort5a5ee) ii. R50B from , 0 2ears later (Lu3ior Jort5a5ee) ;. ,u2i35 D)u;<ect toE a mort5a5e (for muc1 less) i. ,u2er at t1e foreclosure sale is 3ot res7o3si;le for 7a2me3t of t1e mort5a5e ii. Jort5a5ee ca3 still foreclose o3 t1e 7ro7ert2 if t1e mort5a5or defaults. c. D%ssum7tio3 ofE t1e mort5a5e i. ,u2er at t1e foreclosure sale 7romises to 7a2 off t1e mort5a5e a3d t1e Jort5a5ee ca3 foreclose if t1e ,u2er defaults o3 7a2me3ts. /. 0RO,=EJ) . % XX , for R 00B. , 7a2s R 0B cas1. , 5i4es a mort5a5e to ! for R"5B. , 5i4es a seco3d mort5a5e (<u3ior mort5a5e) to . for R 5B. , defaults o3 loa3 from !. ! forecloses a3d sells for R50B. C gets t%e 89:k because t%e senior (ortgage is aid off first. )e3ior mort5a5e. , defaults o3 loa3 from !. ! forecloses a3d sells for R 00B. 2. % XX , for R 00B. , 5i4es a mort5a5e to ! for R"5B. , 5i4es a <u3ior mort5a5e to . for R 5B. , 5i4es a3ot1er <u3ior mort5a5e to E for R 0B. , defaults o3 loa3 from .. . forecloses a3d sells for R25B. D gets aid first6 t%en 3. C doesn;t get aid off. , defaults o3 loa3 from .. . forecloses a3d sells for R 0B. D gets it all. 4i. .eficie3c2 <ud5me3t (636) Q read t1is. .eficie3c2 <ud5me3t is 7aid out of t1e 7erso3al assets of t1e ;orro8er. 4ii. Mur %y <defaulting (ortgagor= v. 5inancial Develo (ent Cor . <foreclosing (ortgagee= ( $85)G#closure sale is 1eld o3 a 1ouse. O3l2 7eo7le to s1o8 u7 at t1e sale 8ere t1e ,u2er a3d t1e fi3a3ce com7a32. Hi3a3ce com7a32 ;id o3l2 5ot t1e outsta3di35 amou3t of t1e mort5a5e9 a3d 5ot t1e 1ouse. Had 3ot tried to re5ai3 t1e mort5a5orAs eFuit2 t1at 1ad ;ee3 7aid to8ards t1e 1ouse. House a77raised at R#6B. *1e mort5a5or o8ed R2"B9 a3d 1ad 7aid R $B. *1e2 s1ould 1a4e sold it for R#6B to at least 5i4e t1e eFuit2 ;acB to t1e mort5a5ee. Had 3ot ad4ertised t1e sale. *1e3 t1e fi3a3ce co. sold t1e 1ouse for R38B 2 da2s later9 maBi35 a 7rofit. )o t1e mort5a5ee ;ou51t it lo89 a3d sold it 1i51. Jort5a5ee 1as a fiduciar2 dut2 of Uood Hait1 a3d .ue .ili5e3ce. Jort5a5ee must taBe e4er2 reaso3a;le effort to 5et a 5ood 7rice for t1e 7ro7ert2. C1e3 t1ere is 3o .ue .ili5e3ce9 dama5es is t1e differe3ce ;et8ee3 a fair 7rice for t1e 7ro7ert2 a3d t1e 7rice o;tai3ed at t1e #closure sale. O3l2 a8arded t1e 0As RR9 as o77osed to 8i7i35 out t1e #closure sale. *1is Bee7s la3d title solid9 a3d 7re4e3ts t1em from ;ecomi35 s1aB2. (f a #closure sale is 7rocedurall2 defecti4e9 t1e ,orro8er ca3 5et a3 i3<u3ctio3 if t1ere is 3o sale 2et. (f t1ere 1as ;ee3 a sale9 t1e2 ca3 seeB a court order to 5et dama5es. !ourt 8ill reFuire t1at t1e2 7a2 e4er2t1i35 off ;efore co3sideri35 setti35 aside t1e #closure sale. d. Bean v. *alker ( $83)G4e3dee u3der la3d sale K acFuires a3 i3terest i3 t1e 7ro7ert2 of suc1 a 3ature t1at it must ;e e6ti35uis1ed ;efore t1e 4e3dor ma2 resume 7ossessio3 i. (3stallme3t =a3d !o3tractG2ou 7a2 it a3d as soo3 as 2ou maBe t1e last 7a2me3t9 title 5oes o4er to 2ou ii. EFuita;le co34ersio3Gseller 1olds le5al title ;ut u3fair to 5i4e le5al title: 1e 1olds i3 trust for ;u2er 8. *(*=E %))'R%+!E a. *1e Recordi35 )2stem i. Ui4es 3otice to 7u;lic as to 81o 1as 81at i3terest i3 t1e 7ro7ert2: fur3is1es co3structi4e 3otice to e4er2o3e ii. Esta;lis1es a s2stem of 7u;lic recordatio3 of la3d titles 2

;.

c.

d.

e.

f.

5.

0reser4es i3 a secure 7lace im7orta3t docume3ts 81ic1 ma2 ;e easil2 lost or mis7laced i3 7ri4ate 1a3ds Ha4e fu3ctio3 of 7rotecti35 7urc1asers for 4alue a3d lie3 creditors a5ai3st 7rior u3recorded i3terests Ca2 to maBe sure 2ou 1a4e su7erior title 0rotects su;seFue3t 7urc1asers !OJJO+ =%CGfirst i3 time is first i3 ri51t . O%: O,. % 4. ,. %t !=9 81o 8i3sN % 8i3s. 2. O%: O,. , records. % 4. ,. Recordi35 statute i3 effect. , 8i3s. a. )tatutes 7rotect first 7urc1asers 81o fail to record. *1e (3de6es i. *ract i3de6 . recorded docume3ts are filed i3 c1ro3olo5ical order u3der tract9 ;locB a3d lot 3um;er 2. sim7lifies title searc1ers ii. Ura3tor-5ra3tee i3de6 . filed c1ro3olo5icall2 2. Be7t i3 t8o ;ooBso3e for 5ra3tors a3d o3e for 5ra3tees 3. listed al71a;eticall2 #. la;orious Lut%i v. 3vans ( $"8)Geffect of failure to descri;e 7ro7ert2 8it1 s7ecificit2: i3 $" 9 O8e3s s7ecificall2 assi53ed 1er i3terest i3 se4e3 !offe2 !ou3t29 K) oil @ Uas leases to *: i3cluded i3 t1e assi53me3t 8as a Jot1er Hu;;ard clause assi53i35 Dall i3terest of 81atsoe4er 3ature i3 all oil a3d 5as leases i3 !offe2 !o.9 K): i3 $"59 O8e3s assi53ed 1er i3terest i3 a3 oil @ 5as lease called Kufu1l (located i3 !offe2 !ou3t2) to ,: * co3te3ds t1at it o83s t1e oil @ 5as ri51ts due to Jot1er Hu;;ard clause 81ic1 1e ar5ues 5i4es co3structi4e 3otice to all su;seFue3t 7urc1asers: , co3te3ds t1e $" assi53me3t 8as sufficie3t bet"een t%e arties ;ut t1at it 8as 3ot sufficie3t to 5i4e co3structi4e 3otice to su;seFue3t i33oce3t 7urc1asers 81o did 3ot 1a4e 3otice of t1e 7rior assi53me3t a3d t1e 5e3eral la35ua5e lacBed s7ecificit2: R'=EGa 5e3eral assi53me3t9 81e3 recorded9 is 3ot sufficie3t to 5i4e co3structi4e 3otice to a3 i33oce3t 7urc1aser for 4alue $rr v. Byers ( $88)Gmiss7elled 3ame: Orr o;tai3ed L a5ai3st Cilliam Elliott 81o 8as erro3eousl2 ide3tified as Cilliam .ua3e Elliot o3 t1e L a3d o3 t1e a;stract L later filed9 as Cilliam .ua3e Elliot a3d Cilliam .ua3e Eliot: Elliott o;tai3ed title to a 7arcel of 7ro7ert2 81ic1 ;ecame su;<ect to OrrAs lie3: 81e3 Elliott sold t1e 7arcel to .9 a title searc1 failed to disclose t1e a;stract of L a3d t1e L 8as 3ot satisfied from t1e sale 7roceeds: 0 sued . reFuesti35 a declarator2 <ud5me3t a3d <udicial foreclosure of 1is lie3: t1e court fou3d for . ;ecause a3 a;stract of <ud5me3t co3tai3i35 a miss7elled 3ame im7art co3structi4e 3otice of its co3te3ts u3der t1e doctri3e of ide( sonans 81ic1 7ro4ides t1at alt1ou51 a 7erso3As 3ame 1as ;ee3 i3accuratel2 8ritte39 t1e ide3tit2 of suc1 7erso3 8ill ;e 7resumed from t1e similarit2 of sou3ds ;et8ee3 t1e correct 7ro3u3ciatio3 i. Eliza;et1 *a2lor o83s YE*Z. E* marries Eddie His1er. Eliza;et1 *a2lor His1er !,. !, records. .i4orces EH9 3o8 E*. E* CH9 3o actual 3otice. Jisi3de6ed i3strume3ts i. (3de6 a 7art of t1e recordGif t1e i3de6 is co3sidered a 7art of t1e record9 a misi3de6ed i3strume3t does +O* 5i4e co3structi4e 3otice to su;seFue3t 7urc1asers. (3 ot1er 8ords9 su;seFue3t 7urc1asers are allo8ed to rel2 o3 t1e i3formatio3 co3tai3ed i3 t1e i3de6. ii. (3de6 +O* 7art of t1e recordGif t1e i3de6 is +O* co3sidered a 7art of t1e record9 a misi3de6ed i3strume3t .OE) 5i4e co3structi4e 3otice. (3 ot1er 8ords9 su;seFue3t 7urc1asers are +O* allo8ed to rel2 o3 t1e i3formatio3 co3tai3ed i3 t1e i3de6. Cild .eed RuleG% 8ild deed9 u3co33ected to t1e c1ai3 of title9 does 3ot 5i4e co3structi4e 3otice to su;seFue3t 7urc1asers i. (f t1e i3de6 is 3ot co3sidered 7art of t1e record9 2ou are co3sidered to 1a4e 3otice of e4er2 t1i35 t1atAs ;ee3 filedSe4e3 if itAs ;ee3 misfiled. C12N ,ecause 2ou could 712sicall2 5o t1rou51 e4er2 ;o6 of deeds a3d fi3d 81at 2ouAre looBi35 for. ii. (f t1e i3de6 is co3sidered 7art of t1e record9 2ou are 3ot co3sidered to 1a4e co3structi4e 3otice if somet1i35 1as ;ee3 misfiled. C12N ,ecause 2ouAre e3titled to rel2 o3 t1e i3de6. *27es of Recordi35 %cts i. RaceG81oe4er records first 8i3s ii. +oticeG7rotects su;seFue3t 7urc1asers 81o 7urc1ase 8it1out 3otice of t1e 7re4ious co34e2a3ce . 3o co34e2a3ce 2. s1all ;e 5ood 3

iii. i4. 4. 4i. 4ii.

