Tipos de llaves de torneo

Tournaments come in a large variety of formats. Tournaments can be arranged for sports, academic or social purposes. Once you have designed a tournament, you will need a way to track the results. One way is by using a tournament bracket. Just like tournaments, tournament brackets are customizable to meet your desired purpose.

Double Elimination Brackets

In some tournaments, a single loss does not eliminate you from the competition, it takes two losses for that. These are known as double elimination brackets. For these you create two separate brackets. One is called the winners bracket, in which competitors advance as they win. The second is the consolation bracket. As a team loses, they enter that bracket. In the end, the winner of the winner's bracket and consolation bracket play for the championship. If the winner of the winner's bracket loses the first game, a second game for the championship must be played as that team would only have one loss.

Round-Robin Brackets
In a round-robin or pool bracket, teams are divided into groups. They play everyone in their own group or pool one time. The tournament creator must determine ahead of time how many teams advance. It can be just the team with the best record, or possibly several teams with the best records. They can then advance to another round-robin round against others that advanced, or to a standard single elimination tournament. Round-robin tournaments can help reduce the number of competitors quickly in tournaments where there are a large number of entrants.

Rotating Partner Brackets

Card games are an example of an activity that use rotating brackets. Groups are formed of four, with two pairs of partners. Each player plays a round of the game with one of the other three players. Even though the players play as partners, they keep their scores as individuals. An example would be in Spades. The game ends when one partnership has 500 points -- each player on the team gets his team's score as his individual score, and then plays with a new partner. His final score is his combined score of all three games. The top player then advances to either another rotating partner bracket or a single elimination bracket.

Single Elimination
The single elimination tournament is one where you must win to continue in the tournament. Team or player names are written on a bracket before the competition advances. If she wins, the player advances to the next round of the bracket, where she plays

another winner. This continues until only two teams or players remain. That game is the championship in a single elimination bracket.

La evolucin de las cmaras digitales

Humankind has long been fascinated with capturing images and has used cameras to satisfy its obsession for the better part of the last two centuries. Cameras evolved slowly from the enormous, ornate contraptions of the mid 19th century and only become compact, pocketsized gadgets in the 1920s. Digital cameras also evolved slowly at first, from still movie cameras to the point-and-shoot cameras commonly used today

What is Digital?
Digital cameras record images using an electronic sensor and store photos on memory cards. The photos can be viewed on a computer and shared online. Early computers used floppy disks and tape drives to store and record digital information, and so did the first digital camera: the Kodak Prototype CCD. Developed in 1975, the camera used a 100-by100 pixel digital sensor, or 0.01 megapixels, to record an image onto a digital cassette tape. It took 23 seconds to record a single image.

Early Days
Even though Kodak developed digital technology as early as 1975, the digital camera market didnt explode into life until the mid 1980s. The Prototype CCD Digital Camera needed to be attached to a large computer processor and external tape drive to record any images, so it wasnt very portable. The 1970s were dominated by the film-based predecessors to digital SLR cameras that included microprocessors and digital light readers, standard features of DSLR cameras and digital point-and-shoot cameras today. During the 1970s, other important advancements were made in home media technology, including the invention of the 5.25-inch floppy disk and digital discs, precursos to CD technology that would transform media transfer technology and make digital media files, including digital photos, portable.

Picking Up Speed
In the early 1980s, CCD technology and mobile media formats converged for the first time in Sonys Mavica Electronic Camera, a magnetic video camera with a 570-by-490 pixel sensor that recorded still images onto magnetic disks resembling 3.5-inch floppy disks. The Mavica needed a special player to display images on a television screen. In the late 1980s, beginning in 1986, Canon and Nikon began dueling over the professional still digital camera market share, a duel that continues. Canon released the RC-701 still video camera and Nikon the SVC prototype. Both cameras recorded to small disks specific to each manufacturer and required special drives to be read by a computer. The two interchangeable lens cameras marked the first commercial digital cameras.

Media

The bare bones of digital cameras -- the CCD sensor -- needed to wait for removable media to catch up. Compatibility was a major issue in early digital cameras, as every manufacturer produced its own media storage devices. Some recorded to floppy disks, others used credit card-sized memory cards that required special readers. When flash memory cards hit the market in the early 1990s, digital camera manufacturers began to take advantage. CCDs became larger and more complex, allowing for higher image resolutions. Compact memory became incorporated into digital cameras in the mid 1990s. Although an industry standard has never entirely defined, most currently manufactured digital cameras use compact flash memory-like SD cards and Memory Sticks, which evolved from the memory cards of the early 1990s.

Ciudadanos naturalizados famosos

From actors, authors and athletes, to governors and sex therapists, the list of famous naturalized citizens in the United States is a long one. People born in other countries of parents who are not U.S. citizens themselves can apply to become naturalized citizens. This process includes living in the United States for a specific length of time, filing applicable forms and presenting appropriate documentation, and passing the citizenship exam.

