VI-SEM

EC 2353-ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION

QUESTION BANK
UNIT I
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION AND ANTENNA FUNDAMENTALS
1. What ! "#ta"$#$ %&t#'ta()
If an alternating current is flowing in a short element, the effect of current is not felt instantaneously at a
distant point, but only after some time interval equal to the time required for the fields to propagate
through the distance. The potential obtained considering retardation time are known as retarded
potential. They are very important in radiation calculation.
2. D#*'# a' a(t#"'at'+ ,-""#'t #(#.#'t.
Infinitely small current element of length dl which carry constant current I along its length. This
element is denoted by
dl I
.
3. What $& /&- .#a' 0/ a' !&t"&%, "a$at&")
It is a hypothetical loss less radiator having equal radiation in all directions. E.g. point source
1. What $& /&- -'$#"!ta'$ 0/ !tat,2 '$-,t&' a'$ "a$at&' *#($ %"&$-,#$ 0/ a' a't#''a)
The field terms which vary inversely as the cube of the distance [ 1r!" are known as electrostatic
fields. They are important only near the current elements and does not contribute anything for radiation.
Induction field# The field term that varies inversely as the square of the distance [ 1r
$
" is known as
induction field. It predominates at points close to current element where distance is small.
%adiation field# The field term that varies inversely as distance &r' is called as radiation fields or &far
fields' that accounts for the radiation of electromagnetic waves from the antenna.
5. D"a3 th# 4#"t,a( %(a'# %att#"' &* !&t"&%, "a$at&".
(ull circle pattern
5. D#*'# $"#,t4t/ &* a' a't#''a 6Ma/ 27128.
)irectivity ) of an antenna is its ma*imum directive gain.
9. D#*'# #**#,t4# a%#"t-"# &* a' a't#''a6Ma/ 27128.
It is defined as the ratio of received power and the power flow per square meter for the incident wave.
wave incident the for sqm watts meter square per flow power
watt power received
A
e
+ ,
+ ,

:. D#*'# th# "a$at&' "#!!ta',# &* a' a't#''a. What ! th# .%&"ta',# &* th! ;-a'tt/)
%adiation resistance is defined as a fictitious or hypothetical resistance that would dissipate an
amount of power equal to the radiated power.
Total power radiated by the antenna can be determined using the radiation resistance.
antenna in current the of value rms I
ce resis radiation R
I R radiated power
rms
r
rms r

tan
+ ,
$
<. What ! th# !+'*,a',# &* "a$at&' "#!!ta',# &* a' a't#''a)
Total power radiated by the antenna can be determined using the radiation resistance.
antenna in current the of value rms I
ce resis radiation R
I R radiated power
rms
r
rms r

tan
+ ,
$
17. What ! th# %&3#" +a' &* a' a't#''a)
)irective gain -
r av
d
W
g
+ , , . + , ,
+ , ,

r
W is radiated power
If
t
W
the total input power is used in the above e*pression in the denominator, the result is power
gain.
/ower gain
t
p
W
g
+ , , .
+ , ,

l r t
W W W +
l
W
- ohmic losses in the antenna
11. What ! !#(*-.%#$a',# &* a' a't#''a)
Impedance at the point where transmission line is connected is referred to as feed point impedance or
antenna input impedance. If the antenna is loss less and isolated, then the self impedance of the antenna
is equal to the antenna input impedance.
12. D#*'# "a$at&' 't#'!t/.
%adiation Intensity
+ , ,
in given direction is defined as the power per unit solid angle in that
direction.
13. D#*'# th# 0a'$3$th &* a' a't#''a.
The band width of antenna is defined as & The range of frequencies within which the performance of the
antenna, with respect to some characteristics [input impedance, beam, width, polari0ation, side lobe
level, gain etc." confirms to a specified standard.
11. D#*'# th# $"#,t4# +a' &* a' a't#''a.
)irective gain in a given direction, is defined as the ratio of the radiation intensity in that direction to the
average radiated power.
r av
d
W
g
+ , , . + , ,
+ , ,

In decibels the directive gain is denoted by

+ , log 11
11 d d
g G
15. D#*'# th# a't#''a #**,#',/.
2ntenna efficiency is defined as the ratio of power radiated to the total input power supplied by to the
antenna and is denoted by .

[ ]
ce resis loss R
ce resis Radiation R
R R I
R I
plied power Total
radiated power
l
r
l r
r
tan
tan
sup
$
$

+


15. What ! .#a't 0/ %&(a"=at&')
/olari0ation of an antenna means the orientation of the electric field,E3vector+ of the electromagnetic
wave being radiated by the transmitting antenna.
19. D#*'# a't#''a 0#a. 3$th.
2ntenna 4eam 5idth is a measure of directivity of an antenna.
E*pressed as 6/45 or 45(7 ,%efer 8 19 and 8 $1+
1:. D#*'# 0#a. !&($ a'+(#.
The beam area or beam solid angle
A
for antenna is given by integral of the normali0ed power
pattern over a sphere.
pattern power Normalized P
steradian d P
n
n A

+ , ,
+ , ,
$
1 1



4eam solid angle is also given appro*imately by
plane or plane H in HPBW
plane or plane in HPBW
steradian
HP
HP
HP HP A






