NOMBRE: ____________________________________________________________ CURSO: _________

NATURAL SCIENCE 2 ESO EXERCISES LESSON 11: Heat and temperature

Exercise 1 Answer the following questions:

(1) What does it mean a body is hotter than other? a) It has more heat b) Its temperature is higher c) Both answers. (2) Between two bodies at a different temperature always heat is transferred: a) From the hottest to the coldest. b) From the coldest to the hotter, if coldest body is much bigger. c) Both answers. (3) What are the units of heat? (4) What are the units of temperature? Which scales of temperature do you know? (5) If you put a metallic saucepan filled with water on a fire, which will get hot before, the saucepan or the water inside it? Which is a better conductor of heat?

Exercise 2

Read the text below and afterwards answer the questions.

When a bodys temperature increases its particles also move more and the distances between these particles become bigger, so they occupy more space. As a consequence, the body increases its volume: it expands. We use thermometers to measure to measure temperature. Most thermometers contain liquids which expand and contract when there are changes in temperature. There are different types of thermometer. We usually use mercury or coloured alcohol thermometers. Mercury thermometers Mercury is a liquid metal at room temperature. It changes into a solid at 39 C. so mercury thermometers are not useful at temperatures around this value. An ordinary thermometer consist of a bulbor reservoir, which contains a small amount of mercury, and a long, thin, glass tube. When the temperature increases, the mercury expands. As this expansion only occurs along the length of the tube, it is easy to see with the naked eye. Alcohol thermometers This type of thermometer is very useful at very low temperatures, because ethanol changes into a solid at 114 C. Alcohol is colourless and it is easy to dissolve dyes in it, so we use coloured (dyed) alcohol thermometers to make them easier to read. Most thermometers that are used to read outdoors temperatures are made with alcohol. a) What property of matter do mercury thermometer use? b) Why must the tube of liquid inside a traditional thermometer be very thin? c) What type of thermometer would you use to find out the temperature of your freezer?

 Exercise 3

What do you think is the temperature? a) Frozen food ________ C b) Human body ________ c) Boiling water ________ d) Bunsen burner ________ e) Wolfram filament ________ f) Electric welding ________ g) The Sun surface ________ h) Plasma ________ i) The Sun centre ________ j) Hydrogen bomb ________ k) Plank period ________

Exercise 4 Exercise 5 Exercise 6

What is temperature? How many degrees Celsius does absolute zero (0 K) correspond to? Change into the Kevin scale the next temperatures. a) 25 C b) 500 C c) 55 C d) 273 C

Exercise 7 Helium is a gas that becomes a liquid to 4 K. How many degrees Celsius correspond that temperature to? Exercise 8 Convert into degrees centigrade the following temperatures. a) 500 K Exercise 9 b) 25 K c) 373 K

Some of the temperatures below are not possible: Find them. a) 28 C b) 9000 K c) 16 K d) 378 C e) 15 000 000 C f) 300 K

Exercise 10 We put a piece of hot iron in a glass fill with cold water. a) How is heat transferred (from to)? b) How does temperature of both substances change? c) How does internal energy of both substances change? Exercise 11 A very cold refreshment can is put on a table. a) How is heat transferred (from to)? b) How does temperature of both substances change? c) How does internal energy of both substances change? Exercise 12 Convert. a) 20 cal into J; b) 3000 J into cal; c) 1500 kcal into kJ; d) 42 kJ into cal

READING 1: Conduction If a copper rod is heated at one end, the whole rod will very quickly heat up. This is because when one end of the rod is heated up, its atoms start to vibrate much more quickly, and this increases their kinetic energy. These atoms start to collide with the atoms next to them and passes the vibration on. In other words, atoms which vibrate faster than others, pass on their extra kinetic energy to neighbouring atoms. This process continues until the thermal energy is transmitted from one end of the copper rod to the other end. The process by which heat is transmitted from one point to another in a solid is called conduction. In conduction thermal energy is transmitted, but no matter is transmitted. The particles vibrate more, but they do not move along the rod. Thermal conductivity is the capability of substances to conduct heat. We can differentiate between thermal conductors and thermal insulators.

Thermal conductors transmit thermal energy quickly from one point to another: for example, silver, copper, aluminium and all other metals.
Thermal insulators transmit thermal energy slowly form one point to another: for example, porous or fibrous substances that have air inside, such as brick, wood or cork.

