WAYS WITH WORDS

(curs practic de limba englez pentru nvmntul la distan) Anul I

Autor: Asist. univ. drd. Daniela LINGURARU

CUPRINS
Introducere. Obiective Partea I Ways and Means Lecia 1. Cuvnt i sunet. Transcrierea fonetic Lecia 2. Articolul Lecia 3. Substantivul: gen, numr, caz Lecia 4. Adjectivul i gradele de comparaie Lecia 5. Adverbul Lecia 6. Demonstrativele Lecia 7. De la pronume la verb Lecia 8. Retur: de la verb la pronume Lecia 9. Pronumele i adjectivele posesive Lecia 10. Pronumele reflexive Lecia 11. Pronumele reciproce Lecia 12. Pronumele relative Lecia 13. Pronumele nehotrte Lecia. 14. Pronumele interogative Recapitulare Test autoevaluare Partea a doua Up and Down the Way Lecia 15. Numeralul Lecia 16. Prepoziia Lecia 17. Prezentul simplu Lecia 18. Prezentul simplu / prezentul continuu Lecia 19. Trecutul simplu / trecutul continuu Lecia 20. Prezentul perfect simplu / prezentul perfect continuu Lecia 21. Mai mult ca perfectul Lecia 22. Exprimarea viitorului (A. Viitorul simplu / viitorul continuu) Lecia 23. Exprimarea viitorului (B. Viitorul n trecut, viitorul perfect-simplu i continuu) Lecia 24. Exprimarea viitorului (C. Be Going To / Be To / Be About To) Lecia 25. Verbe i expresii modale (A. CAN, COULD, BE ABLE TO, MAY, MIGHT, MUST, HAVE TO, NEED, SHALL, SHOULD, OUGHT TO) Lecia 26. Verbe i expresii modale (B. WILL, WOULD, WOULD RATHER / SOONER, USED TO, BE TO, DARE) Lecia 27. Tipuri de condiionale Lecia 28. Diateza pasiv Recapitulare Test autoevaluare
Cheia exerciiilor Anexa 1 Texte Anexa 2 Activiti comunicative Anexa 3 - Functions Bank Anexa 4 Spelling Anexa 5 Verbe Neregulate Anexa 6 Glosar Romn-Englez de termeni silvici Bibliografie

-2-

INTRODUCERE

SCOPUL CURSULUI:

OBIECTIVELE PRINCIPALE:

Prezentul curs este destinat studenilor de anul I de la Facultatea de Silvicultur, Specializarea Silvicultur, regim la distan. Att partea de teorie ct i cea aplicativ au fost concepute n aa fel nct s faciliteze familiarizarea studenilor cu structuri elementare ale limbii engleze sau reactualizarea cunotinelor fundamentale deja dobndite. O atenie special s-a acordat acelor registre lingvistice care permit comunicarea n limba englez, ct i termenilor specifici specializrii. 1. familiarizarea studenilor cu diferitele aspecte ale limbii engleze 2. dezvoltarea abilitii studenilor de a comunica n limba englez 3. nsuirea de ctre studeni a termenilor specifici specializrii 4. nsuirea i folosirea limbajului adecvat pentru a descrie activiti, situaii etc. La sfritul fiecrui semestru, studenii vor fi examinai n cadrul unui colocviu; stabilirea notei finale se va face i n funcie de verificrile pariale de la cursurile de pe parcursul semestrului.

MODUL DE EVALUARE:

-3-

PARTEA I WAYS AND MEANS

Prima parte cuprinde noiuni introductive, elementare, care privesc att vocabularul, ct i gramatica sau pronunia. Structura compozit a acestei prime pri are drept scop construirea unui corpus de cunotine fundamentale care s constituie o baz pentru informaia ulterioar. Pentru nceput se va insista asupra diferenelor de pronunie ntre romn i englez, mai precis asupra sunetelor i grupurilor de sunete specifice limbii engleze. Vor urma particularitile eseniale ale substantivului i articolului, o descriere a pronumelui personal cu funcia de subiect i o serie de alte noiuni cu privire la verbe, adjective etc. necesare construirii unor enunuri simple.

Lecia 1. CUVNT I SUNET. TRANSCRIEREA FONETIC (Words and Sounds)

n nvarea oricrei limbi strine, pronunia este esenial. Chiar dac n cazul limbii engleze nu exist reguli de pronunie att de stricte sau de general valabile ca n limba francez, de exemplu, cel puin cteva simboluri i caracteristici trebuie avute n vedere. n orice dicionar englez-romn, transcrierea fonetic va conine i un apostrof care ne arat accentuarea. n englez, diferitele silabe ale unui cuvnt nu se pronun la fel; drept urmare, n transcrierea fonetic, silaba accentuat este precedat de un apostrof. Ex. FOREST [forist] pdure OFFENCE [fens] ofens, delict

Un alt simbol particular care poate aprea n interiorul parantezelor este [:], care se plaseaz de obicei dup reprezentarea fonetic a unei vocale i noteaz lungirea vocalei de care a fost ataat. Ex. PLANT [pla:nt] - [a:] = A lung plant, uzin CLEAN [kli:n] - [i:] = I lung curat LAW [lo:] - [o:] = O lung lege MOON [mu:n] - [u:] = U lung Vocala A poate avea trei reprezentri fonetice: A normal [a], pronunat obinuit, ca n cuvntul bas din romn (englezescul BUS [bas]); A lung [a:], ca n cuvintele: PLANT [pla:nt] sau CAR [ka:]) i A scurt [], ca n CUT [kt] sau BUT [bt]). Celelalte vocale vor avea doar reprezentri scurte - normale ( e; o; u) i lungi (e:;o:; u:). -4-

Semnul [] nu are corespondent n limba romn. Este o vocal situat ntre E i A; se rostete E cu deschiderea gurii ca pentru A. Ex. TRAFFIC [trfik] trafic

Sunetul [i] se pronun similar cu I din limba romn. Ex. IN [in] n

n unele transcrieri poate aprea semnul fonetic [w] care desemneaz sunetul semivocalic U, ca n cuvntul romnesc CUAR. Acest sunet corespunde de regul literei W, care se pronun doar cnd este urmat de o vocal sau cnd nu este urmat de nici un alt sunet. Ex. RAILWAY [reilwei] Semnul [] corespunde sunetului romnesc . Ex. BIRD [b:d] pasre cale ferat

Anumite asocieri de vocale cosilabice, cum ar fi OO se pot pronuna n diferite moduri, n funcie de contextul consonantic. Ex. OO cel mai adesea [u:], ca n: FOOD [fu:d] hran, mncare MOON [mu:n] luna sau [u], ca n: BOOK [buk] carte GOOD [gud] bun, bun Dar se va pronuna [o:] n cuvinte ca: DOOR [do:] u FLOOR [flo:] podea, duumea, etaj [] n cuvinte precum: FLOOD [fld] inundaie, potop BLOOD [bld] snge [u] n cuvintele: MOOR [mu] brgan, ierburi, step BOOR [bu] oprlan Grupul EE se pronun cel mai adesea [i:]: Ex: BEEN [bi:n] forma a treia a verbului BE TREE [tri:] copac, arbore, pom De asemenea, grupul EA se va pronuna [i:], cu excepia cazului n care este urmat de consoana R sau n cuvinte ca BREAD. Ex. DREAM [dri:m] vis TREAT [tri:t] trataie Dar: BEAR [be] urs; a suporta, a duce DEAR [di] drag(), scump() BREAD [bred] pine -5-

DEAF [def] surd Grupul AY se citete de obicei [ei] (ca diftongul romnesc). Ex. SAY [sei] a spune PAY [pei] a plti MAY [mei] (luna) mai sau verbul modal May DAY [dei] zi Consoana R are mai multe reprezentri fonetice n limba englez. Atunci cnd se pronun foarte slab, ea corespunde unui sunet precedat de obicei de o vocal lung i este sau nu marcat grafic. Ex. FLOOR [flo:] sau [flo:r] CAR [ka:] sau [ka:r] podea; etaj main

Consoana C va avea drept corespondent grafic semnul [K]. Ex. CROP [krop] arboret; recolt

Consoanele B, D, G, L, M, N, P, S, T, V, Z sunt pronunate asemntor sunetelor din limba romn i au semne grafice corespunztoare: [b], [d], [g], [l], [m], [n], [p], [s], [t], [v], [z]. Sunetul (rom. COAL) este notat fonetic []: Ex. SHOP [op] Cu ajutorul lui [t] se marcheaz grupurile CE, CI: Ex. CHAIR [te] CHIN [tin] CHAMBER [teimb] CHURN [t:n] scaun brbie camer bidon, recipient magazin

De obicei, grupul grafic CH n poziie iniial se pronun [t], cu excepia cuvintelor care provin din limba francez sau, uneori, a cuvintelor care l conin pe O dup CH: Ex. CHALET [lei] CHOIR [kwai] CHOLERA [kolr] caban cor holer

Sunetul J (rom. JOC) se noteaz [3], iar grupurile GE, GI [d3]. Ex. MEASURE [me3] JUNIPER [d3u:nip] JOY [d3oi] romnesc este marcat n englez prin [ts]. Ex. BITS [bits] buci; bii Notaia fonetic a grupului GHE, GHI este [ge], respectiv [gi]. -6msur ienupr bucurie

Ex. GET [get] GUITAR [gita:]

a lua; a obine chitar

Semnul [j] este, de obicei, corespondentul lui Y. Ex. YES [jes]. Pronunia este ca al unui [i] mai slab (ex. romnescul IES). Ex. NEW YORK [nju jo:k] H iniial nu se pronun dect n cuvinte precum: Ex: HOUR [au] HONOUR [on] or onoare

Grupul ING se pronun ca n limba romn, dar G se aude mai slab: []. Ex. SHOPPING [opi] cumprturi

Z pronunat cu limba ntre dini este un sunet care nu are echivalent n limba romn i care se noteaz []. El apare n articolul hotrt THE i n pronumele/adjectivele demonstrative: THIS [is] THAT [t] sau [t] THESE [i:z] THOSE [us] acesta, aceasta acela, aceea acetia, acestea aceia, acelea

Perechea surd a acestui sunet, care de asemenea nu are echivalent romnesc, este [] i se pronun ca un S cu limba ntre dini. Ex. THREE [ri:] THISTLE [isl] trei scai, ciulin

NOT: Cu privire la accentuarea silabelor este util de reinut c: majoritatea substantivelor i adjectivelor formate din dou silabe au ceea ce se numete FRONT STRESS (prima silab este accentuat) Ex. FLOWer; LITTle; VILLage; BOdy; FOrest etc. majoritatea verbelor formate din dou silabe au END STRESS (se accentueaz a doua silab) Ex. forGIVE; aLLOW; coMMIT etc. n cuvintele formate din trei silabe sau mai multe, putem deosebi dou accente: primar () i secundar () Ex. Japanese [d3pni:z] APLICAII 1. Folosindu-v de sistemul de transcriere fonetic descris anterior, familiarizai-v cu pronunia urmtoarelor cuvinte: YEAR [j] MONTH [mn] JANUARY [d3njuri] FEBRUARY [februri] MARCH [mart] -7an lun ( a anului) ianuarie februarie martie

APRIL [eiprl] MAY [mei] JUNE [d3u:n] JULY [d3ulai] AUGUST [o:gst] SEPTEMBER [septemb] OCTOBER [oktoub] NOVEMBER [novemb] DECEMBER [disemb] WEEK [wi:k] MONDAY [mndei] TUESDAY [tju:zdei] WEDNESDAY [wenzdei] THURSDAY [:zdei] FRIDAY [fraidei] SATURDAY [stdei] SUNDAY [sndei] NOTE:

aprilie mai iunie iulie august septembrie octombrie noiembrie decembrie sptmn luni mari miercuri joi vineri smbt duminic

a) n limba englez, zilele sptmnii se scriu ntotdeauna cu majuscul; b) naintea zilelor sptmnii (folosite adverbial) se folosete prepoziia ON Ex. On Sunday I go to church. (Duminica merg la biseric.) c) dac naintea zilelor sptmnii se afl cuvntul EVERY, nu folosim prepoziia ON Ex. Every Sunday I go to church. (n fiecare duminic merg la biseric.)

-8-

Lecia 2. ARTICOLUL (The Article)

n limba englez exist trei tipuri de articole: articolul hotrt (definite article), articolul nehotrt (indefinite article), articolul zero (zero article) (substantivul nu este nsoit de nici un articol). Pentru nceput reinei care sunt formele articolului nehotrt: A i/sau AN. A se pronun [] (form slab, atunci cnd este neaccentuat) sau [ei] (form tare, cnd este accentuat) i se folosete naintea cuvintelor care ncep cu un sunet consonantic sau semiconsonantic Ex: A DOG un cine A TREE un arbore A HOUSE o cas A EUROPEAN [jurpin] - un european A UNIVERSITY [jn:niv:sti] - o universitate A WINDOW [`windou] - o fereastr A YEAR [j:] - un an Cuvintele care ncep cu W sau Y i, uneori, cele care ncep cu U sau E (U) (pronunat ju:) vor primi articolul A, deoarece sunetelor [J] i [W], numite semiconsoane, li se aplic aceleai reguli ca i consoanelor. AN se pronun [n] (form slab) sau [n] (form tare) i se folosete naintea cuvintelor care ncep cu un sunet vocalic sau H mut (nepronunat): Ex: AN APPLE un mr AN ORANGE o portocal AN HOUR [`au] - o or AN HEIR [] - un motenitor

Articolul hotrt are forma THE att pentru singular ct i pentru plural: Ex: THE BOOK cartea THE BOOKS crile Pronunia sa va fi ns definit n funcie de sunetul care urmeaz. Astfel, THE se va pronuna []: naintea sunetelor consonantice Ex: THE STUDENT studentul THE CONSEQUENCES consecinele naintea sunetelor semiconsonantice (reprezentate de obicei prin literele E, U, Y, W). Ex: THE EUCALYPTUS eucaliptul THE USE folosirea THE YEW tisa THE WIND vntul THE se va pronuna [i(:)] pentru sublinere, dup cum i naintea sunetelor vocalice: Ex: THE ENGINEER inginerul THE ARTIST artistul naintea lui H mut: Ex: THE HONOUR onoarea THE HONESTY cinstea, sinceritatea NOT: Vom folosi AN i THE i naintea abrevierilor de genul : MP (Member of Parliament) an MP; the [i:] MP. -9-

APLICAII 2. Citii urmtoarele cuvinte cu articol hotrt [] sau [i(:)], apoi cu articolul nehotrt [] sau [n]: ANKLE, ARM, BELLY, BODY, HAIR, HAND, HEAD, HEEL, HIP, KNEE, LEG, LIP, MOUTH, NECK, NOSE, NOSTRIL, PALM, SHOULDER, THUMB, TOE, WAIST.

Lecia 3. SUBSTANTIVUL: GEN, NUMR, CAZ (Nouns: Gender, Number, Case)

n linii mari, n limba englez, substantivul se clasific n patru categorii: 1. substantive comune (common nouns): student, teacher, country, flower, desk 2. substantive proprii (proper nouns): John, London, Mr. Jones 3. substantive abstracte (abstract nouns): love, window, beauty, friendship 4. substantive colective (collective nouns): team, crowd, group. GENUL SUBSTANTIVELOR Patru vor fi i genurile substantivelor din limba englez: 1. masculin (masculine gender): man, boy, father, housband, king, cock etc. 2. feminin (feminine gender): woman, girl, mother, wife, queen, hen etc. 3. comun (common gender): teacher (profesor/profesoar), neighbour (vecin/vecin) 4. neutru (neuter gender): dog, baby, summer, pride Exist mai multe modaliti de formare a genului feminin sau masculin. Printre cele mai des utilizate sunt: utilizarea unor substantive diferite la masculin i, respectiv, feminin Ex: man woman boy girl father mother king queen cock hen dog bitch utilizarea unor prefixe speciale fiecrui gen (MALE/FEMALE, HE/SHE, COCK/HEN, DOG/BITCH pentru animale i BOY/GIRL, MAN/WOMAN sau MALE/FEMALE pentru persoane; uneori, MAN i WOMAN sunt postpuse, tot pentru a indica genul Ex. POLICEMAN/POLICEWOMAN) Ex: male camel female camel he elephant she elephant cock bird hen bird dog fox bich fox boy-friend girl friend manservant maidservant male candidate female candidate adugarea unor terminaii substantivelor masculine (-ESS, -INE etc) Ex: actor actress - 10 -

lion lioness prince princess god Goddess hero heroine Mai rar, terminaia se adaug substantivelor feminine, astfel nct formeaz masculinul de la feminin i invers. Ex: widow (vduv) widower (vduv) bride (mireas) bridegroom (mire) PLURALUL SUBSTANTIVELOR n limba englez, pluralul se realizeaz cel mai adesea prin adugarea terminaiei S formei de singular substantivului: Ex: girl girls tree trees school schools Excepie de la aceast regul fac urmtoarele categorii: 1. substantivele terminate n F sau FE; n acest caz terminaia la plural devine invariabil VES, ex: DWARF DWARVES LEAF LEAVES WOLF WOLVES WIFE WIVES KNIFE KNIVES HALF HALVES LIFE LIVES 2. substantive ce au terminaia O precedat de o consoan; acestea vor primi la plural ES. Ex: HERO HEROES NEGRO NEGROES POTATO POTATOES TOMATO TOMATOES ECHO ECHOES NOT: Substantivele ce au terminaia O precedat de o vocal au plural regulat: Ex: EMBRYO EMBRYOS RADIO RADIOS KANGAROO KANGAROOS De asemenea, cuvintele mai puin frecvente sau provenite relativ recent din limbile strine (n special din limba italian) vor primi S la plural, chiar dac sunt substantive n O precedate de consoan: Ex: CASINO CASINOS PHOTO PHOTOS PIANO PIANOS KILO KILOS 3. substantivelor ce se termin n S, -CH, -Z, -X sau SH li se adaug vocala E de legtur, naintea lui S: Ex: BUS BUSES CLASS CLASSES WATCH WATCHES BOX BOXES - 11 -

BRUSH BRUSHES 4. substantivele care se termin n Y: dac naintea sunetului Y se afl la singular o consoan, atunci la plural terminaia Y se schimb n I i va fi urmat de terminaia ES; dac terminaia Y a unui substantiv la singular este precedat de o vocal, atunci cuvntul primete la plural doar terminaia S: Ex: BABY BABIES COUNTRY COUNTRIES FACTORY FACTORIES Dar: BOY BOYS DAY DAYS WAY WAYS 5. substantivelor terminate n TH li se adaug direct S: Ex: BATH BATHS MOUTH MOUTHS PATH PATHS 6. formele neregulate la plural pstrate din anglo-saxon: Ex: MAN MEN WOMAN WOMEN CHILD CHILDREN OX - OXEN TOOTH TEETH FOOT FEET MOUSE MICE 7. substantivele de origine strin (greac, latin) Ex: DATUM DATA PHENOMENON PHENOMENA ANALYSIS ANALYSES BASIS BASES CAZURI SPECIALE: 1) Unele substantive au aceeai form la singular i plural Ex: SHEEP SHEEP TROUT TROUT DEER DEER SALMON - SALMON SPECIES SPECIES 2) Unele substantive (de obicei, colective) se acord cu verbul fie la singular, fie la plural Ex: My family is large. (Familia mea este numeroas) My family are in danger. (Membri familiei mele sunt n pericol.) 3) Unele substantive au form numai de plural dar se acord cu verbul numai la singular. Ex: NEWS (tire, tiri). The news is good. (tirea/tirile/vetile sunt bune). 4) Unele substantive au form numai de plural i se acord numai la plural: Ex: TROUSERS JEANS SCISSORS 5) Unele substantive au form numai la singular i se acord cu verbul numai la singular - 12 -

a) nume de materii b) substantive abstracte MONEY FRIENDSHIP IRON KINDNESS BREAD LOVE SUGAR MEAT 6) Exist o categorie de substantive care, dei nu au dect form de singular n limba englez, pot fi individualizate cu ajutorul unor cuantificatori. Ex: AN ITEM OF - INFORMATION (o informaie) - KNOWLEDGE (o cunotin/informaie) A PIECE OF - NEWS (o tire, o noutate) - INFORMATION (o informaie) - ADVICE (un sfat) - NONSENSE (o prostie, un lucru fr logic)

A LOAF OF BREAD - o pine, o franzel TWO LOAVES OF BREAD - dou pini 7) Substantivele compuse adaug de obicei un S la ultimul element: Ex: CLASSROOM CLASSROOMS HORSE RACE HORSE RACES Unele substantive compuse, de obicei cele alctuite dintr-un substantiv i o construcie prepoziional, adaug S la primul element: Ex: MOTHER-IN-LAW MOTHERS-IN-LAW PASSER-BY PASSERS-BY n sfrit, substantivele compuse n care primul element este MAN sau WOMAN transform la plural ambele elemente: Ex: MAN SINGER MEN SINGERS WOMAN DOCTOR WOMEN DOCTORS. SUBSTANTIVELE N CAZUL GENITIV Dintre cazurile substantivului, cel care prezint particulariti n ceea ce privete forma i care are i cea mai mare utilitate este GENITIVUL. Deosebim dou tipuri de genitiv n limba englez: Genitivul sintetic/saxon (The Synthetic/Saxon Genitive) i Genitivul Analitic/Prepoziional (The Analytic/Of Genitive). Genitivul sintetic (the Synthetic Genitive) Genitivul sintetic se formeaz prin adugarea particulei S precedate de un apostrof la sfritul unui substantiv considerat posesorul unuia sau a mai multor obiecte. Apostrof + S (s) este aadar o marc a posesiei. Ex: the mayors house (casa primarului) the childs toy (jucria copilului) Shakespeares plays (piesele lui Shakespeare) Apostrof fr S se utilizeaz n urmtoarele situaii: a) dup substantive nume de fiine, la plural: ex: the students books (crile studenilor) the engineers wages (salariul inginerilor) - 13 -

Dar: the childrens toys (jucriile copiilor) the womens party (petrecerea/partidul femeilor) b) dup nume proprii ce se termin n S, X, SH, TH: ex: Dickens novels Marx capital Categoriile de substantive care prefer genitivul sintetic sunt: 1) Nume de persoane: Ex. the students book 2) Substantive ce denumesc animale de cas (pets): Ex. the dogs tail 3) Substantive ce denumesc nave, vase, vapoare, brci: Ex. the ships crew 4) Substantive proprii: Ex. Mr. Johnsons flat 5) Substantive nume de ri (nu din punct de vedere geografic, ci politic, economic, cultural): Ex. Americas industry, Finlands forestry 6) Substantive ce denumesc stele, planete, etc. Ex. the Moons face; the Suns rays 7)Substantive ce exprim diviziuni temporale sau spaiale: Ex: yesterdays newspaper (ziarul de ieri) a months holiday (o vacan de o lun) at a stones throw (la o arunctur de b) 8)Diferite expresii: for Gods sake! - pentru numele lui Dumnezeu! for mercys sake Fie-i / fie-v mil. for pitys sake Genitivul analitic (The Analytic Gerund) Esenial pentru Genitivul Analitic este particula OF. Spre deosebire de genitivul sintetic n a crui structur posesorul precede obiectul posedat, aici ordinea este urmtoarea: THE + OBIECT POSEDAT + OF + THE + POSESOR (atunci cnd posesorul este un obiect) Ex: the wheel of the car (roata mainii) the colour of the tie (culoarea cravatei) the trees of the forest (copacii din pdure/pdurii) i: THE + OBIECT POSEDAT + OF + SUBSTANTIV PROPRIU (atunci cnd posesorul este o persoan) Ex: the tie of John (cravata lui John) RECAPITULARE SUBSTANTIV GEN a) 4 genuri masculin: brother - feminin : sister - comun: student - neutru: happines. b) modaliti de formare a genului cuvinte diferite man/woman - afixe: - he goat/she goat. - prince princess. NUMR Modaliti de formare a pluralului: S: flower flowers; photo photos ES: echo - echoes; bush - bushes - 14 -

VES: leaf leaves; wolf wolves Man/men Phenomenon/phenomena Posesor(sg.)+apostrof+S+obiect d t Posesor(pl.)+apostrof+obiect posedat

CAZ a) Genitivul sintetic

b) Genitivul analitic THE + obiect posedat + OF + THE + POSESOR (cnd posesorul este un obiect) THE + OBIECT POSEDAT + OF + substantiv propriu (cnd posesorul este o persoan) APLICAII 3. Gsii forma de feminin a urmtoarelor substantive: BACHELOR, BARMAN, BROTHER, GENTLEMAN, GRANDFATHER, HERO, HUSBAND, NEIGHBOUR, UNCLE, WAITER. 4. Scriei forma feminin sau, dup caz, masculin, a urmtoarelor substantive nume de animale: BULL, DOG, DUCK, FOX, GOOSE, HEN, LION, RAM, STAG, STALLION. 5. Adugai S sau ES urmtoarelor substantive pentru a forma pluralul: BENCH, BUSH, CLIFF, FOX, HANDKERCHIEF, MATCH, MONTH, POTATO, THIEF. 6. Scriei urmtoarele substantive la plural: AFTERNOON, CHILD, FLOWER, GLASS, PEACH, PHENOMENON, SANATORIUM, SISTER-IN-LAW, TOOTH, WOMAN. 7. Numerotate de la 1 la 16 sunt nume de grupuri de animale. Aceste substantive colective se potrivesc cu unul sau mai multe din substantivele nume de animale din dreapta. Descoperii care sunt acestea: a) brood bees, ants, chickens, wolves b) colony birds c) flight cattle d) flock deer e) herd OF dogs f) litter fish h) pack geese i) shoal monkey j) swarm sheep k) troop whales Ex: A FLIGHT OF BIRDS (un stol de psri) 8. Traducei: a) stiloul profesorului b) geanta contabilului c) coperta carii - 15 -

d) prietenul lui Charles e) batistele copiilor f) ochii fetei g) biroul funcionarului h) piciorul mesei

Lecia 4. ADJECTIVUL I GRADELE DE COMPARAIE Adjective and the degrees of comparison)

(The

Adjectivele se mpart n ase tipuri: calificative, posesive, interogative, cantitative, demonstrative, i distributive. Deocamdat ne vom referi la adjectivul calificativ, urmnd ca celelalte tipuri s fie abordate mpreun cu pronumele corespondente. Adjectivul calificativ este invariabil n gen i numr i este aezat aproape ntotdeauna N FAA substantivului pe care l calific. Ex: A FAST CAR (o main rapid) A GOOD STUDENT (un student bun) postpunerea adjectivului reprezint un artificiu emfatic (ex: mother dear, n loc de dear mother), n afara cazurilor cnd aceast ordine s-a stabilit n limb cu titlul de regul (Ex: Court Martial, sum total, ambassador extraordinary, Asia Minor) sau n expresii care arat dimensiunile, timpul, sau atunci cnd e urmat de un complement prepoziional (Ex. two meters long; eight years old; a man difficult to please) Unele adjective se formeaz din substantive crora li se adaug un sufix: Ex: USEFUL (USE+FULL) folositoare USELESS (USE+LESS) nefolositoare, inutile CHILDISH (CHILD+ISH) copilrie, copilresc HAIRY (HAIR+Y) pros. Uneori, participiile prezente (formele n -ING) i participiile trecute (formele de tipul -ED) sunt folosite ca adjective calificative. Participiile prezente au sens activ, iar cele trecute sens pasiv. Ex: BORING plictisitor BORED plictisit AMUSING - amuzant AMUSED amuzat INTERESTING interesant INTERESTED interesat TIRING obositor TIRED obosit FRIGHTENING nfricotor FRIGHTENED nfricotor Alt categorie de adjective se compune din 2 elemente care pot fi: adjective, adverbe, substantive, participii. Ex: GOOD-LOOKING (frumos, chipe) SHORT-SIGHTED (miop) WELL-BRED (bine-crescut) READY-MADE (de gata) Adjectivele care indic naionalitatea se scriu totdeauna cu majuscule: English, French, Romanian, Swiss, Finnish, American, Japanese etc.

