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GUJARAT
Riding along Western part of India, one can reach the incredibly beautiful State of Gujarat, situated between Latitudes North 20 2 Min. 24 44 Min. and East Longitudes 63 04 and 74 30, having an aerial extent of 1,96,024 Sq. Km. The western and southern parts of Gujarat are bordered by a1550 Km long coastal track along the Arabian sea which forms 113rd of Indian coast line. The coastal track borders the Kutch Peninsula, the Saurashtra Peninsula and the central plains of Gujarat. The state boasts of infinite natural riches. Set amidst picturesque landscape, the State has safely hidden in its womb the statigraphic geological sequences except Triassic. Blessed with nature's most valuable gift, Gujarat can be described as one of the mineral bowls of India.
PHYSIOGRAPHY OF GUJARAT
The State of Gujarat is divided into six physiography units:1. The Southern Aravalis and the adjoining hilly tract Covers Aravali range generally rising 400 mtrs. above MSL. and forms the main catchment area of rivers viz. Banas, Sabarmati and Mahi. 2. The Deccan plateau and adjoining tract of Southern Gujarat A wide expanse of high level dissected lava flows in the East with a low level dissected plateau in the West. The most prominent rivers Narmada, Tapi, dissect this tract in East-West direction. 3. The Central Plains of Gujarat Alluvial plains of Tapi, Narmada, Mahi, Sabarmati rivers, the Banas debouches into Rann of Kutch whereas all the other rivers join the Gulf of Cambay. 4. The Saurashtra Peninsula It comprises a high level, dissected lava plateau and flat top hills of sand stone in the North-East. Southern part covers Barda hills, Alech hills, the Girnar hills and the Gir ranges. It has a radial drainage pattern . 5. The Kutch Peninsula It is a Central high Plateau dissected on all sides except east. 6 . The Rann of Kutch Three levels of silted and raised Rann surfaces (Banni plains) and a few islands excluding three (Pachham, Khadir and Bela) rising slightly above the general level of Rann.
development. An island Rajasthan sea receded through Kutch leaving the Indus to flow into Gulf of Cam bay and the twin sisters Tapi and Narmada completely reversed their courses from East to West. Then many throbs of earth movement pulsated and raised the coastal strip and this led the former island of Saurashtra and Kutch to get connected with the mainland and the little and great Rann to appear on the surface. As a result of these elevations the Indus was gradually pushed westward, the Saraswati got land locked and dried up and following process of desiccation, a vast desert unrolled its carpet of yellow sand from the North tip of Gujarat to far beyond. Gujarat's eXisting topography is a composite effect of all the chronological happenings and offers breathtaking diversity in land form s through a bird's eye view. In the middle, there is a great alluvium tract formed by the water courses from Banas to Narmada. It is definitely an India Gangatic condition on a smaller scale and the only fortunate one in the whole of peninsula. The rugged eastern flag is supported by mineral / ore rich metamorphic formations which in Narmada valley give place to the step like Deccan basalt. On the west, wavy sand dunes and mirage producing salt land stop before the linear arrangement of the massive marine Mesozoic rocks and then bedded basalt again in Kutch and Saurashtra. Near the periphery , the Girnar hill is a unique culmination of intrusive differentiations. Lastly, the coast girdle is made of tertiary deposit which is in the limelight at present for various minerals . Ref: Gujarat-its Geogrpahy and Geology by Prof. S. Mukherjee
GEOLOGY OF GUJARAT
The Gujarat State exposes rock belonging to the Precambrian, Mesozoic, Cenozoic, Eras. Stratigraphically , the record is incomplete as the rocks of Paleozoic era are totally absent in Gujarat. The hard rock covers about 49 % of total area of Gujarat. The rest being occupied by sediments of Quaternary period. The hard rocks comprise Precambriam Metamorphites and associated Intrusives, sedimentary rocks of Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras and the trap I flows constituting Deccan Volcanics of Cretaceous, Eocene age .