3. a5ai3st su;seFue3t 7urc1asers for #. co3sideratio3 a3d 8it1out 3otice9 u3less t1e same ;e recorded a. O %9 O ,9 a ,H0. % records. , !9 a ,H0. % 4. !. % 8i3s. %s ;et8ee3 % a3d , i3 a 3otice <urisdictio39 , 8ill 8i3. (f , 8ould 8i39 812 could3At ! sta3d i3 t1e s1oes of ,N (f % 8ould 3ot 8i3 a5ai3st ,9 a )09 812 s1ould3At % 8i3 a5ai3st !9 t1e 7erso3 81o 7urc1ased it from t1e )0N iii. Race-+oticeG7rotects su;seFue3t 7urc1asers 81o: . 7urc1ase 8it1out 3otice a3d 2. record first 1. )1elter RuleGa 7erso3 81ose 5ra3tor is a ;o3a fide 7urc1aser (,H0) 7rotected ;2 a recordi35 statute 1as t1e same ri51ts as 1is 5ra3tor9 u3less t1e 7erso3 is t1e ori5i3al 5ra3tor. i. O %9 O ,. % records. , O. *1e s1elter rule does3At a77l2. , a3d O are colludi35 a5ai3st % to 5et %As mo3e2. *1atAs 81at it looBs liBe so courts sa2 t1e2 8o3At reco53ize t1e s1elter rule ;ecause it allo8s 2ou to commit fraud. ii. O % 81o does3At record. O dies lea4i35 H as 1eir. H t1i3Bs 1e o83s ,lueacre 81o sells it to ,9 81o records. , 1as 3o B3o8led5e of 7re4ious co34e2a3ce to %. C1o 8i3s i3 3otice <urisdictio3N ,. *1e 3otice statute 7rotects su;seFue3t 7urc1asers 81o 7urc1ase 8it1out 3otice. %3d i3 race-3otice <urisdictio39 t1ose 81o 7urc1ase first. *1is forces % to record. *aBe it a3d record it a3d 7rotect 2our i3terest. %ll are 5eared to8ard 7rotecti35 t1e su;seFue3t 7urc1aser. iii. C1o 8i3s u3der race-3oticeN ,. 0urc1ased 8it1out 3otice a3d recorded first. % s1ould 1a4e recorded ;efore ,s 7urc1ase. i4. O %9 a ,H0. % does3At record. O sells to , 81o is a ,H09 3o actual 3otice. , does3At record. *1e3 % records. % sells to !9 a ,H0. , records t1e3 ! records. C1o 7re4ails u3der 3otice statuteN 4. [[%d4erse 7ossessio3 trum7s recordi35 4i. O %9 O ,9 3o actual 3otice. % records. % !9 3o actual 3otice. , records. ! records. C1o 8i3s i3 a +otice <urisdictio3N '3der s1elter rule9 ! ca3 sta3d i3 %As s1oes a3d ! 8ill 8i3 i3 a race-3otice <urisdictio3. 4ii. 5O30: O%. 6O3: O records deed restrictio3. 6O5: % records. "O8: %,. , records. "O3 : O sues to e3<oi3 , from 4iolati35 deed restrictio3. i. Messers(it% v. )(it% ( $53)Ga3 im7ro7erl2 acB3o8led5ed deed is 3ot ca7a;le of ;ei35 recorded i. Timmer RuleGa race-3otice statute 7rotects a su;seFue3t 7urc1aser 81o: . 7urc1ases 8it1out 3otice: 2. records first: a3d 3. all deeds i3 t1eir c1ai3 of title are recorded. <. !1ai3 of *itle 0ro;lems i. Bd. $f 3ducation of Minn. V. !ug%es ( $ 2)Ga deed t1at does 3ot 3ame a 5ra3tee is 3ull a3d 81oll2 i3o7erati4e as a co34e2a3ce u3til t1e 3ame of t1e 5ra3tee is le5all2 i3serted . Cild .eed RuleGa deed u3co33ected to t1e c1ai3 of title9 e4e3 t1ou51 recorded9 does 3ot 5i4e co3structi4e 3otice to su;seFue3t 7urc1asers (a 8oode3 s3aBe t1atAs ;roBe3) 2. a Fuitclaim deed does 3ot 5i4e 3otice 3. traditio3all2 t1e 8a2 2ou searc1 is from t1e date a 7erso3 recei4es a co34e2a3ce u3til t1e time t1e2 co34e2 it to someo3e else ii. Esto77el ;2 .eed . a 5ra3tor 81o 1as co34e2ed 7ro7ert2 to a 5ra3tee ca33ot later de32 t1at 1e 1ad title 81e3 1e recei4es title from t1e true o83er 2. relatio3-;acB doctri3e a77lies 3. Ji3orit2 4ie8Gi3strume3ts recorded 7rior to t1e date t1at 5ra3tor recei4es title 5i4e co3structi4e 3otice to su;seFue3t 7urc1asers: creates dut2 to searc1 record 7rior to date 5ra3tor acFuires 7ro7ert2 #. Ja<orit2 4ie8Gi3strume3ts recorded 7rior to t1e date t1at t1e 5ra3tor recei4es title does +O* 5i4e co3structi4e 3otice to su;seFue3t 7urc1asers: 3o dut2 to searc1 record 7rior to date 5ra3tor acFuires 7ro7ert2 iii. .ut2 to )earc1 Record %fter Ura3tor !o34e2s *itle . *oods v. GarnettGa deed recorded after a3ot1er deed from t1e same 5ra3tor 5i4es co3structi4e 3otice to su;seFue3t 7urc1asers: creates dut2 to searc1 record after date 5ra3tor co34e2s title #

a. (3 *oods; <urisdictio3s9 %As deed does 5i4e 3otice to !: c1a35e title searc1es must searc1 all 5ra3tors for8ard to t1e 7rese3t da2 2. Morse v. CurtisGa deed recorded after a3ot1er deed from t1e same 5ra3tor does +O* 5i4e co3structi4e 3otice to su;seFue3t 7urc1asers: 3o dut2 to searc1 t1e record after date 5ra3tor co34e2s title a. (3 Morse <urisdictio3s9 %As deed does 3ot 5i4e 3otice to ! ;ecause t1ere is 3o dut2 to searc1 after t1e recordi35 of t1e first deed out from a 5ra3tor. 3. 0RO,=EJ a. O is record o83er. % ,9 O %9 , !9 ! records. % .9 . records. O E9 E records. C1o 8i3s i3 +oticeN Race +oticeN )tate rule first t1e3 list eleme3ts ;. O %9 O ,9 actual 3otice. O !9 , .9 % records9 , records9 . records. C1o 8i3s i3 a +otice <urisdictio3N Race 3otice. i4. Guillette v. Daly Dry *all6 'nc. ( $"5)Ga 7urc1aser of 7art of a restricted 7arcel of la3d taBes it su;<ect to t1e restrictio3s . e4er2 recorded deed out from a commo3 5ra3tor (su;di4ider) 5i4es co3structi4e 3otice of its co3te3ts to t1e su;seFue3t 7urc1aser of a32 lot i3 t1e su;di4isio3 B. 0erso3s 0rotected ;2 t1e Recordi35 )2stem i. Daniels v. Anderson ( $$#)Ga ;u2er 81o recei4es 3otice of a3 outsta3di35 i3terest 7rior to t1e 7a2me3t of co3sideratio3 ;ut 7a2s it a328a2 does so at 1is o83 7eril 8it1 res7ect to t1e 1older of t1e outsta3di35 i3terest: t1e ;u2er is 3ot 7rotected as a ;o3a fide 7urc1aser a3d taBes t1e 7ro7ert2 ;ou3d ;2 t1e outsta3di35 i3terest: t1e 7ro ta3to rule 7rotects t1e ;u2er to t1e e6te3t of t1e 7a2me3ts made 7rior to 3otice9 ;ut 3o furt1er: a77licatio3: . a8ard la3d to 1older of outsta3di35 i3terest a3d a8ard ;u2er 7a2me3ts t1at 1e made 2. a8ard ;u2er a fractio3al i3terest i3 t1e la3d 7ro7ortio3al to amou3t 7aid 7rior to 3otice 3. allo8 ;u2er to com7lete t1e 7urc1ase ;ut to 7a2 remai3i35 i3stallme3ts to 1older of t1e outsta3di35 i3terest ii. Le"is v. )u erior Court ( $$#)GR @ L =e8is K to ;u2 1ouse from ) for R2.3 millio3: fe8 da2s ;efore t1e2 acFuired title9 HH recorded a lis 7e3de3s a5ai3st ): t1e lis 7e3de3s 8as recorded o3 2O2# ;ut 3ot i3de6ed u3til 2O2$: t1e =s 7aid ) R350K o3 2O25 a3d t1e closi35 tooB 7lace 2O28: t1e =s 5a4e ) t1eir 3ote for R .$50 millio3 81ic1 t1e2 7ai3 i3 3O $$2: t1e =s s7e3d a3ot1er R .050 millio3 i3 re3o4atio3s: i3 $O $$3 t1e =s 8ere ser4ed 8it1 HHAs suit a3d lear3ed a;out t1e lis 7e3de3s: t1e court of a77eals 1eld t1at t1e lis 7e3de3s 8as 3ot 7ro7erl2 recorded u3til it 8as i3de6ed9 81ic1 occurred t1e da2 after t1e title 7assed to t1e =s: 1ere t1e =s lear3ed of t1e liti5atio3 after t1e2 7aid t1e 7rice i3 cas1: if Davis 8as a77lied9 cas1 ;u2ers 8ould ;e at risB of losi35 t1eir 7ro7ert2 81ile ;u2ers 81o 7a2 o3l2 a small do83 7a2me3t fi3a3ci35 t1e ;ala3ce 8ould ;e co3sidered a ;o3a fide 7urc1aser l. (3Fuir2 +otice i. !ar er v. Paradise ( $"#)Gdut2 to i3Fuire: )H deeded 1er farm to JH i3 $22 for life 8it1 Rm i3 H) to JaudeAs Bids: deed 8as lost t1e3 fou3d i3 $5" ;2 !H (a 3amed c1ild) a3d recorded: JH died i3 $"2 ()H died ;et8ee3 $25-2"): i3 $289all of )HAs 1eirs Fuitclaimed i3terest i3 t1e 7ro7ert2 to JH: t1e Fuitclaim deed me3tio3ed t1e lost deed: i3 $33 JH e6ecuted a securit2 deed to secure a R50 loa3 from E*: loa3 defaulted a3d E* foreclosed9 recei4i35 a s1eriffAs deed i3 $36: t1ere 8as u3;roBe3 c1ai3 of title from E* to 09 0 claimed title t1rou51 8arra3t2 deed e6ecuted a3d recorded i3 $55 ;2 %0: JaudeAs Bids 1ad remai3der u3der $22 deed: 0 sued to 1a4e title secured i3 1im a3d 8o3: .As a77ealed: L re4ersed ;ecause 5ra3tee must maBe i3Fuir2 as to 7ro4isio3s of a32 deeds referred to i3 1is c1ai3 of title: a su;seFue3t 7urc1aser from a life te3a3t ca33ot defeat t1e later claim of a remai3derma3 81o did 3ot <oi3 i3 t1e co34e2a3ce to t1e 7urc1aser: t1e $28 deed made refere3ce to t1e $22 deed: 0 8as a 5ra3tee 8it1 3otice ;ecause 1e failed to i3Fuire as to t1e co3te3ts of t1e $22 deed: time 7eriod for o;tai3i35 %0 from remai3derme3 ;ei35s to ru3 u7o3 deat1 of =*: si3ce JH died i3 $"29 t1e time 7eriod did 3ot ;e5i3 to ru3 u3til t1e3 t1us 0 failed to occu72 t1e la3d for t1e reFuisite time 7eriod to esta;lis1 %0 1. (ention of an unrecorded clai( in a recorded docu(ent rovides in.uiry notice of t%at clai( to t%e subse.uent urc%asers ii. *aldorf 'ns.and Bonding6 'nc. v. 3glin -at;l Bank ( $8#)GCaldorf e3tered i3to a 8ritte3 7urc1ase a5reeme3t for co3domi3ium V from !1octa8 i3 %7ril $"3 for R239550: Caldorf 7aid a R 000 de7osit a3d ;e5a3 occu7a3c2 a3d 7aid all mo3t1l2 fees: !1octa8 e6ecuted a R8509000 0+ a3d mort5a5e o3 t1e 5