- 16 -

 Aceleai adjective care indic naionalitatea pot fi folosite ca substantive, dac sunt precedate de articolul hotrt. Ele sunt invariabile (nu primesc S la plural), dac se termin n: - ch: The French francezii - sh: the Irish irlandezii - ss: the Swiss elveienii - ese: the Chinese chinezii Primesc S la plural cele care se termin n: - an: The Romanians romnii Unele adjective pot fi utilizate ca substantive pentru a reprezenta o categorie: Ex: the poor sracii/cei sracii the young tinerii/cei tineri the blind orbii/cei orbi the dead morii/cei mori. ATENIE! Adjectivele substantivizate nu primesc niciodat S. TOPICA Cnd dou sau mai multe adjective sunt folosite mpreun: 1) adjectivele subiectives sau de opinie (BORING, LOVELY, UGLY) sunt aezate naintea adjectivelor concrete (OLD, RED, SQUARE) Ex: A GORGEOUS NEW DRESS AN ACTIVE YOUNG LADY 2) adjectivele obiective sau concrete stau n urmtoarea ordine: SIZE AGE SHAPE COLOUR ORIGIN MATERIAL PURPOSE DIMENSIUNE VRST FORM CULOARE ORIGINE MATERIE SCOP Ex: A SMALL OVAL PLATE A BLACK METAL WALKING STICK De obicei nu se folosesc mai mult de trei adjective naintea unui substantiv. COMPARAIA ADJECTIVELOR Adjectivele calificative formeaz n mod diferit comparativul i superlativul (de superioritate) n funcie de categoria din care fac parte: adjective scurte, adjective lungi sau adjective neregulate. Astfel: Dac adjectivul se termin n E mut, acesta se elimin la adugarea terminaiei ER i EST. Ex: FINE FINER THE FINEST LARGE LARGER THE LARGEST Pentru adjectivele terminate ntr-o consoan precedat de o vocal se dubleaz consoana final: Ex: BIG BIGGER THE BIGGEST Adjectivele formate din dou silabe i terminate n Y formeaz comparativul i superlativul schimbnd Y n I i adugnd ER, respectiv -EST. Ex: FRIENDLY FRIENDLIER THE FRIENDLIEST TINY TINIER THE TINIEST. Adjectivele formate din dou silabe i terminate n OW sau ER formeaz comparativul i superlativul tot cu ajutorul terminaiilor ER i EST. - 17 -

Ex: NARROW NARROWER THE NARROWEST CLEVER CLEVERER THE CLEVEREST. Obiectivul de referin al comparaiei este introdus prin THAN. Ex: Jane is taller than Mary.(Jane este mai nalt dect Mary.) Adjectivele lungi (cele care au de obicei mai mult de la 2 silabe) formeaz comparativul cu ajutorul lui MORE i superlativul cu THE MOST. Ex: IMPORTANT MORE IMPORTANT THE MOST IMPORTANT Cele mai frecvente adjective neregulate sunt: GOOD BETTER THE BEST Bun mai bun cel mai bun. BAD WORSE THE WORST Ru mai ru cel mai ru. OLD OLDER(mai vechi) - THE OLDEST(cel mai vechi) - ELDER (mai btrn) THE ELDEST (cel mai btrn) FAR FARTHER(mai ndeprtat) THE FARTHEST(cel mai ndeprtat) (deprtat) - THE FURTHEST (cel mai trziu) - FURTHER (urmtor, n plus) Comparativul de egalitate se formeaz (indiferent de felul adjectivului: scurt, lung sau neregulat) astfel: a) la afirmativ: AS + ADJECTIV+AS Jane is as tall as Mary. (Jane e la fel de nalt ca Mary.) b) la negativ: NOT AS + ADJECTIVE + AS NOT SO + ADJECTIV + AS Jane is not as (so) tall as Mary. (Jane nu e tot att de nalt ca Mary) Comparaia a trei sau mai multe persoane sau lucruri se exprim la superlativ prin urmtoarele construcii: SUPERLATIV + OF (pentru persoane) Ex: the finest of the three girls SUPERLATIV + IN (pentru substantive ce indic locul) Ex: the finest in the class Creterea paralel este exprimat prin urmtoarea structur: THE + COMPARATIV + THE + COMPARATIV (cu ct cu att) Ex: the cleverer, the better Creterea sau descreterea gradat este exprimat prin: COMPARATIV + AND + COMPARATIV Ex: (fatter and fatter, more and more expensive) Comparativul de inferioritate se formeaz (indiferent de felul adjectivului) prin LESS + forma pozitiv a adjectivului Ex: less tall less good less important Superlativul de inferioritate se formeaz dup urmtoarea structur: THE LEAST + ADJECTIVE + OF/IN/etc. Ex: the least expensive of all cameras

RECAPITULARE ADJECTIV FORM substantiv + sufix: CHILDISH participiu n ING/ED : boring, bored - 18 -

 compuse din (adjective, adverbe, participiu etc.): GOODLOOKING TOPICA invariabil n gen i numr, adjectivul este (aproape) ntotdeauna plasat n faa substantivului determinat - opinie dimensiune vrst form culoare origine material scop COMPARAIE: adjectiv + ER: CLEVERER (mai detept) THE + adjectiv + EST : THE CLEVEREST (cel mai detept) MORE + adjectiv: MORE INTERESTING (mai interesant) THE MOST + adjectiv: THE MOST INTERESTING (cel mai interesant) LESS + adjectiv: LESS IMPORTANT (mai puin important) THE LEAST + adjectiv: + OF/IN : THE LEAST IMPORTANT OF/IN (cel mai puin important din/n) GOOD BETTER THE BEST BAD WORSE THE WORST APLICAII 9. Cele mai frecvente sufixe adjectivale sunt: -AL, -OUS, -ABLE, -FUL, -Y, -ISH. Formai adjectivele corespunztoare urmtoarelor substantive i verbe. BLOOD, CHILD, COLOUR, COURAGE, DANGER, DELIGHT, ENJOY, HUMOUR, MILK, MONUMENT, NATION, PAIN, PARDON, PEACE, PREDICT, RED, TRADITION, TREND, VARY, WEALTH. 10. Formai adjectivele de la urmtoarele substantive: ACCIDENT, AFFECTION, BOY, CHARITY, CUSTOM, DANGER, ECONOMY, EXPRESSION, FAITH, FIRE, HERO, INFLUENCE, MAN, MELODY, PASSION, SKILL, WINTER. 11. Sufixele adjectivelor negative din limba englez sunt: UN (UNFORGETTABLE) de neiertat DIS (DISCOURAGED) descurajat IM (IMPOSSIBLE) imposibil IN (INEXPLICABLE) inexplicabil. I (ILLEGAL) ilegal. Cu ajutorul sufixelor formai antonimele adjectivelor de mai jos: COMMON, CREDIBLE, GRATEFUL, HONOURABLE, PARTIAL, POLITE, OBEDIENT, VALUABLE. 12. Traducei n limba romn: AGELESS FACE FLAWLESS TECHNIQUE FRIENDLESS MAN - 19 -

PAINFUL,

HOMELESS MEN HOPELESS SITUATION HEARTLESS WOMAN MOTHERLESS CHILD ODOURLESS SUBSTANCE STAINLESS STEEL TIMELESS VALUE TUNELESS SONG 13. Citii urmtoarele adjective compuse. Pe care le-ai folosi pentru a v descrie pe voi niv? EASY-GOING comod, indolent GOOD-LOOKING frumos, artos, chipe GREY-HAIRED grizonat HARD-WORKING harnic, muncitor LEFTHANDED stngaci MIDDLE-AGED ntre dou vrste OLD-FASHIONED demodat, depit SHORT-SIGHTED miop, mrginit SHORT-TEMPERED iute la mnie irascibil, argos STRONG-MINDED hotrt, care tie ce vrea. WARM-HEARTED binevoitor, sritor, prietenos, inimos WELL-BEHAVED bine-crescut, manierat. WELL-KNOWN bine cunoscut, vestit, renumit WELL-OFF nstrit, bogat, cu dare de mn. WORLD-FAMOUS cunoscut n ntreaga lume. 14. Punei adjectivele n ordinea corect: 1. a brand-new/plastic/shopping/green bag 2. an English/young/interesting teacher 3. a brown/50-years-old/leather/beautiful wallet 4. a 25-year-old/Opera/tall singer 5. a Greek/beautiful/gold/ancient bracelet 15. Completai tabelul: ADJECTIV 1. hard 2. lazy 3. happy 4. interesting 5. good 6. small 7. beautiful 8. old 9. captivating 10. cold 11. tall 12. clever 13. clumsy 14. bad COMPARATIV harder SUPERLATIV the hardest

- 20 -

Lecia 5. ADVERBUL, PE SCURT (The adverb, in short)

Adverbul este partea de vorbire care exprim o caracteristic a unui eveniment sau a unei stri, nuannd sensul unui verb, adjective, adverb, substantiv etc. n general adverbele sunt clasificate dup 2 criterii: form i sens. Din punct de vedere al formei, deosebim: adverbe simple (simple adverbs), adverbele derivate (derived adverbs), adverbele compuse (compound adverbs), i expresiile adverbiale (adverbial phrases). Adverbele simple sunt cuvintele folosite adverbial, fr nici un fel de afixe (prefixe sau sufixe): IN, OUT, UP, DOWN, HERE, THERE, THEN, WELL, FAR, FAST, NOW etc. Ex: Come here! Vino aici! Adverbele derivate provin din diferite categorii (cel mai adesea din adjective) convertite cu ajutorul prefixelor i sufixelor: CLOCKWISE (n sensul acelor unui ceasornic) CLOCK + WISE; AJAR (A + JAR) (ntredeschis), REPEATEDLY (n mod repetat), MONTHLY (lunar) etc. Adverbele compuse sunt prin definiie combinaii de dou sau mai multe pri de vorbire. Ex: OUTDOORS (afar), TOMORROW (mine), SOMEWHERE (undeva), TODAY (azi) etc. Expresiile adverbiale sunt combinaii de cuvinte care, mpreun, au funcie adverbial: AT LEAST (cel puin), AT FIRST (la nceput), AT PRESENT (n prezent), AT ONCE (imediat), IN ALL PROBABILITY (dup toate probabilitile) etc. Din punct de vedere al sensului, adverbele sunt: de mod, de loc, de timp, interogative, negative etc. Locul adverbului este, de obicei, la nceputul sau la sfritul enunului, uneori poate sta naintea adjectivului sau adverbului, niciodat ns ntre verb i complementul su. Adverbul de timp (ALWAYS mereu, OFTEN adesea, etc.) se aaz naintea verbului sau dup auxiliar. Adverbul care indic mai precis momentul (IMMEDIATELY imediat, SUDDENLY brusc, TODAY - azi) se plaseaz de regul la nceputul sau la sfritul propoziiei. THERE (acolo), HERE (aici) i adverbele de loc se aaz la sfritul propoziiei. ENOUGH (destul de) se pune dup adjective sau adverb, nainte sau dup substantiv. Ex: SURE ENOUGH destul de sigur ENOUGH BUTTER destul unt TOO MUCH/ TOO MANY prea mult/prea muli TOO MUCH MONEY prea muli bani TOO MANY CARS prea multe maini APLICAII 16. Formai adverbe de la urmtoarele adjective: ANXIOUS, EARLY, COMFORTABLE, FAST, FEARLESS, GOOD, HARD, IMMEDIATE, KIND, LATE, LUCKY, NEAR, SUDDEN, TERRIBLE. 17. Aezai adverbele de mai jos n coloana corespunztoare: ALWAYS, ALMOST, ANGRILY, CAREFULLY, FAIRLY, FIERCELY, FOOLISHLY, INSISTENTLY, NEVER, OUTSIDE, OVERSEAS, SOON, SELDOM, VERY, YESTERDAY. Adverbe de mod Ex. INSISTENTLY Loc Timp - 21 Frecven Opinie Intensitate

18. Transformai urmtoarele adverbe n adjective i apoi n substantive: BEAUTIFULLY, CAREFULLY, CHEMICALLY, CURIOUSLY, DECENTLY, ENIGMATICALLY, ILLEGALLY, INVITINGLY.

Lecia 6. DEMONSTRATIVELE (Demonstratives)

n limba englez pronumele i adjectivele demonstrative au aceleai forme. Pentru obiectele sau fiinele aflate n apropierea noastr vom folosi THIS (acesta, aceasta) sau THESE (acetia, acestea), iar pentru cele aflate nu chiar n imediata noastr vecintate: THAT (acesta, aceea) sau THOSE (aceia, acelea). Sg. THIS Pl. THESE THAT THOSE

Ex: this house (aceast cas) (this, that adjective) that house (casa aceea) This is my house. (Aceasta este casa mea.) That is his house. (Aceea este casa lui.) (this, that pronume) APLICAII 19. Trecei la plural: a) b) c) d) e) this tree that curtain this flower that hat this carpet

20. Trecei la singular: a) those old men b) these maps c) those big boys d) these blue balls e) these nice pictures

Lecia 7. DE LA PRONUME LA VERB (Pronouns verbs)

Pronumele personale cu funcia de subiect din limba englez sunt: I eu You tu, dumneavoastr, d-voastr, voi He el (folosit pentru persoane) She ea (folosit pentru persoane) el/ea (pentru un obiect, un animal, un copil mic, o plant) We noi They ei/ele - 22 -

Formele literare ale verbului A FI (TO BE) la timpul prezent simplu:

Afirmativ I am You are He is She is It is We are They are

Interogativ Am I? Are you? Is he? Is she? Is it? Are we? Are they?

Negativ I am not You are not He is not She is not It is not We are not They are not

Interogativ Negativ Am I not ? Are you not ? Is he not ? Is she not ? Is it not ? Are we not ? Are they not ?

Dup cum se poate observa n tabel, interogativul n cazul verbului TO BE se realizeaz prin inversiunea formelor (verbul ia locul pronumelui subiect), iar negaia prin adugarea lui NOT imediat dup verbe. n englez colocvial ntlnim adesea forme contrase, dup cum urmeaz:

Afirmativ Im Youre Hes Shes Its Were Theyre

Interogativ Im not Youre not/ you arent Hes not/ he isnt Shes not/ she isnt Its not/ it isnt Were not/ we arent Theyre not/ they arent

Interogativ Negativ Arent you ? Isnt he ? Isnt she ? Isnt it ? Arent we ? Arent they ?

Structura THERE + BE + substantiv ne servete pentru a indica existena unei fiine sau a unui lucru: Ex: There is someone at the door. (Este cineva la u.) There are 2 apples on the table. (Sunt dou mere pe mas.) Structura IT + BE introduce: Adjective: It is important. (E important.) Date, distane, temperatura, ora, starea vremii: It is April 1st. (E 1 aprilie) It is ten oclock.(E ora 10) Identitatea: It is me.(Eu sunt.) It is Alice. (E Alice.) Verbul PLAY (a juca un joc, a se juca, a cnta la un instrument) are urmtoarele forme la prezentul simplu:

Afirmativ

Interogativ

Negativ

- 23 -

I play You play He plays She plays It plays We play They play

Do I play? Do you play? Does he play? Does she play? Does it play? Do we play? Do they play?

I do not play You do not play He does not play She does not play It does not play We do not play They do not play

Observaii: 1. Verbele din limba englez (cu excepia verbului TO BE) au la prezentul simplu aceeai form (infinitivul) pentru toate persoanele, n afar de persoana a treia singular (he, she, it) unde se adaug un S sau ES (SAY SAYS, GO GOES, DO DOES etc.) 2. Interogaia i negaia se formeaz cu ajutorul auxiliarului DO care la persoana a III-a preia S-ul de la verbul de conjugat. Forme contrase: I dont play Eu nu (m) joc / cnt. He doesnt play. Verbul DO (ca verb propriu-zis, cu neles deplin - a face) are urmtoarele forme la prezentul simplu:

Afirmativ I do You do He does She does It does We do They do

Interogativ Do I do? Do you do? Does he do? Does she do Does it do? Do we do? Do they do?

Negativ I do not do You do not do He does not do She does not do It does not do We do not do They do not do

Verbul HAVE (ca verb propriu-zis) cu nelesul A AVEA are formele:

Afirmativ I have You have He has She has It has We have They have

Interogativ I do not have You do not have He does not have She does not have It does not have We do not have They do not have

Negativ Do I have? Do you have? Does he have? Does she have? Does it have? Do we have? Do they have?

Forme contrase : Ive, youve, hes, shes, its, weve, theyve. I dont have, he doesnt have - 24 -

HAVE poate forma negativul i interogativul dup regula verbului TO BE (NOT dup verb, respectiv inversiunea): Ex: I have not/ I havent; He has not/ He hasnt i Have I? Has he?) Aceste forme aparin registrului formal i sunt, prin urmare, mai puin folosite. Uneori, HAVE se folosete mpreun cu GOT pentru a arta posesia: Ex: I have a house. I have got /Ive got a house. Negaia i interogaia se vor forma n acest caz dup modelul BE: Ex. I have not got / havent got a house. Have I got a house? Rspunsuri scurte DA (yes) i NU (no) sunt n general urmate de un rspuns: subiect i verb auxiliar (sau modal). Ex: Do you play the piano? - Yes, I do - No, I dont. Have you got a house? Are you a student? - Yes, I have. - No, I havent. - Yes, I am. - No, Im not.

De reinut: Expresii uzuale cu BE: To be afraid Im afraid of the dark. (M tem de ntuneric.) To be ashamed of Im ashamed of my behaviour. (Mi-e ruine de felul cum m-am comportat.) To be against Im against the death penalty. (Sunt mpotriva pedepsei cu moartea.) To be cold Im cold. (Mi-e frig.) To be home Janet is home. (Janet e acas.) To be late Hes late again. (Iar a ntrziat.) To be asleep The baby is asleep. (Copilul a adormit.) To be over The war is over. (Rzboiul s-a terminat.) To be hungry He is hungry. (i e foame.) To be thirsty The children are thirsty. (Copiilor le e sete.) To be right The President is always right. To be wrong He is never wrong. To be busy I like being busy. To be tired Are you tired? To be good of He is good at Mathematics. To be in a hurry This student is always in a hurry. To be sick The young woman is sick. To be ill Grandpa is ill. Expresii uzuale cu HAVE: To have guests a avea musafiri To have a headache She has a headache. To have a cigarette a fuma, a lua o igar To have a cold a fi rcit/ To have a flu a avea grip - 25 -



To have a both a face baie To have time a avea timp To have a toothache He has a toothache. To have trouble a avea necazuri To have a drink/meal a bea/mnca a se servi cu To have a look a privi, a arunca o privire To have a walk a (se) plimba To have a sore throat He has a sore throat.

Expresii uzuale cu DO: To do the shopping a face cumprturi To do ones homework He always does his homework. To do the housework a face treburi prin cas To do the cooking a gti To do the ironing a clca (rufele) To do the gardening a se ocupa de grdinrit To do a crossword puzzle a dezlega cuvinte ncruciate To do ones duty a-i face datoria ATENIE! ] HOW DO YOU DO? - este un salut formal i nseamn: M bucur s v cunosc. HOW ARE YOU? este un salut familiar i nseamn: Ce mai faci?/Ce mai facei?, iar HOW ARE YOU DOING? este tot un salut familiar i nseamn: Cum te descurci?/Cum i mai merge? ATENIE!! Nu confundai DO cu MAKE. Verbul MAKE (a face) are sensul general de A CREA, A PRODUCE, A CONSTRUI, A CAUZA, A FACE S FIE sau A PREPARA. Expresii uzuale cu MAKE: To make a friend a-i face un prieten To make the bed a-i face patul To make a speech a ine un discurs To make a mistake a face o greeal To make an offer a face o ofert To make plans a face planuri NOT: Folosim imperativul (infinitivul fr particula TO) pentru a da instruciuni sau sfaturi). Ex. Check the weather forecast! (Verific/verificai prognoza meteo!) Vom forma negativul cu ajutorul lui DO NOT/DONT + INFINITIVUL SCURT. Ex. Dont do that! (Nu f/facei asta!) REZUMAT - DE LA PRONUME LA VERB PREZENTUL SIMPLU AL VERBELOR BE, HAVE, HAVE GOT, DO, MAKE AFIRMATIV I am right You are right He is right She is right It is right NEGATIV I am not right You are not right He is not right She is not right It is not right - 26 INTEROGATIV Am I right? Are you right? Is he right? Is she right? Is it right?

We are right They are right AFIRMATIV I have a cold. You have a cold. He has a cold She has a cold It has a cold We have a cold They have a cold AFIRMATIV I/you/we/they have got it. He/she/it has got it.

We are not right They are not right NEGATIV I do not have a cold. You do not have a cold. He does not have a cold She does not have a cold It does not have a cold We do not have a cold They do not have a cold

Are we right? Are they right? INTEROGATIV Do I have a cold? Do you have a cold? Does he have a cold? Does she have a cold? Does it have a cold? Do we have a cold? Do they have a cold?

NEGATIV INTEROGATIV I/you/we/they have not got it. Have I/you/we/they got it? He/she/it has not got it. Has he/she/it got it?

AFIRMATIV I/you/we/they do the gardening. He/she does the gardening. NEGATIV I/you/we/they do not do the gardening. He/she does not do the gardening. INTEROGATIV Do I/you/we/they do the gardening? Does he/she do the gardening? AFIRMATIV I/you/we/they make the beds. He/she makes the beds. NEGATIV I/you/we/they do not make the beds. He/she does not make the beds. INTEROGATIV Do I/you/we/they make the beds? Does he/she make the beds? APLICAII 21. Completai spaiile libere cu formele corespunztoare ale verbului TO BE, respectiv TO HAVE: a) He a hard-working type of person. b) They in the seminar room now. c) He ten. d) That man a doctors degree. e) These girls Law students. f) The colour of my pen blue. 22. Scriei formele verbale contrase corespunztoare exemplelor de mai jos: Ex: He is not my colleague. Hes not/He isnt my colleague. - 27 -

a) b) c) d) e)

She is my friend. They are not interpreters, they are translators. The teacher is not nervous at all. They are the new neighbours. Their grandparents are not at home.