1<. D#*'# >a(* %&3#" 0#a. 3$th 6>PBW8 &* a' a't#''a6D#, 27128.
2ntenna beam width is an angular width in degrees, measured on the radiation pattern ,main lobe+
between points where the radiated power has fallen to half its ma*imum value.
27. D#*'# th# t#". ? F"&'t t& 0a,@ "at&A.
direction opposite the in radiated power
direction desired the in radiated power
ratio !ac" to #ront
21. D#*'# B#a. W$th 0#t3##' F"!t N-((.
4eam width between first null ,45(7+ is the angular width in degrees, measured on the radiation
pattern between first null points on either side of the main lobe.
22. I* th# "a$at&' "#!!ta',# &* a' a't#''a ! 55 &h.! a'$ (&!! "#!!ta',# ! 17 &h.!2 *'$ t!
#**,#',/ 6D#, 27128.
[ ]
ce resis loss R
ce resis Radiation R
R R I
R I
plied power Total
radiated power
l
r
l r
r
tan
tan
: ;< . =;
11 ;>
;>
sup
$
$

+

23. Ca(,-(at# th# "a$at&' "#!!ta',# &* ,-""#'t #(#.#'t &* (#'+th $1 6Ma/27128.
ohms R
dl
dl
R
r
r
9<. . 1
$1
=1
$
$

,
_

21. What ! th# $"#,t4t/ &* >#"t=a' $%&(#)

)irectivity of 6ert0ian dipole is 1.> ,or+ 1.<; d4
25. What ! th# #**#,t4# a"#a &* a ha(* 3a4# $%&(# &%#"at'+ at 1 G>=) 6 Ma/ 27138
$
$
9
=
$
11$ . 1 ;.. . 1
.
! . 1
;.. . 1
! . 1
11 1
11 !
1
.
m A
gain directive g
m
GHz f
g A
e
d
d e

PART B
1. ,i+ E*plain the principle of reciprocity as applied to an antenna.
,ii ,ii+ )erive the wave equation and obtain it?s solution. 6Ma/ 27138
2. ,i+ E*plain the principle of reciprocity as applied to an antenna.
,ii ,ii+ )erive the wave equation and obtain it?s solution. 6Ma/ 27138
3. )efine and e*plain in detail the terms &%adiation %esistance', &gain', &)irectivity', & Effective
aperture' and & /olari0ation of an antenna'. 6D#, 27128
1. )erive the electric and magnetic field components of 6ert0ian dipole. 6D#, 27128
5. @olve the wave equation for uniform plane waves in an infinitely e*tending conducting
medium. 6Ma/ 27128
5. 5rite short notes on#
,i+ %adiation pattern
,ii+ /olari0ation
,iii+2ntenna Temperature 6Ma/ 27128
9. 5hat are 6erti0ian dipolesA )erive the Electric and Bagnetic field quantities of infinitesimal
dipole and radiation pattern. 6D#, 27118
:. E*plain the following parameters of an antenna
,i+ 4eam solid angle.
,ii+ %adiation pattern
,iii+Cain
,iv+/olari0ation
,v+4andwidth 6D#, 27118
<. ,i+@how that the directivity of an alternating current element is 1.<;d4.
,ii+@how that at distance 1>9 . 1 r the induction field is equal to radiation field for a current element.
17. ,i+Dalculate the radiation efficiency of an antenna if the input power is 1115 and the power dissipated in
it is 15.
,ii+)iscuss on linear, elliptical and circular polari0ation of antenna.
11. ,i+ (ind the effective area of a 6ert0ian dipole operating at 111 B60.
,ii+ (ind the radiation resistance of a 6ert0ian dipole of length ;1
,iii+ (ind the current required to radiate power of >1 5 at ;1 B60 from a
1 . 1
6ert0ian dipole
12. ,i+2n antenna has loss resistance $> ohms, power gain of !1 and directivity .$. Dalculate the radiation
resistance.
,ii+E*plain self impedance and mutual impedance of an antenna.
UNIT-II
WIRE ANTENNAS AND ANTENNA ARRABS
1. D#*'# '$-,t&' *#($
The field term that varies inversely as the square of the distance [ 1r
$
" is known as induction field. It
predominates at points close to antenna where distance is small.
2. What ! a ha(* 3a4# $%&(#)
)ipole antenna is a linear antenna whose length is $ . It is usually center3fed.
3. What ! th# "a$at&' "#!!ta',# &* !h&"t .&'&%&(#)
The radiation resistance of the short monopole of height h is
$hms
h
$hms
h
R
monopole short r
$ $
$
+ ,
.11
$
11
,
_

,
_

1. W"t# $&3' th# #C%"#!!&'! *&" "a$at#$ *#($! &* a DE2 a't#''a.
The magnitude of the electric and magnetic field strengths will be

1
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

sin
cos
$
cos
$ r
I
H
m
E
1
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

sin
cos
$
cos
;1
r
I

m
5. What ! th# "a$at&' "#!!ta',# &* !h&"t $%&(# a't#''a)
The radiation resistance of practical short dipole of length l is
$hms
l
$hms
l l
R
dipole short r
$ $
$
$
$
+ ,
$11 $1
.
=1