e3tire de4elo7me3t i3 Lu3e $"2 81ic1 8as assi53ed ;2 E5li3 i3 La3uar2 $"5 81e3 7ri3ci7al ;ala3ce 8as R#09000 1. ossession of ro erty by rior urc%aser gives in.uiry notice to subse.uent urc%asers >. ossession gives in.uiry notice m. JarBeta;le *itle %cts i. J*%s elimi3ate title defects automaticall2 8it1 t1e 7assa5e of a certai3 amou3t of time 3e4er to a77ear a5ai3 if 2ou meet t1e 7ro4isio3s of t1e act: used to clea3 u7 defecti4e titles ii. *1e act 7ro4ides t1at if 2ou 1a4e a3 u3;roBe3 c1ai3 of title from t1e 7rese3t ;acB to t1e root of title9 t1e3 all ot1er i3terests i3 t1at 7ro7ert2 8ill ;e e6ti35uis1ed. (f a title tra3sactio3 ;reaBs t1e c1ai3 of title9 t1e3 t1e 7urc1aser must 7ro4e su7erior title i3 some ot1er 8a2 (e.5.9 ;2 recordi35 statute or ad4erse 7ossessio3). . Hor e6am7le: $30-! to .9 $56-. to E9 $60-E to H9 $65-O to 9 $$6-U to H. HAs c1ai3 of title from $56 is ;roBe3 ;2 t1e O to deed. 2. $00-% to ,9 $ 2-, to !9 $30-! to .9 $56-. to E9 $60-E to H9 $$5-H to U9 $$6-U to H: assume a #0 2ear JarBeta;le *itle %ct iii. Root of *itleGt1e most rece3t tra3sactio3 i3 a 7erso3As c1ai3 of title t1at 1as ;ee3 of record for at least t1e statutoril2 reFuired 7eriod (e.5.9 #0 2ears). . 88$ O leases to I for $$ 2ears. I records t1e lease. (3 8$0 O co34e2s t1e la3d to % su;<ect to t1e lease. 0eo7le 81o searc1 t1at record 8ill fi3d t1e deed. % records t1e deed. (3 $20 % sells to , a3d , records. *1e deed does3At me3tio3 t1e lease. (3 $# 9 , co34e2s to ! a3d ! records. !As deed does 3ot me3tio3 t1e lease. (f ! 1as a3 u3;lemis1ed records from t1is root of title ;acB #0 2ears9 t1e J*% 8ill sucB a8a2 t1e lease assumi35 I does 3ot record or is 3ot i3 7ossessio3. I ca3 file a 3otice of claim t1at sa2s I 1as a lease o3 ,lueacre a3d it 1as a $$ 2ears lease9 ;ut if it does3At9 ! 5ets t1e la3d free a3d clear of t1e lease. *1atAs 81at a J*% does. 2. 0ossessio3 is a3 e6ce7tio3i3Fuir2 3otice. i4. !eifner v. Bradford ( $83)Ga77ella3ts root of title is t1e $ 6 deed from E) to HHC 81ic1 reser4ed t1e 5ra3torsA O@U ri51ts to t1e la3d: a77ellees root of title is t1e $36 co34e2a3ce from HHC to Caters9 et al. 81ic1 did 3ot me3tio3 t1e O@U ri51ts: a77ellees 1old marBeta;le record title to t1e O@U ;ecause t1e2 1a4e a3 u3;roBe3 c1ai3 of record title for o4er #0 2ears t1at e6ti35uis1es 7rior claims a3d i3terests9 i3cludi35 a77ella3tsA i3terests: E)As 8ill 8as co3sidered a Dtitle tra3sactio3E a3d a77ella3tsA i3terest 8as 3ot e6ti35uis1ed: co3sidered fili35 a 7reser4atio3 3otice of claim duri35 t1e #0 2ear i3terest . marBeta;le record title title of record 81ic1 o7erates to e6ti35uis1 suc1 i3terests a3d claims e6isti35 7rior to t1e effecti4e date of t1e root of title 2. root of title t1at co34e2a3ce or ot1er title tra3sactio3 i3 t1e c1ai3 of title of a 7erso3 u7o3 81ic1 1e relies as a ;asis for t1e marBeta;ilit2 of 1is title a3d 81ic1 8as t1e most rece3t to ;e recorded as of a date fort2 2ears 7rior to t1e time 81e3 marBeta;ilit2 is ;ei35 determi3ed 3. title tra3sactio3 a32 tra3sactio3 affecti35 title to a32 i3terest i3 la3d9 i3cludi35 title ;2 8ill or desce3t a. 0RO,=EJ i. $#$GO Heir (i3testac2): $50GH for5er2 to %: % records. $52G% ,: $$3GH ! (i3testac2): ! disco4ers for5er2. #0 2ear J*%. ! 4. ,9 81o 8i3sN (3 ;et8ee3 $50 a3d $$0 t1ere is 3ot1i35 t1at me3tio3s HAs i3terest. $$0 is t1e Be2 date. , 1as 1ad a clear c1ai3 of title 8it1 3o me3tio3 of t1e i3terest i3 t1e 1eir a3d i3 !. t1erefore , 8i3s e4e3 t1ou51 1e 5ot it from a for5er2. ii. $#$GO Heir (i3testac2): $50GH for5er2 to %: % records. $52G% ,: $80GH 8ills to !9 as de4isee: ! 7ro;ates 8ill (recorded): $$3 ! lear3s of for5er2: ! 8i3s. , 8ill claim J*% 7rotests. He 8ill 1a4e to s1o8 1e 1as a clea3 #0 2ears. !As RO* is $50 deed 81ic1 is st o3e t1at does3At me3tio3 HAs claim. $50 P #0 2ears is $$0: looB ;et8ee3 $50 a3d $$0 to see 81et1er a32;od2 recorded a32t1i35 s1o8i35 i3terest of someo3e else: 1ere 8ill recorded me3tio3i35 HAs i3terest. 3. *itle (3sura3ce i. *alker &ogge6 'nc. v. C%elsea Title Guaranty Co. ( $8$)G0 ;ou51t la3d from Kosa 81oAd ;ou51t it from %iello: $"5 sur4e2 t1at K s1o8ed 0 said la3d 8as 8.33 acres9 t1e Kossa-0 K descri;ed t1e la3d ;2 refere3ce to t1e $"5 sur4e2 i3dicati35 t1e la3d 8as D $ acres more or lessE: la3d 8as R363K 7er acre to ;e 6

