First Order Logic

Introduction to Articial Intelligence First-order Logic
(Logic, Deduction, Knowledge Representation)
Bernhard Beckert
U NIVERSITT KOBLENZ -L ANDAU
Winter Term 2004/2005

B. Beckert: KI fr IM p.1
Outline
Why rst-order logic? Syntax and semantics of rst-order logic Fun with sentences Wumpus world in rst-order logic
Pros and Cons of Propositional Logic

Propositional logic is declarative: pieces of syntax correspond to facts

Propositional logic is declarative: pieces of syntax correspond to facts Propositional logic allows partial / disjunctive / negated information (unlike most data structures and databases)

Propositional logic is declarative: pieces of syntax correspond to facts Propositional logic allows partial / disjunctive / negated information (unlike most data structures and databases) Propositional logic is compositional: meaning of B1,1 P1,2 is derived from meaning of B1,1 and of P1,2

Propositional logic is declarative: pieces of syntax correspond to facts Propositional logic allows partial / disjunctive / negated information (unlike most data structures and databases) Propositional logic is compositional: meaning of B1,1 P1,2 is derived from meaning of B1,1 and of P1,2 Meaning in propositional logic is context-independent (unlike natural language, where meaning depends on context)

Propositional logic is declarative: pieces of syntax correspond to facts Propositional logic allows partial / disjunctive / negated information (unlike most data structures and databases) Propositional logic is compositional: meaning of B1,1 P1,2 is derived from meaning of B1,1 and of P1,2 Meaning in propositional logic is context-independent (unlike natural language, where meaning depends on context) Propositional logic has very limited expressive power (unlike natural language) Example: Cannot say pits cause breezes in adjacent squares except by writing one sentence for each square
First-order Logic
Propositional logic Assumes that the world contains facts
First-order Logic
Propositional logic Assumes that the world contains facts First-order logic Assumes that the world contains Objects people, houses, numbers, theories, Donald Duck, colors, centuries, . . .
First-order Logic
Propositional logic Assumes that the world contains facts First-order logic Assumes that the world contains Objects people, houses, numbers, theories, Donald Duck, colors, centuries, . . . Relations red, round, prime, multistoried, . . . brother of, bigger than, part of, has color, occurred after, owns, . . .
First-order Logic
Propositional logic Assumes that the world contains facts First-order logic Assumes that the world contains Objects people, houses, numbers, theories, Donald Duck, colors, centuries, . . . Relations red, round, prime, multistoried, . . . brother of, bigger than, part of, has color, occurred after, owns, . . . Functions +, middle of, father of, one more than, beginning of, . . .
Syntax of First-order Logic: Basic Elements

Symbols Constants Predicates Functions Variables Connectives Quantiers
KingJohn, 2, Koblenz, C, . . . Brother, >, =, . . . Sqrt, LeftLegOf , . . . x, y, a, b, . . .
Syntax of First-order Logic: Basic Elements

Symbols Constants Predicates Functions Variables Connectives Quantiers Note The equality predicate is always in the vocabulary It is written in inx notation
KingJohn, 2, Koblenz, C, . . . Brother, >, =, . . . Sqrt, LeftLegOf , . . . x, y, a, b, . . .
Syntax of First-order Logic: Atomic Sentences

Atomic sentence predicate ( term1 , . . . , termn ) or term1 = term2

Atomic sentence predicate ( term1 , . . . , termn ) or term1 = term2 Term function ( term1 , . . . , termn ) or constant or variable

Example
Brother ( KingJohn, RichardTheLionheart )

Example

predicate constant constant

Example

predicate constant term constant term

Example

predicate constant term atomic sentence constant term

Example
> ( Length(LeftLegOf (Richard )), Length(LeftLegOf (KingJohn)) )

Example
>
predicate
( Length(LeftLegOf (Richard )), Length(LeftLegOf (KingJohn)) )

function function constant function function constant

Example
>
predicate

function function term constant function function term constant

Example
>
predicate

function function term atomic sentence constant function function term constant
Syntax of First-order Logic: Complex Sentences

Built from atomic sentences using connectives
S 1 S2
S1 S 2
S1 S 2
S1 S 2
(as in propositional logic)

S 1 S2
S1 S 2
S1 S 2
S1 S 2
Example
Sibling( KingJohn, Richard )
Sibling( Richard, KingJohn )

S 1 S2
S1 S 2
S1 S 2
S1 S 2
Example
Sibling ( KingJohn, Richard )

predicate term term
Sibling ( Richard , KingJohn )

predicate term term

S 1 S2
S1 S 2
S1 S 2
S1 S 2
Example

predicate term atomic sentence term

predicate term term
atomic sentence

S 1 S2
S1 S 2
S1 S 2
S1 S 2
Example

predicate term atomic sentence term

predicate term term
atomic sentence complex sentence
Semantics in First-order Logic