23. Transformai urmtoarele propoziii la forma interogativ i negativ: a) He is a taxi-driver. b) They are American tourists visiting Romania. c) There is a flower-pot on the window-sill. d) This coniferous tree has red wood. e) It grows in hot climate. f) She wants a bigger house. g) They want to be free. h) He has a younger sister in Connecticut. i) He has got the flu. j) Paul plays the piano beautifully. k) The ministers wife has got the prize. l) He makes fun of other people. m) Wild roses grow here.

Lecia 8. RETUR: DE LA VERB LA PRONUME (From verbs to pronouns)

n subcapitolul anterior am prezentat formele pronumelui personal n cazul Nominativ (cu funcia de subiect). Cnd ndeplinete funcia de obiect direct sau indirect (cazul Acuzativ, respectiv Dativ), pronumele personal are urmtoarele forme: I ME = mie, mi, mi, pe mine, m Ex. Ask me! ntreab-m (pe mine)! Grandpa always gives me money. (Bunicul mi d ntotdeauna bani.) They call me Angel. (Mi se spune Angel.) It reminds me of my childhood. (mi amintete de copilrie.) YOU YOU = ie, i, i, pe tine, te sau vou, v, vi, pe voi HE HIM = lui, i, pe el, l SHE HER = ei , i, pe ea, o IT IT = lui, ei, i, pe el, pe ea, l o WE US = nou, ne, ni, pe noi THEY THEM = lor, le , li, pe ei APLICAII 24. Traducei n limba englez: 1. Ia-m cu tine! 2. M face mincinos. 3. Spune-i c totul e n regul. 4. Vorbete tu cu ei! 5. ntotdeauna o ajutm s-i care bagajele.

- 28 -

Lecia 9. PRONUMELE I AJECTIVELE POSESIVE (The Possessive Pronouns and Adjectives)

ADJECTIVUL POSESIV I MY = meu, mea, mei, mele YOU YOUR = tu, ta, ti, tale, vostru, voastr, votri, voastre HE HIS = lui, su, sa , si, sale SHE HER = ei, su, sa, si, sale IT ITS = lui, ei, su (exc. persoane) WE OUR = nostru, noastr, notri, noastre THEY THEIR = lor PRONUMELE POSESIV - MINE = al meu, a mea, ai mei, ale mele - YOURS = al tu, a ta, ai ti, ale tale, al vostru, a voastr, ai votri, ale voastre - HIS = al (a, ai, ale) lui, su, sa, si, sale - HERS = al (a, ai, ale) ei, su, sa, si, sale - ITS OWN = al (a, ai ale) lui, ei, su, sa, si, sale (exc. persoane) - OURS = al nostru, a noastr, ai notri, ale noastre - THEIRS = al (a, ai, ale) lor

ntruct ndeplinesc aceleai funcii morfosintactice, pronumele i adjectivul posesiv au aceleai caracteristici ca i n limba romn. Astfel, adjectivul posesiv nsoete substantivul pe care l determin, n timp ce pronumele posesiv nlocuiete un substantiv: Ex. I have a house. This is my house. This (house) is mine. (Eu am o cas. Aceasta este casa mea. Aceasta (aceast cas) este a mea.) My parents are from Suceava. His are from Bucharest. (Prinii mei sunt din Suceava. Ai lui sunt din Bucureti.) Spre deosebire de limba romn ns, adjectivul posesiv are form unic, nefiind necesar acordul adjectivului posesiv cu substantivul pe care l determin. De asemenea, n limba englez adjectivul posesiv preced ntotdeauna substantivul pe care l determin (ex. his map, their company, our future, her desire etc.). APLICAII 25. Citii lista de mai jos i alctuii apoi propoziii utiliznd adjectivul i pronumele posesiv. ME a flat a dining room a bedroom a bathroom a kitchen MY PARENTS a one-storeyed house a drawing room three bedrooms a gym-room a nursery a garage a cortyard a penthouse a barn a cellar a garden MY SISTER boat home study sitting room

Model: I have got a flat. It is my flat. It is mine. My parents have got a one-storeyed house. It is their house. It is theirs. My sister has got a boat home. It is her boat. It is hers.

- 29 -

Lecia 10. PRONUMELE REFLEXIVE (The Self Pronouns)

I MY MYSELF = m, mie, mi, mi YOU YOUR YOURSELF = te, ie, i, i HE HIM HIMSELF = se, lui, i, i SHE HER HERSELF = se, ei, i, i IT IT ITSELF = se, lui, ei etc. (neutru) WE OUR OURSELVES = ne, nou, ni YOU YOUR YOURSELVES = v, vou, vi THEY THEM THEMSELVES = se, lor, le, li, i, i Sub denumirea de SELF PRONOUN sunt de fapt reunite dou categorii distincte de pronume care coincid ca form: a) Pronumele de ntrire (Emphatic Pronoun), care are rolul de a sublinia substantivul pe care l nsoete: Ex. John did it himself. (John nsui/singur/fr ajutorul nimnui a fcut-o). The President himself attends the meeting. (Preedintele nsui/n persoan ia parte la ntrunire). b) Pronumele reflexiv (Reflexive Pronoun), care indic faptul c aciunea verbului este ndreptat asupra subiectului acestuia. Cu alte cuvinte, folosim pronumele reflexiv atunci cnd, ntr-o propoziie, subiectul i obiectul coincid. Ex. I make myself a coffee. (mi fac o cafea.) Hes got himself a new car. (i-a cumprat o main nou.) He simply loves himself! (Pur i simplu se iubete pe sine. ) ATENIE! Multe verbe sunt reflexive n romn i intranzitive n englez, unde construcia este foarte rar. Ex. a se brbieri to shave a se grbi to hurry a se supra to get angry a se culca to go to bed a se ntlni to meet a se mbrca to dress/to get dressed a se pieptna to comb Cele mai fecvente verbe reflexive sunt: TO AMUSE ONESELF, TO CUT ONESELF, TO ENJOY ONESELF, TO HELP ONESELF, TO HURT ONESELF, TO INTRODUCE ONESELF, TO WASH ONESELF etc. NOT: BY + PRONUME REFLEXIV are nelesul de SINGUR. Ex. I live by myself. (I live alone.) APLICAII 26. Completai cu pronume reflexive: 1. She doesnt live by . She lives with friends. 2. He usually buys one for me and one for . 3. Please dress . Its very late! 4. Help to cake and tea! 5. Please make at home! 6. I dont need any help. I want to do it . - 30 -

7. She cut while peeling potatoes. 8. She looks at in the mirror. 9. My sons prefer to do their homework by . 10. We hurt .. while climbing that rocky mountain.

Lecia 11. PRONUMELE RECIPROCE (The Reciprocal Pronouns)

Pronumele reciproce sunt: EACH OTHER (unul pe altul/cellalt; una pe alta/cealalt) i ONE ANOTHER (unii pe alii; unele pe altele). n general, este comun acceptat c EACH OTHER se refer la dou persoane, n timp ce ONE ANOTHER la mai mult de dou. De multe ori ns, ele se nlocuiesc reciproc. Ex. The twins look very much like each other. (Gemenii seamn mult). The members of this family always help one another. (Cei din familia lor se ajut reciproc/unii pe alii). APLICAII 27. Subliniai i traducei pronumele reciproce din enunurile urmtoare: 1. We are not afraid of each other. 2. The two friends count on each other. 3. They like speaking of one another. 4. They look at each other and start laughing. 5. They consider each other very intelligent. 6. My cousin says that he and his brother are helping each other a lot. 7. They write to each other quite often.

Lecia 12. PRONUMELE RELATIVE (The Relative Pronouns)

Pronumele relative sunt invariabile n gen i numr i introduc o subordonat relativ, putnd avea funcia de subiect sau complement. Pronumele relative cu funcia de subiect sunt: WHO (pentru persoane), WHICH (pentru lucruri) i THAT (pentru persoane sau lucruri). Ex. the man who/that speaks English (brbatul care vorbete englezete) the woman who/that understands Chinese (femeia care nelege chineza) the people who/that pay on the spot (oamenii/cei care pltesc pe loc) the car which/that is parked (maina care e parcat) the cars which/that are parked (mainile care sunt parcate) Pronumele relativ cu funcia de complement sau atribut are aproximativ aceleai forme: WHO (sau WHOM + PREPOZIIE) pentru persoane i WHICH pentru lucruri. Ex. the girl whom I saw (fata pe care am vzut-o) the girl to whom I spoke (fata cu care am vorbit) the house which he built (casa pe care a construit-o) Uneori, pronumele cu funcie de complement se omite: Ex. the girl I saw the girl I spoke to the house he built Pentru exprimarea posesiei se folosete WHOSE pentru persoane i WHOSE sau WHICH + PREPOZIIE pentru lucruri. - 31 -

Ex. the people whose names appear on the list (oamenii/persoanele/cei ale cror nume apar pe list) the tree whose bark/the bark of which is diseased (arborele a crui scoar e afectat de boal) NOT: CEEA CE are ca echivalent n limba englez WHAT (atunci cnd anun ceea ce urmeaz) i WHICH (atunci cnd CEEA CE reia ceva ce l-a precedat). Ex. what I want to say is that (ceea ce vreau s spun este c ) He denied it, which doesnt surprise me. (A negat, ceea ce nu m surprinde.) APLICAII 28. Completai urmtoarele propoziii cu WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, WHICH sau THAT: 1. He makes no mistakes makes nothing. 2. The man to I speak is my brother. 3. The girl mother is ill has got a day off. 4. I like to help those I love and I know love me. 5. The aspen is a poplar tree has especially tremulous leaves. 6. Any plant produces some sort of flower is a flowering plant. 7. Do you know Catherine works for? 8. The forest probationer, seems very young, has a very good reputation.

Lecia 13. PRONUMELE NEHOTRTE I ADJECTIVELE CORESPONDENTE (Indefinite Pronouns and Their Adjectival Counterparts)
Din categoria nehotrtelor fac parte: pronumele cantitative i adjectivele partitive (SOME, ANY, NO), adjectivele i pronumele distributive (EACH, EVERY, ALL, BOTH, EITHER, NEITHER) etc. n general, ele exprim cantitatea, numrul nedefinit, varietatea etc. Pronumele (cantitative) SOME, ANY i NONE nlocuiesc substantive la plural sau nenumrabile la singular. SOME se folosete n propoziii afirmative, n ntrebri (atunci cnd se ateapt ca rspunsul s fie afirmativ) i n oferte, invitaii sau cereri. Ex. There are deer in the park. We saw some today. (Sunt cerbi n parc. Am vzut civa astzi) The coffee is ready. Would you like some? (Cafeaua e gata. Vrei/vrei(puin)?) NOT: SOME ca pronume se folosete i cu sensul de UNII sau ALII. Ex. Some say yes, some say no. (Unii spun da, alii spun nu). Cuvinte compuse cu SOME: SOMEBODY, SOMEONE cineva SOMETHING ceva SOMEHOW, SOMEWHAT cumva SOMEWHERE undeva ANY se folosete n propoziii negative i interogative. Ex. I painfully need money but I dont have any. - 32 -

Arent there any in the fridge? NOT: ANY ntr-o propoziie afirmativ are sensul de ORICARE. Ex. Any of us is available on Monday. (Oricare dintre noi e disponibil lunea.) Cuvinte compuse cu ANY: ANYBODY, ANYONE oricine, oricare ANYTHING orice ANYHOW oricum ANYWHERE - oriunde

NONE se folosete n propoziii afirmative pentru a exprima negaia. Ex. If these are the kinds of fruit you want to give me, Id rather have none. (Dac acestea sunt fructele pe care vrei s mi le dai, a prefera s nu iau nici unul) NOT: Alt ntrebuinare: None of us care about the matter. (Nici dintre noi nu-i pas de aceast chestiune) Din categoria pronumelor cantitative mai fac parte: MUCH, MANY, LITTLE i FEW. Dintre acestea, MANY i FEW nlocuiesc substantive numrabile, iar MUCH i LITTLE nlocuiesc substantive nenumrabile. Ex. Many are called but few are chosen. (Muli (sunt) chemai, (dar) puini (sunt) alei.) He doesnt spend much. In fact, he spends little. (Nu cheltuiete mult. De fapt, chiar foarte puin) NOTE: 1. MUCH i MANY se folosesc n mod normal n propoziii negative i interogative. n propoziii afirmative se folosete mai ales A LOT/LOTS sau A GREAT DEAL. Ex. Her husband usually earns a great deal. Do you have any grammar books? Yes, I buy lots. 2. MUCH i MANY se pot combina cu HOW. Ex. How much does it cost? (Ct cost?) How many have you got? (Ci/cte ai?) Pronumele distributive sunt: EACH, ALL, EVERYTHING, EVERYONE/EVERYBODY, BOTH, EITHER, NEITHER. EACH (fiecare dintre ei/ele) este folosit cu verbe la singular. Ex. Each (of them/us/you) chooses the colour he prefers. (Fiecare dintre ei/noi/voi alege ce culoare vrea). ALL (toi, toate) este urmat de verbe la plural. Ex. All (of you) are welcome. (Toi/toate suntei binevenii/binevenite.) EVERYONE, EVERYBODY (toi, toat lumea) i EVERYTHING (tot, toate lucrurile) se folosesc cu verbe la singular. Ex. Everybody/everyone is present. (Toat lumea e prezent/toi sunt prezeni.) BOTH (cei doi/cele dou, amndoi/amndou) poate fi sau nu urmat de OF: Ex. Both (of them) are forest engineers. (Amndoi sunt ingineri silvici.) NOT: ALL i BOTH sunt plasate uneori naintea verbului pentru a ntri subiectul pronominal: Ex. You all are very kind to me. - 33 -

We both prefer tea to coffee. Pronumele distributiv EITHER are nelesul unul dintre cei doi, iar NEITHER nici unul dintre cei doi. Ex. Either/neither (of you) is good. (Oricare/nici unul din voi (nu) este bun). Pronumele ONE are sensul: unul, una, un singur, o singur, un/o oarecare. Ex. I would like a red one. (A dori unul/una roie). Aproape toate pronumele enumerate mai sus pot fi folosite adjectival, determinnd un substantiv sau nlocuitor al acestuia; unele dintre ele sunt ntrebuinate i ca adverb sau conjuncie. Ca adjectiv, SOME se poate traduce prin: VREUN , VREO, CEVA, NITE, CIVA, CTEVA, CTVA, CEVA, UNII sau UNELE, ntr-o propoziie afirmativ. Uneori, SOME se folosete i n ntrebri la care se ateapt un rspuns afirmativ: Ex. I want to buy some sugar and some sweets. Would you like some cake? Adjectivul ANY se traduce prin: VREUN, VREO, CEVA, CIVA, CTEVA, NITE, UNII, UNELE ntr-o propoziie interogativ sau negativ: Ex. Have you got any news? I havent got any money. Adjectivul NO este echivalentul lui NONE i are sensul de NICI UN, NICI O, DELOC. Ex. He gives no details. Cuvinte compuse cu NO: NOBODY/NO ONE nimeni NOTHING nimeni NOWHERE nicieri

NOT: Adjectivele SOME, ANY i NO sunt adesea numite partitive. Adjectivele cantitative MANY i FEW se folosesc cu substantive numrabile, iar MUCH i LITTLE cu substantive nenumrabile. Ex. many newspapers; few inhabitants much happiness; little concern EACH (fiecare dintre ei/ele) poate fi, de asemenea, folosit adjectival: Ex. Each child receives a prize. Each flower has a different colour. ALL (tot, toat, toi, toate) se aaz ntotdeauna naintea articolului hotrt i poate fi folosit adjectival sau adverbial. Ex. all the people (toat lumea) She is all upset. (E foarte tulburat) EVERY poate nsemna considerai mpreun sau considerai separat. El urmeaz de obicei unui substantiv la singular i este corespondentul lui ALL (la plural). Ex. Every girl has a white ribbon. (Fiecare fat are o panglic alb.) Every citizen is vaccinated. (Toi cetenii sunt vaccinai.) We meet every day. (Ne ntlnim n fiecare zi.) - 34 -

We meet every other day. (Ne ntlnim o dat la dou zile/la ficare dou zile.) BOTH mai poate fi, n afar de pronume, adjectiv i conjuncie. El se folosete nototdeauna fr articolul THE. Ex. Both books are worth reading. (Ambele cri merit s fie citite.) It is both harmful and illegal. (E i duntor, i ilegal.) EITHER ca adjectiv are sensul oricare din cei doi/din cele dou; ca adverb nseamn aproximativ nici, iar n construcia conjunctival EITHER OR , se traduce prin fie , fie , sau , sau , ori , ori . Ex. Either choice is fine. (Oricare alegere e bun.) I dont believe you either. (Nici eu nu te/v cred.) You can either leave or stay. (Poi pleca sau rmne.) NEITHER (nici unul, nici cellalt) este forma negativ a lui EITHER, pe care l poate nlocui n oricare dintre funcii, cu excepia adverbului, atunci cnd este vorba de o negaie. Ex. Neither dress is suitable for the party. (Nici una dintre rochii nu e potrivit pentru petrecere.) Neither children nor animals are admitted. (Nici copiii, nici animalele nu sunt admise.) Adjectivul ONE nseamn unul, una, un singur, o singur, un/o oarecare. Ex. a one-way ticket (un bilet dus) I know one Mr. Thompson. (Cunosc un oarecare domn Thompson.) WHOLE poate fi folosit ca adjectiv (ntregul, ntreaga, tot, toat), la fel ca ENTIRE, sau ca substantiv (ansamblu, tot, ntreg). Ex. the whole/entire country (ntreaga ar) How much for the whole? (Ct face totul?) REZUMAT PRONUME I ADJECTIVE NEHOTRTE SOME - adjectiv: Some people are in favour of this decision. - pronume: Give me some! ANY adjectiv: Do you have any news? - pronume: Any of us can do it. NO adjectiv: He has no money on him. NONE pronume: None of us know about it. ALL adjectiv: All the people are present. - pronume: Alls well that ends well. - adverb: She is all upset. BOTH adjectiv: Both possibilities are worth considering. - pronume: I want both of them. - conjuncie: It is both useless and dangerous.

- 35 -

EACH adjectiv: Each day he calls me. - pronume: Each of us has got a handbook. EITHER adjectiv: Either language is good. - adverb: I dont believe you either. - conjuncie: Its either this or that. - pronume: I can tell this to either of them. NEITHER adjectiv: Neither language is good. - conjuncie: Neither her son nor her daughter help her. - pronume: Neither of them is available. EVERY adjectiv: Every step you take, Im behind you. ONE adjectiv: I know one Mr. Thompson. - pronume: Get me the blue one! MULT, MULT MUCH + SINGULAR MULI, MULTE MANY + PLURAL MUCH i MAY se pot nlocui cu: A LOT OF, A GOOD DEAL OF, PLENTY OF. CT, CT HOW MUCH + SINGULAR CI, CTE HOW MANY + PLURAL PUIN, PUIN LITTLE + SINGULAR PUINI, PUINE FEW + PLURAL ATTA, ATT DE MULT SO (AS) MUCH + SINGULAR ATIA, ATTEA SO (AS) MANY + PLURAL ATT DE PUIN/PUIN SO (AS) LITTLE + SINGULAR ATT DE PUINI/PUINE SO (AS) FEW + PLURAL PREA MULT/MULT TOO MUCH + SINGULAR PREA MULI/MULTE TOO MANY + PLURAL MAI MULT/MULT/MULI/MULTE .. MORE + SINGULAR/PLURAL NU MAI MULT () NO MORE (LEFT) NOT ANY MORE (LEFT)

APLICAII 29. Alegei rspunsul corect: 1. There are two plays to choose from. Which would you like to see? a) ones b) some c) one 2. Is there any news for me? Yes, there is . a) one b) some c) ones 3. Do one of these tasks. Which is the easiest ? a) one b) ones c) some 4. They have a few houses for sale. I choose the smallest . a) one - 36 -

b) some c) ones 5. Do you have enough strength to bring it here? Well, I have , but not too much. a) some b) one c) ones 30. Completai cu SOME sau ANY: 1. Theyve got trees in the garden. 2. Are there armchairs in the living-room? 3. Have I got e-mails this morning? 4. Do you have brothers in this school? 5. Have apples, please. 31. Completai cu MUCH sau MANY: 1. He doesnt have money. 2. Does she take interest in it? 3. I havent time. 4. Are there students absent today? 5. He doesnt know English. 6. How does this book cost? 32. Folosii FEW sau A FEW, LITTLE sau A LITTLE pentru a completa urmtoarele propoziii: 1. He is very ill, there is hope for him. 2. There are apples in the bowl, help yourself to some. 3. He cant afford it as he has money left. 4. people admit they are wrong. 5. He has friends willing to help him. 33. Subliniai cuvntul corect: 1. There are none/no messages on the answering machine. 2. Sorry, I cant hear either/neither of you properly. 3. I cant come at the weekend. Im busy both days/every day. 4. I cant see no/any solution to the problem, Im afraid. 5. If you have any/some problems, let me help you. 6. Now I want each/every of you to fill in these forms. 7. She doesnt have much/many money. 34. Folosii expresiile urmtoare pentru a aproxima valorile de mai jos: NONE OF THEM, MOST OF THEM, A FEW OF THEM, MANY OF THEM, SOME OF THEM, ALL OF THEM. 1. 0% 2. 5-25% 3. 25-50% 4. 50-75% 5. 75-95% 6. 100% 35. Rescriei a doua propoziie n aa fel nct s aib un sens similar cu prima. Folosii cuvintele din parantez. 1. The hotels are both unsuitable. (neither) - 37 -

 is suitable. 2. The two proposals are interesting. (both) are interesting. 3. These items of furniture arent expensive. (none) is expensive. 4. Not everybody listens to him. (all) listen to him. 5. We only want our wages. (all) is our wages.