ad<usted o3 ;asis of R 6K 7er acre for de4iatio3: K si53ed 2O 2O"$ 8it1 K closi35 2O3 O"$: Ro55e reFuested . to i3sure title 81ic1 1ad issued 2 7rior title 7olicies o3 t1e 7ro7ert2: *1e %ello-Kossa deed stated t1at t1e 7ro7ert2 co3tai3ed 2.#86 acres a3d !1elsea 1ad t1is deed i3 t1eir files: t1e Kossa-0 deed did 3ot i3dicate t1e tractAs acrea5e: !1elseaAs title i3sura3ce 7olic2 descri;ed t1e 7ro7ert2 ;2 refere3ce to t1e 0 $"5 sur4e2 8it1out i3dicati35 t1e total acrea5e of t1e 7ro7ert2: !1elseaAs 7olic2 did3At i3sure a5ai3st ;ou3dar2 li3e dis7utes: 0 7aid off mort5a5e o4er 6-2ears a3d did 3ot o;tai3 a more rece3t sur4e2: i3 $85 0 8a3ted to ;u2 ad<ace3t lots a3d 1ired .. to sur4e2 a3d fou3d t1e 7ro7ert2 co3tai3ed 2.#3 acres: 0 alle5ed t1at t1e 5.5 acre s1orta5e 8as a3 i3sura;le loss u3der t1e !1elsea 7olic2: 0 7aid R"5 for a title 7olic29 3ot a title searc1: to o;tai3 suc1 i3sura3ce9 a3 i3sured s1ould 7ro4ide t1e title com7a32 8it1 a3 acce7ta;le sur4e2 t1at recites t1e Fua3tit2 of la3d descri;ed or o;tai3 from t1e com7a32 a3 e67ress 5uara3t2 of t1e Fualit2 of la3d i3sured i3 t1e 7olic2: 0 s1ould 1a4e o;tai3ed sur4e2 ;efore closi35 t1erefore elimi3ati35 t1e risB of 7a2i35 for 7ro7ert2 it did 3ot recei4e: alt1ou51 a3 i3sured e67ects t1at a title com7a32 8ill co3duct a reaso3a;le title e6ami3atio39 t1e relatio3s1i7 ;et8ee3 t1e com7a32 a3d t1e i3sured is co3tractual so if t1e title com7a32 a5rees to co3duct a searc1 a3d 7ro4ide t1e i3sured 8it1 a3 a;stract of title i3 additio3 to t1e title 7olic29 it ma2 e67ose itself to lia;ilit2 for 3e5li5e3ce as a title searc1er i3 additio3 to its lia;ilit2 u3der t1e 7olic2: i3 additio39 t1e com7a32 could ;e su;<ect to a 3e5li5e3ce actio3 if t1e act com7lai3ed of 8as t1e direct result of duties 4olu3taril2 assumed ;2 t1e i3surer i3 additio3 to t1e mere K to i3sure title . Lo%(eyerG4iolatio3 of la3d use statute > marBeta;le title (7re-closi35) 2. 5ri(bergerG4iolatio3 of la3d use statute u3marBeta;le title (!o4e3a3t of Ue3eral Carra3t2) ii. Lick Mill Creek A art(ents v. C%icago Title 'ns. Co. ( $$ )Gtitle i3sura3ce is to 7rotect t1e i3sured a5ai3st defects i3 t1e title9 3ot from loss arisi35 from 712sical dama5e to 7ro7ert2: title i3sura3ce 1as 3ot1i35 to do 8it1 81et1er la3d is marBeta;le: 1azardous 8aste is a title defect 1. violation of land use statute <%azardous "aste= a. un(arketable <title insurance= b. encu(brance 2. JarBeta;ilit2 of *itleG1azardous su;sta3ces 3. E3cum;ra3ce o3 *itleGta6es9 assessme3ts a3d lie3s $. 0R(/%*E =%+.-')E !O+*RO=): *HE =%C OH )ER/(*'.E) a. Easeme3tsGa ri51t afforded a 7erso3 to maBe a limited use of a3ot1erAs 7ro7ert2: ri51t-of-8a2 across t1e la3d of a3ot1er: ma2 e3dure for 2ears9 life or i3 fee: it is a 3o3-7ossessor2 i3terest i3 la3d: la3d su;<ect to a3 easeme3t is called Dser4ie3tE la3d i. E67ress . easeme3ts a77urte3a3tGa3 easeme3t 81ic1 co3fers a ;e3efit u7o3 a domi3a3t te3eme3t is a77urte3a3t to t1e domi3a3t estate: t1e ;urde3ed la3d is called t1e ser4ie3t te3eme3t a. e.5.9 % 1as t1e ri51t to cross ,As la3d i3 order to 5et to %As farm: t1is ri51t-of-8a2 is a3 a77urte3a3t to t1e domi3a3t te3eme3t (%As la3d): t1e ;urde3ed la3d (,As la3d) is t1e ser4ie3t te3eme3t 2. easeme3ts i3 5rossGeaseme3ts t1at are 7erso3al to t1eir o83er: t1e ser4ie3t la3d is ;urde3ed ;ut t1ere is 3o ;e3efited la3d a. e.5.9 utilit2 ri51t of 8a2s9 ;ill;oards o3 7ri4ate la3d 3. affirmati4e easeme3tsGri51t to 5o o3to t1e la3d of a3ot1er a3d use it a. e.5.9 a ri51t of 8a2 #. 3e5ati4e easeme3tGri51t to maBe t1e o83er of t1e ser4ie3t la3d 3ot do somet1i35 81ic1 1e 8ould ot1er8ise ;e e3titled to do (ie.9 ;uild a s8immi35 7ool 8it1i3 20-feet of 1is 3ei51;orAs 2ard) ii. (m7lied . im7lied easeme3ts ;2 3ecessit2 2. i3te3ded easeme3ts ;ased o3 Fuasi-easeme3t iii. 0rescri7ti4eGeleme3ts same as ad4erse 7ossessio3 i4. +ecessit2 ;. 0rofitsGri51t to e3ter o3to t1e la3d of a3ot1er a3d taBe somet1i35 off t1e la3d9 ;e it 8ild a3imals9 tim;er or coal c. !reatio3 of Easeme3ts d. =ice3sesG7ri4ile5e to use t1e la3d of a3ot1er9 8it1 7ermissio39 a3d re4oca;le at t1e 8ill of t1e 5ra3tor u3less: i. =ice3se cou7led 8it1 a3 i3terest ii. Esto77el "

iii. ,2 7ermissio3 i4. Ja2 ;e re4oBed at 8ill of la3do83er e. *illard v. 5irst C%urc% of C%rist6 )cientist ( $"2)G f. !olbrook v. Taylor ( $"6)G. 7urc1ased t1e la3d o4er 81ic1 0 claims a3 easeme3t i3 $# : from $##- $#$ . 5a4e 0 t1e ri51t to co3struct a mi3i35 road o3 .As la3d a3d 0 7aid . a ro2alt2: i3 $5" . ;uilt a re3tal 1ouse o3 t1e la3d: t1e mi3i35 road 8as used ;2 ;ot1 . a3d t1e te3a3ts: t1e re3tal 1ouse ;ur3ed i3 $6 a3d 8as 3ot re7laced9 i3 $6# 0 7urc1ased a 3-acre tract ad<oi3i35 .As la3d a3d ;uilt a 1ouse i3 $65: at all times 7rior to $65 . used t1e road 8it1 0As 7ermissio3: 0 ;rou51t suit to esta;lis1 a ri51t to use a road8a2 claimi35 1is ri51t to use t1e road ;2 7rescri7tio3 or esto777el: R'=E: a lice3sor is esto77ed from re4oBi35 a lice3se if t1e lice3see 1as e67e3ded mo3e2 i3 relia3ce u7o3 t1e lice3se . a3 easeme3t ma2 ;e esta;lis1ed ;2 a. e67ress a5reeme3t ;. im7licatio3 c. 7rescri7tio3 d. esto77el 2. to esta;lis1 a3 easeme3t ;2 7rescri7tio39 o3e must s1o8 1e 1as o7e3l29 7eacea;l29 co3ti3uousl2 a3d u3der a claim of ad4erse ri51t to t1e o83er of t1e soil a3d 8it1 1is B3o8led5e a3d acFuiesce3ce used a 8a2 o4er t1e la3d 3. o3e ma2 acFuire a lice3se to use a road8a2 81ere 1e 1as s7e3d mo3e2 i3 im7ro4i35 t1e 8a2 o3 t1e furt1er stre35t1 of t1e lice3se: t1e lice3sor must 1a4e B3o8led5e 5. (m7lied Easeme3ts i. Van )andt v. &oyster ( $38)?i3 $039 a commo3 5ra3tor (,aile2) ;uilt a se8er t1at ra3 u3der all of 1er 7ro7ert2 a3d tied i3to a 7u;lic street li3e: i3 $0#9 commo3 5ra3tor co34e2ed ;2 UC. a 7art of t1e la3d to Lo3es a3d a3ot1er 7art to Jur7129 retai3i35 a 3d 7art: Lo3esAs 7arcel 8as t1e lo8est i3 ele4atio3: t1ere 8as 3o reser4atio3 of a3 easeme3t for t1e se8er-li3e i3 t1e Lo3es-,aile2 deed: ;ot1 , a3d J 8ere tied i3to t1e li3e 81ic1 ra3 t1rou51 t1e Lo3es 7ro7ert2: (+ $209 L co34e2ed 7art of 1is 7ro7ert2 to r9 81o ;uilt a 1ouse 8it1 a ;aseme3t t1at 8as 3ear t1e u3der5rou3d se8er li3e: R did 3ot tie i3to t1e li3e: R co34e2ed to 0 i3 $2#: .s are successors i3 i3terest to J a3d ,: t1eir se8a5e floods 0As ;aseme3t: 0 sou51t i3<u3ctio3 to disco3ti3ue use of t1e se8er: R'=E: a court ma2 reco53ize a3 easeme3t t1at e6ists o3l2 ;2 4irtue of a3 im7lied reser4atio3 1. L$$# 5$& 5ACT) *!3&3 A- $*-3& ') @)'-G $-3 PA&T $5 T!3 LA-D 5$& T!3 B3-35'T $5 A-$T!3& <3A)3M3-T 'MPL'3D BA P&'$& 3B')T'-G @)3= 2. i( lied grantG2ou 5et somet1i35 2ou do3At B3o8 a;out: t1e domi3a3t te3eme3t is t1e 7arcel co34e2ed to t1e 5ra3tee 3. i( lied reservationG2ou reser4e 7art for 2ourself (!ourtAs do3At liBe): t1e 7arcel retai3ed ;2 t1e 5ra3tor: 5reater 3ecessit2 is reFuired9 e4e3 a77roac1i35 strict 3ecessit2 #. Fuasi-easeme3tGa3 a77are3t a3d co3ti3uous use 81ic1 t1e 7arties 8ould reaso3a;l2 e67ect to co3ti3ue 81e3 t1e la3d 8as di4ided (ie.9 itAs 81ere a3 o83er maBes use of o3e 7art of 1is la3d for t1e ;e3efit of a3ot1er) a. %3 easeme3t created ;2 7rior co3siste3t use does 3ot reFuire strict 3ecessit29 alt1ou51 it is a co3sideratio3 ;. %3 easeme3t ;2 3ecessit2 2ou must 1a4e strict 3ecessit2 5. %merica3 4ie8G(*e6as follo8s): 2ou ca3 o3l2 1a4e a3 im7lied reser4atio3 if t1ere is strict 3ecessit2: i3 circumsta3ces of 3ecessit2 (ie.9 se8er drai3)9 a reser4atio3 of use ma2 ;e im7lied i3 fa4or of t1e 7rior Fuasi-domi3a3t estate9 e4e3 t1ou51 3o refere3ce is made to it i3 t1e deed out of a 7ortio3 of t1e 7rior estate (Fuasi-ser4ie3t estate) 6. +oticeGi3 fair3ess to t1e 5ra3tee of t1e Fuasi-ser4ie3t estate9 t1e reser4ed use must ;e suc1 as to 5i4e 3otice of its e6iste3ce a3d 3ecessit2 ". !OJJE+*Gt1ere is a differe3ce ;et8ee3 a3 im7lied 5ra3t a3d a3 im7lied reser4atio3 a. 1. Easeme3ts ;2 +ecessit2G i. $t%en v. &osier ( $50)Geaseme3t of 3ecessit2: 0 ca33ot 1a4e a3 easeme3t across la3d to 81ic1 1e 1as a fee sim7le: 0As la3d 8as 3ot 3ear t1e 1i518a2 so for 2ears 1e 1ad to tra4el across .As la3d to 5et to t1e road: erosio3 8as i3<uri35 .As la3d so 1e co3stricted a le4ee to sto7 it: t1e 8ater from t1e le4ee tur3ed t1e la3d i3to a mudd2 mess for 8eeBs so 0 sued . to e3<oi3 . from i3terferi35 8it1 1is use of t1e la3e: 0 1as 3o easeme3t of 3ecessit2 or 7rescri7tio3: R'=E: for t1ere to ;e a3 easeme3t of 3ecessit29 t1e 3ecessit2 for 8