,
_

,
_

,
_

5. What ! #'$-*"# a""a/)

End3fire array is defined as an array in which the principal radiation direction is along the array a*is.
i.e., ma*imum radiation is along the a*is of the array.
9. What ! 0"&a$-!$# a""a/)
4roadside array is defined as an array in which the principal radiation direction is perpendicular to the
array a*is.
:. What ! a' a't#''a a""a/)
2ntenna array is system of a similar antennas oriented similarly to get greater directivity in a
desired direction.
2ntenna array is a radiating system consisting of several spaced and properly phased ,current
phase+ radiators.
<. D#*'# -'*&". ('#a" a""a/.
Fniform linear array is one in which the elements are fed with a current of equal amplitude,magnitude+
with uniform progressive phase shift along the line.
17. What $& /&- .#a' 0/ ta%#"'+ &* a""a/)
The techniques used in reduction of side lobe level are called as tapering.
It is found that minor lobes are reduced if the center source radiates more strongly than the end
sources ,non3uniform current distribution+. 6ence tapering is done from center to end according
to some prescription.
11. Stat# th# %"',%(# &* %att#"' .-(t%(,at&'6D#, 27128
Bultiplication of /atterns#
@imple method of obtaining radiation pattern.
Bakes it possible to sketch rapidly, almost by inspection, the patterns of complicated
arrays.
Fseful tool in the design of arrays
(or e*ample, radiation pattern of a four element array in which the spacing between units is
$

and the
currents are in phase , 1 + is obtained as,
,a+ 33 unit pattern
,b+ 33 Croup pattern
,c+ G resultant pattern
12. What ! th# .a' a$4a'ta+# &* B'&.a( a""a/)
7o side lobes in the radiation pattern of 4inomial array
6alf /ower 4eam width is more
13. What ! th# a$4a'ta+# &* %att#"' .-(t%(,at&')
@imple method for obtaining radiation pattern of arrays.
Bakes it possible to sketch rapidly, almost by inspection, the radiation pattern of
complicated arrays without making lengthy calculations.
11. What ! -'*&". a.%(t-$# $!t"0-t&')
2rray elements are fed with a current of equal amplitude,magnitude+ with uniform progressive phase
shift along the line
15. Wh/ 3# +& *&" '&'--'*&". a.%(t-$# $!t"0-t&')
5e go for non3 uniform amplitude distribution to reduce side lobe levels.
15. D#*'# (&&% a't#''a
The loop antenna is radiating coil of any convenient cross section of one or more turns carrying radio
frequency currents. It may assume any shape like rectangular, square, triangular, he*agonal and circular
loop.
19. Na.# th# $**#"#'t !ha%#! &* (&&% a't#''a.
It may assume any shape like rectangular, square, triangular, he*agonal and circular loop.
1:. What ! *"a.#)
Betallic loop of loop antenna is referred to as frame.
1<. What a"# th# a%%(,at&'! &* (&&% a't#''a)
i+They are mostly used as a receiving antenna, where antenna efficiency is not important.
ii+ They are also used in radio direction finding ,%)(+ applications.
27. What ! th# "a$at&' "#!!ta',# &* !.a(( (&&% a't#''a)
%adiation resistance of a small loop antenna is
$
$
1<1 , !1
,
_

NA
R
r
ohms
where 2 - area of the loop and 7- number of turns
21. Wh,h a't#''a ! 0#!t !-t#$ *&" "a$& $"#,t&' *'$'+ a%%(,at&')
Hoop antenna
22. D!t'+-!h 0#t3##' -'*&". a'$ '&'--'*&". a""a/!.
Fniform linear array is one in which the elements are fed with a current of equal amplitude,magnitude+.
7on3uniform linear array is one in which the elements are fed with currents of un equal
amplitude,magnitude+.
23. What ! a ;-a"t#" 3a4# .&'&%&(# a't#''a)
It is a vertical antenna of quarter wave length mounted on a reflecting plane.
21. What ! th# "a$at&' "#!!ta',# &* a ;-a"t#" 3a4# .&'&%&(# a't#''a)
!;.> Ihms
25. What ! th# "#!!ta',# &* a ha(* 3a4# $%&(#)
<! Ihms
25. A -'*&". ('#a" a""a/ ,&'ta'! 57 !&t"&%, "a$at&' 3th a' 't#" #(#.#'t !%a,'+ &*
$ . F'$ th# $"#,t4t/ &* 0"&a$!$# *&".! &* a""a/!. 6 Ma/ 27138
7->1 d- $
2rray length-7 d-l $>
)irectivity of 4roadside array -
,
_

l
$
->1
PART B
1. ,i+ 5hat is binomial arrayA
,ii+ )raw the pattern of 11 element binomial array with spacing between the elements of . !
and $ . 6Ma/ 27138
2. )erive the e*pressions for field pattern of broad side array of n point sources. 6Ma/ 27138
3. )erive the near field and far field electric and magnetic component of a finite length dipole and
obtain the radiation pattern for various values of the length. 6D#, 27128
1. (or a $ element linear antenna array separated by a distance . ! d , derive the field
quantities and draw its radiation pattern for the phase difference of .>
1
. 6D#, 27128
5. 2 short dipole antenna of length H is positioned at the origin and is aligned along the 03a*is. It
carries a current, varying sinusoidal with time and its amplitude. Dalculate the total field at
distant point / and its impedance.6Ma/ 27128
5. )erive the e*pressions for field pattern of end3fire array of n sources of equal amplitude and
spacing. 6Ma/ 27128
9. )erive the field quantities and radiation resistance of a half wavelength dipole. 6D#, 27118
:. 2n antenna array consists of two identical isotropic radiators spaced by a distance of d- .
meters and fed with currents of equal magnitude but with a phase difference