Lecia 14. PRONUMELE INTEROGATIVE (Interrogative Pronouns)

Pronumele interogative sunt: WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, WHAT, WHICH. Ele se folosesc dup cum urmeaz: subiect complement posesiv persoane WHO WHICH WHOM, WHO WHICH WHOSE lucruri WHAT WHICH WHAT WHICH

Fiind invariabile, pronumele interogative au o singur form pentru singular, plural, masculin sau feminin: Ex. Who is that man? Who are these girls? Cnd WHO, WHAT, WHOSE i WHICH sunt subiectul unei propoziii, verbul este la afirmativ: Ex. Who judges? (Cine judec?) What happened? (Ce s-a ntmplat?) Whose is that gun? (A cui este arma aceea?) Which (one) belongs to him? (Care (dintre ei/ele) i aparine?) Cnd WHO, WHOM, WHAT, WHOSE, WHICH sunt complementul unei propoziii, verbul este la interogativ. n acest caz, ordinea cuvintelor este urmtoarea: CUVNT INTEROGATIV + AUXILIAR + SUBIECT + VERB Ex. Who(m) do you prefer? (Pe care-l/o preferi?) What have you got there? (Ce ai acolo?) Which (one) does does he want? (Pe care l/o vrea?) Atunci cnd au funcia de complement prepoziional, pronumele interogative transfer de obicei prepoziiile la sfritul propoziiei. Ex. In what are you interested? (De ce eti interesat?) What are you interested in? To which of you does he send letters? (Cruia dintre voi i trimite scrisori?) Which of you does he send letters to? NOTE: 1. WHICH se folosete ntr-un context cu alegere limitat. n rest se folosete WHAT: Ex. What do you see? (Ce vezi?) Which one do you see? (Pe care dintre ei/ele l/o vezi?) 2. WHAT i WHICH sunt folosite i ca adjective interogative, pstrnd aceleai diferene: - 38 -

Ex. What kind of books do you like? (Ce fel de cri i plac?) Which book do you like? (Care carte i place?) O categorie aparte o constituie adverbele interogative.i acestea se folosesc in intrebri, drept pentru care poziia lor este la nceput, naintea auxiliarului, subiectului i verbului principal. Ex. When do you think this might be over? Where does he teach? Why do you cry so much? How do you spell your name? How old is he? How much is this? How often do you go dancing? 3. WHAT + BE ? i WHAT + BE LIKE ? sunt ntrebri diferite: Ex. What is Mr. Parker? Hes a lawyer. What is Mr. Parker like? Hes short and arrogant. RECAPITULARE I APLICAII: 36. Completai cu pronume interogative: 1. do you find easier to learn, English or French? 2. of the two players do you like better? 3. is he, do you suppose? 4. is the number of the your house? 5. is the result? 37. Alctuii dou ntrebri pentru fiecare propoziie: 1. We see our daughter twice a week. Whom ? Who ? 2. Their son hates piano lessons. Who ? What ? 3. Helen says she disagrees. Who ? What ? 4. They always argue with him. Who ? Whom ? 38. Alctuii ntrebri din cuvintele de mai jos: 1. Who/love/they? 2. Which/she/prefer? 3. What/your son/for a living? 4. What/mother/usually/make for breakfast? 5. Who/order/pizza? 39. Citii cu atenie textul urmtor i formulai ntrebri referitoare la cuvintele scrise cu italice. If you want to buy a new car, you have to think about many things. Money is, of course, one of them. But now you dont have to pay in cash. You can get a car on instalments, which is much better for you. You go to a car dealer and choose the car - 39 -

you want to have. You pay a deposit, and drive the car. Then you must pay monthly instalments for four or five years. If you pay all the money, the car is yours, and you can sell it to buy another one. On instalments, of course. 1. What ? 2. How ? 3. Where ? 4. What ? 5. What ? 6. What ? 7. When ? 40. Completai dup model : 1. Johns mother is Barbara. (possessives) 2. Her sisters married. (contractions) 3. Barbaras husband is Philip. 4. Peters family is quite big. 5. Alices her brothers wife. 41. Punei apostroful la locul corect. My parents names are Michael and Georgiana. My fathers a journalist and my mothers unemployed. Ive got two brothers and a sister. My brothers names are Ethan and Shane. My sisters names Beverly. Shes married to Sean. Shes a teacher and hes a banker. 42. Parafrazai urmtoarele cuvinte: Ex: aunt = my mothers sister or my fathers sister Uncle Cousin Grandfather Grandmother 43. Alegei cuvntul corect: 1.Theyre/there from London. 2.Their/there children are at school. 3.Theyre/their not at home. 4.There/theyre arent any mirrors in this room. 5.Theyre/their house is quite large. 6.There/their are two doors. 44. Dintre toi membrii familiei tale, care este: a. the oldest b. the smartest c. the tallest d. the most talented e. the most ambitious f. the richest 45. Dintre mijloacele de transport, care este: a. the cheapest b. the most comfortable c. the least comfortable d. the most expensive e. the least dangerous - 40 -

f. the fastest g. the most enjoyable h. the most modern 46. Transformai urmtoarele expresii n adjective compuse i derivate: ex: a girl with fair hair a fair-haired girl a pullover made by hand a handmade pullover a film having meaning a meaningful film 1. a student who works hard 2. a man with blue eyes 3. a driver who does not take care 4. a blouse with short sleeves 5. a woman who looks good 6. a tree which is a hundred years old 7. a woman with a kind heart 8. a story which breaks the heart 9. a man who has courage 10. a man with a red face 47. Traducei in limba romn: FIGURES OF SPEECH a. As pretty as a picture as ugly as a sin As sour as lemon - as happy as a grin As brave as a lion - as shy as a fox As weak as a kitten - as strong as an ox As thin as a shadow - as solid as a brick As hungry as a bear - as full as a tick As heavy as lead - as light as a feather As steady as a rock - as uncertain as the weather As hot as an oven - as cold as ice As rich as Croesus - as poor as churchmice As blind as a bat - as deaf as a post As cool as a cucumber - as warm as a toast As brittle as glass - as tough as gristle As neat as a pin - as clean as a whistle As dull as a dishwasher - as bright as a button As generous as the day is long as greedy as a glutton. (FUN WITH ENGLISH, USIS ,1989) b. 1. John is as busy as a bee. 2. I think he is as firm as a rock. 3. He is as brave as a lion. 4. My cousin is as happy as a king. . 5. Sometimes he is as mute as a fish. 6. Her face is as red as a rose. 7. Waiting for the verdict he is as silent as a grave. 8. This boy is as gentle as a lamb. 48. Family Tree Cele 14 persoane de mai jos formeaz 7 cupluri. Din informaiile care v sunt date, aflai care sunt acestea. Observai c sunt trei generaii ale aceleiai familii. Alec is Carols nephew and Leonards cousin. Betty is Leonards mother and Margarets sister-in-law. - 41 -

Carol is Edwins daughter and Margarets sister-in-law. Donald is Garys brother-in-law and Alecs uncle. Edwin is Ivys grandfather and Margarets father-in-law. Fiona is Carols mother and Alecs grandmother. Gary is Hollys son-in-law and Neils brother-in-law. Holly is Bettys mother-in-law and Leonards grandmother. Ivy is Garys niece and Donalds daughter-in-law. Jeremy is Donalds father and Gordons father-in-law. Katherine is Garys daughter-in-law and Margarets daughter-in-law. Leonard is Jeremys grandson and Donalds son. Margaret is Leonards aunt and Fionas daughter-in-law. Neil is Ivys father and Fionas son-in-law. 49. Formai propoziii scurte despre membrii familiei voastre. 50. Gsii n coloana B corespondent pentru numele de animale din coloana A A 1.cow 2.dog 3.horse 4.duck 5.hen 6.lion 7.sheep 8.goat 9.cat 10.pig 11.insects 12.butterflies B 1. kid 2. duckling 3. cub 4. lamb 5. puppy 6. caterpillar 7. calf 8. colt 9. kitten 10.piglet 11.chick(en) 12.larva

51. Traducei in limba romn: Dear Cinderella, Your jobs for tonight: Sweep the chimney, scrub the floors, beat the carpets, hoover the stairs, dust the furniture, polish the silver, make the beds, change the sheets, tidy the house, dig the garden, clean out the fireplace, empty the rubbish, wash our underwear, mend the socks, darn the shirts, iron the laundry, cook the supper, do the washing-up, dry the dishes, put them away. Dont wait up for us .We might be late home. The Ugly Sisters (Guy Wellman - Wordbuilder) 52. Plasai urmtoarele substantive n coloana corespunztoare: bark, beak, bleat, buzz, cage, chirp, claw, cluck, den, feather, fur, hiss, hive, hoof, horn, howl, hutch, kennel, mane, neigh, nest, paw, pouch, purr, roar, scales, shell, skin, squeak, stable, sty, tentacle, tusk, whiskers, wing, wool, zoo. Animal Habitat Animal Sound Animal Coat - 42 Animal Body

53. Punei urmtoarele cuvinte i expresii n grupuri n funcie de verbul cu care se potrivesc (MAKE, DO, GO, HAVE). Unele cuvinte se folosesc cu dou dintre verbe: a try, shopping, your best, a decision, money, a cake, a lot of work, well, dinner, the shopping, war, an attempt, friends, the beds, a swim, housework, swimming, (for) a walk, a go, on holiday,the washing up, skiing, nothing. make do go have 54. Completai cu MAKE sau LET: 1. Some parents their children eat things they dont like. 2. Please me know if anything changes. 3. My boss me have lunch whenever I like. 4. That teacher his students work very hard. 55. Formai cuvinte compuse: A pocket youth junk post shop department shoe Ex: pocket-money 56. Completai cu MAKE sau HAVE: 1. I intend to German lessons. 2. Do you mind if I a quick phone call? 3. I always a shower in the morning. 4. He always mistakes in writing. 57. Folosii MAKE sau DO n propoziiile de mai jos : 1. Mother .a cake every Saturday. 2. Please, dont a mess! 3. Please sit down andyourself at home! 4. Their aunt likes to .a crossword puzzle in her spare time. 5. He his best to enough money for his family. 6. Its easy to .. mistakes in this exercise. 7. She prefers the beds to .. the dishes. 8. In their family, it is the grandfather who .. the rules. 9. Never . plans before talking to me first. 10. He is too shy to .. a speech in front of so many people. - 43 B hostel store office shop assistant money food

58. Completai a doua propoziie n aa fel nct s aib un sens similar cu prima. 1. John is a better game-keeper than George. Georges notJohn. 2. I usually eat less than Michael. I dont Michael. 3. No one in the team has better communication skills than him. He has in the team. 4. The baby looks fatter this week than last. The baby looks .. every week 59. Traducei in limba englez: 1. Bagajele lui sunt mult mai grele dect ale mele. 2. i este foarte greu s aleag singur articole de mobil. 3. Vetile pe care mi le aduci nu sunt tocmai plcute. 4. Bugetul pentru amenajarea pdurilor de anul acesta este mai mare dect cel de anul trecut. 5. D-mi un exemplu de animal duntor pdurii! 6. Informaiile cu privire la delictele silvice sunt inexacte. 7. Cele mai simple plante din regnul vegetal sunt bacteriile unicelulare i algele. 8. A dori nite trandafiri cu tulpini lungi, v rog. 9. Pe scurt, ecologia este o tiin care ne ajut s inelegem relaiile dintre mediu i vieuitoarele acestuia. 10. Spune-le s nu mai ipe! 11. Care este grupa cu cel mai mic numr de studeni? 12. Cine are cel mai mic numr de ani din familia ta? 13. Cine cheltuie cel mai puin din familia ta? 14. Cum ajung pe Strada Florilor? 15. Mergei vara pe litoral? 16. Nici unul dintre ei nu tie adevrul. 17. tii cumva numrul ei de telefon? 18. Nu sta n picioare, ia loc, te rog! 19. Ce culoare are maina vecinei tale? 20. Care cas e a ta? 21. Cine tie lecia? 22. Ce faci tu la serviciu? 23. Care este numele ei de domnioar? Dar prenumele? 24. Care este numele lui de familie? Dar de botez? 25. Cine l ajut? 26. Ce bei tu dimineaa? 27. Care carte este a ta? 28. Care dintre cele dou cri este a ei? 29. Care dintre cele dou portofele este al meu? 30. Ce zi este astzi? 31. tii cine sunt ei? 32. Ai vreun prieten cu care s vorbeti? 33. Vezi vreun om pe strad? 34. O albin moart nu face miere. - 44 -

35. Este mult lapte in frigider. 36. Ct vrei? 37. Cte vrei? 38. Nu tie prea multe dar e puin cam arogant. 39. Casa aceea alb este a prietenei mele, iar cea de alturi este a mea. 40. Dimineaa suntei la lucru sau acas? 41. Ei nu sunt ingineri, ei sunt bancheri. 42. Ci ani are? 43. Suntei de serviciu astzi? 44. Suntei ceteni britanici? 45. Nu e prea comod s atepi la vam. 46. Toi prietenii mei sunt romni! 47. Nu suntei la coal? 48. Imi pare ru c am ntrziat. 49. Ai dreptate, tatl lui nu este medic, ci agent imobiliar. 50. Care este diferena dintre un translator si un interpret? 51. Care sunt atribuiile unui decan? 52. Eti ocupat? 53. Ce meserie avei ? Cu ce v ocupai? 54. Directorul acestei companii este un bun vorbitor de limba englez. 55. Fratele meu i spal singur cmile. 56. Colega mea este un bun organizator, dar eu nu sunt. 57. Nu-mi amintesc numele lor. 58. Amintete-mi s le dau un telefon! 59. Vorbete-mi despre tine. 60. De ce nu vrei s urmezi nici un sfat? 61. Cum arat fiul lor? 62. Asta e a mea, cealalt e a ta. 63. Amndoi seamn cu mama lor. 64. Unde locuieti? 65. M tem c ninge. 66. Fiecare dintre noi are nevoie de puin sare dar nici pe departe att de mult ct mnnc unii. 67. Folosete mai puin sare i zahr n mncare! 60. a) Completai urmtorul tabel: CONIFEROUS Ash Birch Elm Fir Larch Maple Oak Pine Spruce Willow DECIDUOUS X EVERGREEN

b) Analizai urmtoarele grupe de arbori dup modelul: Model: [ash, birch] Neither of them is coniferous. They are both deciudous. - 45 -

[elm, fir] One of them/the former is deciduous and the other/the latter is evergreen. [fir , larch] [maple, oak] [pine, willow] [larch, spruce] 61. Formulai ntrebri la care s rspund cuvintele n bold: 1. Last year grew fewer species of oak in these areas. 2. They dont understand what you want to say. 3. She doesnt even consider coming to the meeting because she is not well. 4. They usually travel by train. 5. Nobody leaves the room until the meeting ends.

TEST AUTOEVALUARE 1. (1p.) Traducei n limba englez: a. ziarul de ieri b. prerea profesorilor c. blana ursului d. copacii din padure 2. (3p.) Traducei in limba englez: a) bun mai bun mai puin bun cel mai bun la fel de bun ca din ce n ce mai bun b) sntos mai sntos mai important cel mai important cel mai ru din ce n ce mai ru

3. (1p.) Traducei in limba englez: a. a face cumprturi b. a lua o decizie c. a lua prnzul d. a merge ntr-o excursie e. a merge la plimbare 4. (1p.) Trecei la negativ i interogativ: a. He is very good at English. - 46 -

b. He makes mistakes in writing. 5. (4p.) Traducei in limba englez: a. De ci bani ai nevoie? b. Mtua lor e mai n vrst dect a noastr. c. Oriunde te-ai duce, adu-i aminte de sfaturile mele. d. Ai aici doi brazi: unul argintiu i unul alb.

- 47 -

PARTEA A DOUA - UP AND DOWN THE WAY

Lecia 15. NUMERALUL (The Numeral)
n subcapitolul dedicat numeralului vor fi abordate numeralul cardinal i ordinal, urmate de o scurt prezentare a numeralului: fracional, multiplicativ, distributiv, precum i de referiri succinte la uniti de msur i exprimare a timpului i a vrstei n limba englez. Numeralul Cardinal (The Cardinal Numeral) Numeralul cardinal se folosete pentru a exprima un numr exact de lucruri, obiecte, fiine, situaii etc. Formele acestuia sunt urmtoarele: 0 - zero, nought, oh, love, nil 1 one 2 two 3 three 4 four 5 five 6 six 7 seven 8 eight 9 nine 10 ten 11 eleven 12 twelve 13 thirteen 14 fourteen 15 fifteen 16 sixteen 17 seventeen 18 eighteen 19 nineteen 20 - twenty 21 twenty-one 22 twenty-two 23 twenty-three 29 twenty-nine 30 thirty 40 forty 50 fifty 60 sixty 70 seventy 80 eighty 90 ninety 100 one hundred 101 - one hundred and one 105 one hundred and five 125 one hundred and twenty-five 200 two hundred 201 two hundred and one 1,000 one thousand 1,001 one thousand and one - 48 -

1,484 one thousand four hundred and eighty-four 2,010 two thousand and ten 10,000 ten thousand 100,000 one hundred thousand 1,000,000 one million 5,000,000 five million 1,000,000,000 one billion Observaii: 1. Dup cum se poate observa, cifra 0 are mai multe denumiri care vor fi folosite n funcie de context. Astfel, ZERO se ntlnete mai ales n engleza american, de obicei n matematic, fizic sau pentru indicarea temperaturii. n engleza britanic, zero matematic se numete NOUGHT. Cnd apare n numere de telefon (citite cifr cu cifr), zero se va pronuna [o]. Celelalte denumiri se folosesc pentru a exprima scoruri n jocuri pe echipe (NIL), respectiv n tenis (LOVE). 2. Cu excepia numeralelor cardinale 11 (eleven) i 12 (twelve), urmtoarele numerale pn la 19 inclusiv se formeaz din uniti + terminaia TEEN (cu modificri ortografice i fonetice la 13 si 15) THREE THIRTEEN FOURFOURTEEN FIVEFIFTEEN SIXSIXTEEN SEVEN SEVENTEEN EIGHTEIGHTEEN NINENINETEEN Sufixul TEEN la plural are valoare substantival : Ex. He is still in his teens. Reinei de asemenea substantivele compuse TEENAGE i TEENAGER. 3. Numeralele din zece n zece de la 20 la 90 se formeaz din uniti +terminatia-TY (cu unele modificri): TWOTWENTY THREETHIRTY FOURFORTY FIVEFIFTY SIXSIXTY SEVENSEVENTY EIGHTEIGHTY NINENINETY 4. Numeralele care exprim zecile pot avea i form de plural: Ex: tens of shops (zeci de magazine) the eighties (decada 80-89) to count by tens (a numra din 10 n 10) 5. ntre zeci i uniti se folosete ntotdeauna o liniu de unire: Ex: twenty-five, seventy-eight 6. HUNDRED i THOUSAND sunt legate prin conjuncia AND de numeralele care urmeaz. Ex. 1,002 one thousand and two 438 four hundred and thirty-eight 7. Numeralele HUNDRED, THOUSAND i MILLION nu se folosesc la plural cnd sunt folosite adjectival (300 - three hundred, 4,000 - four thousand, 5,000,000 five million); ele primesc S numai cnd au un neles nedefinit (thousands and thousands of people - mii i mii de oameni).

- 49 -

8. n scris, desprirea ntre mii i milioane se face prin virgul (7,850 ; 2,500,000). 9. Pentru a exprima vrsta ntr-un mod mai elegant, se poate ntrebuina numeralul cardinal corespunztor zecilor, la plural, precedat de una din urmtoarele diviziuni: EARLY-, MID-, sau LATE-. Ex: I am 21. I am in the early-twenties. She is 35. She is in her mid-thirties. He is 48 .He is in his late-forties. 10. Numeralele cardinale sunt cele folosite n calcule, dup cum urmeaz: adunare (addition) 6+4=10 six plus four equals ten six and four is/are ten scdere (subtraction) 10-3=7 ten minus three is seven three from ten is seven ten take away three is seven nmulire (multiplication) 5x7=35five multiplied by seven equals thirty-five five times seven is thirty-five five sevens are thirty-five mprire (division) 12:4=3twelve divided by four equals three twelve divided by four is three 12:5=2(rest 2) twelve divided by five is 2, remainder 2 ridicare la putere (powers) 3=27three to the power three is twenty-seven extragerea rdcinii (roots) 25=5the square root of twenty-five is five 27=3cube root of twenty-seven is three Numeralul Ordinal (The Ordinal Numeral) Numeralul ordinal se ntrebuineaz pentru a identifica sau indica un lucru n cadrul unei serii sau succesiuni i are urmtoarele forme: Numeral Ordinal the first the second the third the fourth the twenty-first twenty-second the twenty-third the twenty-fourth the thirtieth the thirty-first the fortieth the fiftieth the sixtieth the seventieth the eightieth the ninetieth the one hundredth - 50 Forma contras the 1st the 2nd the 3rd the 4th the 21st the 22nd the 23rd the 24th the 30th the 31st the 40th the 50th the 60th the 70th the 80th the 90th the 100th

the one thousandth the one millionth

the 1,000th the 1,000,000th

Observaii 1. Numeralul ordinal este precedat de articolul THE i se formeaz prin adugarea terminaiei TH numeralului cardinal, excepie fcnd primele trei numerale i cele compuse cu ele (Ex: the first - primul; the second - al doilea/a doua; the third - al treilea/a treia; the twenty-first - al douzeciiunulea/a douzeciiuna). 2. n cazul numeralelor ordinale compuse numai ultimul termen primete terminaia TH (the one hundred and eighty-seventh). 3. n exprimarea datei, se folosete numeralul ordinal, iar pentru exprimarea anilor, cel cardinal (Ex. 27.09.1978 - the twenty-seventh of September nineteen seventyeight). Numeralul fracional (The Fractional Numeral) Numeralul fracional se prezint sub dou variante: fracional comun (common/vulgar fractions): 1/2 a (one) half; 3/4 - three fourths/quarters; 3/5- three fifths i fraciile decimale (decimal fraction): 12.05 - twelve point oh five/twelve point nought five). De remarcat faptul c n sistemul anglo-american se folosete punctul n loc de virgul. Numeralul Multiplicativ (The Multiplicative Numeral) Numeralul multiplicativ are urmtoarele forme: 1 x single,once 2 x double/twofold, twice 3 x triple/treble/threefold, three times 4 x fourfold, four times 10 x tenfold, tentimes 100 x - a hundredfold, a hundred times Aceste forme se folosesc pentru a arta proporia n care crete o cantitate sau se intensific o aciune. Ex: Its better to present an accurate fourfold classification of the materials. They have twice as many books. (Ei au de dou ori mai multe cri.) Numeralul Distributiv ( The Distributive Numeral) Acest numeral arat distribuia sau gruparea: Ex: They walk one by one/two by two/by twos/in twos. (cte unul/cte doi) Uniti de msur (Measurements) 1 inch = 2.54 centimetres 12 inches = 1 foot (pl. feet) = 0.3048 metre 3 feet = 1 yard = 0.9144 metre 3 miles = 4.83 kilometres 6 feet = 1 fathom (1 stnjen) = 185 centimetres 16 ouces = 1 pound (1 livr) = 453.59 grams 2,000 pounds = 1 ton (1 ton) = 907,18 kilograms 60 seconds() = 1 minute () 60 minutes = 1 degree ( ) (1 grad) 90 degrees = 1 right angle (1 unghi drept) 180 degrees = 1 straight angle (1 unghi de 180) 360 degrees = 1 circle (1 cerc) Ex: three pounds of flour - 51 -

five feet tall/in height a ten-ton lorry a two-hour outing an eight-inch ruler Exprimarea timpului (Expressing Time) 1.00: It is one oclock./It is one a.m./It is one oclock a. m./Its one oclock sharp. 2.05: Its five (minutes) past two. 3.10: Its ten (minutes) past three. 4.15: Its a quarter past four. 5.20: Its twenty (minutes) past five. 6.25: Its twenty-five (minutes) past six. 7.30: Its half past sevent. 8.35: Its twenty-five to nine. 9.40: Its twenty (minutes) to ten 10.45: Its a quarter to eleven. 11.50: Its ten (minutes) to twelve. 12.55: Its five (minutes) to one. 12.00: Its noon/midday/midnight. 23.15: Its a quarter past eleven at night/p.m. 15.00: Its three oclock in the afternoon/p.m 11.00: Its eleven oclock in the morning/a.m. sau 11.30 eleven thirty 12.45 twelve forty-five 8.05 eight oh five Exprimarea vrstei (Expressing Age) a) He is twenty-five. b) He is thirty years old. c) He has a twelve-year-old son. d)All the seven-year-olds go to school in September. e) My sister is a girl of eighteen. f) He has a daughter aged sixteen. g) She is in her teens. h) They are in their mid-sixties. i) I think she is over forty. j) Two of her children are under 6. k) All the students in this group are above the age of twenty-two. l) None of my students is below the age of eighteen. m) The over-eighteens are allowed to join the club. n) The under-fourteens do not have indentity cards.

RECAPITULARE NUMERALE Numr 1 Numeral cardinal One Numeral ordinal the first - 52 Numeral multiplicativ once Numeral distributiv one by one

2 3 4 5 APLICAII

Two

the second

twice

two by two/twos/in twos

62. Citii i scriei cu litere urmtoarele numerale: a) numbers (numere): 12; 15; 21; 36; 50; 75; 99; 101; 248; 735; 1,850; 3,500; 9,999; 78,352; 515,966; 777,777; 9,542,386; 430,779,828; b) hours (ore): 5.30; 7.45; 6.05; 11:12; 4:59; 12:55; 8:15; 10:00; 3:32; 2:01; c) years (ani): 1848; 1216; 1989; 2005; 1821; 1978; 1700; 2000; d) dates (date): 01.01.1950; 28.03.1969; 01.04.1975; 8.05.1981; 30.06.1987; 31.07.1992; 18.08.1999; 3.09.2000; 10.10.20002; 13.11.2004; 25.12.2007; e) telephone numbers (numere de telefon): 53.11.24; 25.34.86; 132.11.28; 166.74.36; 233.44.88. 63. Rspundei la urmtoarele ntrebri: 1. What time do you get up? 2. What time do you have breakfast? 3. What time do you go to work? 4. What time do you take a break? 5. What time do you get back home? 6. What time do you have dinner? 7. What time do you turn on your TV set? 8. What time do you go to bed? 9. How many students are there in your group? 10. How many times a semester do you come to courses? 11. How much do you pay for the courses? 12. How many courses a day do you have to attend? 13. When is your birthday? 14. When is your mothers birthday? 15. When is our national holiday? 16. When is the last school-day? 17. Whats the date tomorrow? 64. Completai urmtorul tabel: 12 12th 32nd 2/3 780 9.5 250,000 27.09.1978 75% 5 x 6 = 30 - 53 Twelve

25+75 = 100 20-6 = 14 65. Traducei n limba englez: 12 linguri 24 furculie 6 farfurioare 4 pahare de ou 64 farfurii 13 solnie 120 serveele 16 cuite 66. a. Citii urmtoarea list de responsabiliti: Secretary 8.00: Arrive at work. 8.15: Open the letters and read them. 8.30-10.00: Answer the letters. 10.00: Make coffee for the boss. 10.05-12.00: Speak on the phone. 12.00-12.00: Have lunch. 12.30-3.30: Read reports and type summaries. 3.30: Make coffee for the boss. 3.35-4.00: Prepare daily accounts. 4.00: Go home. Boss 10.00: Arrive at work. 10.05: Have coffee. 10.10-12.00: Make phone calls. 12.00-1.00: Have lunch with a client. 1.00-1.45: Meeting. 1.45-4.00: Check reports. 4.00-4.30: Check daily accounts. 4.30: Go home. b. Rspundei la urmtoarele ntrebri: 1. What time does the secretary/the boss arrive at work? 2. What time/ how many times does the boss have coffee? 3. What time does the boss go for lunch? 4. What time does the secretary/the boss go home? 67. Rspundei la urmtoarea ntrebare matematic: Four add two, divided by three, subtract one, multiply by eight, take away four, times three, plus two, minus four, halved, equals what? 68. Folosindu-v de un calendar pentru unul din anii 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, rspundei la urmtoarele ntrebri: 1. What day is the 2nd March? 2. What day is the 20th June? 3. What day is the 29th August? 4. What day is the 17th November? 5. What day is the 31st December? 6. What day is your birthday? 7. What day is the first Sunday in May? - 54 -

8. What day is the second Wednesday in July? 9. What date is the last Thursday of October? 10. What day is Christmas Eve? 69. Alegei dou sptmni de vacan. Scriei nceputul i data limit a perioadei. 70. Traducei n limba englez : 1. Sora ei are 15 ani. Este minor. 2. Cifra 13 poart ghinion. 3. Suntem 15 studeni n aceast grup. 4. Ea are treizeci i ceva de ani, iar el aproape 40. 5. Profesorul de botanic are cam 30 de ani. 6. Ci ani are? 7. Deschidei cartea la pagina 218 i citii exerciiile 9 i 11. 8. Este a treia oar. 9. A dori o jumtate de kilogram de piersici i dou kilograme de mere. 10. i scrie de dou ori pe zi. 11. Mii de microbiti urmresc meciul de astzi. 12. n anii 80 era renumit n toat lumea. 13. Intenioneaz s defrieze 2/3 din aceast suprafa. 14. 70% din suprafaa judeului e mpdurit. 15. n Marea Britanie, orele de curs sunt de obicei de la 9 dimineaa pn la 3 i jumtate sau 4 dup-mas.