t1e easeme3t must 1a4e e6isted at t1e time t1e ori5i3al 5ra3tor se4ered t1e t8o estates (ie.9 ser4ie3t a3d domi3a3t estates) 1. 3ase(ent of -ecessity a. Must %ave unity of o"ners%i of do(inant and servient estates b. )trict necessity6 not a (ere convenience c. -ecessity (ust %ave e7isted at ti(e of severance 2. a3 esse3tial eleme3t i3 acFuiri35 a 7rescri7ti4e ri51t is t1e ad4erse use of t1e easeme3t: use ;2 e67ress or im7lied 7ermissio39 3o matter 1o8 lo35 co3ti3ued9 ca33ot ri7e3 i3to a 7rescri7ti4e easeme3t: si3ce . co3se3ted to 0As use of t1e la3e9 0 does 3ot 1a4e a 7rescri7ti4e easeme3t i. %ssi53a;ilit2 of Easeme3ts i. Miller v. Lut%eran Conference C Ca( Association ( $38)G0 o;tai3ed t1e e6clusi4e ri51ts for recreatio3al use of a laBe a3d assi53ed \ i3terest to R. Jiller: 0 a3d R. Jiller to5et1er o7erated a recreatio3 area for t1e 7u;lic u3til t1e deat1 of R. Jiller: 0 co3ti3ued to re3t ;oats: R. JillerAs e6ecutors a3d 1eirs lice3sed t1e use of t1eir i3terest to t1e .s: 0 sued to e3<oi3 de4elo7me3t ;2 . ;ecause . 8a3ted to re3t ;oats i3 com7etitio3 8it1 0: 0 8o3G. a77eals: R'=E: a3 easeme3t i3 5ross is di4isi;le i3to <oi3tl2 1eld i3terest . 8$5 H@R 0) 2. 8$$ 0) H9 1is 1eirs @ assi53s9 easeme3t for fis1i35 a3d ;oati35 3. $00 H R \ i3terest i3 fis1i359 ;oati35 a3d ;at1i35 #. $25 R dies. 5. $2$ RAs e6ecutor leases to =ut1era3s for fis1i359 ;oati35 a3d ;at1i35 a. a3 easeme3t i3 5ross is similar i3 3ature to a 7rofit i3 5ross: 81ere it is t1e i3te3t of t1e 7arties to allo8 assi53me3t of t1e i3terest9 it 8ill ;e assi53a;le (es7eciall2 81e3 it is desi53ed for commercial e67loitatio3) ;. a3 easeme3t i3 5ross ma2 ;e di4isi;le9 ;ut it must ;e e6ercised <oi3tl2 c. 0 a3d . are e3titled to se7arate i3terests9 ;ut . ma2 3ot use its i3terest u3ilaterall2: . ca33ot use t1e laBe i3 a ma33er i3co3siste3t 8it1 0As use of t1e laBe 8it1out 0As co3se3t 6. Easeme3ts i3 UrossG!ommercial a. E(U are assi53a;le ;. E(U are di4isi;le c. O3e-stocB ruleGall o83ers must a5ree o3 1o8 to use t1e easeme3t (4eto rule) i. Kee7s 7arties out of court ii. 0re4e3ts o4eruse of 3atural resources 0. )!O0E OH E%)EJE+*) a. ,ro83 4. /oss ( $86)G(f a3 easeme3t is a77urte3a3t to a 7articular 7arcel of la3d9 a32 e6te3sio3 of t1e easeme3t to a3ot1er 7arcel is misuse. Ho8e4er9 i3 ,ro839 court allo8ed t1e *!As ruli35 for t1e easeme3t 5ra3tee to sta3d9 ;2 taBi35 i3 7olic2 factors a3d ot1er e4ide3ce t1at t1e easeme3t could ;e e6te3ded. Ui4es 3o certai3t2 to t1e 1older of a3 easeme3t. (,ro83 Q 5u2 ;ou51t a3 e6tra 7iece of la3d. easeme3t 8as o3l2 to 5et to si35le famil2 1ouse o3 ori5i3al 7arcel of la3d. *! said t1e rule is t1at 2ou ca3At e6te3d a3 easeme3t a77urte3a3t to ot1er 7arcels9 ;ut t1e3 i53ored rule ;2 taBi35 i3 ot1er factors Q it 8as a si35le famil2 1ouse9 RR alread2 s7e3t i3 im7ro4i35 t1e la3d etc.) %lter3ati4es Q ;u2 a 3e8 o3e9 co3dem3 a3 easeme3tO7ri4ate ri51t of 8a29 claim easeme3t ;2 3ecessit2. (f a 7arcel is su;di4ided u79 does a3 easeme3t sta3d for all t1e su;di4ided 7iecesN *1e R20 looBs at . 8as t1e la3d u3der 3ormal de4elo7me3t a3d 2. is t1e ;urde3 o3 t1e ser4ie3t estate i3creased. Ue3eral Rule: *1e locatio3 of a3 easeme3t9 o3ce fi6ed ;2 t1e 7arties9 ca33ot ;e c1a35ed ;2 t1e ser4ie3t o83er 8it1out 7ermissio3 of t1e domi3a3t o83er. R20: lets ser4ie3t o83er c1a35e t1e locatio3 of t1e easeme3t9 at 1is e67e3se9 if t1e c1a35e does 3ot si53ifica3tl2 lesse3 t1e utilit2 of t1e easeme3t ;e3efit9 or frustrate t1e 7ur7ose for 81ic1 t1e easeme3t 8as created. ;. *ermi3atio3 of Easeme3ts i. '3if2 t1e estates i3 o3e o83er. ii. .omi3a3t o83er could release easeme3t to )er4ie3t estate. iii. 0rescri7tio3 ;acB ;2 t1e )er4ie3t o83er. (f )er4ie3t o83er (ori5i3al 5ra3tor of t1e easeme3t) ca3 ;locB domi3a3t o83erAs (easeme3t 5ra3tee) use of a roadOeaseme3t9 t1e3 1e 5ets t1e easeme3t ;acB. i4. %;a3do3me3t Q i3te3tio3 to 3e4er maBe use of t1e easeme3t a5ai3. . Preseault v. @nited )tates ( $$6)G c. )co7e of a3 easeme3t ma2 ;e ad<usted i3 t1e face of c1a35i35 times to ser4e t1e ori5i3al 7ur7ose9 so lo35 as t1e c1a35e is co3siste3t 8it1 t1e terms of t1e ori5i3al 5ra3t. d. %;a3do3me3t of Easeme3t $

i. Jere 3o3-use i3sufficie3t ii. Just s1o8: . 0rese3t i3te3t to reli3Fuis1 t1e easeme3t: or 2. !urre3t 7ur7ose t1at is i3co3siste3t 8it1 t1e easeme3tAs future e6iste3ce. 3. !1a35e i3 use of easeme3t ;2 federal 5o4er3me3t co3stitutes a *aBi35. e. +e5ati4e Easeme3t i. Ri51t of t1e domi3a3t o83er to sto7 t1e ser4ie3t o83er from doi35 somet1i35 o3 t1e ser4ie3t la3d t1at t1e2 8ould ot1er8ise ;e 7ermitted to do. ii. E35lis1 !ourts reco53ized # t27es of 3e5ati4e easeme3ts: . ,locBi35 of /ie8 2. (3terferi35 8it1 air flo8 3. Remo4i35 of su77ort to a structure #. .i4erti35 flo8 of 8ater iii. ') !ourts added: . '3o;structed 4ie8 2. )olar easeme3ts Q allo8 solar 7a3els 3. !o3ser4atio3 easeme3ts Q ca3At use la3d for a32t1i35 . !O/E+%+*) R'++(+U C(*H *HE =%+. a. !o4e3a3ts E3forcea;le at =a8: Real !o4e3a3ts (a 7romise re5ardi35 real 7ro7ert2) i. Real co4e3a3ts are 7romises res7ecti35 use (or 3o3 use) of la3d i3 a s7ecified 8a2 t1at ru3s 8it1 t1e la3d at la8 (i.e.9 e3forcea;le a5ai3st successors i3 i3terest for mo3e2 dama5es): ca3 ;e affirmati4e or 3e5ati4e . 3e5ati4e co4e3a3tGa 7romise 3ot to do a3 act: treated liBe easeme3ts for successio3 7ur7oses: t1e2 ru3 to all su;seFue3t o83ers a3d 7ossessors of t1e ;urde3ed a3d ;e3efited 7ro7ert2: 3o /0 reFuired for eit1er ;urde3 or ;e3efit to ru3: all 2ou 1a4e to s1o8 is a 7romise to ;i3d 2. [affirmati4e co4e3a3t[ (;o3us 7oi3ts if discuss R3d o3 essa2: 77. 862-63: for 7ur7oses of t1e class use R20)Ga 7romise to do a3 act: ru3 to 7erso3s 81o succeed to estates of t1e same duratio3 as 8ere 1eld ;2 t1e ori5i3al 7arties to t1e co4e3a3t (e.5.9 7erso3s 81o satisf2 t1e traditio3al 7ri4it2 reFuireme3t): /0 reFuired ;ut a3 estate for same duratio3 reFuired for ;urde3 or ;e3efit9 ,'*: a. ru3s to ad4erse 7ossessors ;. ru3s to lessors9 ;ut o3l2 if t1e co4e3a3t is more reaso3a;l2 7erformed ;2 t1e lessee t1a3 t1e la3dlord c. life te3a3ts succeed to ;urde3s9 ;ut are limited to t1e 4alue of t1e life estate i. O sells to % (1orizo3tal 7ri4it2): , ousts %: O 1as to alle5e t1at ;urde3 of 7romise ru3s to , (ad4erse 7ossessor): O 1as to alle5e 4ertical 7ri4it2 ;et8ee3 % a3d , of t1e same estate: a3 ad4erse 7ossessor is 3ot co3sidered 4ertical 7ri4it2 ;ecause it 8as 3ot sold: it 8as3At a 4olu3tar2 co34e2a3ce of t1at estate (7ri4it2>4olu3tar2 co34e2a3ce: 8ill9 sale9 i31erita3ce): does , 1a4e to do a32t1i35N +o9 t1atAs 812 u3der 3d Restateme3t9 ad4erse 7ossessors 5et a8a2 from 3ot 1a4i35 t1e ;urde3 a3d 4ertical 7ri4it2 8ill ru3 to ad4erse 7ossessors ;ecause it 8ould3At ;e fair to O ii. O sells to % a3d % leases to ! for a term of 2ears: does ! 1a4e to com7l2 8it1 t1e co4e3a3tN +o9 ! ca3 co3ti3ue lea4i35 t1e trees to 5ro8 as muc1 as t1e2 8a3t: 1as !O% a5ai3st % ;ecause % still o83s t1e la3d for ;reac1 of K ;ut if % 8ere to co34e2 1is e3tire i3terest to !9 O could3At 5et % ii. Just ;e created ;2 a 8ritte3 i3strume3t si53ed ;2 t1e co4e3a3tor: it is a3 i3terest i3 la3d t1at ca33ot arise ;2 esto77el9 im7licatio3 or 7rescri7tio3 liBe a3 easeme3t ca3 iii. % real co4e3a3t su;<ects t1e 7romisor (or successor) to 7erso3al lia;ilit2 for dama5es9 8it1 a dama5e a8ard collecti;le out of all t1e 7romisorAs (or successorAs) assets 1. &e(edy?da(ages in a suit at la" i4. ReFuireme3ts of Real !o4e3a3t . i3te3t to ;i3d assi53ees 2. 8riti35 (commo3 la8) a. ca3 ;e co3tai3ed i3 deed: 5ra3tee ;ou3d e4e3 if does 3ot si53 docume3t co3tai3i35 co4e3a3ts 3. ;urde3 must Dtouc1 a3d co3cer3E t1e la3d 20