. Evaluate the
resultant radiation for
1
1 and thereby identify the direction of ma*imum radiation. 6D#,
27118
<. )escribe a broadside array. )educe an e*pression for the radiation pattern of a broadside array with two
point sources.
17. /lot the radiation pattern of a linear array of . isotropic elements spaced J$ apart and fed out of phase
with equal currents.
11. )erive the e*pression for the array factor of a linear endfire array of Kn? elements .
12. )erive the fields radiated from a small loop antenna and also find its radiation resistance.
UNIT- III
APERTURE ANTENNAS
1. Stat# Ba0'#t! th#&"#..
4abinet?s princple states that the sum of the field at a point behind a plane having a screen and the field
at the same point when a complimentary screen is substituted, is equal to the field at the point when no
screen is present.
2. Stat# -';-#'#!! th#&"#. 6 Ma/ 27128
Fniqueness theorem states that , for a given set of sources and boundary conditions in a lossy medium ,
the solution to Ba*well?s equations is unique.
3. Stat# S'#((A! (a3 &* "#*"a,t&'.
$ tan
1 tan
,
sin
sin
$
1
$
1
region of t cons dielectric relative
region of t cons dielectric relative
refraction of angle incidence of angle
r
r
t i
r
r
i
t

1. What ! th# $-a( %a"a.#t#" &* F a'$ E)

)ual parameter of F is M2 )ual parameter of E is >
5. What ! *#($ #;-4a(#',# %"',%(#)
2ccording to the field equivalence principle, the fields in L$ due to the sources in L1 can also be
generated by an equivalent set of virtual sources on surface S, given by
H n &
'

and
n (
'


where E and > are the fields on the surface S produced by the original set of sources in volume L1.
The set of virtual sources produce null fields everywhere in L1. 6ere,
'
(
represents the
magnetic surface current density and
'
&
represents electric surface current density.
5. What ! !(&t "a$at&") What ! t! &%#"at'+ %"',%(#)
5hen a slot in a large metallic plane is coupled to an %.( source, it behaves like a diploe antenna
mounted over a reflecting surface. The slot is coupled to a feed line in such a manner that E3field lies
along the short a*is of the slot .
9. M#'t&' a'/ th"## a%#"t-"# a't#''a!.
@lot antenna, horn antenna, lens antenna
:. What ! a %/"a.$a( h&"')
6orn antenna is a wave guide one end of which is flared out. In pyramidal horn, the flaring is along E
and 6. It has the shape of a truncated pyramid.
<. What ! a !#,t&"a( h&"')
6orn antenna is a wave guide one end of which is flared out.
If flaring is along the direction of electric field, it is called sectoral E3plane horn.
If flaring is along the direction of magnetic field, it is called sectoral 63plane horn
17. What ! a ,&"'#" "#*(#,t&")
2 corner reflector is made up of two flat3plate reflectors Moined together to form a corner. The corner
reflector is generally used in conMunction with a dipole or dipole array kept parallel to the corner line.
Dorner reflector gives a higher directivity.
11. M#'t&' a'/ th"## ,-"4#$ "#*(#,t&" !ha%#!.
/arabolic, /arabolic cylinder, 6yperboloid
12. G4# th# a%%(,at&'! &* (#'! a't#''a.
They are used in the higher end of the microwave spectrum and millimetre wave frequencies.
13. What ! ?=&''+A ' (#'! a't#''a)
Noning is a method used to reduce the bulk, weight+ of the antenna. The lens is divided in to several
circular 0ones and the dielectric material is removed from each 0one such that the electrical path length
between adMacent 0ones differs by an integer multiple of a wave length.
11. What a"# th# t3& .#th&$! &* ?=&''+A ' $#(#,t", (#'! a't#''a)
0oning the non3refracting surface , 0oning the refracting surface
15. What a"# th# $"a30a,@! &* (#'! a't#''a)
)ue to the reflection at the dielectric3air interface, a matching quarter wave transformer is
required which limits the band width of the lens antenna to the bandwidth of the matching
device.
2 lens antenna is generally heavy and bulky.
15. What ! th# .a' a$4a'ta+# &* Ca!!#+"a' "#*(#,t&" ,&'*+-"at&')
The main advantage is that the primary feed horn and the associated receiver or transmitter can
be located conveniently behind the main reflector.
The necessity of running long transmission lines or waveguides is also eliminated.
@ince the horn feed is kept behind the main reflector , one can afford to have a much larger
aperture for the horn.
19. What ! th# .a' $!a$4a'ta+# &* Ca!!#+"a' "#*(#,t&" ,&'*+-"at&')
The main dis advantage of Dassegrain reflector configuration is the large aperture blockage by the sub3
reflector .
6ence, Dassegrain reflector configuration is used only for very large aperture antennas having gain
greater than .1d4.
1:. What a"# th# $**#"#'t t/%#! &* (#'! a't#''a.
)ielectric lens antenna, Betallic lens antenna, Noned lens antenna, @tepped lens antenna.
1<. D!t'+-!h 0#t3##' !#,t&"a( h&"' a'$ %/"a.$a( h&"'.
6orn antenna is a wave guide one end of which is flared out. In pyramidal horn, the flaring is
along E and 6. It has the shape of a truncated pyramid.
In sectoral horn, the flaring is along E or 6. If flaring is along the direction of electric field, it is
called sectoral E3plane horn. If flaring is along the direction of magnetic field, it is called
sectoral 63plane horn.
27. G4# t3& #Ca.%(#! *&" .,"&3a4# a't#''a.
6orn antenna, Hens antenna
21. D"a3 th# !t"-,t-"# &* t"-',at#$ %a"a0&(&$ "#*(#,t&".
22. What ! %(( 0&C a't#''a)
This is a reflector antenna which has a cylindrical reflector enclosed by two parallel conducting
plates perpendicular to the cylinder, spaced less than one wavelength apart.
It is e*cited by a probe through a coa*ial line. It produces a wide beam in E3plane and narrow
beam in 63plane.
This is used in ship3to3ship radars.
23. 5hat is the principle of E3plane metal plate lens antennaA
In this, outgoing wavefront is speeded up by the lens material. 5hen the feed antenna is kept at the focal
point of the lens antenna, the spherical wavefronts are collimated forming a plane wavefront.
21. What ! th# %"',%(# &* $#(#,t", (#'! a't#''a)
In this, outgoing wavefront is delayed by the lens material. 5hen the feed antenna is kept at the focal
point of the lens antenna, the spherical wavefronts are collimated forming a plane wavefront
25. What a"# th# $**#"#'t t/%#! &* h&"' a't#''a)
i+@ectoral horn ii+ /yramidal horn iii+ Donical horn
25. Stat# Ba0'#tA! %"',%(# a'$ h&3 t +4#! "!# t& th# ,&',#%t &* ,&.%(#.#'ta"/ a't#''a)
6Ma/ 27138
4abinet?s princple states that the sum of the field at a point behind a plane having a screen and the
field at the same point when a complimentary screen is substituted, is equal to the field at the point
when no screen is present.
If @1 is a plane of screen,
@$ is a plane of observation,
@ is a point source,
E1 is the field at a point ,*,y,0+ behind the screen,
E$ is the field at ,*,y,0+ behind the screen when @1 is replaced by its complementary screen,
E! is the field at the same point ,*,y,0+ when no screen is present
Then 4abinet?s principle states that E!-E1OE$.
This principle can be applied to slot antenna analysis.
29. Th# a%#"t-"# $.#'!&'! &* a %/"a.$a( h&"' a"# 12C5 ,. a'$ &%#"at'+ at a *"#;-#',/ &* 17
G>=. F'$ th# 0#a. 3$th a'$ $"#,t4t/. 6 Ma/ 27138
(requency - 11 C60
;1
> . <
>; . 1> !;
> . .
> . !! ;<
1. >; #
; 1$
!
11 11
11 !
$
$
1
1
9
=