Lecia 16. PREPOZIIA (The Preposition )

Prepoziia este partea de vorbire care leag diferite pri de vorbire de substantive sau substitutele acestora. Din punct de vedere al formei, prepoziiile pot fi: a) scurte (by, from, in, on, at) Ex. He usually comes by train. (De obicei vine cu trenul.) He comes from Scotland. (El (pro)vine din Scoia.) She is in the third room on the left. (E n a treia camer pe dreapta.) They go at the seaside every summer. (Ei merg pe litoral n fiecare var) b) compuse (into, inside, within) Ex. I have to go into town. (Trebuie s merg n ora.) Lets go inside the house! (S mergem n cas!) He has to deliver the report within 24 hours. (Trebuie s predea raportul n decurs de 24 de ore.) c) complexe (apart from, as for, because of, together with) Ex. Apart from being a hypocrite, he is also a fraud. (n afar de faptul c e ipocrit, mai e i escroc.) As for that poaching affair, I really do not know what to say. (Ct despre chestiunea braconajului, nu tiu ce s spun.) He failed because of not getting there on time. (A dat gre fiindc nu a ajuns acolo la timp.) On Sunday , she goes for a walk together with her family. (Duminica iese la plimbare mpreun cu familia ei.) d) expresii prepoziionale (by means of, in front of, in spite of) He measures the surfaces by means of a very complex instrument. (Msoar suprafeele cu ajutorul unui instrument complex.) There is a huge oak right in front of his house. (E un stejar uria chiar n faa casei lui.) - 55 -

In spite of his meanness, he is a nice person to talk to. (n ciuda meschinriei sale, e o persoan cu care e plcut s vorbeti.) Din punct de vedere semantic prepoziiile se mpart n dou categorii: una care indic locul i direcia, i alta care exprim timpul. Cele mai utilizate prepoziii spaiale sunt: ABOVE (deasupra), AMONG (printre), BEHIND (n spatele), BELOW (sub, de mai jos), BETWEEN (ntre - de obicei dou elemente), IN (in), IN FRONT OF (n faa), NEAR (lng), ON (pe), OPPOSITE (vizavi), UNDER (dedesubt),etc. Cele mai utilizate prepoziii temporale sunt AT i ON. Prepoziia ON preced zilele sptmnii sau exprim o anumit dat, iar prepoziia AT exprim o anumit or sau o anumit vrst. Ex. On Fridays she goes shopping. On August 15 they celebrate their wedding anniversary. The train leaves at 4 o clock. At 15 she is quite well-built. NOT: In limba englez exist un numr important de substantive, adjective i verbe care se folosesc numai cu anumite prepoziii (hunger for, pleased with, to listen to etc.).

WITH

TO

Satisfied

Married

Interested

Surrounded

IN

BY

ON Rely Listen - 56 Approve Deal

TO

APLICAII 71. Completai cu AT, IN sau ON: 1. There is nobody home. 2. His flat is the 3rd floor. 3. There are a lot of printing mistakes this page. 4. She has less than two dollars her pocket. 5. There are no badgers this wood. 6. We meet noon. 7. Her brother is still hospital. 8. The table is the middle of the room. 9. People never stay a queue here. 10. There is somebody the phone. 72. Completai cu prepoziiile potrivite: 1. I am not at all pleased her behaviour. 2. She is different her sister. 3. I am not accustomed life in a hotel. 4. Women are usually afraid spiders. 5. My brother is very good English. 6. What shes interested is fitopathology. 7. When does your train leave England? 8. The success of this campaign depends heavily the volunteers. 9. He likes listening talk-shows every evenung. 10. The river flows the sea. 11. He considers hiding the trees. 12. There is a fight two gangs. 73. a) Citii urmtoarele exemple de prepoziii i adverbe de loc: The first floor is, naturally, above the ground floor. The ground floor is, therefore, below the first floor. Theres a painting over the fireplace. Theres a cupboard under the stairs. Theres another cupboard in the kitchen. Theres a balcony above and a terrace underneath. The sitting room is downstairs. The bedrooms are upstairs. Its warm inside. Its cold outside. The book is on the table. The TV aerial is on top of the roof. b) Construii cinci enunuri similare. - 57 -

74. Gsii prepoziia potrivit (OF, TO, ABOUT, IN, WITH) pentru fiecare dintre adjectivele care urmeaz: accustomed afraid angry bored capable committed different excited infected interested prepared proud scared similar sorry tired worried wrong 75. Completai: 1. Turn right and walk the crossroads. 2. Turn left the Forest Road. 3. My house is Palmerston Road. 4. Its the third house the left. 5. Take the third turning the left. 6. At the roundabout, turn right. 76. IN, ON sau AT? 1. + parts of day (Ex. evening) 2. + longer religious holidays (Ex. Easter) 3. + meal times (Ex. dinner) 4. + special days (Ex. your birthday) 5. + long periods (Ex. the eighteenth century) 6. + clock times (Ex. five thirty) 7. + day + part of day (Ex. Sunday morning) 8. + seasons (Ex. the winter) 9. + years (Ex. 1997) 10. + days (Ex. Thursday) 11. + dates (Ex. 1 June) 12. + months (Ex. September) 13. + the weekend 14. + the moment.

- 58 -

Lecia 17. PREZENTUL SIMPLU (Present Tense Simple)

Timpul prezent simplu (PTS), prezentat i n prima parte a cursului, are aceeai form cu infinitivul scurt la toate persoanele, cu excepia persoanei a III-a singular. AFIRMATIV I work You work He works She works It works We work They work NEGATIV I do not work You do not work He does not work She does not work It does not work We do not work They do not work INTEROGATIV Do I work? Do you work? Does he work? Does she work? Does it work? Do we work? Do they work?

Prezentul simplu se folosete n urmtoarele situaii: 1. pentru a prezenta adevruri tiinifice, generale, stri permanente de lucruri, etc. Ex. The Moon moves around the Earth. Birds fly south in winter. Three plus four equals seven. Deciduous trees grow in warmer climates. My parents live in Bucharest. 2. pentru activiti generale obinuite, desfurate la intervale regulate de timp, aadar cu o anumit frecven (dar i pentru aciuni care nu au loc niciodat) Ex. He drinks tea every morning. I go to work by train. Most Sundays they stay at home. She has a shower before going to bed. 3. cnd se vorbete despre orare i programe fixe (n locul viitorului) Ex. The plane takes off at 8 a.m. The film starts at 10.30. The tourists visit the British Museum the day after tomorrow. 4. n explicaii, demonstraii sau indicaii scenice Ex. I add the sugar to the egg yolks and place the basin over a saucepan of hot water. A window opens and a masked man enters the room. 5. n exclamaii introduse prin HERE sau THERE Ex. Here comes the winner! There she goes! NOT: Prezentul simplu se mai folosete pentru aciuni viitoare n subordonate temporale sau condiionale, n locul prezentului perfect i n locul prezentului continuu, cu verbe care nu se folosesc cu aspectul continuu (Ex. I forget your name. i-am uitat numele; You win! Ai ctigat/Bine, ctigi tu) Adverbele care se utilizeaz cu aceast structur formeaz dou categorii: - 59 -

1. adverbe sau locuiuni adverbiale ce desemneaz diferite diviziuni ale zilei sau exprim repetabilitatea unei aciuni din prezentul general, extins, fr ca aceast aciune s se desfoare n momentul vorbirii; aceste adverbe stau de obicei la sfritul enunului, sau, uneori, la nceput. Ex. in the morning (dimineaa) at noon (la prnz) in the afternoon (dup amiaza ) in the evening (seara) at night (noaptea) at midnight (la miezul nopii) every day / week / months, etc (din dou n dou zile / sptmni / luni) every fortnight (la fiecare 2 sptmni) 2. adverbe de frecven, care sunt de obicei plasate ntre subiect i predicat Ex. never (niciodat) hardly ever (aproape niciodat) not very often (nu foarte des) rarely / seldom (rareori) occasionally (ocazional) sometimes (cteodat) quite often (destul de des) often (adesea) very often (foarte des) usually (de obicei) almost always (aproape ntotdeauna) always (ntotdeauna)

Lecia 18. PREZENTUL SIMPLU vs. PREZENTUL CONTINUU (Present Tense Simple vs. Present Tense Continuous)
Spre deosebire de prezentul simplu, prezentul continuu se formeaz cu ajutorul unui auxiliar, la care se adaug verbul propriu-zis cu terminaia -ING. AFIRMATIV I am working You are working He is working She is working It is working We are working They are working NEGATIV I am not working You are not working He is not working She is not working It is not working We are not working They are not working INTEROGATIV Am I working? Are you working? Is he working? Is she working? Is it working? Are we working? Are they working?

Prezentul continuu se folosete: 1. pentru aciuni care se petrec n momentul vorbirii Ex. Where is Ted? He is having a shower. What are you doing? Im trying to fix the toaster. 2. pentru aciuni care au loc n preajma momentului vorbirii, nu neaprat exact n momentul vorbirii (TODAY, THESE DAYS, AT THE MOMENT) Ex. Mariah is writing a book at the moment. John is looking for a job. - 60 -

Were eating in the kitchen for the time being as they are redecorating the living-room. This week he is working in the nigh shift. 3. pentru aciuni n schimbare sau n evoluie n preajma momentului vorbirii Ex. My English is improving every day. The traffic is getting worse and worse these days. 4. cu unul din adverbele: ALWAYS, FOREVER, CONSTANTLY, pentru a exprima iritarea vorbitorului n legtur cu o aciune repetat Ex. I cant stand it anymore; he is constantly interrupting me! He is always losing his keys. 5. cu verbul TO BE, dar numai cu referire la comportamentul cuiva pe moment (caracter provizoriu sau excepional; pentru o trstur permanent, specific, se va folosi prezentul simplu) Ex. I usually get up at 6 a.m. but this week Im getting up at 9. He isnt being too friendly tonight. You are being aggressive. 6. n locul viitorului, pentru planuri personale, imediate Ex.: Hes going to the movies tonight. Im paying a visit to my parents this weekend. RECAPITULARE PTS / PTC (Contrastiv) Present tense simple Present tense continuous Inf.+S pers. a III-a sg. TO BE (present) + vb.ing 1. activiti dintr-un prezent general, care 1. aciuni dintr-un prezent care include include momentul vorbirii momentele vorbirii Ex. He works in a car factory. Ex. Shes studying to get her driving licence. 2. activiti obinuite repetate 2. aciuni temporare; comportament Ex. I travel by train when I go to nespecific Ex. This time, Im travelling by plane. Bucharest. 3. adevruri general valabile. 3. aciuni n schimbare n momentul vorbirii. Ex.These children of yours are growing Ex. Water freezes at 0 C. fast. 4. explicaii, demonstraii, indicaii 4. activiti care au loc n momentul vorbirii Ex. I add water and stir. Ex. Its snowing heavily outside. 5. activiti specifice repetate, care provoac 5. exclamaii introduse prin HERE, THERE Ex. There it is! iritare Ex. You are always losing your keys. 6. n subordonate, n locul viitorului 6. aciuni viitoare cu caracter personal Ex. If/when he comes, Ill let you know. Ex. Theyre going camping next weekend. Sau pentru orare, programe fixe: Ex. The train leaves at 8 a. m.

- 61 -

Observaie Unele verbe nu pot fi folosite la aspectul continuu, de aceea se va prefera prezentul simplu sau alt timp verbal. n cazul n care sunt folosite totui la forma progresiv, sensul lor difer de cel al verbului la infinitiv / perfectul simplu. Astfel de verbe sunt de obicei grupate n urmtoarele categorii: 1. Verbe de percepie - verbs of perception (FEEL, HEAR, NOTICE, SEE, SMELL, TASTE). 2. Verbe de activitate mental - Mental Activity verbs / verbs of thinking (BELIEVE, FORGET, GUESS, IMAGINE, MEAN, MIND, REALIZE, RECOGNIZE, RECOLLECT, REGARD, REMEMBER, SUPPOSE, THINK, UNDERSTAND). 3. Verbe care exprim preferina Verbs of liking of disliking (ADMIRE, DISLIKE, ENJOY, HATE, LIKE, LOATHE, LOVE, PREFER). 4. Verbe de posesie Verbs of possession (BELONG, CONTAIN, HAVE, HOLD, INCLUDE, KEEP, OWN, POSSESS). 5. Verbe existeniale Verbs of being and existence (BE, CONSIST OF, EXIST). 6. Verbe care exprim aparena (APPEAR, LOOK LIKE, RESEMBLE, SEEM). Comparai: 1. SEE It is difficult to see through this mist. (a discerne). It is difficult for me to see your point. (a nelege). Im seeing my new manager next Monday. (a ntlni). Shes seeing him for some time now. (a se ntlni cu; a avea o relaie). 2. HEAR I hear her playing the piano downstairs.(a auzi). Hear me out. (a asculta pn la sfrit). Im hearing only good things about you! (a auzi, a afla). They are hearing the witness now. (a audia). 3. TASTE Hes tasting the soup. (a gusta). The soup tastes good. (a avea gust). 4. SMELL Shes smelling the flowers. (a mirosi). The flowers smell good. (a avea miros). 5. THINK I think hes perfectly right. (a crede, a fi de prere). Im thinking of buying a new house. (a se gndi, a inteniona). 6. HAVE He has a nice estate somewhere in the south. (a avea, a poseda). Hes having a shower / problems / a party etc. (a face, a avea, a da). 7. BE He is arrogant! ( caracteristic permanent). He is being arrogant today! (caracteristic temporar). APLICAII 77. Completai tabelul folosind a, b, c, d, e sau f : a) permanent facts b) habits and repeated actions c) actions in progress at the moment of speaking - 62 -

d) temporary actions happening around now e) current trends and changing situations f) irritating actions 1. Grandpas cutting broken branches from the tree. 2. The River Danube cuts Budapest in two. 3. I hate this institution! Theyre constantly cutting wages! 4. The poor child is cutting teeth. 5. He cant help cutting classes every two days. 6. Theyre cutting more and more silver firs these days. 78. Completai cu forma corect a timpului prezent simplu: 1. My family never (drink) tea. 2. You (think) it is the best idea? 3. How often you (go) to the market? 4. She (go) to church every Sunday morning. 5. Magnolias (be) shrubs or trees with fragrant flowers and an aromatic bark. 6. Flowering plants (fall) into two categories: dicots and monocots. 7. The fig-tree (have) broad leaves and (bear) soft pear-shaped fruit. 8. Bear (rely) on hearing and an acute sense of smell to locate food. 9. Deer (be) ruminant hoofed mammals. 10. The baby woodpecker (fly) within 30 days after hatching. 79. Completai cu forma corect a timpului prezent continuu: 1. She (FEEL) much letter today. 2. They (WORK) on an interesting project. 3. Lets go inside. Its (GET) rather cold. 4. The teacher (WEAR) a light green dress. 5. She (BE) unreasonable asking this of you. 6. Granny (WATCH) a soap-opera on PRO TV. 7. The baby (SLEEP) at the moment. 8. Father (CHANGE) the flat tyre. 9. Clara (SWEEP) the floors downstairs. 80. Formai ntrebri bazate pe propoziiile de mai jos, dup modelul: MODEL: The students are waiting for the results of the exam. What are the students waiting for? Whos waiting for the results of the exam? 1. The dean is speaking to the students. (Who? Whom?) 2. The policemen are chasing the thieves. (Who? Whom?) 3. The President is speaking about the new law. (Who? What?) 4. Grandpa is looking for his glasses. (Who? What?) 81. Folosii prezentul simplu sau continuu: 1. Look! The bus (COME). 2. What your father (DO) for a living? 3. My folks (COME) from Transylvania. 4. You (WANT) a drink? 5. The plane (LEAVE) for Toronto at 10.30. 6. Chrysanthemums (BLOOM) all year round. - 63 -

7. She (GRAB) purse and (RUSH OUT). 8. He (DO) a research on land-slide. 9. How often you (SEE) a physician? 10. What on earth you (TALK) about? 82. Traducei n limba englez: 1. Se gndete s divoreze. 2. M vd cu el destul de des. 3. Doamna din stnga mea citete ziarul n acest moment. 4. Noi nu mprumutm niciodat bani de la prietenii notri. 5. Stai locului cnd vorbesc cu tine. 6. Joac tenis de dou ori pe sptmn. 7. Spune-mi, pietonii au prioritate cnd se afl pe trecerea de pietoni? 8. E unul dintre aceia care nu se oprete niciodat la semafor. 9. De obicei, Carol merge la serviciu pe jos, dar n dimineaa asta plou, aa c merge cu maina. 10. Cine se scuz, se acuz.

Lecia 19. TRECUTUL SIMPLU (Past Tense Simple)

Trecutul simplu (Past Tense Simple) exprim o aciune trecut, ncheiat, fr nici o legtur cu prezentul. Formele sale difer n funcie de tipul de verb; astfel, verbul TO BE se va construi diferit de verbele regulate sau neregulate. AFIRMATIV I was (am fost) You were (ai/ai fost) He was (a fost) She was (a fost) It was (a fost) We were (am fost) They were (au fost) NEGATIV I was not / wasnt You were not / werent He was not / wasnt She was not / wasnt It was not / wasnt We were not / werent They were not / werent INTEROGATIV Was I? Were you? Was he? Was she? Was it? Were we? Were they?

Unele verbe regulate formeaz afirmativul adugnd terminaia ED infinitivului scurt (fr TO), iar negativul i interogativul cu ajutorul auxiliarului DID + infinitivul scurt al verbului de conjugat. Se folosete aceeai form pentru toate persoanele. AFIRMATIV I worked You worked He worked She worked It worked We worked They worked NEGATIV I did not / didnt work You did not / didnt work He did not / didnt work She did not / didnt work It did not / didnt work We did not / didnt work They did not / didnt work INTEROGATIV Did I work? Did you work? Did he work? Did she work? Did it work? Did we work? Did they work?

NOT: Verbele terminate n: 1. - E; li se adaug numai D Ex. MOVE MOVED - 64 -

2. vocal + consoan Ex. STOP STOPPED 3. consoan + Y - se schimb Y n I i se adaug -ED. Ex. TRY - TRIED Formarea afirmativului verbelor neregulate nu urmeaz nici o regul, n ciuda unor similitudini mai mult sau mai puin aparente. n schimb, negativul i interogativul se construiesc cu ajutorul aceluiai DID. Ex.: TO GO WENT GONE (forma a doua este past tense ). NOT: Orice verb neregulat are trei forme: infinitivul scurt, past tense i participiul trecut; uneori, forma a doua i a treia se confund. AFIRMATIV I went You went He went She went It went We went They went NEGATIV I did not / didnt go You did not / didnt go He did not / didnt go She did not / didnt go It did not / didnt go We did not /didnt go They did not / didnt go INTEROGATIV Did I go? Did you go? Did he go? Did she go? Did it go? Did we go? Did they go?

Past Tense Simple se folosete pentru: 1. o aciune finalizat n trecut (momentul aciunii putnd fi menionat sau nu) Ex. Their relatives from abroad arrived yesterday. Christopher Columbus discovered America by accident, in 1492. He finally killed the kidnapped. 2. o aciune repetat, obinuit n trecut (sau lipsa acesteia) Ex. She always wore black. I met him every day on my way to the office. 3. o aciune n trecut (succesiune de aciuni narate) Ex. He picked up his hat, said good by and left. 4. aciuni desfurate pe o anumit perioad de timp n trecut Ex. He worked as a forest ranger for twenty years. NOT: Past Simple se mai folosete pentru aciuni viitoare, n subordonate temporale i condiionale, atunci cnd verbul din principal este la trecut.

TRECUTUL CONTINUU (Past Tense Continuous) se construiete cu

ajutorul formei de trecut a lui BE + verbul de conjugat + ING. AFIRMATIV I was working-lucram You were working- lucrai He was working-lucra She was working-lucra It was working-lucra NEGATIV I was not working You were not working He was not working She was not working It was not working - 65 INTEROGATIV Was I working? Were you working? Was he working? Was she working? Was it working?

We were working-lucram They were working-lucrau

We were not working They were not working

Were we working? Were they working?

Trecutul continuu se folosete: 1. pentru a exprima o aciune n desfurare la un moment dat n trecut Ex. When I arrived, the headmistress was talking on the phone. 2. cu referire la planuri care nu s-au materializat sau nu se vor materializa Ex. I was coming to see you but unfortunately something came up. 3. ca echivalent la trecut al timpului prezent continuu Ex. He said he was working as a timber-merchant. (temporar) She was busy packing because she was taking off that night. (aciune viitoare) He was always teasing me. (aciune repetat care provoac iritare) 4. pentru descrieri n trecut Ex. The flowers were blooming, the birds were singing and the breeze was blowing softly. APLICAII 83. Completai urmtorul tabel consultnd anexa 5 cu verbele neregulate: drive catch drove bought spent a lua forgotten cut learn drew a avea wrote study been gave come a aduce drunk forgive taught a gndi made done tell spoke seen driven a conduce, a ofa

- 66 -

84. Completai cu forma corect a timpului trecut simplu sau trecut continuu: 1. I (have not) any difficulties in English. My problem (be) French. 2. His grandchildren (watch) him while he (prune) the apple-trees. 3. As I (walk) through the park, I (see) one of my former colleagues. 4. Tom (wake up) because the children (make) noise. 5. What (happen) after he (leave)? 85. Traducei n limba englez: 1. Mereu m suna noaptea trziu. 2. Ca student era timid dar foarte srguincios. 3. Tocmai m mbrcam cnd am auzit pe cineva la u. 4. Bunicul ne povestea iar noi l ascultam cumini. 5. i lu plria, mnuile i bastonul, i salut colegii i iei din cldire fr zgomot.

Lecia 20. PREZENTUL PERFECT SIMPLU VS. PREZENTUL PERFECT CONTINUU (Present Perfect Simple vs. Present Perfect Continuous)
Prezentul Perfect (Present Perfect) este un timp verbal specific limbii engleze, care presupune o relaie mai special ntre TRECUT i PREZENT. Dup sistemul englezesc, pe axa timpului exist o delimitare clar ntre aciunile trecute, fr nici o legtur cu prezentul, i aciunile trecute care au o legtur, un rezultat, o consecin n prezent. Prima categorie este reflectat de timpul Past Tense, iar cea de a doua, de Present Perfect. Timpul Present Perfect Simple se formeaz cu ajutorul auxiliarului HAVE (la timpul prezent) + verbul de conjugat (la participiu trecut, adic forma verbului + ED la verbe regulate i forma a treia a verbelor neregulate). AFIRMATIV I have worked You have worked He has worked She has worked It has worked We have worked They have worked NEGATIV I have not / havent worked You have not / havent worked He has not / hasnt worked She has not / hasnt worked It has not / hasnt worked We have not / havent worked They have not / havent worked INTEROGATIV Have I worked? Have you worked? Has he worked? Has she worked? Has it worked? Have we worked? Have they worked?