a. (3itiall2 touc1 a3d co3cer3 1ad to do 8it1 some 712sical t1i35 o3 t1e la3d: o3e 8a2 2ou ca3 t1i3B of touc1 a3d co3cer3 is a 7romise to ;uild a 8all o3 a 7iece of la3d (touc1es a3d co3cer3s t1e la3d: 5oes o3 to successors a3d assi53s 8it1 3otice) 4. a 7romise to 7ai3t a 7ortrait of t1e la3d o83er (3ot1i35 to do 8it1 t1e la3d-?<ust a 7icture of t1e 7erso3 o3 t1e la3d): 3ot to ;e im7osed o3 t1e 3e6t 7erso3 #. 7ri4it2 a. 1orizo3tal 7ri4it2G7ri4it2 ;et8ee3 ori5i3al 7arties 81o are i3 a mutual or successi4e relatio3s1i7 ;et8ee3 5ra3tor a3d 5ra3tee: t1ere 1as to ;e a 5ra3torO5ra3tee relatio3s1i7 ;. 4ertical 7ri4it2G7ri4it2 ;et8ee3 successors i3 i3terest to t1e ori5i3al 7arties to t1e a5reeme3t 4. ,e3efits a3d ;urde3s . ;e3efited la3d > domi3a3t te3eme3t 2. ;urde3ed la3d > ser4ie3t te3eme3t a. , 7romises % t1at ,lueacre 8ill ;e used for )HH o3l2: , ;uilds "- : , 1as ;urde3: % 1as ;e3efit: % does 3ot 1a4e ;urde3 ;ecause ;ot1 are 7arties to t1e ori5i3al a5reeme3t ;. , sells to !: % 1as to alle5e t1e ;urde3 ru3s to ! a3d if t1e2 ca3 7ro4e it9 ! must com7l2 c. (f % sells to .9 . 8ould 1a4e to alle5e t1at ) t1e ;urde3 ru3s to ! a3d 2) t1e ;e3efit ra3 to . i. ,'R.E+ *E)*Gto 7ro4e t1at t1e ;urde3 ru3s9 must s1o8 ,O*H: . 1orizo3tal 7ri4it2 ;et8ee3 ori5i3al 7arties (i.e.9 s1o8 t1at t1e2 are i3 a mutual or successi4e relatio3s1i7): a3d 2. 4ertical 7ri4it2 of a3 estate of t1e same duratio3 (i.e.9 if , 1eld a fee sim7le9 ! 1as to 1old a fee sim7le ,'* if , 1as a fee sim7le a3d if ! 1olds a term of 2ears9 t1atAs 3ot a3 estate of t1e same duratio3) ii. ,E+EH(* *E)*Gto 7ro4e t1e ;e3efit ru3s9 must s1o8: . 4ertical 7ri4it2 of a32 duratio3 2. +O 1orizo3tal 7ri4it2 reFuired a. % a3d , are o3l2 3ei51;ors: , sells to !: i3stead of ! ;uildi35 a3 a7artme3t com7le69 % ;uilds o3e: is ! e3titles to dama5es a5ai3st %N i. does ! 1a4e to alle5e t1e ;urde3 ru3s to %N 3o ;ecause % is a 7art2 to t1e K ii. ! 1as to alle5e t1at t1e ;e3efit ru3s to ! ;. !o4e3a3ts E3forcea;le i3 EFuit2: EFuita;le )er4itudes i. Real co4e3a3ts are 7romises res7ecti35 use (or 3o3 use) of la3d i3 a s7ecified 8a2 t1at ru3s 8it1 t1e la3d i3 eFuit2 re5ardless of its e3forcea;ilit2 at la8 (i.e.9 e3forcea;le a5ai3st successors i3 i3terest for i3<u3ctio3 or e3forceme3t of a lie3 i3 a suit i3 eFuit2) 1. &e(edy?in4unction or enforce(ent of a lien in a suit in e.uityD not (oney da(ages ii. ReFuireme3ts: . i3te3t to ;i3d assi53ees a3d successors 2. i3 8riti35 3. Dtouc1 a3d co3cer3E #. 3otice of t1e ru33i35 co4e3a3t a. [[3o 7ri4it2 reFuired if 2ou ca3 s1o8 actual or co3structi4e 3otice9 ;ut some <urisdictio3s reFuire /0 for t1e ;e3efit to ru3 (,O+') 7oi3ts) iii. Tulk v. Mo7%ay ( 8#8)G*ulB sold to Elms a 7iece of la3d i3 =iecester )Fuare: 3 7romises: . mai3tai3 5arde3 (affirmati4e co4e3a3t: i3 E35la3d9 affirmati4e co4e3a3ts do 3ot ru3 8it1 t1e la3d liBe t1e2 do i3 %merica 2. 3o ;uildi35 o3 5arde3 (3e5ati4e co4e3a3ts .O ru3 8it1 t1e la3d i3 E35la3d) [o3l2 co3cer3 1ere 3. te3a3ts ri51t to use (affirmati4e easeme3t i3 fa4or of a stra35er 3ot a 7art2 to t1e KG4oid i3 E35la3d i3 8#8) a. *ulB a3d Elsm 1a4e 5ra3torO5ra3tee relatio3s1i79 ;ut i3 E35la3d does 3ot create 1orizo3tal 7ri4it2 (1o8e4er sufficie3t i3 t1e '.).)Si3 E35la3d 2ou 1a4e to 1a4e a la3dlordOte3a3t relatio3s1i7 to 1a4e 1orizo3tal 7ri4it2: si3ce 3o 1orizo3tal 7ri4it2 it mea3t t1at co4e3a3t did 3ot ru3 to Jo61a2 as R! ;ut 8ill allo8 to ru3 as E) if 2ou ca3 7ro4e t1at ! 1ad 3otice 2

2. !RE%*(O+ OH !O/E+%+*) a. Restateme3t 3d of 0ro7ert29 )er4itudesG;a3s 4ertical 7ri4it2 reFuireme3t i. )anborn v. McLean ( $25)GJc=As o83 $ lots (3ot e67ressl2 restricted): Jc= sells 0 lots 8it1 )HH restrictio3s: deeds recorded: Jc= sells lots 8it1 )HH restrictio3s: deeds recorded: Jc= sells =ot 86 to %9 3o restrictio3s: deed recorded: Jc= sells ot1er lotsS53 8it1 restrictio3s9 #8 8it1out restrictio3s: % sells =ot 86 to Jc=ea3 81o 8a3ts to ;uild a 5as statio3 (reci7rocal 3e5ati4e easeme3t could ;e a3 eFuita;le ser4itude9 8ill ;e Fuestio3: defi3itio3 7. 86$): issues 1ere are ) did t1e court im7l2 a3 eFuita;le ser4itude o3 e4er2 lot i3 t1e su;di4isio3N (2es9 ;ecause e4ide3ce of a commo3 sc1eme as soo3 as lots 8ere ;ei35 sold as )HH a3d facts t1at lots 8ere u3iform) a3d 2) did Jc=ea3 1a4e 3oticeN (2es (3ot record 3otice) ;ut 1e 1as co3structi4e 3otice: 1e 8alBed i3to t1is 3ei51;or1ood a3d sa8 t1at all 1ouses 8ere )HH so 1e s1ould 1a4e fou3d out): t1e2 1a4e to s1o8 1e 1ad 3otice of t1e eFuita;le ser4itude ;efore it could ;e e3forced u7o3 1im . Reci7rocal +e5ati4e Easeme3tGru3s 8it1 la3d sold ;2 4irtue of e67ress faste3i35 a3d a;ides 8it1 t1e la3d u3til loose3ed ;2 e67iratio3 of its 7eriod of ser4ice or ;2 e4e3ts 8orBi35 its destructio3: 3ot 7erso3al to o83ers ;ut o7erati4e u7o3 use of t1e la3d ;2 a32 o83er 1a4i35 actual or co3structi4e 3otice: it is a3 easeme3t 7assi35 its ;e3efits a3d carr2i35 its o;li5atio3s to all 7urc1asers of la3d su;<ect to its affirmati4e or 3e5ati4e ma3dates 2. % commo3 sc1eme to de4elo7 a 7ro7ert2 as a reside3tial su;di4isio3 ;2 o3e 5ra3tor ma2 lead to im7licatio3 of a3 eFuita;le ser4itude restricti35 to )HH use 81ere t1ere is: a. (3te3t to ;i3d successors ;2 commo3 sc1eme: ;. 0romise touc1 a3d co3trol t1e la3d: a3d c. +otice to 7urc1aser. i. +otice ca3 ;e actual9 co3structi4e (t1rou51 t1e record) or i3Fuir2 (dri4i35 t1rou51 t1e 3ei51;or1ood). ii. -e onsit Pro erty $"ners; Assn.6 'nc. v. 3(igrant 'ndustrial )avings Bank ( $38)Gtouc1 a3d co3cer3: 0 o83s all t1e 7ro7ert2 a3d sells to .e2er: .e2er loses t1e la3d t1rou51 foreclosure to t1e ;a3B: 4ertical 7ri4it2 ;et8ee3 +0O% a3d t1e ;a3B: 1orizo3tal 7ri4it2 ;et8ee3 +0O% a3d .e2er: t1e co4e3a3t is a co4e3a3t to 7a2 mo3e2Sdoes t1is co4e3a3t touc1 a3d co3cer3 t1e la3dN -es. *1ere 8as i3te3t9 t1e co4e3a3t touc1ed a3d co3cer3ed t1e la3d a3d it 8as a3 affirmati4e co4e3a3t. . Touc% C Concern for affir(ative covenants: a. %ffirmati4e co4e3a3ts 8ill ru3 8it1 t1e la3d if it alters t1e le5al relatio3s1i7 ;et8ee3 t1e 7arties. (f t1e 7romisorAs i3terest is re3dered less 4alua;le9 t1e ;urde3 *@!As t1e 7romisorAs la3d. (f t1e 7romiseeAs i3terest is re3dered more 4alua;le9 t1e ;e3efit *@!As t1e 7romiseeAs la3d. 2. Restateme3t a. %;a3do3s *@! a3d asBs 81et1er t1e ser4itude 8ould 4iolate 7u;lic 7olic2 ;2: i. (m7osi35 a3 u3reaso3a;le restrai3t o3 alie3atio3: ii. (m7osi35 u3due restrai3ts o3 trade: or iii. ,ei35 u3co3scio3a;le or lacB a ratio3al <ustificatio3. ;. .efeasi;le Hees as =a3dG'se !o3trol .e4ices i. Caullet v. )tanley )til"ell C )ons6 'nc. ( $6 )Gtouc1 a3d co3cer3: 7erso3al co4e3a3ts do 3ot ru3 8it1 t1e la3d: . sells 7iece of la3d to 0: deed stated t1at . reser4ed t1e ri51t to ;uild t1e ori5i3al d8elli35 o3 t1e lot a3d t1at t1is ri51t ra3 8it1 t1e la3d: 3e5otiatio3s ;et8ee3 0 a3d . o3 ;uildi35 t1e 1ouse ;roBe a3d 0 sued to Fuiet title: t1e trial court fou3d for 0 o3 summar2 <ud5me3t9 striBi35 t1e clause from t1e deed: court 1eld t1at a ser4itude i3 5ross 81ere t1e ;e3efit is 7erso3al ;ut t1e ;urde3 is 7laced o3 t1e la3d9 does 3ot ru3 8it1 t1e ;urde3ed la3d: t1e ;e3efit 8as a 7erso3al ;e3efit ;ut t1e ;urde3 8as o3 t1e la3d: t1e ;e3efit 8as o3l2 to .As 7ocBetS3ot t1e la3d . 7romise must e6ercise direct i3flue3ce o3 t1e occu7atio39 use or e3<o2me3t of t1e 7remises 2. if ;e3efit is o3 t1e la3d a3d t1e ;urde3 is i3 5ross9 t1e co4e3a3t touc1es @ co3cer3s t1e la3d 3. if t1e ;urde3 is o3 t1e la3d a3d t1e ;e3efit is i3 5ross9 t1ere is 3o touc1 a3d co3cer39 t1ere is <ust a co3tract ;et8ee3 t1e 7arties a. .efeasi;le HeesGt1e relief 8as forfeiture(2ou lost t1e 7ro7ert2): 5e3erall2 3ot used a32more ;. Hee )im7le )u;<ect to a !o4e3a3tG2ou 8ill eit1er 5et dama5es or a3 i3<u3ctio3 c. )co7e of !o4e3a3ts i. !ill v. Co((unity of Da(ien of Molokai ( $$6)Gsco7e 22