wd
) *irectivit
dB
wd
gain power
w
d
width Beam
cm w and cm d
cm
H

PART B
1. ,i+ @tate and e*plain uniqueness theorem.
,ii+ Cive an account on aperture antennas.
2. E*plain the following principles#
,i+(ield equivalence principle
,ii+)uality principle
3. ,i+ Dompare flat reflector and corner reflector antennas.
,ii+ E*plain how a paraboloidal antenna gives a highly directional patternA
,iii+E*plain in detail about the feeding structures of parabolic reflector antenna. 6Ma/ 27138
1. 5rite short notes on
,i+ @lot antenna
,ii+ Hens antenna 6Ma/ 27138
5. E*plain the principle of rectangular horn antenna with a neat sketch. )raw various types of horn
structure. 6D#, 27128
5. 5ith neat diagram, e*plain the principle of parabolic reflector antenna and various types of feed used.
6D#, 27128
9. ,i+ 5ith field equivalence principle e*plain %adiation mechanism.
,ii+ )escribe the working of slot antenna. 5hat is the terminal impedance of slot antennaA 6Ma/ 27128
:. ,i+ 5hat is reflector antennaA 5ith necessary diagrams, e*plain parabolic reflector antenna and its
different types of feeding system.
,ii+6ow is aperture blockage in reflector antennas avoidedA 6Ma/ 27128
<. E*plain the radiation mechanism of Bicrowave 6orn antenna with diagram. 6D#, 27118
17. E*plain the special features of parabolic reflector antenna and discuss on different types of feed used
with neat diagram. 6D#, 27118
UNIT IV
SPECIAL ANTENNAS AND ANTENNA MEASUREMENTS
1. What ! a t"a4#(('+ 3a4# a't#''a)
7on3 resonant antenna are also called as travelling wave antenna., %efer 8 !+
2. What ! a "#!&'a't a't#''a)
%esonant antennas are those which corresponds to a resonant transmission line that is an
e*act number of half wave length long and is open at both ends.
These are unterminated antennas and are used for fi*ed frequency operation.
In resonant antennas standing wave e*ists. i.e, forward wave ,incident wave+ and
backward wave,reflected wave+ e*ists.
The radiation pattern of resonant antennas are bidirectional due to incident and reflected
waves.
3. What ! a '&'-"#!&'a't a't#''a)
7on3resonant antenna corresponds to a transmission line that is e*cited at one end,
terminated correctly at the other end.
7o reflected waves are produced and all the incident waves are absorbed.
5aves travel only in one direction and hence only unidirectional radiation patterns are
produced.
It is a wideband antenna and it is not sharply tuned to one frequency
1. C&.%a"# th# "a$at&' %att#"' &* "#!&'a't a'$ '&'-"#!&'a't a't#''a.
%esonant antenna 3 bidirectional radiation pattern
7on3resonant antenna G unidirectional radiation pattern
5. Wh,h a't#''a ! !-ta0(# *&" #Ct"at#""#!t"a( ,&..-',at&')
6elical antenna
5. D"a3 th# !t"-,t-"# &* "#!&'a't V a't#''a.
9. What a"# th# a%%(,at&'! &* "h&.0, a't#''a)
The applications of %hombic antennas are
i+. 6( transmission ii+. 6( reception
:. What a"# th# t3& .&$#! &* "a$at&' &* h#(,a( a't#''a)
,i+ normal mode ,ii+ a*ial mode
<. What ! LPDA)
Hog /eriodic )ipole 2rray. Hog periodic antenna is a broadband antenna, it has number of dipoles of
different lengths. The performance of the system is periodic as the logarithmic function of frequency.
17. S@#t,h th# "a$at&' %att#"' &* '&".a( .&$# h#(,a( a't#''a.
%adiation is ma*imum in the direction normal to the heli* a*is.
11. What ! !-%#" $"#,t4# a't#''a)
Pagi3Fda antenna is called as super directive antenna.
12. Wh,h a't#''a ! !-ta0(# *&" TV t"a'!.!!&')
Turnstile antenna
13. Wh,h a't#''a ! -!#$ *&" V>F ,&..-',at&')6D#,27128
6elical antenna
11. Wh,h a't#''a ! !-ta0(# *&" >F ,&..-',at&')
%hombic antenna
15. What ! a .,"& !t"% a't#''a)
Donsists of a thin metallic patch etched on the dielectric substrate using /D4 technology. 2lso referred
to as printed antenna. /erformance depend on shape, can be square, rectangular, triangular, circular + and
si0e.
15. What ! th# #**#,t &* '-.0#" &* $"#,t&"! &' th# $"#,t4t/ &* Ba+-U$a a't#''a)
2s the number of directors increases, the directivity also increases.
19. What ! th# a't#''a -!#$ *&" .&0(# a'$ 3"#(#!! ha'$ !#t a%%(,at&'!) G4# "#a!&'.
6elical antenna operating in the normal mode is used for mobile and wireless hand set applications.
2 normal mode helical antenna is compact and has an omni directional radiation pattern in the plane