Era
Period
Epoch
Intrusives I Extrusives
Holocene
Quaternary Pleistocene Tertiary
Pliocene
MioPliocene
i Formation
Miocene
Gaj Formation Kand Formation
Cenozoic
Maniara Fort
Formation Kharinadi Formation Tarkesh w ar
Formation
Eocene Fulra Formation Kakdinadi Formation Nummulitic Formation
I
Palaeocene-Eocene Paleocene
Cretaceous-Eocene
Matanomadh
Formation
Deccan Trap s,
Mesozoic Cenozoic
associated
vol canic and inter-
trappeans
Cretaceous Upper
Lo w er-middle
Lo wer
Lameta formation Bagh Formation Wadh w an Group, Bhuj formation Dhrangadhra Group , Himmatnagar formation Katrol (Jhuran) form ation
Cretaceous
Jurassic Upper
Middle
Chari (Jum ara ) Pachchham (Jhurio) formation Syn-to-Oist-Delhi intrusive Idar Granite Erinpura Granite & Gneiss, Godhra Granite & Gneiss SendraAmbaji Granite & Gneiss Phulad Ophiolite Comple x
Neoproterozoic
Palaeo-proterozoic Meso-proterozoic
Delhi Supergroup
Paleo-Proterozoic
Aravali Supergroup Champaner Group Luna vada Group Jharol Group Udaipur Group
ARCHAEAN PROTEROZOIC
Pre-Champaner gneissic complex represent a suite of rocks comprising gneisses which form the basement for Champaner group. Three phases of structural deformation are recorded from this suite of rocks. Pre Lonavada gneissic complex underlies the Lonavada group of Meta sedimentaries. At least three granitic intrusive phases have been identified with this complex.
Erinpura granite and gneiss Erinpura granite and gneiss represent the late to post Delhi acid intrusives. Idar Granite Idar Granite occurs around Idar as detached hillocks, tors, bosses, knobs and rugged pinnacled hills.
(B) MESOZOIC
After the major depositional , metamorphic and deformative episodes or Archaean and Proterozoic , there was a hiatus up to the close of Triassic in the geological activity in Gujarat. During Jurassic and cretaceous period of Mesozoic era the area witnessed intense geological activity in terms of sedimentation and volcanism. Mesozoic sediments occupy about 14,8 00 sq. mtr. area in part of Kutch , Sabarkantha , Panchmahal, Vadodara , Surendranagar, Rajkot dists , and the Deccan Traps occupy 61 ,000 sq. mtr. in Kutch and Saurashtra peninsulas and in the southern and eastern parts of the State . Kutch Mesozoic of Kutch ranges in age form middle Jurassic to late cretaceous and are bordered by the Deccan Trap in south and by the saline marsh or Rann of Kutch, in north. Mesozoic of Kutch is known for rich fossil record of marine Jurassics in India. The Mesozoic rocks have been classified as Patchum Charee, Katrol and Umiya groups. ' Subsequently , Biswas (1971) revised the stratigraphy of Kutch and proposed new nomenclature by classifying different litho-stratigraphic units in to Jhurio , Jhumra, Jhuran and Bhuj formation.
----
(A) PROTEROZOIC
1 . Palaeo Proterozoic Aravali Super Group The Aravali Super Group of rocks in Gujarat is divided in to four groups viz. Udaipur , Jharol , Lonavada and Champaner groups. Palaeo Proterozoic - Meso Proterozoic Delhi Super Group Palaeo Proterozoic - Meso Proterozoic rocks are represented by Delhi Super Group and is exposed in main Aravali hill ranges . The meta sediments and meta volcanic of Delhi Super Group in Gujarat, are intruded by variants of Erinpora and Sendra Ambaji granite which have been classified into Gogunda, Kumbhalgarh and Sirohi groups in ascending order of super position. 3 . Neo-Proterozoic Syn to Post Delhi Intrusives Godhra granite gneiss Godhra granite gneiss occurs in Chhotaudepur, Godhra and adjacent areas.
