ACROPOLIS TECHNICAL CAMPUS, INDORE 452020

Department of Ele tron! " # Comm$n! at!on En%!neer!n% La& Se""!on No' 002 Pa%e No'()5 Ele tron! In"tr$mentat!on EC * +0+ Enrolment No' 0,-5 .at / No'

Performance Evaluation:
Name
Performing on Extra regular First Submission Second Submission

Grade and Remarks by the Tutor ! "larity about the ob#ective of the ex$eriment %! "larity about the $roblem statement &! Submitted the 'ork in desired format (! Sho'n ca$ability to solve the $roblem )! "ontribution to the team 'ork! *thers:

Grade

"

signature

1. Title: To study the characteristics of LED. 2. +ims:

a) To understand the 'orking $rinci$le of .E-! b/ To $lot the voltage and current curve! c/ To calculate threshold voltage!

3. *b#ectives: +fter com$leting the ex$eriment0 the student should be able

a/ To understand the effect of negative and $ositive voltage on .Eb/ To calculate maximum current flo'ing through .E-!

4. Theory: -iodes0 like all semiconductor devices0 are governed by the $rinci$les described in 1uantum
$hysics! *ne of these $rinci$les is the emission of s$ecific2fre1uency radiant energy 'henever electrons fall from a higher energy level to a lo'er energy level! + diode intentionally designed to glo' like a lam$ is called a light-emitting diode0 or LED! -iodes made from a combination of the elements gallium0 arsenic0 and $hos$horus 3called gallium-arsenide-phosphide/ glo' bright red0 and are some of the most common .E-s manufactured! ,y altering the chemical constituency of the PN #unction0 different colors may be obtained! Some of the currently available colors other than red are green0 blue0 and infra2red 3invisible light at a fre1uency lo'er than red/! The schematic symbol for an .E- is a regular diode sha$e inside of a circle0 'ith t'o small arro's $ointing a'ay 3indicating emitted light/

ACROPOLIS TECHNICAL CAMPUS, INDORE 452020

Department of Ele tron! " # Comm$n! at!on En%!neer!n% La& Se""!on No' 002 Pa%e No'2)5 Ele tron! In"tr$mentat!on EC * +0+ Enrolment No' 0,-5 .at / No'

Symbol of LED ! This notation of having t'o small arro's $ointing a'ay from the device is common to the schematic symbols of all light2emitting semiconductor devices! "onversely0 if a device is light2 activated 3meaning that incoming light stimulates it/0 then the symbol 'ill have t'o small arro's $ointing toward it! 4t is interesting to note0 that .E-s are ca$able of acting as light2sensing devices: they 'ill generate a small voltage 'hen ex$osed to light0 much like a solar cell on a small scale! This $ro$erty can be gainfully a$$lied in a variety of light2sensing circuits! ,ecause .E-s are made of different chemical substances than normal rectifying diodes0 their for'ard voltage dro$s 'ill be different! Ty$ically0 .E-s have much larger for'ard voltage dro$s than rectifying diodes0 any'here from about !5 volts to over & volts0 de$ending on the colour! Ty$ical o$erating current for a standard2si6ed .E- is around %7 m+ F*R8+R- "9+R+"TER4ST4": 8hen o$erating an .E- from a -" voltage source greater than the .E-:s for'ard voltage0 a series2connected ;dro$$ing; resistor must be included to $revent full source voltage from damaging the .E-! .E- starts emitting light as its for'ard voltage reaches at a $articular level and its intensity 'ill increase further 'ith the increase in a$$lied for'ard voltage!

Circuit arran ement of LED in !or"ard bias RE<ERSE "9+R+"TER4ST4": .E-s emit no light 'hen reverse biased! 4n fact0 o$erating .E-s in reverse direction 'ill 1uickly destroy them if the a$$lied voltage is 1uite large!

ACROPOLIS TECHNICAL CAMPUS, INDORE 452020

Department of Ele tron! " # Comm$n! at!on En%!neer!n% La& Se""!on No' 002 Pa%e No'+)5 Ele tron! In"tr$mentat!on EC * +0+ Enrolment No' 0,-5 .at / No'

Circuit arran ement of LED Diode in re#erse bias

$. Procedure: For for'ard biasing

"onnect = %< dc $o'er su$$lies from external source! 1. Rotate $otentiometer P fully in ""8 3counter clock'ise direction/! 2. "onnect +mmeter to measure diode current 4-3m+/! 3. "onnect one voltmeter to measure voltage <- across .E-! 4. S'itch *N the $o'er su$$ly! $. <ary the $otentiometer P so as to increase the value of diode voltage < - from 6ero to maximum in ste$s and measure the corres$onding values of diode current 4 - in an observation Table ! %. +lso consider the effect on light intensity 'ith the change in diode voltage and diode current! &. Plot a curve bet'een diode voltage < - and diode current 4- as sho'n in Fig! using suitable scale 'ith the hel$ of observation Table)! This curve is the re1uired for'ard characteristics of .ight emitting diode!

For reverse biasing

1. Rotate $otentiometer P fully in ""8 3counter clock'ise direction/! 2. "onnect +mmeter to measure diode current 4-3u+/ 3. "onnect one voltmeter to measure voltage <- across the diode! 4. S'itch *N the $o'er su$$ly! $. <ary the $otentiometer P so as to increase the value of diode voltage < - from 6ero to maximum in ste$s and measure the corres$onding values of diode current - in an observation Table%! Plot a curve bet'een diode voltage <- and diode current - as sho'n in Fig using suitable scale 'ith the hel$ of observation Table! This curve is the re1uired for'ard characteristics of .ight emitting diode!

ACROPOLIS TECHNICAL CAMPUS, INDORE 452020

Department of Ele tron! " # Comm$n! at!on En%!neer!n% La& Se""!on No' 002 Pa%e No'4)5 Ele tron! In"tr$mentat!on EC * +0+ Enrolment No' 0,-5 .at / No'

%. '(SE)*+T,'- T+(LE : !or for"ard biasin

Diode *olta e .*) Diode current , .m+)

S.-o. 1. 2. 3. 4. $. %. &. /. 0. 11. 11.

For reverse biasing

S.-o. 1. 2. 3. 4. $. %. &. /. 0. 11. 11. Diode *olta e .*) Diode current , .m+)

ACROPOLIS TECHNICAL CAMPUS, INDORE 452020

Department of Ele tron! " # Comm$n! at!on En%!neer!n% La& Se""!on No' 002 Pa%e No'5)5 Ele tron! In"tr$mentat!on EC * +0+ Enrolment No' 0,-5 .at / No'

&. *2, C3+)+CTE),ST,C: The static voltage2current characteristics for a >ener diode are sho'n in Fig (!

*2, Characteristics of LED

/. Re$ort should com$rise of inter$retation on follo'ing observations :

a! Ensure that the line su$$ly is ? the meters are $ro$erly 'orking i!e!0 sho'ing suitable deflections! b! Ensure that there is no metallic surrounding near the vicinity 'ithin % m from the trainer kit!

Pre$ared by Garima Aain

-ate

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