normal to the a*is of the heli*.
1:. What ! th# '%-t .%#$a',# &* t3& 3"# *&($#$ $%&(# )
Input impedance of two wire folded dipole antenna is $9$ ohms
1<. G4# th# a%%(,at&' &* T-"'!t(# a't#''a.
Turnstile antenna is used for transmitting Television signals.
27. What ! 3$# 0a'$ a't#''a) G4# a' #Ca.%(#.
2ntennas which maintain certain required characteristics like gain, front to back ratio, @5%, /olari0ation
input impedance and radiation pattern over wide range of frequencies are called wide band or broad band
antennas. Hog periodic antenna is a broadband antenna.
21. What a"# th# $"a30a,@! &* &-t$&&" a't#''a .#a!-"#.#'t!)
o @usceptible to EBI
o Cround and other reflections Dannot be controlled fully
o They have uncontrolled environment
22. What a"# th# .a' a$4a'ta+#! &* '$&&" a't#''a .#a!-"#.#'t!)
2bsence of electromagnetic interference,EBI+
/rotection of e*pensive equipments from environmental severities
23. What a"# th# !%#,a( *#at-"#! &* a'#,h&, ,ha.0#")6D#, 27128
o Fsed for indoor measurements.
o 2 closed chamber made reflection free or echo free by lining all the surfaces of
the chamber with absorbing material.
o Bain component of an anechoic chamber is the absorber .
o 2bsorbers are made in the from of pyramids or wedges. 2bsorbers have very
low reflection coefficient over a wide range of frequency for normal incidence.
21. What a"# %a"a!t, #(#.#'t! a'$ 3h#"# a"# th#/ -!#$)
%eflector and director are passive elements which are not connected to the feeder line directly, but they
are simply grounded and are called parasitic elements. The parasitic elements receive their e*citation
from the nearby driven element. They are used in Pagi uda array for TL reception.
25. M#'t&' th# t/%#! &* *##$ .#th&$ *&" .,"& !t"% a't#''a) 6Ma/ 27128 6Ma/ 27138
Fsing ,i+ micro strip transmission line ,ii+ Doa*ial transmission line
25. Wh/ ! (&+ %#"&$, a't#''a! ,a((#$ !&) 6D#, 27118
It is an array antenna which has structural geometry such that its impedance is periodic with the
logarithm of the frequency.
29. What a"# th# *#at-"#! &* .,"&!t"% a't#''a!) 6 D#, 27118
These are antennas made from patches of conducting material on a dielectric substrate above a ground
plane.
2dvantages# @mall si0e, low cost, low weight, ease of installation.
2pplications# They are used in space crafts, aircrafts, telemetry, satellite communications and defence
radar systems
2:. D"a3 th# $a+"a. &* "h&.0, a't#''a a'$ t! "a$at&' ,ha"a,t#"!t,!.6Ma/ 27128
2<. D#!+' a 3 #(#.#'t Ba+-U$a a't#''a t& &%#"at# at a *"#;-#',/ &* 277 M>=. 6Ma/ 27138
Hength of driven element
feet
f
z H (
!9 . $
$11
.<= .<=

Hength of reflector
feet
f
z H (
.; . $
$11
.9$ .9$

Hength of director
feet
f
z H (
!1 . $
$11
> . .;1 > . .;1

Element spacing
feet
f
z H (
<1 . 1
$11
1.$ 1.$

PART B
1. 5ith neat diagram e*plain helical antenna and briefly describe its operation in the a*ial mode. 6ow does
it differ from other antennasA 6Ma/ 27138
2. 5ith neat block diagram e*plain how %adiation pattern and Cain of an antenna can be measured. 6Ma/
27138
3. 5ith necessary illustrations e*plain the radiation characteristics of multi element log periodic antenna
and mention its possible applications. 6D#, 27128
1. )raw and e*plain the function of 6elical antenna and various modes of radiation. 6ighlight some of its
applications. 6D#, 27128
5. ,i+ )iscuss briefly on construction and working principle of turnstile antenna.
,ii+ 5ith suitable geometry describe the design of a log periodic dipole array. 6Ma/ 27128
5. E*plain in detail about
,i+ )irectivity measurement
,ii+ Cain Beasurement 6Ma/ 27128
9. 5ith a neat sketch, e*plain the construction and operation of multi element Pagi3Fda antenna. 6D#,
27118
:. 5ith necessary illustrations e*plain the radiation characteristics of microstrip antenna and mention its
possible application. 6D#, 27118
<. E*plain the construction, radiation pattern and features of the rhombic antenna.
17. 5rite notes on#
,i+L antenna ,ii+@piral antenna ,iii+ Pagi3Fda antenna
UNIT G V RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION
1. W"t# $&3' th# S&..#" *#($ #;-at&' *&" +"&-'$ 3a4# *#($ !t"#'+th.
factor n Attenuatio A
antenna T+ from po the of ce *is r
losses s earth neglecting antenna T+ from ce dis unit at strength #ield
strength field wave ground
r
A