. dis7arate im7actG. o3l2 3eed s1o8 t1at e3forci35 t1e co4e3a3t 8ill actuall2 result i3 discrimi3atio3 or 1a4e a discrimi3ati35 effect9 a3d . 1as to s1o8 t1at 0As attem7t to limit 5rou7 1omes 1as t1e discrimi3ator2 effect of de32i35 1ousi35 to t1e 1a3dica77ed 2. reaso3a;le accommodatio3Gi3cludes c1a35i35 some rule t1at is 5e3erall2 a77lica;le so as to maBe its ;urde3 less o3erous o3 t1e 1a3dica77ed i3di4idual 3. discrimi3ator2 i3te3tG. must s1o8 t1at t1e reside3tsA 1a3dica7 8as i3 some 7art t1e ;asis for 0As actio3s: PP ii. )%elley v. #rae(er ( $#8)G4er2 famous case: i3 $ 30:3$ o83ers si53ed a 50 2ear a5reeme3t restricti35 3e5roes a3d Jo35olia3s from o83i35 or re3ti35 7ro7ert2 i3 a certai3 area of )t. =ouis: t1ese o83ers 1eld title to #":5" 7arcels of la3d i3 t1e district: i3 %u5. $#5 )1elle2 o;tai3ed a C. from Hitz5erald to o3e of t1ese 7arcels: 0 1ad 3o actual B3o8led5e of t1e restricti4e a5reeme3t at t1e time of 7urc1ase: i3 Oct. $#59 Kraemer ;rou51t suit 7ra2i35 t1at 0 ;e restricted from taBi35 7ossessio39 t1at L ;e e3tered i34esti35 title out of 0 a3d re4esti35 title i3 t1e immediate 5ra3tor: Jissouri ).!t. directed trial court to 5ra3t relief for Kraemer 1oldi35 t1e a5reeme3t effecti4e a3d t1at e3forceme3t 4iolated 3o ri51ts 5uara3teed to 0 ;ecause t1e #t1 %me3dme3t a77lies to states o3l2 a3d 3ot to 7ri4ate a5reeme3ts made ;et8ee3 i3di4iduals: '))! re4ersed 1oldi35 t1at 5ra3ti35 <udicial e3forceme3t of t1e restricti4e a5reeme3t9 t1e states 1a4e de3ied 0 t1e eFual e3<o2me3t of t1e 7rotectio3 of t1e la8s d. *ermi3atio3 of !o4e3a3ts i. *estern Land Co. v. Truskolanski ( $"2)Gtermi3atio3: cit2 of )out1la3d Hei51ts i3 Re3o9 +/ 8as restricted to )H. i3 $# 81e3 t1e 7arcel 8as su;di4ided: 1omeo83ers ;rou51t suit a5ai3st a77ella3t to e3<oi3 1im from usi35 t1e 7arcel as a32t1i35 ot1er t1a3 t1at 7ermitted ;2 t1e co4e3a3ts: a77ella3t co3te3ds t1at su;di4isio3 1as radicall2 c1a35ed si3ce $# (e.5.9 7o7ulatio3 from 20K to $5K9 i3crease i3 traffic9 terri;l2 3ois29 i3crease i3 commercial de4elo7me3t outside t1e su;di4isio3): Das lo35 as t1e ori5i3al 7ur7ose of t1e co4e3a3ts ca3 still ;e accom7lis1ed a3d su;sta3tial ;e3efit 8ill i3ure to t1e restricted area ;2 t1eir e3forceme3t9 t1e co4e3a3ts sta3d e4e3 t1ou51 t1e su;<ect 7ro7ert2 1as a 5reater 4alue if used for ot1er 7ur7osesE . t1e co4e3a3ts 8ere3At t1emsel4es u3co3stitutio3al: 1o8e4er t1e courtAs i34ol4eme3t made t1em a co3stitutio3al matter a3d t1erefore u3co3stitutio3al ;ecause t1e2 made it a state matter 2. C%anged Conditions DoctrineGa3 eFuita;le ser4itude 8ill termi3ate if c1a35ed co3ditio3s: a. !1a35es i3side a3d outside su;di4isio3 ;. +o or su;sta3tiall2 3o 4alue or ;e3efit of t1e co4e3a3t c. !1a35e to entire su;di4isio39 3ot <ust ;orders 3. *1is doctri3e mea3s t1at courts 8ill termi3ate ru33i35 co4e3a3ts 81e3 co3ditio3s si3ce t1e co4e3a3tAs creatio3 1a4e so c1a35ed as to maBe it im7ossi;le to secure t1e ;e3efits sou51t to ;e realized. (tAs a 8a2 to termi3ate co4e3a3ts.[[[ a. C1at 1a77e3s if a zo3i35 ordi3a3ce o3l2 7ermits o3e use a3d t1ereAs a co3flictN (f t1ereAs a co3flict ;et8ee3 t1e zo3i35 a3d t1e co4e3a3tSa direct co3flictSt1e zo3i35 8ould 8i3: t1e co4e3a3t 8ould 1a4e to fall. *1e more restricti4e 7re4ails. #. To3i35 ordi3a3ces ca33ot o4erride 7ri4atel2 7laced restrictio3s. !ourtAs res7o3se to 1i51est a3d ;est use does3At e3title a77ella3t to i53ore restrictio3s ;ecause: a. .oes3At careS2ou 7ut restrictio3s i3 a3d t1ereAs still 4alue to restrictio3s so 2ou deal 8it1 it. -ou made 2our ;ed 3o8 2ou lie i3 it. ii. &ick v. *est ( $62)G0 su;di4ided 62 acres i3 $#6 a3d filed a declaratio3 of co4e3a3ts restricti35 la3d to )H.: i3 $56 0 sold to a ] acre lot to . a3d s1e ;uilt a 1ouse: 0 K to sell #5 acres to i3dustr2 co3ditio3ed o3 tract ;ei35 rezo3ed: tract rezo3ed ;ut . 8ould 3ot release co4e3a3t a3d sale fell t1rou51: i3 $6 . co34e2ed to 0s 81o 8ere liBe8ise 7re4e3ted ;2 . from selli35 5 acres to a 1os7ital: 0s sued claimi35 co4e3a3t 3o lo35er e3forcea;le ;ecause of c1a35e of co3ditio3s: 1eld t1at co4e3a3t still e3forcea;le 3ot8it1sta3di35 su;sta3tial c1a35e i3 5e3eral 3ei51;or1ood: . relied o3 t1e restrictio3s a3d 1as a ri51t to co3ti3ue to do so: L for .: 2ou made 2our ;ed de4elo7er so 2ou lie i3 it: court said sta3dard for dama5es o3l2 if restrictio3 outmoded or does3At 5i4e ;e3efit to 7erso3 8a3ti35 co4e3a3t: Js. Cest <ust lucBed i3to it iii. Pocono ) rings Civic Association6 'nc. v. Mac#enzie ( $$5)Go83ers 8it1 7erfect title ca33ot a;a3do3 t1erefore t1e co4e3a3t could 3ot ;e a;a3do3ed e. !ommo3 (3terest !ommu3ities i. -a%rsedt v. Lakeside Village Condo(iniu( Association6 'nc.( $$#)Gco3dos: restricted from Bee7i35 do5s @ cats: s1e 1ad 3 cats (,oo;oo9 .octors @ *uli7): 3ot allo8ed to 1a4e t1em: t1e2Are 3ice i3side cats: fou3d 23