Models of rst-order logic Sentences are true or false with respect to models, which consist of (also called universe) a domain an interpretation

Models of rst-order logic Sentences are true or false with respect to models, which consist of (also called universe) a domain an interpretation Domain A non-empty (nite or innite) set of arbitrary elements

Models of rst-order logic Sentences are true or false with respect to models, which consist of (also called universe) a domain an interpretation Domain A non-empty (nite or innite) set of arbitrary elements Interpretation Assigns to each constant symbol: predicate symbol: function symbol: a domain element a relation on the domain a function on the domain (of appropriate arity) (of appropriate arity)

Denition An atomic sentence predicate ( term1 , . . . , termn ) is true in a certain model (that consists of a domain and an interpretation) iff the domain elements that are the interpretations of term 1 , . . . , termn are in the relation that is the interpretation of predicate

Denition An atomic sentence predicate ( term1 , . . . , termn ) is true in a certain model (that consists of a domain and an interpretation) iff the domain elements that are the interpretations of term 1 , . . . , termn are in the relation that is the interpretation of predicate The truth value of a complex sentence in a model is computed from the truth-values of its atomic sub-sentences in the same way as in propositional logic
Models for First-order Logic: Example

Constants: Predicates: Functions:
KingJohn, Richard person, king, crown brother, on_head, left_leg
Universal Quantication:
Syntax
Syntax
variables sentence
Syntax
Syntax
variables sentence
Example Everyone studying in Koblenz is smart:
x
variables
(StudiesAt(x, Koblenz) Smart(x))

sentence
Semantics
Semantics
xP is true in a model
iff for all domain elements d in the model: P is true in the model when x is interpreted by d
Semantics
Semantics
iff for all domain elements d in the model: P is true in the model when x is interpreted by d Intuition
x P is roughly equivalent to the conjunction of all instances of P
Semantics
Semantics
iff for all domain elements d in the model: P is true in the model when x is interpreted by d Intuition
x P is roughly equivalent to the conjunction of all instances of P

Example
x StudiesAt(x, Koblenz) Smart(x)
equivalent to:
StudiesAt (KingJohn, Koblenz) Smart (KingJohn) StudiesAt (Richard , Koblenz) Smart (Richard ) StudiesAt (Koblenz, Koblenz) Smart (Koblenz) ...
A Common Mistake to Avoid

Note
is the main connective with

Common mistake Using as the main connective with

Note

Common mistake Using Example Correct: as the main connective with
x (StudiesAt (x, Koblenz) Smart (x))

Everyone who studies at Koblenz is smart

Note


Everyone who studies at Koblenz is smart
Wrong:

Everyone studies at Koblenz and is smart, i.e., Everyone studies at Koblenz and everyone is smart
Existential Quantication:
Syntax
Syntax
variables sentence
Syntax
Syntax
variables sentence
Example Someone studying in Landau is smart:
x
variables
(StudiesAt(x, Landau) Smart(x))

sentence
Semantics
Semantics
iff there is a domain element d in the model such that: P is true in the model when x is interpreted by d
Semantics
Semantics
iff there is a domain element d in the model such that: P is true in the model when x is interpreted by d Intuition
x P is roughly equivalent to the disjunction of all instances of P
Semantics
Semantics
iff there is a domain element d in the model such that: P is true in the model when x is interpreted by d Intuition
x P is roughly equivalent to the disjunction of all instances of P

Example
x StudiesAt(x, Landau) Smart(x)
equivalent to:
StudiesAt (KingJohn, Landau) Smart (KingJohn) StudiesAt (Richard , Landau) Smart (Richard ) StudiesAt (Landau, Landau) Smart (Landau) ...
Another Common Mistake to Avoid

Note

Common mistake Using as the main connective with

Note

x (StudiesAt (x, Landau) Smart (x))

There is someone who studies at Landau and is smart

Note


There is someone who studies at Landau and is smart
Wrong:

There is someone who, if he/she studies at Landau, is smart This is true if there is anyone not studying at Landau
Properties of Quantiers
Quantiers of same type commute
xy xy
is the same as is the same as
yx yx
Quantiers of different type do NOT commute
xy
Example
is not the same as
yx
xyLoves(x, y)
There is a person who loves everyone in the world
yxLoves(x, y)
Everyone in the world is loved by at least one person (Both hopefully true but different)
Quantiers of different type do NOT commute
xy
Example
is not the same as
yx
xyMother(x, y)
Everyone has a mother (correct) (wrong)
yxMother(x, y)
There is a person who is the mother of everyone
Quantier duality
xLikes(x, IceCream) xLikes(x, Broccoli)
is the same as is the same as
xLikes(x, IceCream) xLikes(x, Broccoli)
Fun with Sentences