g
g

int tan
Q tan
1
1
2. What ! .#a't 0/ 3a4# t(t ' +"&-'$ 3a4# %"&%a+at&')
The ground or surface wave will be attenuated due to ground attenuation i.e. due to diffraction and tilt in
the wave front. 2s the wave progress over the curvature of the earth, the wave front starts gradually
tilting more and more. This increase in the tilt of wave causes more short circuit of the electric field
component and hence the field strength goes on reducing, ultimately at some appreciable distance from
the transmitting antenna, the surface wave dies because of the losses.
3. G4# th# !a(#'t *#at-"#! &* +"&-'$ 3a4# %"&%a+at&'.
The ground wave propagation is due to ground wave, which is guided along the surface of the earth. The
waves must be vertically polari0ed to prevent short3circuiting of electric component. @ince the earth?s
attenuation increases with increase of frequency, ground wave propagation is limited up to $B60 only.
1. What a"# th# 4a"&-! .&$#! &* "a$& 3a4# %"&%a+at&')
o Cround wave propagation
o @pace wave propagation
o @ky wave propagation
5. G4# a'/ *&-" *a,t&"! that '*(-#',# "a$& 3a4# %"&%a+at&'.
o Earth?s characteristics
o (requency of operation
o 6eight of transmitting antenna
o /olari0ation of transmitting antenna
5. What ! t"&%& !,att#" %"&%a+at&')
(orward scatter propagation or simply scatter propagation is of practical importance at L6(, F6( and
microwaves. F6( and microwave signals were found to be propagated much beyond the line of sight
propagation through the forward scattering due to tropospheric irregularities. It uses certain properties of
troposphere and is also known as Troposcatter.
9. What ! $-,t %"&%a+at&')
The ground surface and atmospheric layer form a duct or sort of &leaky wave guide' which guides the
electromagnetic wave between its walls. 5hen frequency is high, the region where the refractive inde* is
usually high, traps the energy and causes it to travel along the earth surface as happens in a wave3guide.
This type of propagation is called duct propagation.
:. What ! "a$& h&"=&' a'$ &%t,a( h&"=&')
o %adio hori0on is the range by which a direct ray from transmitting antenna reaches receiving
antenna.
o Iptical hori0on is the distance over which T* antenna optically Ksee? the %* antenna.
%adio hori0on is about .! times the optical hori0on
<. What a"# th# .aH&" *a,t&"! that '*(-#',# th# "a'+# &* !%a,# 3a4# %"&%a+at&')
)istance between T* and %* antenna, height of T* antenna, height of %* antenna and frequency of the
signal.
17. What ! !-%#" "#*"a,t&')
/henomenon of duct propagation is also referred to as super refraction., refer 8 < for duct propagation+
11. What ! !-' !%&t ,/,(#)
The sun has a 11 year cycle ,sun spot cycle+ over which its output varies tremendously. The solar output
of ultra3violet rays, coronae, 6ares, particles radiation and sun spots may vary fifty fold over that period.
12. M#'t&' th# .%&"ta't ,ha"a,t#"!t,! &* D (a/#".
,i+ 6eight of ) layer is >1 to 91 km above the earth surface
,ii+ Ioni0ed by photo ionisation of I$ molecules
,iii+ /resent in day time only
,iv+ 6as a ionic density of .11cc and electron density is ma*imum at noon
,v+ %eflects very low frequency ,LH(+ and low frequency ,H(+ wave
,vi+ 6igh frequency communication is not possible via ) layer and
,vii+ Dritical frequency is about 111k60 at vertical incidence
13. What ! .a+'#t&-&', !%(tt'+)
The earth magnetic field splits up the incident radio waves into two components of the ordinary and the
e*traordinary waves. The waves have elliptical polari0ation and rotate in opposite direction. They have
different energy absorption and velocities. The phenomenon of splitting of wave into two different
components by the earth?s magnetic field is called as magneto3ionic splitting.
11. What ! +/"& *"#;-#',/) What ! t! !+'*,a',# ' !@/ 3a4# %"&%a+at&')
In ionospheric layer the vibration of electron will make a path of very narrow ellipse due to the smaller
amplitude of vibration. The tendency continues until the frequency is lowered to a point at which
cyclotron resonance occurs. The electrons then will follow a spiral path of steadily increasing radius
along which the velocity also increases. This occurs at 1.11 R60 and is termed as Cyro frequency.
15. G4# th# !a(#'t *#at-"#! &* E (a/#".
,i+ 6eight of E layer is 91 to 1.1km above the earth?s surface
,ii+ Ioni0ation is by S rays radiation
,iii+ )uring night E layer is weakly ioni0ed
,iv+ Ba*imum electron density is at 111km and have the value
>
11 . cc
,v+ Dritical frequency is about !B60 to >B60
,vi+ E layer is most useful for long distance radio propagation during day hours and
,vii+ The main function of E layer is to reflect some 6( waves in day hours
15. D#*'# ,"t,a( *"#;-#',/.
The highest frequency of wave that will be reflected from a given layer is known as critical frequency of
the given layer.