Present Perfect Simple exprim: 1. aciuni trecute, ncheiate, dar care au o legtur strns cu prezentul (aciunea din trecut are consecine n prezent) Ex. He has cleaned his car. I have made a mistake. 2. aciuni recente, fr ns a se meniona exact momentul efecturii lor (adverbe: ALWAYS, RECENTLY, NEVER, LATELY, JUST, SO FAR) Ex. I have always preferred peaches to oranges. We have never been to England. He has just come home.

- 67 -

3. activiti ncepute undeva n trecut dar care continu pn n prezent sau ntr-o perioad de timp n care este inclus i momentul comunicrii Ex. I have been married for 2 years. Ive known him for 10 years. I havent spoken to her since 1998. NOT: - FOR arat perioada; - SINCE arat momentul incipient al activitii Present Perfect Continuous este format din auxiliar HAVE (la prezent) + BEEN (forma a treia a verbului BE) + verbul de conjugat (la participiu trecut). AFIRMATIV NEGATIV I have been working I have not been working You have been working You have not been working He has been working He has not been working She has been working She has not been working It has been working It has not been working We have been working We have not been working They have been working They have not been working INTEROGATIV Have I been working? Have you been working? Has he been working? Has she been working? Has it been working? Have we been working? Have they been working?

Acest timp verbal se utilizeaz pentru aciuni care au nceput ntr-un moment anterior celui n care se face comunicarea, i care are o evoluie susinut, continund pn n momentul comunicrii. Elementele temporale cel mai des utilizate cu aceast structur gramatical sunt FOR i SINCE. Ex. Ive been waiting for you for over an hour! Ive been waiting for you since one oclock! APLICAII 86. Completai cu Present Perfect Simple sau cu Present Perfect Continuous: 1. I (WAIT) for you since eight oclock. Where you (BE)? 2. I (WORK) so hard that I (NOT SEE) my friends for weeks. 3. I (LOOK) around for a new flat, but I (NOT FIND) one yet. 4. He just (GET) a new job and its on the other side of town. 5. Im sorry it took me so long to write you back, but I (BE) really busy. 87. Traducei n limba englez: 1. E cel mai interesant lucru pe care l-am auzit vreodat. 2. Nu l-am vzut de cnd a plecat din ar. 3. De cnd e cstorit? 4. Mnnc de o or; m tem c asta nu e bine. 5. De cnd speli?

- 68 -

Lecia 21. MAI MULT CA PERFECTUL (Past Perfect Simple vs. Past Perfect Continuous)
Timpul mai mult ca perfect se formeaz cu auxiliarul HAVE la timpul trecut (HAD) + verbul de conjugat la forma a treia. AFIRMATIV I had worked (muncisem) You had worked He had worked She had worked It had worked We had worked They had worked NEGATIV I had not / hadnt worked You had not / hadnt worked He had not / hadnt worked She had not / hadnt worked It had not / hadnt worked He had not / hadnt worked They had not / hadnt worked INTEROGATIV Had I worked? Had you worked? Had he worked? Had she worked? Had it worked? Had we worked? Had they worked?

Mai mult ca perfectul exprim o aciune care a avut loc n trecut, naintea altui moment sau a altei aciuni din trecut. Ex. She showed me the hat she had bought. (Mi-a artat plria pe care i-a cumprat-o/i-o cumprase). PAST / PAST PERFECT / PAST TENSE o PRESENT FUTURE

Past Perfect este folosit cu adverbele JUST, ALREADY, HARDLY, SCARCELY, WHEN, BEFORE, este pentru a sugera anterioritatea, i cu FOR pentru a exprima o perioad de timp ce precede un moment din trecut. Ex. By the time we got there they had already left. She had had a poor image for about 20 years before a fortunate turn made her emerge from obscurity. Past Perfect Continuous se formeaz astfel: HAD + BEEN + forma n ING a verbului de conjugat. AFIRMATIV I had been working You had been working He had been working She had been working It had been working We had been working They had been working NEGATIV I had not been working You had not been working He had not been working She had not been working It had not been working We had not been working They had not been working INTEROGATIV Had I been working? Had you been working? Had he been working? Had she been working? Had it been working? Had we been working? Had they been working?

Acest timp verbal exprim o aciune trecut n desfurare sau n curs de desfurare n trecut i terminat naintea altei aciuni trecute i terminate. Ca i Past Perfect Simple, se folosete cu conjunciile FOR sau SINCE. Ex.: They had been working on that project for a year when the company went bankrupt.

APLICAII - 69 -

88. Traducei n limba englez: 1. Cnd am ajuns acas era linite, toi se duseser la culcare. 2. M-am scuzat c am ntrziat i am explicat c maina avusese o pan n drum spre cas. 3. Mi-am cumprat un calculator nou anul trecut pentru c cel vechi se stricase. 4. Ce fusese oare n tot acest timp? 5. Locuiau de generaii n casa aceea.

Lecia 22. EXPRIMAREA VIITORULUI (Expressing Future) A.

Viitorul Simplu (Future Simple / The Simple Future ) Viitorul simplu se formeaz cu SHALL / WILL + infinitivul scurt. AFIRMATIV I shall work / Ill work You shall work / Youll work He will work / Hell work She shall work It shall work We shall work They shall work NEGATIV I shall not work You will not work He will not work She will not work It will not work We will not work They will not work INTEROGATIV Will I work? Will you work? Will he work? Will she work? Will it work? Will we work? Will they work?

Dup cum se poate observa din exemplu de conjugare, SHALL este rezervat, teoretic, persoanei ntia (singular i plural). Practic, ns, SHALL tinde din ce n ce mai mult s fie nlocuit cu WILL. Dintre timpurile verbale, viitorul simplu este poate cel mai neutru, deoarece el nu trdeaz n nici un fel atitudinea vorbitorului, iar uneori nici nu sugereaz ct de apropiat sau ndeprtat este momentul din viitor cnd va avea loc aciunea. El nu face dect s expun o prognoz referitoare la un eveniment sau aciune viitoare. Ex. His daughter will move to another school. I shall be twenty-seven next month. It will rain. Viitorul Continuu (Future Continuous) Viitorul continuu se formeaz cu ajutorul lui BE (la viitorul simplu) urmat de verbul de conjugat cu terminaia ING. AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV I will be working I will not be working Will I be working? You will be working You will not be working Will you be working? He will be working He will not be working Will he be working? She will be working She will not be working Will she be working? It will be working It will not be working Will it be working? We will be working We will not be working Will we be working? They will be working They will not be working Will they be working? Exprim o aciune care va fi n curs de desfurare ntr-un moment sau o perioad din viitor. Ex. Where will you be working in six months time? - 70 -

During the holidays I will be sleeping all day.

Lecia 23. Exprimarea viitorului (Expressing Future) B.

Viitorul n trecut (Future in the Past) Viitorul trecut (Future in the Past) se utilizeaz dup un Past Tense n propoziia principal (SHALL-SHOULD; WILL-WOULD). Ex. He promised he would help me. Mi-a promis / c m va ajuta /. Viitorul perfect (Future Perfect) Viitorul perfect se formeaz cu SHALL sau WILL + HAVE + forma a treia a verbului de conjugat i exprim o aciune care va avea loc n viitor, ntr-un moment anterior momentului desfurrii unei alte aciuni viitoare. AFIRMATIV I will have worked You will have worked He will have worked She will have worked It will have worked We will have worked They will have worked NEGATIV I will not have worked You will not have worked He will not have worked She will not have worked It will not have worked We will not have worked They will not have worked INTEROGATIV Will I have worked? Will you have worked? Will he have worked? Will she have worked? Will it have worked? Will we have worked? Will they have worked?

Ex. By the time Im 63 I will have retired from work. (Pn la vrsta de 63 de ani m voi fi pensionat). Viitorul Perfect Continuu (Future Perfect Continuous) Viitorul perfect continuu se formeaz dup urmtoarea structur: WILL + HAVE BEEN + verb ING i exprim o aciune nceput naintea unui moment din viitor, care va fi fost n curs de desfurare pn n acel moment dat. AFIRMATIV I will have been working NEGATIV I will not have been working INTEROGATIV Will I have been working?

Ex. When you come back, I shall have been working for several hours. By the end of 2007, I shall have been working in this field for 20 years.

Lecia 24. Exprimarea viitorului (Expressing Future) C.

BE GOING TO Future - 71 -

Se formeaz cu TO BE + GOING TO + INFINITIV i se folosete pentru a exprima intenia sau probabilitatea de a face ceva n viitor ori pentru a preciza o ntmplare n viitor. AFIRMATIV I am going to work You are going to work He is going to work She is going to work It is going to work We are going to work They are going to work NEGATIV I am not going to work You are not going to work He is not going to work She is not going to work It is not going to work We are not going to work They are not going to work INTEROGATIV Am I going to work? Are you going to work? Is he going to work? Is she going to work? Is it going to work? Are we going to work? Are they going to work?

Ex. My brother is going to study Forestry at university. Mr. and Mrs. Connery are going to move to Liverpool when they finish their training. Im going to call Brad Pitt this afternoon. Be careful! Its going to fall! They are going to open a new factory somewhere in the outskirts. The boss is going to lower our rates. Viitorul cu BE TO (BE TO Future) Se formeaz cu ajutorul verbului TO BE (prezent simplu) + infinitivul lung i se refer la planuri, aranjamente, ordine. AFIRMATIV I am to work You are to work He is to work She is to work It is to work We are to work They are to work NEGATIV I am not to work You are not to work He is not to work She is not to work It is not to work We are not to work They are not to work INTEROGATIV Am I to work? Are you to work? Is he to work? Is she to work? Is it to work? Are we to work? Are they to work?

Ex. We are to meet them tomorrow at 5. You are to stay in bed for a fun days. Viitorul cu ABOUT TO (BE ABOUT Future) Se formeaz cu BE ABOUT + infinitiv i se refer la o aciune iminent din viitorul foarte apropiat. AFIRMATIV I am about to work You are about to work He is about to work She is about to work It is about to work We are about to work They are about to work NEGATIV I am not about to work You are not about to work He is not about to work She is not about to work It is not about to work We are not about to work They are about to work - 72 INTEROGATIV Am I about to work? Are you about to work? Is he about to work? Is she about to work? Is it about to work? Are we about to work? Are they about to work?

Ex. She is about to cry. He is about to be elected president. NOTE: 1. Prezentul simplu i prezentul continuu pot fi de asemenea, folosite cu sens de viitor. Ex. The meeting starts at 10 tomorrow. Hes flying to Bucharest to attend the conference. 2. Viitorul nu se folosete niciodat n propoziii temporale sau condiionale atunci cnd n principal se afl un timp prezent sau viitor sau cnd verbul este la modul imperativ; n aceste situaii, viitorul se nlocuiete, pentru a exprima un raport de simultaneitate, cu prezentul, iar de anterioritate cu prezentul perfect. Ex. Tell her to call me when she arrives. If it rains, I will take my umbrella. Ill tell him when he comes. Ill take care of this if / when the rain has stopped. RECAPITULARE VIITOR FELUL VIITORULUI 1. Viitorul simplu 2. Viitor continuu SHALL WILL+BE+vb.ING 3. Viitorul n trecut SHOULD/WOULD +inf. SHALL + WILL + HAVE + BEEN + 3rd. form SHALL/WILL +HAVE BEEN +vb. ING BE+GOING TO+inf. FORMA SHALL WILL+inf CIRCUMSTANE - aciuni viitoare - prognoze. - aciuni desfurate ntr-un moment din viitor - viitorul propoziiilor subordonate a crei principal conine un verb la timp trecut. - aciune viitoare anterioar altui moment specificat din viitor. - aciune viitoare n plin desfurare anterioar, unui moment / unei aciuni din viitor. - intenie - aciune viitoare, iminent - planuri (oficiale), ordine - aciune iminent, n viitorul apropiat. - planuri oficiale - propoziii temporale EXEMPLU They say it will snow. Ill be studying for my final exam this time next month. They said it would rain. By the end of the semester we shall have studied all the English tenses. Until lunch time we shall have been working for this project. Im going to buy myself a new car. The Prime Minister is to visit our town soon. He is about to leave the country. The meeting starts at 10

4. Viitorul perfect simplu

5. Viitorul perfect continuu 6. Viitorul cu GOING TO 7. Viitorul cu BE TO 8. Viitorul cu ABOUT TO 9. Prezentul simplu

BE (present)+TO + inf. BE (present)+ BOUT + TO + inf.

- 73 -

sau condiionale. 10. Prezentul continuu - aciuni viitoare planificate de vorbitor.

tomorrow morning. Im visiting my grandparents this weekend.

APLICAII 89. Rspundei la urmtoarele ntrebri, folosind, pe ct posibil, Future Tense i Future Continuous: 1. What will your life be like in 20 years time? 2. Will you be living in the same town / village? 3. Will you still need to speak English? 4. Will you be doing the same job? 5. Will you be wearing the same kind of clothes? 6. Will you be as fit as you are today? 90. a) Alctuii-v un program pentru mine i spunei ce vei face la anumite ore ale zilei. b) Transformai enunurile de mai sus n aa fel nct ele s exprime ceea ce vei fi fcut pn la sfritul zilei de mine. 91. Traducei n limba englez: 1. l voi vedea sptmna viitoare. 2. Voi ti rspunsul pn mine. 3. Aceti puiei urmeaz s fie transplantai. 4. i voi da de veste imediat ce sosete. 5. Ce vei face mine pe vremea asta? 6. Pn ce te vei trezi tu, eu i voi fi pregtit deja micul dejun. 7. De azi ntr-o sptmn sunt 3 ani de cnd lucreaz la ocolul silvic. 8. Cine o s conduc pn la Bucureti? 9. Ce va spune tatl tu cnd va auzi?

- 74 -

Lecia 25. VERBE Expressions) A.

I EXPRESII MODALE (Modal Verbs and

Modalele constituie o categorie aparte de verbe, att n privina formei (ele fiind defective i folosite mpreun cu alte verbe), ct i a sensului (modalele exprimnd atitudinea vorbitorului fa de enun, astfel nct aciunea la care face referire verbul noional este vzut ca fiind posibil, probabil, necesar, obligatorie, de dorit etc.) Verbele modale nu pot fi conjugate la toate timpurile din cauz c le lipsesc anumite forme verbale (de aceea sunt numite "verbe defective"). Cu excepia lui BE TO i HAVE TO, nici un verb modal nu primete -S la persoana a treia plural, iar predicatul l alctuiesc mpreun cu un verb la infinitiv (infinitivul scurt). Modalele formeaz interogativul i negativul fr ajutorul auxiliarului, dup modelul lui BE. Dintre verbele modale, probabil cea mai mare acoperire o are CAN, urmat n deaproape de "ruda" sa, COULD. Verbul CAN are aceeai form pentru toate persoanele la indicativ prezent. AFIRMATIV I can work You can work He can work She can work It can work We can work They can work NEGATIV I cannot/can't work You can't work He cant work She can work It cant work We cant work They can't work INTEROGATIV Can I work? Can you work? Can he work? Can she work? Can it work? Can we work? Can they work?

CAN exprim n primul rnd capacitatea fizic sau intelectual (ability) de efectuare a unei aciuni. Ex. He can work for hours on end without getting tired. Tom can speak five foreign languages. l folosim pe CAN atunci cnd cerem permisiunea s facem ceva, sau pentru a exprima o cerere, o rugminte politicoas. Ex. Can I borrow your umbrella? Can I open the window? Can you wait for a few minutes? Posibilitatea (posibility) datorit circumstanelor se exprim tot cu ajutorul lui CAN. Ex. It snows in the mountains. You can go skiing. NOT: La negativ, CAN (cannot,can't) exprim o deducie negativ despre un eveniment n prezent sau n trecut. Ex. You can't be hungry.You've just eaten. It's still early. He can't have got home yet. He can't be watching TV now. He's got a lot of homework to do. COULD este, n linii mari, corespondentul la trecut al lui CAN, avnd aceleai ntrebuinri. Ex. I could run faster than you when we were young. (ability) On Sunday mornings we could get up late. (permission) We could ski at Predeal last year. (possibility) - 75 -

Could you help me? (asking - mai politicos dect CAN) He couldn't have left without calling first. (deducie) NOT: COULD + infinitiv perfect este folosit pentru a exprima capacitatea nerealizat de efectuare a unei aciuni n trecut. Ex: You could have helped me. (Ai fi putut s m ajui.) Dac modalul COULD poate fi considerat forma de trecut a lui CAN (alturi de WAS/WERE ABLE TO), la viitor CAN poate fi nlocuit de WILL BE ABLE TO. TRECUT PREZENT I could speak English. I can speak English. VIITOR I will be able to speak English in a few weeks time.

MAY este folosit pentru a cere sau acorda permisiunea (permission), surclasndu-le pe CAN i COULD pe o scal a politeii. Ex. May I go home? (Am I allowed/permitted to go?) May I help you? Yes, you may. No, you may not. De asemenea, att MAY ct i perechea sa, MIGHT, pot exprima o cerere sau o rugminte politicoas. Ex. May (Might) I use your phone? (MIGHT arat, n acest caz, un grad de nesiguran cu privire la rspuns) Tot interanjabile sunt MAY i MIGHT ct privete exprimarea posibilitii (possibility), de obicei n prezent sau viitor. Ex. Grandma may/might come today/tomorrow. Aspectul continuu ns l prefer mai ales pe MAY, la fel ca i "varianta perfect" a posibilitii. Ex. He may be repairing his car. He may have become a forest-organizer, but I'm not sure. MIGHT, pe de alt parte, este preferat pentru exprimarea reproului fa de o aciune trecut sau, la prezent, n cereri insistente. Ex. You might have warned me about this. You might as well help me. MUST, HAVE TO, NEED exprim o obligaie (obligation). Dintre acestea, MUST este cel mai puternic, exprimnd att o obligaie intern, subiectiv (adic prerea vorbitorului, convingerea sa c actiunea respectiv este necesar), ct i obligaia ce deriv din constrngere (prin regulamente, legi etc.). HAVE TO este o alternativ mai slab pentru MUST, la prezent, i l nlocuiete la trecut i viitor; ct despre NEED, acesta se folosete cu valoare de prezent i viitor, mai ales n propoziii negative i interogative. TRECUT Had to PREZENT VIITOR Must Will have to

Ex. Sorry I couldn't come, but I had to tidy up my room. I can't possibly come. I must tidy up my room. Saturday morning is out of the I will have to tidy up my room.

question;

- 76 -

Comparai: I must go. (Trebuie s plec - este decizia mea, eu singur mi impun aceast obligaie.) You have to go. (Trebuie s pleci ndemnul/sugestia/ordinul, obligaie impus din exterior ;"you have to go, you'll be late", la fel de bine prima poate fi inlocuit prin Have got to - I've got to go) Dar: One must obey the law. Pedestrians must not cross de street when the traffic light is red. (obligaii impuse din exterior, dar oficiale, valabile pentru toat lumea) MUST se mai folosete pentru a exprima reproul fa de o aciune din prezent (neaprat la forma interogativ), sau sfaturi, recomandri, invitaii, precum i o deducie logic. Ex. Must you always get on my nerves? You must try these boots on! They are so cool! You must use my PC whenever you need it. (Insist s-l foloseti, chiar te rog...) She must be at home. (Sigur e acas.) n propoziiile interogative, NEED n locul lui MUST arat c vorbitorul se ateapt la un rspuns negativ. Ex. Need I wash the dishes? (Chiar trebuie s spl vasele?) No, you needn't. La negativ trecut, NEED exprim o aciune care a fost efectuat, dei nu era necesar. Ex. You needn't have washed the dishes. Verbul modal SHALL este folosit pentru a exprima obligaia (obligation) n stilul oficial (acte, regulamente), la prezent, afirmativ sau negativ, numai la persoana a doua i a treia. Ex. All shall perish. The accused shall pay a certain amount of money to the injured part. La interogativ, SHALL se folosete numai la persoana I singular sau plural, de obicei pentru a cere un sfat, o sugestie, un ordin, sau pentru a face o ofert. Ex. What shall I do? Shall we go to the opera? Shall I help you? Verbul modal SHOULD exprim obligaia moral (moral obligation), necesitatea logic (logical necessity), sau sfatul (advice), la prezent, viitor i trecut. Ex. This book is very interesting. You should read it. You should be/should have been more attentive during the lessons. SHOULD mai poate exprima o presupunere (supposition) sau o deducie (deduction). Ex. He should be there by now. De asemenea, mai exprim reproul (reproach) la prezent, viitor sau trecut, acceptnd ambele aspecte, simplu i continuu, precum i uimirea, iritarea sau nedumerirea vorbitorului. Ex. How should I know that? OUGHT TO indic obligaia sau datoria, de obicei sub form de sfat de ctre vorbitor, la fel ca SHOULD. De altfel, OUGHT TO reprezint o alternativ a lui SHOULD. Ex. You ought to finish this research project by the end of the semester. - 77 -

WILL se folosete pentru a exprima: a) o invitaie - Will you have another cup of coffee? b) o cerere sau o rugminte - Will you do that for me? c) voina, hotrrea de a efectua o aciune - He will study Law whatever his parents might say. d) un ordin - You will do as I tell you or else ... e) o aciune repetat, un obicei al unei persoane - He will gaze at the sea for hours and never get bored. f) o aciune spontan, nepremeditat (la persoana I, de obicei contras n 'll)- I could really use a cup of water or soda now. Ill fetch you a glass of sparkling water. Will that do?)

Lecia 26. VERBE Expressions) B.

I EXPRESII MODALE (Modal Verbs and

WILL se folosete pentru a exprima: a) o invitaie - Will you have another cup of coffee? b) o cerere sau o rugminte - Will you do that for me? c) voina, hotrrea de a efectua o aciune - He will study Law whatever his parents might say. d) un ordin - You will do as I tell you or else ... e) o aciune repetat, un obicei al unei persoane - He will gaze at the sea for hours and never get bored. f) o aciune spontan, nepremeditat (la persoana I, de obicei contras n 'll)- I could really use a cup of water or soda now. Ill fetch you a glass of sparkling water. Will that do?) WOULD este folosit ca form de PAST TENSE a lui WILL, ca n: I will get that for you. He said he would get that for me. sau I won't get that for you. He said he wouldn't get that for me. Ca i WILL, arat insistena cu care se efectueaz o aciune n trecut. Ex. He would gaze at the stars for hours and never get bored. De asemenea, WOULD este folosit i pentru a exprima probabilitatea. Ex. The phone is ringing. That would be John.

NOT: WOULD + RATHER/SOONER + infinitivul scurt exprim preferina: Ex. I would rather watch the movie than read the book. I'd sooner go home than stay here in cold. I'd rather he left. USED TO se folosete numai la trecut pentru a exprima o aciune repetat (un obicei trecut care numai este practicat n prezent). El poate fi nlocuit de WOULD. - 78 -

Ex. When I was young I used to travel a lot. BE TO exprim, la fel ca WILL, o comand (de obicei la persoana a treia), dar poate exprima i o aciune planificat. Ex. They are to clean the house before noon. The competition is to start this week. In sfrit, verbul modal DARE are sensul de "a ndrzni", "a avea curajul" i se folosete n special n propoziii interogative i negative. Ex. How dare you say that to me? He dared not tell his father about his deed. APLICAII 92. Observai sensul verbelor modale din urmtoarele proverbe i din textul b. a) 1. An empty sack cannot stand upright. 2. I cannot be your friend and your flatterer too. 3. He that goes barefoot must not plant thorns. 4. All men must die. 5. Everything must have a beginning. 6. An ill tongue may do much. 7. A fool may give a wise man counsel. 8. The rich man may dine when he will, the poor man when he may. b) " I'd rather be a sparrow than a snail Yes, I would, if I could, I surely would. I'd rather be a hammer than a nail Yes, I would, if I could, I surely would." (Simon and Garfunkels EL CONDOR PASA) 93. Completai urmtoarele propoziii cu CAN sau CAN'T : 1. In Romania, you................. drive until you are 18. 2. If you join the library, you............... borrow books. 3. I'm afraid you................. go in without a ticket. 4. I don't think you................ take photos in this museum. 94. n urmtoarele propoziii, WILL este folosit cu sensuri diferite. Decidei care din urmtoarele "etichete" se potrivesc fiecreia dintre propoziii: DECISION INVITATION OFFER PREDICTION PROMISE REFUSAL REQUEST THREAT 1. I'll kick you out! 2. I don't think I'll be able to make it. 3. I'm sure everything will be all right. 4. Will you come to the exhibition with me? 5. I know! I'll take bus instead. 6. I'll write twice a week. Is that good enough? 7. I'll do that for you, if you like. 8. Will you close that window, please? 95. Completai urmtoarele propoziii: A good teacher must...................... A good teacher mustn't................... - 79 -

A good manager must..................... A good manager mustn't.................. A good secretary must................... A good secretary mustn't................. A good salespernon must................ A good salesperson mustn't.............. In my job I must............................ In my job I mustn't ......................... (Ex. leave the office in working hours; treat the students badly; enjoy meeting people; listen to the staff; make decisions without thinking; tell lies to sell a product; type well etc.) 96. Completai : YOU CAN: 1. wake up when you hear the............... 2. clean the floor with a...................... 3. cook on the............................... 4. put the cups into the ................. 5. wash the dishes in the.................. 6. put your clothes into the............... 7. put on your.....................when you go to bed 8. put water into the...................... 97. Rescriei urmtoarele propoziii folosind o form potrivit a verbului NEED. 1. It isn't necessary for you to buy apples. I've got some already. 2. It wasn't necessary for them to work on Sundays. 3. My visit to the cardiologist was a waste of time. My heart is fine. 4. It is important that you should listen carefully to what the teacher says. 5. You are not required to attend these courses. 98. Subliniai verbul modal corect: 1. Look at the clouds.It can/might/may rain. 2. Laura isn't at home.She can/must/mustn't be at work. 3. I'm not sure where he is.He could/can/must be at lunch. 4. Would/should/will you help me carry these boxes, please. 5. That can't/mustn't/may not be the forest inspector. He's away at a conference. 6. Might/may/can I ask you a rather personal question? 7. I think you should/can/might spend less time watching television. 8. Excuse me, could/might/will you tell me which street this is? 99. Transformai urmtoarele propoziii folosind structura WOULD + MIND + VERB + ING: Ex. Could you possibly repeat that, please? Would you mind repeating that? 1. Do you think you could open the window? 2. I'd be grateful if you could translate that for me. 3. I wonder if you could pack the young plants for me. 100. Completai cu un verb modal potrivit. 1. How...............one prevent the bank slide? 2. All the forest-organisers....................be present. 3..................we speak Romanian during the English class? - 80 -

4...................I be there at 8 o'clock sharp? 5. Nobody..................tell whether he's right or wrong. 6. You...................open your books now. 7. All poachers....................be punished. 101. Traducei n limba englez: 1. Pot s intru? 2. Ai putea s m ajui? 3. Vezi maina aceea roie? E a efului meu. 4. neleg ce spui dar nu pot vorbi englezete. 5. Cum ndrzneti s o contrazici pe propia ta mam? 6. S-i fac o cafea fr zahr? 7. Ai fi putut s-mi spui adevrul. 8. Este posibil ca ei s discute chiar acum despre chestiunea braconajului. 9. Tatl Nataliei trebuie s aib aproape 70 de ani. 10. Doctorul trebuie s fie pe drum n acest moment.