Entertainers
Famous entertainers from around the world have chosen to become United States citizens. Comedians Dan Aykroyd and Jim Carey, actors Pamela Anderson, and bandleader Guy Lombardo all had Canadian origins. Desi Arnaz was an actor-musician from Cuba. Pierce Brosnan of James Bond fame hailed from Ireland. Actors Errol Flynn, Cary Grant and Greta Garbo were originally Australian, English and Swedish respectively. Musician Peter Frampton came over from England, while Kiss lead singer Gene Simmons was born in Israel

Athletes
A variety of sports stars have become naturalized citizens over the years, notably gymnast Nadia Comaneci who defected from Romania in 1989. Olympic swimmer and star of Tarzan films Johnny Weissmuller also had Romanian origins. Sammy Sosa, a former Major League Baseball right-fielder, was born in the Dominican Republic. Patrick Ewing, originally from Jamaica, was a starting center for the New York Knicks for most of his basketball career. Russian-born Sergei Fedorov and Canadian-born Wayne Gretzky are famous hockey players. Former world champion tennis player Ivan Lendl left the Czech Republic to become a naturalized United States citizen.

Politicians
Arnold Schwarzenegger, former governor of California, is probably the best-known naturalized citizen to go into politics. He was born in Austria and came to the United States as a young man to become a renowned bodybuilder and actor. Canada-born Jennifer Granholm became a United States citizen and was elected Democratic governor of Michigan in 2003 and 2006. Elaine Chao, formerly of Taiwan, became secretary of Labor in 2001 and served for George W. Bushs full two terms.

Professionals
Both Albert Einstein and sex therapist Dr. Ruth Westheimer began life as German citizens. Scientist Enrico Fermi was born in Italy, while physicist Felix Bloch originated in Switzerland. Architect I.M. Pei, from China, is famous for designing the East Wing of

Washington D.C.s National Gallery and the Louvre. Austrian-born Wolfgang Puck is a world-renowned chef. Isaac Asimov, author of more than 500 books of science fiction and history, was originally Russian but became a naturalized citizen after his parents resettled in New York.

Personas en el Proyecto Manhattan

The Manhattan Engineer District Project, or the Manhattan Project as it came to be known, was the U.S.-led research effort into the development of a nuclear bomb. The groundbreaking research required for this hugely ambitious project occurred at more than 30 universities, research institutes and government labs around the world. Many historians agree that the initial impetus for the Manhattan Project came from the Einstein-Szilard letter, sent in late 1939, in which the two renowned physicists warned of the theoretical possibility of nuclear weapons and the likelihood that Nazi Germany was trying to develop this new, massively destructive weapon technology.

Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein, perhaps the greatest math and science mind of the 20th century, authored a letter together with fellow physicist Leo Szilard that was signed by more than a dozen prominent theoreticians of the time warning of the possibility of nuclear weapons and noting that the Germans were actively pursuing them. This letter was sent to U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in October 1939, and from this letter the Manhattan project was born.

Robert Oppenheimer
Physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer became involved in the Manhattan Project in May 1942, replacing Gregory Breit as the man in charge of developing the fast neutron calculations necessary for understanding and harnessing the power of nuclear reactions. Oppenheimer was a professor of physics at the University of California at Berkeley. He was not only a brilliant theoretician but an affable leader and superb organizer. Oppenheimer eventually became known as the "Father of the Atomic Bomb" for his many contributions to the Manhattan Project.

Edward Teller
Edward Teller was another theoretical physicist (originally from Germany, he was working as a professor at George Washington University in 1941) who joined the Manhattan project. Teller later became known as the "Father of the Hydrogen Bomb" due to his numerous theoretical contributions to the development of that device. Teller became somewhat notorious in his later years for his unyielding notion that technology can solve all problems of philosophy.

Leo Szilard
Leo Szilard was arguably the man most responsible for getting the Manhattan Project off the ground. He drafted the famous Einstein-Szilard letter that he and Albert Einstein wrote

to President Roosevelt warning of nuclear weapons. And perhaps most importantly, Szilard conceived of the idea of a nuclear chain reaction involving neutrons. He and Enrico Fermi produced the first human-controlled nuclear chain reaction in December 1942.

General Leslie R. Groves Jr.

General Leslie Groves was the hard-driving Army general in charge of the Manhattan Project from mid-1942. Groves was known as a man who got things done but was also a stickler for security, two traits that served him well in managing the huge Manhattan Project. One of the most critical decisions he made (and very controversial at the time) was to put the admitted left-wing sympathizer Oppenheimer in charge of the scientific aspects of the project as in his judgment Oppenheimer "was absolutely essential to the project."