Brothers are siblings
x, y (Brother(x, y) Sibling(x, y))
Fun with Sentences


Sibling is symmetric
x, y (Sibling(x, y) Sibling(y, x))
Fun with Sentences



Ones mother is ones female parent
x, y (Mother(x, y) (Female(x) Parent (x, y)))
Fun with Sentences



Ones mother is ones female parent
x, y (Mother(x, y) (Female(x) Parent (x, y)))

A rst cousin is a child of a parents sibling
x, y (FirstCousin(x, y) p, ps (Parent ( p, x) Sibling( ps, p) Parent ( ps, y)))

Equality
Semantics
term1 = term2 is true under a given interpretation

if and only if
term1 and term2 have the same interpretation
Equality
Example Denition of (full) sibling in terms of Parent
x, y Sibling(x, y) ((x = y) m, f ((m = f ) Parent (m, x) Parent ( f , x) Parent (m, y) Parent ( f , y)))
Properties of First-order Logic

Important notions validity satisability unsatisablity entailment
are dened for rst-order logic in the same way as for propositional logic

Important notions validity satisability unsatisablity entailment
are dened for rst-order logic in the same way as for propositional logic Calculi There are sound and complete calculi for rst-order logic (e.g. resolution) Whenever KB
, it is also true that KB |=
Whenever KB |= , it is also true that KB
But these calculi CANNOT decide validity, entailment, etc.


In propositional logic Validity, satisability, unsatisablity are decidable In rst-order logic The set of valid, and the set of unsatisable formulas are enumerable The set of satisable formulas is NOT EVEN enumerable

First Order Logic

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Introduction to Articial Intelligence First-order Logic

(Logic, Deduction, Knowledge Representation)

U NIVERSITT KOBLENZ -L ANDAU

Winter Term 2004/2005

Pros and Cons of Propositional Logic

Pros and Cons of Propositional Logic

Pros and Cons of Propositional Logic

Pros and Cons of Propositional Logic

Pros and Cons of Propositional Logic

Syntax of First-order Logic: Basic Elements

KingJohn, 2, Koblenz, C, . . . Brother, >, =, . . . Sqrt, LeftLegOf , . . . x, y, a, b, . . .

Syntax of First-order Logic: Basic Elements

KingJohn, 2, Koblenz, C, . . . Brother, >, =, . . . Sqrt, LeftLegOf , . . . x, y, a, b, . . .

Syntax of First-order Logic: Atomic Sentences

Syntax of First-order Logic: Atomic Sentences

Syntax of First-order Logic: Atomic Sentences

Brother ( KingJohn, RichardTheLionheart )

Syntax of First-order Logic: Atomic Sentences

Brother ( KingJohn, RichardTheLionheart )

Syntax of First-order Logic: Atomic Sentences

Brother ( KingJohn, RichardTheLionheart )

Syntax of First-order Logic: Atomic Sentences

Brother ( KingJohn, RichardTheLionheart )

Syntax of First-order Logic: Atomic Sentences

> ( Length(LeftLegOf (Richard )), Length(LeftLegOf (KingJohn)) )

Syntax of First-order Logic: Atomic Sentences

( Length(LeftLegOf (Richard )), Length(LeftLegOf (KingJohn)) )

Syntax of First-order Logic: Atomic Sentences

( Length(LeftLegOf (Richard )), Length(LeftLegOf (KingJohn)) )

Syntax of First-order Logic: Atomic Sentences

( Length(LeftLegOf (Richard )), Length(LeftLegOf (KingJohn)) )

Syntax of First-order Logic: Complex Sentences

(as in propositional logic)

Syntax of First-order Logic: Complex Sentences

(as in propositional logic)

Sibling( KingJohn, Richard )

Sibling( Richard, KingJohn )

Syntax of First-order Logic: Complex Sentences

(as in propositional logic)

Sibling ( KingJohn, Richard )

Sibling ( Richard , KingJohn )

Syntax of First-order Logic: Complex Sentences

(as in propositional logic)

Sibling ( KingJohn, Richard )

Sibling ( Richard , KingJohn )

Syntax of First-order Logic: Complex Sentences

(as in propositional logic)

Sibling ( KingJohn, Richard )

Sibling ( Richard , KingJohn )

atomic sentence complex sentence

Semantics in First-order Logic

Semantics in First-order Logic

Semantics in First-order Logic

Semantics in First-order Logic

Semantics in First-order Logic

Models for First-order Logic: Example

KingJohn, Richard person, king, crown brother, on_head, left_leg

(StudiesAt(x, Koblenz) Smart(x))

x P is roughly equivalent to the conjunction of all instances of P

x P is roughly equivalent to the conjunction of all instances of P

x StudiesAt(x, Koblenz) Smart(x)

A Common Mistake to Avoid

is the main connective with

A Common Mistake to Avoid