Lecia 27. TIPURI DE CONDIIONALE (If Clauses)

PROPOZIIA SECUNDAR Condition 0. If sales increase 1. If it rains 2. If I had enough money 3. If I told you the truth then PROPOZIIA PRINCIPAL Result we make profit we will have a good crop I would go around the world you would have gotten ill.

NOT: n general, subjonctivul prezent are aceeai form cu Past Tense, verbul TO BE ns constituie o excepie. n subordonate conditionale de tipul 2, BE va avea o singura form pentru toate persoanele: WERE. Ex. If she were at home, I would pay her a visit. (Dac ar fi acas, a vizita-o.) De asemenea, subjonctivul perfect, care se folosete n condiionale de tipul 3, coincide cu forma de Past Perfect, dar aici nu exist excepii n cazul verbului BE. Ex. If you/he/she had been at home, I would have paid you/him/her/them a visit. APLICAII 102. Gsii corespondent n coloana B: A If you prune those apple-trees If you had planted the bulbs in the autumn If you hack the bark off trees B you would have had tulips by now. they wouldnt have died. you would now be able to boast of a bed of roses. If you sowed some flower seeds in that you will have a good crop of apples next - 81 -

patch of ground If you had watered these roses

summer. they might die.

103. Completai cu forma corect a verbului: 1. If we (help) her in time, we (save) her life. 2. If they (warn) me, I (not go) there. 3. If they (play) better, they (won) the match. 4. I (come) if you (call) me. 104. Traducei n limba englez: 1. Sun-m dac i crete temperatura. 2. Dac m vor invita la petrecere la timp, m voi duce. 3. Nu voi merge la petrecere dect dac m invit la timp. 4. Dac se va face frig nu voi merge la mare. 5. Dac a fi n locul tu, m-a gndi de dou ori. 6. Ce ai fi fcut dac nu eram noi? 7. Dac n-ai fi fost tu, am fi murit de sete. 8. Dac i-a fi acceptat cererea n cstorie a fi fost acum o soie tnr i bogat. 105. Transformai urmtoarele condiionale de tipul 1 i 2 n condiionale de tipul 2 i 3. 1. If one of my colleagues cuts himself badly, I take him to a medical centre immediately. 2. If I clean the cut with water and antiseptic, it will surely get better. 3. If I have a clean bandage at hand, I wrap it loosely around the cut. 4. If one of my collegues breaks his leg, I try not to move him.

- 82 -

Lecia 28. DIATEZA PASIV (The Passive Voice)

Diateza este categoria gramatical specific verbului. n limba englez exist dou diateze marcate formal: diateza activ i diateza pasiv. Un verb este la diateza activ (ACTIVE VOICE) atunci cnd subiectul gramatical este cel care desfoar aciunea, i la diateza pasiv (PASSIVE VOICE) atunci cnd subiectul gramatical suport aciunea svrit de complementul direct al propoziiei (i subiectul logic al aciunii). Ex. Active Voice Subiect + Predicat + Complement John builds houses. John construiete case. Passive Voice - Subiect gramatical + Predicat + Complement These houses are built by John. Aceste case sunt construite de John. Nu toate verbele suport aceast transformare activ-pasiv ci, de obicei, cele tranzitive (care admit un complement direct). Principalele transformri de la diateza activ la diateza pasiv sunt: 1. complementul direct devine subiect; 2. subiectul devine agentul aciunii (precedat de BY ); 3. BE preia timpul verbului principal (la diateza activ); 4. verbul principal (la diateza activ) devine participiu trecut. Timpul verbal Present Simple Present Continuous Past Simple Past Continuous Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple Future Simple Going To Future Modal Present Modal Perfect Present Infinitive Perfect Infinitive Diateza activ He steals cars. He is stealing a car. He stole a car. When I approached the institution, he was stealing a car. He has stolen a car. I found out he had stolen a car. He will steal a car. He is going to steal a car. He might steal a car. He would have stolen a car if you had told him to. to steal to have stolen Diateza pasiv Cars are stolen (by him). A car is being stolen (by him). A car was stolen (by him). When I approached the institution, a car was being stolen (by him). A car has been stolen (by him). I found out a car had been stolen (by him). A car will be stolen (by him). A car is going to be stolen (by him). A car might be stolen (by him). A car would have been stolen (by him). to be stolen to have been stolen

NOTE: 1) Pasivul se folosete pentru a sublinia aciunea i nu agentul, sau atunci cnd agentul este necunoscut, lipsit de importan sau evident. Ex. The cellar was entirely flooded. He was elected President. - 83 -

2) Expresiile impersonale din limba romn pot fi redactate n limba englez cu ajutorul subiectului impersonal THEY sau cu ajutorul diatezei pasive. Ex. Se spune c va izbucni rzboiul. They say the war will break out. It is said that the war will break out. Se spune despre el c e nstrit. They say he is a well-off person. He is said to be a well-off person. 3) Eventualele prepoziii sunt plasate dup verbul pasiv. Ex. Grandpa will take care of the garden. The garden will be taken care of by grandpa. RECAPITULARE I APLICAII 106. Completai urmtorul tabel: Tense Active He was opening the gate. Passive The letter has been sent. She is thought to have been arrested. They will lock the safe. The Police caught the thief. Our house is being painted by decorators. The Government reduce taxes. will These dogs must be kept on a leash all the time. Someone should have fixed the doorbell by now. 107. Traducei urmtoarele proverbe: 1. A tree which is often transplanted bears no fruit. 2. Never answer a question until it is asked. 3. He that measures not himself is measured. 4. A poet is born not made. 5. They are well guided that God guides. 108. Trecei urmtoarele propoziii la diateza pasiv: 1. Little strokes fell great oaks. 2. They saw a large, cat-like animal in the field yesterday. 3. I have just insured my car against accidents. 4. They are building a new school in the village. 5. They told me to leave. 6. He suggests climbing the mountain from the other side. 7. I am not speaking to her at the moment. 8. They are launching a new product on the market. - 84 -

9. She has told me a lot of interesting things. 10. I couldn't use my pen as my brother had broken it. 11. They will have read the book by then. 12. The dentist is filling his tooth. 109. Trecei urmtoarele propoziii la diateza activ: 1. The matter was much talked about. 2. The evil-doer hasn't been found yet. 3. This point wasn't agreed upon. 4. The doctor will be sent for at once. 5. This museum is visited by thousands of people every year. 110. Traducei n limba englez: 1. Nu s-a dormit n acest pat. 2. Acest arbore secular n-ar trebui tiat/dobort. 3. Copiii au fost bine ngrijii. 4. Btrnul a fost clcat de o main. 5. Nu-i place s se uite lumea insistent la ea. 6. Aceast carte nu a fost nc tradus n limba romn. 7. Copacii acetia nc nu au fost curai de crengi uscate. 8. Ai fost invitat la petrecere. 9. I s-au pus cteva ntrebri simple. 10. Va fi tradus acest articol pn la sfritul anului? 111. Folosii informaiile de mai jos pentru a construi enunuri urmnd sugestiile din paranteze: 1. (ability; past time): to pass the exam yesterday. 2. (ability; future time): to solve this equation. 3. (permission; present time): to pick flowers in your garden. 4. (permission; past time): to wear my new necklace. 5. (obligation; past time): to help my parents with their work. 6. (necessity; past time): not to send him a telegram. 7. (possibility; future time): to find her tomorrow. 8. (promise; future time): to get a nice present for him. 9. (reproach; past time): to work harder. 10. (habit; past time): live in a very old house. 112. Trecei verbele din urmtorul text de la diateza pasiv la diateza activ. Bleeding can usually be stopped by applying pressure to the cut for two or three minutes. The cut can then be carefully inspected. If it has bled freely any germs will normally have been washed away by the blood. If the cut is deep and the edges cannot be pulled together with a dressing, consult the doctor or a nurse. A tetanus injection may be needed. If burns cause severe blistering or break the skin, the doctor should be consulted. Sunburn should, if possible, be prevented by avoiding long exposure and covering exposed areas adequately. It may be treated by calamine lotion and soluble aspirin to relieve the pain. 113. Folosii urmtoarele informaii pentru a formula ntrebri pentru rspunsurile a-g :

- 85 -

November 17th November 18th

November 19th

November 20th

1558 - English Queen Mary died and Elisabeth I took the throne. She ruled for 45 years. 1928 Walt Disneys Mickey Mouse made his first appearance in the film Steamboat Willie. 1976 Spain established democracy after Francos 37-year dictatorship. 1493 Cristopher Columbus discovered Carribean Island Puerto Rico. 1795 The pencil as we know it today was invented by Frenchman N. J. Conte. 1925 Robert Kennedy (brother of J. F. K) was born in Massachussetts. He became a senator for the Democrat Party but was assassinated in 1968. 1947 Princess Elisabeth (later Queen Elisabeth II) married Duke Philip Mountbatten in Londons Webminster Abbey.

a - 45 years Ex. How long did Elisabeth I rule for? b - Steamboat Willie c - 37 years d - 1493 e - the pencil f - Democrat g - Westminster Abbey 114. Traducei n limba englez: 1. Plou. 2. n aceast regiune plou rareori. 3. Plou de cnd am ajuns acas. 4. A plouat i ieri. 5. Ultima dat cnd m-am uitat pe fereastr, ploua. 6. Vom face o plimbare dac va sta ploaia. 7. Nu vede pdurea din cauza copacilor. 8. D-i ceva de mncare dac-i este foame. 9. A traduce-o dac a avea un dicionar. 10. Ai fi mulumit dac ar trebui s stai acolo. 11. Nu era nevoie s ne ateptai. 12. Mai degrab a muri dect s cedez. 13. Obinuiam s fumez mult. 14. Chiar trebuie s plec. 15. Dac ar fi fost biat l-a fi numit dup tatl meu. 16. Formm diateza pasiv cu ajutorul verbului auxiliar "to be". 17. Profesorul scrie pe tabl cu cret colorat. 18. O vezi? 19. La ce te uii? 20. M simt mult mai bine acum.

- 86 -

TEST AUTOEVALUATIV
1. (1,5p.) Scriei urmtoarele numerale cu litere sau cifre dup caz: a) (numbers) 0; 48; 83; 129; 2;475; 75; 840; 150; 770; 220; 2,5; 18,15; 2/3; 3/4; primul; al treilea; al nuoazeciinoulea; de trei ori; doi cte doi. b) (time) 10:30; 11:05; 12:15; 7:45; 8:00. c) (years) 1821; 1900; 1907. d) (dates) 1.06.1944; 27.09.2010. e) (operations) 5+2=7; 5-2=3; 5x2=10; 5:2=2 rest 1. 2. (1p.) Completai cu prepoziia potrivit: a) Why go foot when you can get there car or, at any rate, horseback? b) We were supposed to meet the morning, but we met noon. c) He is particularly interested the study of evergreens. d) You cannot let him down; he depends you. e) I'm telling you; there's nobody home. 3. (1p.) Transformai urmtoarele propoziii la negativ i interogativ: a) He studies English literature at Oxford. b) He has been studying for a few hours now. c) Both brothers studied Low abroad. d) They could come on Monday. 4. (1,5p.) Trecei urmtoarele propoziii la diateza pasiv: a) He sent me a telegram. b) Everybody sould buy this dictionary. c) She was lying the table this time next week. 5. (5p.) Translate into English: a) Plou de la ora trei. b) Mine pe vremea asta voi zbura ctre Londra. c) Cnd eram n liceu obinuiam s mergem n excursii mpreun. d) Tocmai ieeam din cas cnd a nceput s sune telefonul. e) Nu suport oamenii care m ntreab de familia mea. f) Se face trziu i ar trebui s te duci acas. g) Trebuie s lum o hotrre ct mai curnd posibil. h) V deranjeaz dac aprind o igar? i) Dac s-ar tunde ar arta mult mai bine. f) Dac mi-ai fi spus la timp, a fi fcut ceva.

- 87 -

CHEIA EXERCIIILOR
3. spinster, barmaid, sister, lady, grandmother, heroine, wife, neighbour, aunt, waitress. 4. cow, bitch, drake, vixen, gander, cock/rooster, lioness, ewe, hind, mare. 5. benches, bushes, cliffs, foxes, handkerchieves, matches, months, potatoes, thieves. 6. afternoons, children, flowers, glasses, peaches, phenomena, sanatoria, sisters-in-law, teeth, women. 7. a brood of chickens, a colony of ants/bees/birds, a flight of birds/geese, a flock of birds/geese/sheep, a litter of puppies, a pack of dogs/wolves, a shoal of fish/whales, a swarm of bees, a troop of ants/monkeys. 9. bloody, childish, colourful, courageous, dangerous, delightful, enjoyable, humorous, milky, monumental, national, painful, pardonable, peaceful, predictable, reddish, traditional, trendy, variable, wealthy. 10. accidental, affectionate, boyish, charitable, customary, dangerous, economic/al, expressive, faithful, fiery, heroic, influential, manly, melodious, passionate, skilful, wintry. 11. uncommon, incredible, ungrateful, dishonourable, unpainful, impartial, impolite, disobedient, invaluable. 15. hard harder the hardest lazy lazier the laziest happy happier the happiest interesting more interesting the most interesting good better the best small smaller the smallest beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful old older/elder the oldest/eldest captivating more captivating the most captivating cold colder the coldest tall taller the tallest clever cleverer the cleverest clumsy clumsier the clumsiest bad worse the worst 16. anxiously, early, comfortably, fast, fearlessly, well, hard/ly, immediately, kindly, late/ly, luckily, near/ly, suddenly, terribly. 19. a) these trees, b) those curtains, c) these flowers, d) those hats, e) these carpets. 20. a) that old man, b) this map, c) that big boy, d) this blue ball, e) this nice picture. 21. a) is, b) are, c) is, d) has, e) are, f) is. - 88 -

22. a) Shes my friend. b) Theyre not/they arent interpreters, theyre translators. c) The teachers not/the teacher isnt nervous at all. d) Theyre the new neighbours. e) Their grandparents arent at home. 23. a) He is not a taxi-driver. Is he a taxi-driver? b) They are not American tourists visiting Romania. Are they American students visiting Romania? c) There isnt a flower pot on the window sill. Is there a flower pot on the window sill? d) This coniferous tree does not have red wood. Does this coniferous tree have red wood? e) It does not grow in hot climate. Does it grow in hot climate? f) She does not want a bigger house. Does she want a bigger house? g) They do not want to be free. Do they want to be free? h) He does not have a younger sister in Connecticut. Does he have a younger sister in Connecticut? i) He has not got the flu. Has he got the flu? j) Paul does not play the piano beautifully. Does Paul play the piano beautifully? k) The ministers wife has got the prize. Has the ministers wife got the prize? l) He does not make fun of other people. Does he make fun of other people? m) Wild roses do not grow here. Do wild roses grow here? 24. 1. Take me with you! 2. He calls me a liar. 3. Tell him/her that everything is OK. 4. Talk to them yourself! 5. We always help her carry her luggage. 26. 1. herself, 2. himself, 3. yourself, 4. yourself, 5. yourself, 6. myself, 7. herself, 8. herself, 9. themselves, 10. ourselves. 28. 1. who, 2. whom, 3. whose, 4. whom, who, 5. which/that, 6. which/that, 7. whom, 8. who/that. 29. 1c, 2b, 3a, 4a, 5a. 30. 1 some, 2 any, 3 any, 4 any, 5 some. 31. 1 much, 2 much, 3 much, 4 many, 5 much, 6 much. 32. 1 little, 2 a few, 3 little, 4 few, 5 few/a few. - 89 -

33. 1 no, 2 either, 3 both days, 4 any, 5 any, 6 each, 7 much. 34. 1 none of them, 2 a few of them, 3 some of them, 4 many of them, 5 most of them, 6 all of them. 35. 1. Neither of the hotels is suitable. 2. Both proposals are interesting. 3. None of the items of furniture is expensive. 4. Not all of them listen to him. 5. All we want is our wages. 37. 1 Whom do we see twice a week? - Who sees our daughter twice a week? 2 Who hates piano lessons? - What does their son hate? 3 Who says she disagrees? - What does Helen say? 4 Who argues always with him? - Whom do they always argue with? 40. 3 possessive s, 4 possessive s, 5 contraction s, possessive s. 41. My parents names are Michael and Georgiana. My fathers a journalist and my mothers unemployed. Ive got two brothers and a sister. My brothers names are Ethan and Shane. My sisters names Beverly. Shes married to Sean. Shes a teacher and hes a banker. 43. 1 theyre, 2 their, 3 theyre, 4 there, 5 their, 6 there. 46. 1 a hard-working student 2 a blue-eyed man 3 a careless driver 4 a short-sleeved blouse 5 a good-looking woman 6 a hundred-year old tree 7 a kind-hearted woman 8 a heart-breaking story 9 a courageous man 10 a red-faced man 48. Alec & Katherine, Betty & Donald, Carol & Neil, Edwin & Fiona, Gary & Margaret, Holly & Jeremy, Ivy & Leonard. 49. pocket money, youth hostel, junk food, post office, shop assistant, department store, shoe shop. 53. make: the beds, an attempt, a cake, friends, war, dinner, a decision, money; - do: the washing up, the housework, nothing, a lot of work, the shopping, well, your best; - go: swimming, skiing, shopping, for a walk, on holiday; - have; a baby, a swim, a try, a go, a walk, a lot of work, dinner, friends, nothing, money. - 90 -

54. 1 make, 2 let, 3 lets, 4 makes. 56. 1 have, 2 make, 3 have, 4 makes. 57. 1 makes, 2 make, 3 make, 4 do, 5 does, make, 6 make, 7 making, doing, 8 makes, 9 make, 10 make. 58. 1. George is not as good a game-keeper as John. 2. I dont eat as much as Michael. 3. He has the best communication skills in the team. 4. The baby looks fatter every week. TEST RECAPITULATIV 1. a) yesterdays newspaper b) the teachers opinions c) the bears fur d) the trees of the wood 2. a) good, better, less good, the best, as good as, better and better; b) healthy, healthier, more important, the most important, the worst, worse and worse. 3. a) to do the shopping b) to make a decision c) to have lunch d) the trees of the wood e) to go for a walk 4. a) He is not very good at English. Is he very good at English? b) He does not make mistakes in writing. Does he make mistakes in writing? 5. a) How much money do you need? b) Their aunt is older than ours. c) Wherever you go, remember my advice. d) Youve got here two fir-trees: a silver one and a white one. 65. twelve spoons, twenty-four forks, six saucers, four egg-cups, sixty-four plates, thirteen salt cellars, one hundred and twenty-two napkins, sixteen knives. 71. 1 at, 2 on, 3 on, 4 in, 5 in, 6 at, 7 in, 8 on, 9 in, 10 on. 72. 1 with, 2 from, 3 to, 4 of, 5 at, 6 in, 7 for, 8 on, 9 to, 10 into, 11 among, 12 between, 13 until. 76. 1 in, 2 at, 3 at, 4 on, 5 in, 6 at, 7 on, 8 in, 9 in, 10 on, 11 on, 12 in, 13 at, 14 at. 77. 1c, 2a, 3f, 4d, 5b, 6c. 79. 1 is feeling, 2 are working, 3 (s) getting, 4 is wearing, 5 is being, 6 is watching, 7 is sleeping, 8 is changing, 9 is sweeping. - 91 -

81. 1 prezent continuu, 2 prezent simplu, 3 simplu, 4 simplu, 5 simplu, 6 simplu, 7 simplu, simplu, 8 continuu, 9 simplu, 10 continuu. 85. 1 He would always call me/he was always calling me late at night. 2 As a student he was shy but extremely hard-working. 3 I was just getting dressed when I heard somebody at the door. 4 Grandpa would tell us stories and we would listen to him obediently. 5 He took his hat, gloves and cane, said good-bye to his colleagues and got out of the building without any noise. 87. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Its the most interesting thing that I have ever heard. I havent seen him since he left the country. How long has he been married (for)? He has been eating for an hour; Im afraid thats not very good. How long have you been washing (for)?

88. 1. When I got home it was silence. 2. I apologized for being late and I explained that my car had had a flat tyre on the way home. 3. I bought myself a new computer last year because the old one had got broken. 4. What had he been all this time? 5. They had been living for generations in that house. 94. 1 threat, 2 refusal, 3 prediction, 4 invitation, 5 decision, 6 promise, 7 offer, 8 request. 97. 1. You neednt buy apples. 2. They neednt have worked on Sundays. 3. I needn have visited the cardiologist. 101. 1 May/can I come in? 2. Could you help me? 3. Can/do you see the red car? It belongs to my boss. 4. I understand what you say but I cannot speak English. 5. How dare you contradict your own mother? 6 Shall I make you a black coffee? 7 You could/might have told me the truth. 8 They may be talking about poaching this very moment. 9 Natalies father must be almost 70. 10 The doctor must be on his way now. 110. 1. This bed hasnt been slept in. 2. This venerable tree shouldnt be cut/felled. 3. The children were well taken care of. 4. The old man was run over by a car. 5. She doesnt like being stared at. 6. This book hasnt been translated into Romanian yet. 7. These trees have not yet been pruned. 8. You have been invited to the party. 9. He was asked some simple questions. 10. Will this article be/have been translated by the end of the year. - 92 -

114. 1. It is raining. 2. In this region it seldom rains. 3. It has been raining since I got home. 4. It rained yesterday too. 5. The last time I looked out of the window, it was raining. 6. We will go for a walk if the rain stops. 7. He cant see the wood for the trees. 8. Give him something to eat if he is hungry. 9. I would translate it if I had a dictionary. 10. You would be pleased if you had to stay there. 11. You neednt have waited for us. 12. Id rather die than give in. 13. I used to smoke a lot. 14. I really must be going. 15. Had she been a boy, I would have named him after my father. 16. We form/one forms the passive voice by means of/with the auxiliary BE. 17. The teacher writes/is writing on the blackboard with coloured chalk. 18. Can you see her/it? 19. What are you looking at? 20. I feel/Im feeling much better.