densit) electron imum is N where N f
m m c
ma* 9

19. What ! &%t.-. 3&"@'+ *"#;-#',/)6D#,27128
The frequency normally used for ionospheric transmission is known as the optimum working frequency.
It is chosen to be about =>: of BF(. It is also known as optimum Traffic frequency.
1:. >&3 a"# ,"t,a( *"#;-#',/ a'$ .aC.-. -!a0(# *"#;-#',/ "#(at#$)
The ma*imum usable frequency and critical frequency can be related by the equation of

$
1
$
$
.
1

,
_

+
h
*
f f
c (,#

5here fBF( - Ba*imum usable frequency
fc - Dritical frequency
) - propagation distance , h - 6eight of the ionosphere layer
1<. What ! !@% $!ta',# a'$ .aC.-. -!a0(# *"#;-#',/)6D#, 27128
@kip distance is the minimum distance from the transmitter at which a sky wave of given
frequency is returned to earth by the ionosphere.
The frequency which makes a given distance corresponds to the skip distance is the BF( for
those two points.
27. Stat# !#,a't (a3.
incidence vertical of angle i
frequenc) critical f
frequenc) usa!le imum f
-AW '.ANT i f f
c
muf
c muf

ma*
sec
21. What a"# th# ,a-!#! *&" a0'&".a(t#! ' th# &'&!%h#"#.
@udden ionospheric disturbances, Ionospheric storms, @un spot cycle, Tides and winds in the
Ionosphere, (ading, 5histles, Ionospheric Dross3modulation, 2tmospheric 7oise
22. >&3 th# 4"t-a( h#+ht &* &'&!%h#"# ,a' 0# .#a!-"#$)
Lirtual height can be measured using ionosonde.
Ionosonde is the instrument used to measure the virtual height of the ionosphere. This
instrument transmits an %( pulse vertically in to the ionosphere from the ground. This pulse
is reflected from the ionosphere and is received by the ionosonde.
The time delay between the transmit and the receive pulse is measured which is a measure
of the virtual height of the ionosphere.
23. Wh/ ! $4#"!t/ "#,#%t&' '#,#!!a"/)
)ue to the general fading, there is a considerable variation in the strength of short wave signals received
by common receivers through ionosphere. The diversity receiving systems provide a high and intelligible
level of received signals at all times.
21. What ! th# %"',%(# &* !%a,# $4#"!t/ "#,#%t&')
The basic principle behind the space diversity reception is to duplicate some part of the system ,for
e*ample many receivers+ in the hope that even if one part e*periences a deep fade or distortion, the other
part may not.
25. F'$ th# .aC.-. $!ta',# that ,a' 0# ,&4#"#$ 0/ a !%a,# 3a4#2 3h#' th# a't#''a h#+ht! a"#
57. a'$ 127.. 6 Ma/ 27138
"m d
h h d
r t
;1 1< 1$1 1<
1< 1<
ma*
ma*
+
+

-<<.1 km
25. What ! Fa$'+) A'$ h&3 t ! ,&.%#'!at#$) 6Ma/ 27138
(ading is the change in signal strength at the receiver due to variation in ionospheric conditions and
Bultipath reception.
(ading due to rapid fluctuations can be reduced by diversity reception techniques. The commonly
employed diversity reception techniques are# (requency diversity, @pace diversity, polari0ation diversity
and Time diversity.
29. What ! .#a't 0/ Fa"a$a/ "&tat&') 6 D#, 27118
%otation of the plane of polari0ation is defined as (araday rotation. It is also defined as the process of
rotation of polari0ation ellipse of EB wave in a magneto3ionic medium. This process occurs in the
ionospheric regions when a plane wave enters the ionosphere.
It is a variable effect and leads to loss of signal power at the receiving antenna due to polari0ation
mismatch.
PART B
1. ,i+ )escribe the Troposcatter propagation.
,ii+ E*plain the effect of Earth?s magnetic field on ground wave propagation. 6 Ma/ 27138
2. )escribe the theory of propagation of Electromagnetic wave through the ionosphere in the presence of
e*ternal magnetic field and show that the medium acts as doubly refracting crystal. 6 Ma/ 27138
3. ,i+ E*plain the structure of the ionosphere with neat diagram.
,ii+ 5hy do we use high frequency waves in sky wave propagationA E*plain the mechanism of
propagation. 6D#, 27128
1. i+ )escribe the troposphere and e*plain how ducts can be used for microwave propagation.
,ii+E*plain the term
,1+ Iptimum working frequency, @kip distance, Lirtual height 6D#, 27128
5. )escribe the structure of the atmosphere and specify the factors affecting the radio wave propagation.
6Ma/ 27128
5. E*plain in detail about effect of earth?s magnetic field on radio wave propagation. 6Ma/ 27128
9. ,i+ E*plain the mechanism of ionospheric propagation with neat diagram.
,ii+ )iscuss the effects of Earth?s magnetic field on ionosphere radio wave propagation. 6D#, 27118
:. ,i+ E*plain important features of ground wave propagation.
,ii+ E*plain the terms #
Iptimum working frequency, @kip distance, Lirtual height 6D#, 27118
<. Establish the relationship between critical frequency and ma*imum electron density in ionosphere.
17. ,i+Ibtain the e*pression for the range of space wave propagation.
,ii+)efine skip distance and derive an e*pression for skip distance assuming flat earth.
11. )erive the e*pression for refractive inde* of the ionosphere neglecting earth?s magnetic field effects.