Patchum IJhurio) formation comprises inter-calated sequence of silted stone, shale, marlite, clay stone , coralline limestone, calcareous sand stone and grey and pink limestone . Charee IJhumra) formation comprises a sequence of shale siltstone, sandstone alternating with golden oolite. KatrollJhuran) formation: it is divided in to four litho stratigraphic units. The basal unit comprises inter calacted sequence of grey, gypsicious, shale and siltstone with ocherous nodules. The second unit is dominantly calcareous sandstone with inter-calation of shale. The third unit comprises dominantly gypsicious shale w ith minor silty and sandy inter-calation and ocherous bands. The upper most unit consists of calcareous quartzic sandstone and conglomerate inter calated with shale and siltstone. Umiya IBhuj) formation comprises sandstone iron stone , clays and trappable conglomerates. Mesozoic of Saurashtra It consists of mainly two groups; Dhangadhra group and Wadhwan group as early Cretaceous and middle Cretaceous age. Mesozoic rocks or Saurashtra are sandstone, limestone, shale etc.
flows. At some places it is circular / conical hills like Girnar , Barda, Pavagadh, Osham hills in Kutch . In eastern Gujarat, the Deccan trap occurs isolated outcrop in Vadodara and Panchmahal districts. While sporadic occurrences are found in Kheda and Sabarkantha districts. Tholeiite Gabbro, Granofire, and Nephaline syenites are important rocks.
TERTIARY
After diastropic activity and eruption of Deccan trap lava flows, the tertiary sedimentation commenced in Gujarat. Well developed tertiary sections are exposed in Kutch mainland and in parts of Saurashtra and Cam bay basin. Kutch Tertiary rocks of Kutch are known for their rich marine fossil assemblage. After the eruption of lava flows of Deccan volcanic activity, there was a period marked by a phase of extensive lateritisition under tropical condition. Subsequently, the tertiary sediments were deposited over the Mesoazoic sedimentary rocks and Deccan traps along the coastal strip of Kutch mainland. Tertiary formation of Kutch consist of three different facies, the lower one is volcanic and is represented by the lavas of Deccan trap. The middle and main part is typical marine , transgressional facies and represent stratigraphic units to the Laki Kirthar, Nari and Gaj series of Sindh, Baluchistan. The upper part is fluviatile and represent the stratigraphic equivalent to Manchar series of Sindh Baluchistan.
MESOZOIC - TERTIARY
Deccan Traps The Cretaceous - Eocene period witnessed major volcanic activity in form of widespread outpouring or lava in vast area of w estern India . It covers about 61,000 sq. mtr. area in Gujarat. The trap country is characterized by flat top hills and step like terraces formed as a result of variation in hardness of different flows and also within the same
South Gujarat Tertiary rocks in Surat Bharuch area of south Gujarat comprises of laterite, clay sandstone, limestone etc. The Tadkeshwar formation comprises of shale and sandstone with intercalation of calcareous sediment. Bentonite, ocherous clay , the Babaguru formation consist of gravel , sandstone, shale interbedded w ith conglomerate shale. Kand formation comprises of flaggy fossiliferous limestone. The Jhagadia formation conformably overlies the Kand formation and consists of calcareous sandstone and conglomerate clay . Cam bay Basin covers the alluvial plains of Gujarat which is a potential area for oil.
QUATERNERY
The quaternary deposits hold a place of great significance in geology of Gujarat . About 1 lakh sq. mtr. area of state is covered by quaternary sediments deposited during Pleistocene and Holocene epoch.
MINERAL RESOURCES
~~r~~~~~1
The
conglomerate
Mineral
Location
Origin
I Reserves
Uses
Remarks
Agate Banded
variety of
Sedimentary
origin
Not assessed
chalcedony
Leading
position
in India
jewellery purpose
&
with
dolomite,
Not assessed
and
sorptive properties
member
Ahmedabad
dists.
of
sorptive
limestone and
chalk of
Eocene age
clay fuller's
earth
well drilling
mud, adhesive, sea lants
etc.
Barite BaS04
Sedimentary ongm
Local
occurrences
or transported
No
impoltant
Gujarat
& Quartzite
area, Kui-
of Kumbhalgadh group
For
Lead
electrical
instruments
occurrence
etc.