- 93 -

APPENDIX 1 TEXTE
STEMS The stem is a plants -ground support structure, bearing its leaves, and flowers. It also forms part of a plants transport system. Xylem tissue carries minerals and water from the roots to the rest of the plant, phloem tissue conveys nutrients produced in the leaves. There are two types of stem: herbaceous (non-woody) stems, which die at the end of each growing season; and woody stems, which develop continuously, adding a ring consisting of secondary xylem and secondary phloem every growing season. There are three kinds of woody plants: vines, trees and shrubs. Vines are rarely . They climb, wind or over some support. Trees, on the other hand, have a single stem (trunk), with a branching head, and are usually quite tall. As for shrubs, their stem is not very tall as they branch close to the . 1. a) over b) above c) off 2. a) buds b) terminal buds c) catkins 3. a) whereas b) while c) meanwhile 4. a) upright b) straight c) erect 5. a) scatter b) spread c) develop 6. a) ground b) land c) earth LEAVES A typical leaf consists of a thin flat lamina () supported by a network of veins, a petiole (leaf-stalk), and a leaf base, where the petiole joins the stem. Leaves be classified as simple, in which the lamina is a single unit, or , in which the lamina is divided into separate leaflets. Compound leaves may be pinnate, with pinnae (leaflets) on both sides of a rachis (main axis), or palmate, with leaflets arising from a single point at the tip of the petiole. leaves are usually simple and slender, and have a tough waxy surface. more delicate leaves, they often last for several . 1. a) blade b) plate c) scale 2. a) might b) should c) can 3. a) compound b) composite c) combined 4. a) resinous b) conifer c) deciduous 5. a) alike b) like c) unlike 6. a) seasons b) years c) seed year FLOWERS Flowers are the sites of sexual reproduction in flowering plants (angiosperms). The male reproductive organ is the stamen; the female structure consists of the ovary, style and stigma. Flowering plants fall into two categories: dicotyledons and monocotyledons (known as dicots and monocots). In dicot flowers, there is a distinction between the - 94 -

outer sepals, which are usually larger and colourful. In monocot flowers, the petals and sepals are similar, and are known collectively as tepals. Flowers also vary in their shape (cruciform, stellate, saucer-shaped, cup-shaped, bell-shaped, tubular, funnel-shaped, trumpet-shaped, pea-like, rosette etc.), growth habit (erect, nodding, pendent), coloration (self-coloured, bicoloured, picotee, striped), and petal arrangements (recurved, reflexed, single, semi-double, double, fully-double). Describe the following flowers, using the above-mentioned criteria: carnation, chrysanthemum, daffodil, daisy, dandelion, hyacinth, lily of the valley, Madonna lily, magnolia, petunia, poppy, rose, snowdrop, tulip, violet, water lily. MOSS Read the following text and put the verbs in the Past Tense Simple. Mosses are simple evergreen plants that are rootless but with a stem carrying leaves and spore capsules which are seen in spring. They form a soft cushion and the deep springy layers represent as many years of growing. The fronds of some species are loose while others form tight cushions. They like shade and moisture and though they can withstand severe winter frosts, their main danger is from the people who give little thought to the destruction of habitat, by ripping it off the tree stump or boulders. FUNGI Choose the right form: The autumn woods in Bukowina are a profusion of fungi. A good number is/are edible but some are highly poisonous. The nut-brown cap and the golden yellow chanterelle are the most/most favoured but the death-cap lives/leaves up to its name, is responsible for many of the deaths from fungus-poisoning. It is yellowish-green above and white below/underneath. Most fungi are saporphytic they obtain their nutrients from decay but a few are parasitic extracting nutrients from the trees. The victim is as usual/usually old or already damaged. Before going under the bridge formed by the fractured silver birch observe the razor strop fungus. Once used for sharpening razors, as pin-cushions or sliced as cork, it is not edible. The host tree will die. Not all partnerships are one-sided or parasitic. In the case of the lichens the alga and the fungus have a symbiotic relationship that is, one cannot live without the other. Though the species are very different, their relationship benefits each other (for example in tropical areas birds find food by entering in/entering the open mouth of crocodiles to clean worms from their teeth; in return, the birds raise the alarm when there is any/some danger). FINLAND Finlands to the rest of the continent are old, close and still developing strongly. Geographically, the country has a very location. It is really one vast forest, in which lakes, rivers, cropland and pastures are interspersed with towns and villages. All in all, forests cover nearly 80 per cent of the total land area. - 95 -

A nation of five million people inhabits this country. People and forest lived together in a unique relationship centuries, if not millennia. Finland lies in the boreal coniferous zone. Although dozens of tree species are , pine and spruce have a share of nearly 80 per cent between them. Boreal coniferous forests have their distinct ecology, of which resilience and a remarkable capacity for self-renewal are the characteristic features. 1. a) relations b) connections c) ties 2. a) north-western b) northern c) southern 3. a) has b) had c) have 4. a) for b) along c) over 5. a) find b) found c) founded 6. a) private b) proper c) own

- 96 -

APPENDIX 2 ACTIVITI COMUNICATIVE

1. Say how to do things. Example: To keep the doctor away, eat an apple a day. Or: You keep the doctor away by eating an apple a day. a) turn on the TV / press this button b) get to the town centre / take a trolley-bus c) find out a phone number / call directory enquiries d) make some coffee / e) prevent land-slip / f) extinguish a stem-fire / 2. Look at the following phrases and match them with their possible meanings below: 1. You must be joking. 2. Excuse me! 3. Yes, I suppose so. 4. I dont quite follow. 5. Well, thats very kind of you, but 6. Well, you asked for it. 7. Bad luck! a) I dont understand what youre saying. b) Its your fault. c) I must refuse your offer. d) Im sorry you werent successful. e) Youre right, but I wish you werent. f) What youre asking of me is ridiculous / impossible. g) Can you explain what youre doing? 3. Ask and say how often / when you do the things below: go to the dentist watch TV wear trousers do the shoppings study

Use: never, hardly ever, sometimes/occasionally, quite/very often, usually, once a week/day/month, in the evenings, at weekends, on holiday etc. Model: I hardly ever watch TV. I usually wear jeans at weekends. 4. Discuss your likes and dislikes with a partner. Try to use the following patterns to agree or disagree: ex. A: I like B: So do I. / Do you? I dont. Or: A: I dont like B: Neither do I. / Dont you? I do. - 97 -

5. Complete the following table, after youve discussed with your partner. Do you like ? travelling meeting people making decisions making things working in a team working with machines working with figures studying Botany YOU YOUR PARTNER

6. Talk about things which you used to do or used to like. 7. Consider the following jobs: doctor, engineer, teacher, accountant, secretary, travel agent, attorney at law, caretaker, chimney-sweeper. Complete the following: A works in a . A has to be a very person. His is a good/bad job because . Mine is a good/bad job because . 8. Complete the following table (using: every day/Monday, never, once a week, twice a month, three times a year etc.), after you have discussed with your partner. In your job, how often do you ? travel by train use a computer use English or another foreign language go on delegations 9. Describe a daily routine at work. 10. Explain what people generally do when they: a) take their leave b) meet someone in the street c) go to a birthday party 11. Describe the most beautiful or interesting place you have ever visited. If necessary, use the following directions: Its half an hours drive from - X kilometres from - situated in - in central - along the coast from - mid-way between YOU YOUR PARTNER

- 98 -

APPENDIX 3 FUNCTIONS BANK

I. Introducing oneself - Im - My name is - Let me introduce myself (formal) II. Greetings for first meetings How do you do? - Im (very) pleased/delighted to meet you. (formal) - Its very nice to meet you. - Nice/good to meet you, at last. - Pleased to meet you, too. III. Introducing people Id like you to meet... - May I introduce - Id like to introduce - Can I introduce - I want you to meet IV. Daily greetings Hello. How are you? R: Very well, thanks. - Hi. How are you doing? R: Im fine thanks. - Good morning. How are things? / How have things been doing? R: Not too bad. - Good afternoon. Is everything OK / all right? R; Fine, thanks. Also: How was your holiday/trip? R: Very good/interesting. How did the meeting go? R: Very well. How did you enjoy the film? - R: Very much. VI. Invitations - I was wondering if you would like to join us for a meal. - Would you like to visit our gardens? - How about going to a movie tonight? - Why dont you join us for a drink? - What about going out for a meal? - Why not come round for a drink? VII. Accepting invitations Thank you very much. That would be very nice. - Thats very kind of you. Id like that very much. - Thank you for inviting me. Id love to come. - Ill look forward to it. - Thanks. Thats a good idea. / What a good idea! / That sounds fun. VIII. Declining invitations Thank you for inviting me, but Im afraid I cant come / / unfortunately I wont be able to come. IX. Thanking people for hospitality Thank you very much. I really appreciate your hospitality. - Its been a very pleasant weekend. - It was very kind of you to invite me. - Thank you very much for everything. - Thanks for asking me out. It was great fun. - 99 -

X. Responding to thanks That s quite all right. - Thats OK. - It was no trouble. - Youre welcome. - Dont mention it. XI. Offering Would you like a cup of coffee? R: Yes, please. - Shall I pick you up at the airport? - Would you like me to try to change the tickets for you? - How about going for a cup of coffee? R: No, thank you. - Do you want another cup of coffee? - Do you want me to photocopy this for you? R: Yes, if youre sure its no trouble. / Yes, that would be very nice of you. Other questions: Where do you live? Which part of the country are you from? What do you do for a living? Have you got a family? Do you travel much in your job? LIKES I (really) like/enjoy/love + noun/ing Im (very/really) fond of/interested in/keen on + noun/ing I find ing (really) interesting/enjoyable/relaxing/fascinating/exciting etc. DISLIKES I dont (really) like + noun/ing I (really/absolutely) hate/detest/cant bear/cant stand + noun/ing Im not (very/really) fond of/interested in/keen on + noun/ing I find ing (a bit/rather) boring/dull/tiring etc. PREFERENCES I prefer tennis/playing tennis to badminton/playing badminton. Id (I would) rather dance than jog. ASKING FOR AND EXPRESSING OPINIONS What do you think of ? How do you feel about ? Whats your opinions of ? I think I believe In my opinion, In my view, It seems to me that - 100 -

From my point of view, I think As far as Im concerned, If you ask me, (informal) ASKING FOR ADVICE Im not sure what to do You know more than me about Could you/can you/I was wondering if you could give me some advice? Id appreciate/Id welcome your advice/some advice, if you dont mind. What would you do in my place/in my position/if you were me? MAKING A REQUEST Please shut the door. Could/would you shut the door, please? Would you mind shutting the door (please)? Do you think you could shut the door? I wonder if you dont mind shutting the door/if you could shut the door? ASKING FOR AND GIVING DIRECTIONS Excuse me, could you tell me the way/direct me to the station? Excuse me, could you tell me where the station is, please? DESCRIBING PEOPLE He/shes got short/shoulder-length/long straight/curly/wavy blonde/fair/red/brown/dark/black hair. Hes bald. He/shes fairly/quite/very/extremely thin/slim/plump/fat/well-built. He/shes tall/short/medium height. He/shes got a pale/fair/dark complexion. He/shes got a fringe/freckles/a scar. Hes got a beard/a moustache. INTERRUPTING Excuse me, may I interrupt/break in ? Sorry to interrupt, but Hold on a minute! (informal) ASKING THE SPEAKER TO SPEAK MORE CLEARLY Could you speak up please? Could you speak more slowly? Im afraid I didnt catch that. Could you repeat that?

- 101 -

ASKING THE SPEAKER TO CLARIFY SOMETHING Could you explain that? Do you mean ? What does X mean? AGREEING I couldnt agree more. I quite/absolutely/entirely agree. Thats absolutely true. Thats a very good point. DISAGREEING I couldnt agree less. I really dont agree. Not at all. I disagree. Nonsense! (informal) AGREEING WITH RESERVATIONS I agree with you, but Thats true, but I agree with you up to a point. Yes, but what about Yes, but on the other hand GIVING INSTRUCTIONS, WARNINGS, ADVICE Do/dont write You must/mustnt/neednt write You should/shouldnt write Youd (had) better (not) write Dont forget to Its a good idea to Another possibility is to The best thing is to The worst thing is to On no account write Never/always write How about ? What about ? Have you thought of ? Why dont you ? If I were you, Id USEFUL QUESTIONS FOR TRAVELLING How long does it take to get to ? How far is it to ? - 102 -

Whats the cheapest/quickest way I can get there? Whats the difference in price between X and Y? Which platform is it? (railway station) Which is it? (train) Which gate is it? (airport departure) Which desk is it? (airport check in) Which belt is it? (airport baggage reclaim) Which bus is it? Which number is it? (bus) Which stop is it? (bus) POLITE REQUESTS I wonder if you could help me? Would you mind ? Could you possibly ? POSITIVE RESPONSES Id be delighted. Itd be a pleasure. Id be glad to. Certainly. Of course. NEGATIVE RESPONSES Im afraid I cant. Id love to but Im afraid its just not possible. SAYING GOODBYE Goodbye. Hope to see you soon. Bye. It was great knowing you. Keep in touch. So long. Dont forget to write. WISHING PEOPLE LUCK Good luck! All the best. I hope everything goes well. Break a leg! (informal)

- 103 -

APPENDIX 4 SPELLING
PREZENTUL SIMPLU La persoana a treia singular, verbul la prezentul simplu se termin n S. n cazul verbelor care se termin n O, SA, CH, SH, X se adaug ES. Ex. He goes/misses/watches/wishes/relaxes. PREZENTUL CONTINUU (sau adugarea terminaiei ING n general) Se elimin E final atunci cnd se adaug terminaia ING unui verb (dar se pstreaz dublu E). Ex. decide deciding, write writing DAR see seeing, agree agreeing Cnd verbul se termin n grupul IE, prin adugarea lui -ING acesta devine -YING. Ex. die dying, lie lying DAR hurry hurrying Uneori consoana final se dubleaz. Acest lucru se ntmpl atunci cnd verbul se termin n consoan-vocal-consoan. Ex. plan planning, stop stopping DAR meet meeting, work working TRECUTUL SIMPLU (sau adugarea treminaiei ED n general) Cnd un verb se termin n CONSOAN + Y, Y-ul se transform n IE. Ex. try tried, deny denied, hurry hurried, copy copied Uneori se dubleaz consoana final. Aceasta se ntmpl cnd verbul se termin n consoan-vocal-consoan. Ex. plan planned, regret regretted, stop stopped DAR meet meeting PLURALUL SUBSTANTIVELOR Pentru forma de plural a substantivelor se adaug de obicei S. Dup grupurile finale CH, -SH, -SS, -X se adaug ES. Ex. match matches, wish wishes, glass glasses, box boxes Majoritatea substantivelor care se termin n O formeaz pluralul cu ajutorul lui S, unele ns au ES. Ex. kilos, photos, pianos, studios DAR heroes, potatoes, tomatoes Cnd un substantiv se termin n CONSOAN + Y, Y-ul se transform n IES. Ex. party parties, story stories DAR day days, journey journeys ADVERBE Majoritatea adverbelor se formeaz prin adugarea terminaiei -LY unui adjectiv. Uneori se omite E final. Ex. safe safely, strange strangely DAR true truly, whole wholly Cnd un adjectiv se termin n CONSOAN + Y, Y-ul se transform n ILY. Ex. easy easily, angry angrily Cnd un adjectiv se termin n CONSOAN + LE, E se transform n Y. Ex. probable probably, sensible sensibly Cnd un adjectiv se termin n IC, se adaug ALLY, cu o singur excepie. Ex. automatic automatically, romantic romantically DAR public publicly Sufixul FUL are un singur L. Cnd se adaug LY pentru formarea adverbelor, vom avea dublu L. Ex. successful successfully IE SAU EI? Regula este urmtoarea: I nainte de E, cu excepia cazului n care dup C urmeaz sunetul /i:/. - 104 -

Ex. field, believe, science DAR receive LITERE CARE NU SE PRONUN n urmtoarele cuvinte, literele subliniate nu se pronun: BT doubt MB plumber, thumb GN sign, foreign KN know, knife PS psychology, psychiatrist SC science, descend WH who WR wrong, write SUBSTANTIVE I VERBE CU C I S Ex. advice, practice (substantive); advise, practise (verbe)

- 105 -

APPENDIX 5 VERBE NEREGULATE

be bear beat become begin bet bite bleed blow break breed bring build burn buy catch choose come cost cut dig do draw dream drink drive eat fall feed feel fight find fly forget forgive freeze get give go grow hang have hear hide hit hold was/were bore beat became began bet bit bled blew broke bred brought built burnt/burned bought caught chose came cost cut dug did drew dreamt/dreamed drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found flew forgot forgave froze got gave went grew hung had heard hid hit held - 106 been born beaten become begun bet/betted bitten/bit bled blown broken bred brought built burnt/burned bought caught chosen come cost cut dug done drawn dreamt/dreamed drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found flown forgotten forgiven frozen got given gone grown hung had heard hidden hit held

hurt keep kneel know lay lead lean learn leave lend let lie light lose make mean meet pay put read ride ring rise run say see seek sell send set shake shoot show shut sing sit sleep smell speak spend spread stand steal swear swim take teach tear tell think

hurt kept knelt knew laid led leant/leaned learnt/learned left lent let lay lit/lighted lost made meant met paid put read rode rang rose ran said saw sought sold sent set shook shot showed shut sang sat slept smelt/smelled spoke spent spread stood stole swore swam took taught tore told thought - 107 -

hurt kept knelt known laid led leant/leaned learnt/learned left lent let lain lit/lighted lost made meant met paid put read ridden rung risen run said seen sought sold sent set shaken shot shown shut sung sat slept smelt/smelled spoken spent spread stood stolen sworn swum taken taught tore told thought

throw understand wake wear weep win

threw understood woke wore wept won

thrown understood woken worn wept won

- 108 -

APPENDIX 6 SILVICI
A -

- GLOSAR ROMN-ENGLEZ DE TERMENI

ace de rinoase needles administraia pdurilor board of woods and forests administraia forestier forest administration; forest department afin bogbil-berry; shrub; bilberry agent silvic forest officer agri gooseberry-bush a altoi to en-graft altoi graft alun hazelnut; European haze aluni hazel-grove alunecarea malurilor bank slide alunecarea terenului land-slip; earth-slide amenajarea pdurilor forest management amenajist forest-organizer ament catkin amestec individual de arbori mixture by single trees an de ghind mast year an de smn seed year anin alb grey alder anin negru black alder anin verde green alder ap freatic - ground water arbore tree arbore de pdure forest tree arbore foios broad-leaved tree arbore pitic dwarf tree arbore de rinoase resinous tree arboret crop; stand arboret amestecat mixed crop/stand arboret artificial artificial stand arboret de larice larch-stand/crop arboret echien even-aged stand arboret etajat storezed stand arboret natural natural stand arbori dominani overtopped trees arbust arborescent shrub arbust tufos bush a arde to burn arm de vntoare sporting gun; fowling piece arar maple aval downstream avers shower of rain bac berry baraj barrage; dam blan de vnat fur a bracona to poach - 109 -

B -

braconaj poaching braconier poacher brad alb white fir brad argintiu silver fir brdet silver fir wood brigad silvic forest district brigadier silvic chief guard; forester buletin meteo weather report burni drizzle buruian weed butean bolt; log butuc block buturug dead stump C canton de paz forest range canton de pdurar (locuina pdurarului) forest-guard lodge; forest house canton de vntoare shooting district carne de vnat venison carpen hornbeam cderea frunzelor fall of the leaves; leaf-fall cderea seminelor seeds fall clin cranberry; snowball tree cprioar doe ctin seabucktorn; sallow thorn; willow thorn castan chestnut tree castor beaver; castor cerb stag; red-deer cherestea sawn timber chiparos czpress cintez chaffinch cioar crow ciocnitoare woodpecker ciocrlie skylark ciot snag ciut hind cine ciobnesc sheperds dog cine de vntoare sporting dog; hound cmpie plain crti mole clean chub clete tungs coacz red courant bush se coace to ripen; to mature coaj de fructe peel coaj de arbori bark; rind, cortex coarn cornel-cherry; dog-berry cocor crane cocostrc white stork cod silvic forest code; forest laws colin hill comer trade; commerce con cone - 110 -

coroan de arbore crown coofan magpie crng coppice cuc cuckoo D defriare deforestation delict de pescuit offence/delinquency against fishing regulations delict de vntoare offence/delinquency against fishing regulations delict silvic offence/delinquency against forest laws dendrometrie forest measurement desi thicket despdurire deforestation a despica to split the wood; to cleave the wood dezghe thaw a dezrdcina to uproot; to root up dihor polecat; fitchet director silvic conservator of woods and forests direcia silvic commissionership of forests dud - mulberry a exploata pdurea to cut; to fell; to exploit exploatarea pdurilor (disciplin) forest utilisation fag beech fazan pheasant fget beech-forest; beech-crop; beech-grove ferig male fern; shield fern; lady fern fierstru saw fierstru cu lan chain-saw frasin ash frunz leaf fum smoke gard viu living hedge ghimpe thorn ghind acorn

E -

F -

G -

H - hrtie milimetric scale paper hotar de pdure boundary of forest I - iarb grass ignifug fireproof incendiu de arbore stem-fire incendiu de coroan crown-fire incendiu de pdure forest-fire incendiu de sol ground-fire incendiu de suprafa surface-fire incendiu generalizat extended inel anual annual ring; annual layer inel de cretere growth ring - 111 -

inspector silvic forest inspector; forest master - mpdurire afforestation a nflori to flower; to blossom; to bloom a nfrunzi to leaf nghe frost L - lapovi sleet larice European larch lcrmioar may-lily; lily of the valley lstar sprout; shoot lemn wood; timber lemn brut raw wood lemn de foc firewood lemn de foioase broadleaved wood lemn de rinoase coniferous wood lemn pentru crbuni charcoal wood lemn putred rotten wood lichen lichen liliac (zool.) bat liliac (bot.) lilac lup wolf M margine de pdure border materie prim raw material mce dog rose mr pdure crab tree mesteacn common birch molid spruce mucegai mould mugure bud muchi moss muuroi mole-hill nevstuic weasel nisip sand nod knot nuc walnut tree nuia rod nurc mink ocol silvic ranger-district ogar greyhound omid nun moth; gipsy moth; caterpillar pagub, prejudiciu damage pasre de prad bird of prey paznic de pdure auxiliary forest guard pdurar forest ranger; forest guard pdure forest; wood(s); wodland pdure de foioase broad-leaved forest pdure de rinoase coniferous forest; resinous forest pdurice small wood; grove pstrv trout - 112 -

N -

O -

P -

a puna to graze; to pasture pepinier silvic nursery pescar fisher; fisherman a pescui to fish piele de cprioar roe-skin piele de urs bear-skin pin pine plop poplar prepeli quail pupz hoopoe R ramur twig ramur antler ran (coaj, lemn) wound ras race rdcin root rin resin regn kingdom regn animal animal kingdom regn vegetal vegetable kingdom regulament de vntoare hunting-regulation rempdurire reforestation; reafforesting a renfrunzi to put forth again repopularea pdurii restocking rezervaie cinegetic game-reserve rezervaie faunistic game and bird sanctuary rezervaie floristic plant and tree sanctuary rezervaie piscicol fishery-reserve rm earth-worm rs lynx rou dew

S - salcie willow smn seed scoar coarse bark ser greenhouse sev sap silvicultor forester; silviculturist (sens restrns) smbure pip; stone soc elder berry sol soil sol argilos clay soil sol brun brown earth sol brun de pdure sol mltinos marshy soil sol nisipos sandy soil sol pietros stony soil sol profund deep soil sol salin saline soil specie species spin thorny - 113 -

stagiar silvic forest probationer stejar oak - coal superioar de silvicultur forest-college; high forest-highschool ef de echip foreman ef de ocol silvic range-officer oarece de pdure woodmouse oim falcon T - tax duty tiere felling; cutting tei lime tis yew-tree topirea zpezii melting of snow topor axe tratarea seminelor treatment of seed trunchi stem tufri brushwood tuie American arbor vitae; northern white cedar tulpin stalk; leading-stem turb peat; turf turbrie peatland turturic turtle dove arc enclosure; sheepfold eav pipe nari mosquitos ulm de cmp common elm; field elm ulm de munte witch elm; mountain elm umed moist undi angle unealt silvic forest tool urs bear ursoaic she-bear urzic nettle a usca to dry; to season vale valley venit income; revenue viespi wasps viezure badger viscol snowstorm a vna to chase vntoare hunting vntor hunter; huntsman vrst age vrst medie average age; mean age vsc mistletoe vulpe fox

U -

V -

- 114 -

Z - zpad snow ziua arborelui tree-planting zmbru Swiss stone pine; alpine stone pine; cembran pine zmeur - raspberry

- 115 -

BIBLIOGRAFIE SELECTIV

1. Bdescu, A. (1966) Gramatica limbii engleze, Ed. tiinific, Bucureti 2. Emmerson, P. (2002) Business Grammar Builder, Macmillan 3. Gruia, G. (2000) English Grammar and Lexical Exercises, Grupus 4. Morovec-Ocampo, A.; Farrugia, A. (2002) Limba englez: gramatica de baz cu exerciii, Teora, Bucureti 5. Palmer, F. R. (1965) A Linguistic Study of the English Verb, London 6. Ur, P. (1996) A Course in Language Teaching, Cambridge University Press 7. Vere, G.; Cehan, A.; Andriescu, I. (1996) A Students Companion to English Grammar, Ed. Universitii Alexandru Ioan Cuza, Iai

- 116 -