out ;ecause 5u2 8as 7eeBi35 i3to 8i3do8: some;od2 3arBed o3 1er: t1e2 tur3ed 1er i3 a3d said cats out: s1e said 3o: associatio3 5i4es 1er a fi3e time after time: sues a3d claims 7et restrictio3 useless ;ecause 7et restrictio3 useless: trial court dismisses com7lai3t a3d !t.%77. re4Ad ;ased t1eir decisio3 o3 !alif. !ode t1at decisio3s suc1 as t1is 4alid u3less 7ro4ed to ;e u3reaso3a;le: !t.%77. said if 3oiseless t1e3 u3reaso3a;le: ).!t. re4Ad stati35 t1at t1e2 used t1e ri51t idea ;ut 8ro35 a77licatio3: reaffirmed t1at restricti4e co4e3a3ts are 4alid a3d s1ould ;e e3forced u3less 7ro4ed u3reaso3a;le to e3tire commu3it29 3ot to a32 o3e set of facts 1. @nreasonableness cannot be s%o"n by t%e a lication of a covenant to a articular condo(iniu( o"ner6 it can only be s%o"n by de(onstrating t%at Et%e burdens it i( oses on affected ro erties so substantially out"eig% t%e benefits of t%e restriction t%at it s%ould not be enforced against any o"nerF unless t%ey areG a. 81oll2 ar;itrar2 ;. 4iolate a fu3dame3tal 7u;lic 7olic2: or c. im7ose a ;urde3 o3 t1e use of affected la3d t1at far out8ei51s a32 ;e3efit 2. RE%)O+%,=E+E)) .OE) +O* %00=- *O OR(U(+%= !O+.(*(O+) 0=%!E. O+ *HE =%+.: it o3l2 a77lies to t1i35s t1at 1a77e3 later 3. +O* % !%)E ,- !%)E ,%)() 3. =EU()=%*(/E =%+. ')E !O+*RO=): *HE =%C OH TO+(+U a. To3i35 0o8er i. o3l2 state 1as t1e 7o8er to zo3e: dele5ated to cities a3d cou3ties ;2 e3a;li35 statutes: all local acti4it2 must a;ide ;2 t1e e3a;li35 statutes ;. *27es of To3i35 i. Ludicial ii. =e5islati4e iii. c. Uoals of To3i35 i. Orderl2 de4elo7me3t of t1e commu3it2 . eco3omic 5ro8t1 2. commu3it2 1ealt1 3. 8elfare #. safet2 d. Ho8 To3i35 CorBs i. )e5re5ates uses of la3d i3to 5eo5ra71ic re5io3s ii. !a3 ;e used to foster commercial as 8ell as reside3tial districts iii. Re5ulate de3sit2 of 1uma3 7o7ulatio3 for 1ealt1 @ safet2 reaso3s i4. %c1ie4ed ;2 limiti35 ;uildi35 1ei51ts9 mi3. @ ma6. 2ard sizes9 etc. e. !o3stitutio3al !o3sideratio3s i. =a3do83ers must ;e 5i4e3 a 1eari35 if zo3i35 re5ulatio3s are to ;e c1a35ed ii. E0% clause reFuires all la3do83ers to ;e treated eFuall2 iii. Lust com7e3satio3 must ;e 5i4e3 ;2 state if zo3i35 re5ulatio3s taBe (emi3e3t domai3) . *aBi35 a. =ocal 5o4er3me3t 7ro7erl2 e6ercises it 7olice 7o8er 81e3 it 71ases out uses 81ic1 are i3co3siste3t 8it1 3e8l2 e3acted zo3i35 c1a35es ;. % use 81ic1 is 3o lo35er 7ermitted is a 3o3co3formi35 use c. =a3do83er must ;e 5i4e3 reaso3a;le time to cease 3o3co3formi35 use 2. Village of 3uclid v. A(bler &ealty Co. ( $26)G/illa5e of Euclid is a su;ur; of !le4ela3d: 7o7ulatio3 59000- 09000 i3 a3 area of 2- # sFuare miles9 most of 81ic1 is farm or u3im7ro4ed la3d: t1ree roads from 3ort1 to sout1 8ere =aBe )1ore ,l4d.9 )t. !lair %4e. a3d Euclid %4e.: i3 ;et8ee3 =aBe )1ore a3d )t. !lair 8as t1e =aBe )1ore RR: i3 ;et8ee3 )t. !lair a3d Euclid 8as t1e +icBel 0late RR: %77elleeAs tract of la3d co3tai3ed 68 acres a3d 8as situated o3 t1e 8esterl2 side of t1e /illa5e a;utti35 Euclid o3 t1e sout1 a3d +icBel 0late RR o3 t1e 3ort1: o3 ;ot1 sides of %77elleeAs tract t1ere 8ere laid out restricted reside3tial 7lats 8it1 1ouses: i3 O 3O22 a com7re1e3si4e (1ierarc12Gto7 of 72ramid is 1i51est use-)C.) zo3i35 7la3 8as ado7ted restricti35 a3d re5ulati35 uses of 7ro7ert2: %m;erAs la3d fell i3to t1ree differe3t cate5ories e4e3 t1ou51 it 8as o3e co3ti3uous 7arcel: 0 alle5es 1e 8as 1oldi35 t1e la3d to sell a3d de4elo7 it for 2#

i3dustrial uses ;ecause it 8as i3 t1e 7at1 of 7ro5ressi4e i3dustrial de4elo7me3t: marBet 4alue R 09000 acre i3dustrial as o77osed to a;out R29500 do83 to R50Oacre if used for reside3tial 7ur7oses: 0 ar5ues t1at t1e ordi3a3ce restricts a3d co3trols t1e la8ful uses of 1is la3d a3d %m;er ;rou51t suit to e3<oi3 e3forceme3t of t1e ordi3a3ce ar5ui35 t1at t1e statute 8as u3co3stitutio3al u3der )ectio3 of t1e Hourtee3t1 %me3dme3t t1at it de7ri4es %77ellee of li;ert2 a3d 7ro7ert2 8it1out due 7rocess of la8 a3d de3ies it t1e eFual 7rotectio3 of t1e la8 a3d offe3di35 certai3 7ro4isio3s of O1ioAs !o3stitutio3: 0 8o3 a3d . a77eals: ())'E 81et1er a com7re1e3si4e zo3i35 7la3 restricti35 uses of 7ro7erties (u3der t1e 5uise of 7olice 7o8er) accordi35 to areas desi53ated ;2 a le5islati4e ;od2 u3co3stitutio3al for 4iolatio3 of .ue 0rocess a3d EFual 0rotectio3 of t1e !o3stitutio3N ).!t. said 3o a3d re4ersed t1e trial courtAs L: RE%)O+(+U: t1e Fuestio3 of 81et1er a 7articular t1i35 is to ;e co3sidered a 3uisa3ce is to ;e determi3ed ;2 co3sideri35 it i3 co33ectio3 8it1 t1e circumsta3ces a3d t1e localit2: a 3uisa3ce ma2 merel2 ;e a ri51t t1i35 i3 t1e 8ro35 7lace GliBe a 7i5 i3 a 7arlor i3stead of a ;ar32ard: t1e ).!t. determi3ed t1at t1e ordi3a3ce i3 its 5e3eral sco7e a3d domi3a3t features is a 4alid e6ercise of aut1orit2 a3d le5islati4e <ud5me3t must ;e allo8ed to co3trol ;ecause if t1e ;uildi35s 3ot allo8ed to a4oid 3uisa3ce a3d to 7romote safet2 8ere allo8ed9 it 8ould 3e5ate t1e ;e3efits: o3 t1e ot1er 1a3d9 if some 1armless t27e of ;uildi35 is also e6cluded it 8ould 3ot 4iolate a3 ot1er8ise 5ood la8 a. $f cities "it% over >9:6::: o ulation6 only !ouston %as not enacted a zoning ordinance f. *1e +o3-!o3formi35 'se i. PA -ort%"estern Distributors6 'nc. v. Honing !earing Board ( $$ )Gamortizatio3 mea3s 2ou slo8l2 5et ;acB t1e 4alue of 2our stuff ;ecause it de7reciates: it 5i4es 2ou e3ou51 time to realize 2our i34estme3t . % 3o3-co3formi35 use is a use t1at 8as i3 e6iste3ce ;efore t1e zo3i35 8as e3acted 2. To3i35 i34ol4es 5o4er3me3tal restrictio3s u7o3 a 7ro7ert2 o83erAs co3stitutio3all2 5uara3teed ri51t to use 1is or 1er 7ro7ert29 u3fettered ;2 5o4er3me3tal restrictio3s9 e6ce7t 81ere t1e use 4iolates a32 la89 t1e use creates a 3uisa3ce9 or t1e o83er 4iolates a32 co4e3a3t9 restrictio3 or easeme3t. 3. % la8ful 3o3-co3formi35 use esta;lis1es i3 t1e 7ro7ert2 o83er a 4ested 7ro7ert2 ri51t 81ic1 ca33ot ;e a;ro5ated or destro2ed9 u3less: a. it is a 3uisa3ce: ;. it is a;a3do3ed: or c. it is e6ti35uis1ed ;2 emi3e3t domai3 #. 3o3co3formi35 uses ru3 8it1 t1e la3d to 7rotect 2our 4ested ri51ts 5. *ermi3atio3 of +o3-!o3formi35 'ses a. %;a3do3me3t ;. Horfeiture ;2 statute c. !1a35es i3 use d. E67a3sio3 ;e2o3d 3atural ;usi3ess e67a3sio3Gcourts mostl2 sa2 e67a3sio3 must ;e 3ecessar2 e. Hadi35 a8a2 ii. (f a de4elo7er relies o3 81ate4er a3d s7e3ds a lot of mo3e29 t1e2 1a4e a 3o3co3formi35 use a3d t1at ri51t ca3At ;e taBe3 a8a2 from t1em iii. Euclidia3 zo3i35 causes a lot of 7ro;lems: 2ou ca3At 8alB to t1e cor3er store ;ecause t1ere is 3o cor3er store: creates e34iro3me3tal 7ro;lems: traffic9 etc. . la8 1as esta;lis1ed 8a2s to ac1ie4e more fle6i;ilit2 a. 3o3co3formi35 uses ;. 4aria3ce a3d e6ce7tio3s 5. Co((ons v. *est"ood Honing Board of Ad4ust(ent ( $80)G5u2 8a3ts to do somet1i35: ordi3a3ce sa2s t1is a3d t1at: lot too small: ;la1 ;la1 ;la1: i. *8o *27es of /aria3ces . areaG1as to do 8it1 712sical set-;acB reFuireme3ts 2. useGrela6es restrictio3s o3 7ermissi;le uses (1arder to 5et) a. 812N maBes ;oard ret1i3B 81ole reaso3 area 8as zo3ed i3 t1e first 7lace ;. la3do83er asBs for a 4aria3ce t1at allo8s t1em to do somet1i35 ii. *8o 0ro35 *est . s1o8 u3due 1ards1i7 a. i3 t1e e4e3t t1e 4aria3ce is de3ied: 3o ^^^^ ca3 ;e made of t1e 7ro7ert2 ;. u3eFual ;ar5ai3i35 7o8er 25

c. 3o effecti4e use ca3 ;e made of t1e 7ro7ert2 2. 3e5ati4e criteriaGt1at t1e 4aria3ce ca3 ;e 5ra3ted 8it1out su;sta3tial detrime3t to t1e 7u;lic 5ood a3d 8ill 3ot su;sta3tiall2 im7air t1e i3te3t a3d 7ur7ose of t1e zo3e 7la3 a3d zo3i35 ordi3a3ce 1. Co e v. 'n%abitants of t%e To"n of Bruns"ick ( $83)Gs7ecial e6ce7tio3 is somet1i35 t1at is listed i3 t1e ordi3a3ce: a 4aria3ce is 81e3 a 7erso3 sa2s 1e 8a3ts to do somet1i35 1e B3o8s is 3ot allo8ed i3 t1is t27e of area: 2ou ca3 dele5ate 2our le5islati4e aut1orit2 if itAs 4er2 s7ecific: 2ou ca3At do somet1i35 5e3eral: t1is la35ua5e i3 t1is case 8as too 5e3eral i. .iffere3ces ;et8ee3 4aria3ces a3d s7ecial e6ce7tio3s . /aria3ceGadmi3istrati4el2 aut1orized de7arture from t1e terms of a zo3i35 ordi3a3ce a. %3 a5e3c2 1as determi3ed t1at it is oBa2 ;ased o3 u3iFue a3d i3di4idual 1ards1i7 2. )7ecial E6ce7tio3Gif t1ere is3At a 4aria3ce it allo8s t1em to do somet1i35: use t1at is 7ermitted ;2 t1e ordi3a3ce i3 a district i3 81ic1 it is 3ot 3ecessaril2 com7ati;le9 ;ut 81ere it mi51t cause 1arm if 3ot 8atc1ed: a. !o3tem7lated ;2 t1e le5islati4e ;od2 3. Rule of )7ecial E6ce7tio3s a. 81ere9 u3der a s7ecial e6ce7tio3 7ro4isio3 all t1e s7ecific reFuireme3ts are met9 t1e e6ce7tio3 must issue a3d ca33ot ;e 8it11eld o3 5e3eral 5rou3ds9 3ot touc12 feel2 ;. a 4aria3ce is a touc12 feel2 t1i35: D81at a;out t1e 7u;lic 5oodE ;la1 ;la1 ;la1

26