Exercise 13 Classify the materials below depending on they are good or bad conductors of heat. a) Aluminium b) Bricks c) Gold d) Glass e) Wood f) Silver g) Copper h) Plastic i) Leather j) Steel k) Paper l) Cork m) Wool n) Cotton ) Air

Exercise 14 Coffee keeps warm inside a thermos (vacuum) flask. What will happen to an ice cream if we put it inside a thermos flask? Will it melt sooner or later if we leave it in a glass. Exercise 15 Imagine you touch a piece of wood and a piece of iron which are at the same temperature as the room. a) Which is at a higher temperature? b) Why do we feel cooler the iron than the wood? c) Set examples of pairs of bodies which produces the same feeling when we touch them as the wood and the iron.

READING 2 Convection When we heat up a liquid or gas, the atoms move faster, and the fluid (liquid or gas) expands, becoming less dense. The warmer, less dense fluid rises above its colder, denser surroundings, like a hot air balloon does. As the warm fluid rises, the cooler fluid takes its place. As this process continues, we actually end up with circulation of fluid (convection currents). Convection currents (the rising and falling of atoms in the fluid) cause the transmission of thermal energy.

Radiators in the home rely on convection to make the warm air circulate round the room. Convection cannot happen in solids because the particles cannot move, they just vibrate on the spot.

READING 3 Radiation Heat radiation consists purely of electromagnetic waves. If we shine a thermometer with a lamp, after a while, the mercury starts to rise. This happens even when the thermometer is in a vacuum. Energy is transmitted from the lamp by radiation. Radiation is the process of heat transfer by which bodies emit energy that can move through vacuum. The energy emitted by bodies during this process is called radiant energy or light energy. So, for example, the Earth receives radiant energy from the Sun An object that is hotter than its surroundings emits more radiation than it absorbs (as it cools down). And an object that is cooler absorbs more radiation than it emits (as it warms up) Radiation is classified according to the amount of energy it transmits, as shown in the illustration below.

Bodies that absorb radiation, but only reflect a little, appear to be dark (or black if they do not reflect any radiation at all). But, bodies that reflect radiation, and only absorb a little, appear to be light (or white if they reflect all the radiation). So, if you place two pieces of metal in the light, one piece painted white and the other one painted black, the black piece of metal heats up immediately, but the white piece of metal remains cold.

Exercise 16 Why are usually the radiators installed under the windows or close to the floor? What would happen if we put the radiators of a house near the ceiling? Exercise 17 When you take a cup containing a hot liquid, what is the heat transfer process that makes the outside surface of the cup be also warm? What is better, a cup made out of a metal (like aluminium) or a porous material (like porcelain).

 Exercise 18 Why are houses in very hot countries painted white? Exercise 19 Why do we wear dark coloured clothes in winter and light coloured clothes in summer? Exercise 20 If you keep water, juices or refreshments in the fridge: a) Which drink will get cold quicker, one in a tinplate container or one in a glass container. b) Which drink will get hot first out of the fridge? Exercise 21 Why do double-glazed windows provide efficient insulation? REVISION ACTIVITIES Exercise 22 How works a thermometer, that is to say, on which property of matter is based the thermometer? What substances are usually used? Exercise 23 Convert the following temperatures: a) 300 C; b) 457 K; c) 22 C; d) 0 C; e) 273 K Exercise 24 Convert: a) 25 cal into J; b) 000024 kcal into J Exercise 25 What type of thermometer should we use in polar regions, in which temperatures below forty degrees below zero can be reached? Exercise 26 Are they possible negative absolute temperatures. Explain your answer? Exercise 27 Are heat and temperature the same? Explain your answer. Exercise 28 Is heat a type of energy, the same as potential energy or kinetic energy? Exercise 29 What does it mean two bodies are in thermal equilibrium? Exercise 30 If you hold a metal rod putting one end inside some pieces of ice, you can notice that the bar gets cold very quickly. Does this mean that cold has been transmitted from the ice to the metal rod? Exercise 31 If you put your hand next to a flame (without touching it) you do not burn yourself, but if you put it over the flame, you do burn yourself. Why? Exercise 32 Wooden constructions are very common in Nordic countries. Do you know why? Exercise 33 Copy and complete the following sentences in your notebook. a) Heat can be transferred by __________, by __________ and by __________ b) All the liquids in a saucepan heats up by __________ c) The heat inside a house can be transferred to the outside through the doors, windows, walls and roofs by __________ d) The Suns thermal energy reaches us by __________ Exercise 34 Can thermal energy be transmitted through vacuum by conduction? And by convection? And by radiation? Exercise 35 The metal legs of a chair always feel colder than the wooden seat of the chair, even though they are in the same room and at the same temperature. Explain this phenomenon //finominen//.