For Zinc
MINERAL RESOURCES
~~rs~!W~~1
Associated with laterite overlying the Deccan trap or tertiary formation
Mineral
location
Origin
Reserves I
Uses
Remarks
Sedimentary
Chief source of aluminium metal and also used in abrasive and refractory
5 th
position in India in
reserves
Porbandar
desired plasticity in
pottery
Water
Once the Rann which was a bed of sea which has raised due to earthquake or natural forces in due course of time
The Rann, Not former sea assessed basin now being filled up with alternate layers of silt, clay and sand.
MINERAL RESOURCES
~:r~:r~~1
All types of rock formations have utilization of rocks in building stone
It occurs as
Mineral
Location
Origin
Reserves
Uses
Remarks
Building Stone
Potentiality
Construction
work
of building
stone in
the State
IS
prominent
Sedimentary
manufacture of
mortar,
Sedimentary
mT
of which
19.24 mT in
Porbandar,
22.35 mT in Jarnnagar
and 42.20
mTin Rajkot di st.
quaternary age China (Kaolinite) Mehsana, Sedimentary Patan, Sabarkan1ha, Surat, Panchmahal, Kutch, Amreli dists.
,
"'-,
j
China clay is 163 mT of which 100 found mTin associated KUlch, 60 with Idar mTin Sabarkantha granite or and2.15 mTin series and Mehsana latet ire of cretaceous age
In ceramic industries, as refractory material, as filler in rubber, paper & plastic industries
j' /
~-
MINERAL RESOURCES
~~r~~~~~1
Associated with Umiya sandstone and shale formations uppermost Jurassic to Albian age in Surendranagar whereas associated with upper Jurassic to
cretaceous
Mineral
Location
Origin
Reserves
Uses
Heating
Remarks
Sedimentary
3.02 mT
purpose, low
temperature
carbonization,
cooking for
producing
high temperature
Sedimentary
sandstone in Kutch Diatomite bed found to rest over lateritic material and in turn is confonnably overlain by clay beds
0.488 mT
Amreli, Metamorphic It constitutes Vadodara, part of Narmada, Champaner Bharuch, senes Banaskantha, Sabarkantha and Panchmahal Banaskantha, Igneous Vadodara, Panchmahal, Sabarkantha, Kheda, Dahod dists. Associated with igneous rocks
As
in Vadodara
ornamental
stores, manufacture
Not assessed Ceramic flux, glass, source for potassium saits, sand paper etc.
MINERAL RESOURCES
~:r~:~~~1
Associated with upper Gondvana sediments and occur below Dhrangadhra sandstone
Mineral
Location
Origin
I Reserves I
155.22 mT
Uses
Remarks
Sedimentary
insulation
products, foundry etc.
Fluorite CaF,
Igneous
11.6 mT
cretaceous
age
acid for
fluorine
based
chemicals, cement etc.
Graphite-C
2.13 tnT
series consist
mainly of quartzite and phyllite
motor commutators
and crucibles
Bhavnagar, Junagadh,
Sedimentary
Jamnagar,
Kutch etc.
3.37 Associated with rock silt, mT limestone and shale, Gaj clay is gypsum bearing area
MINERAL RESOURCES
~~r~~f~~1
Occurs in Eocene
formation of tertiary in Kutch, Tadkeshwar formation from upper eocene to oligocene in Bharuch and confined to Cam bay shale of
Mineral
location
Origin
Reserves
Uses
Remarks
Sedimentary
2139.08 mT
bituminous
coal.
Navsari
lower Eocene
age in Surat and in Bhavnagar confined to Eocene age. Limestone Kutch, Porbandar, Junagadh, Amreli, Bhavnagar, Dahod, Panchmahal, Bharuch, Sedimentary and Associated with all metamorphic, stratigraphic
11987 mT
For
manufacture or Cement, bleaching powder, Soda ash, Caustic soda, Cal. Carbide etc. Also as flux
Igneous
horizons
in Gujarat
Narmada,
Sabarkantha, Rajkot, Surendra & Kheda dis!. Manganese Ore MnO" Metamorphic Vadodara Associated with schist, phyllite and gneiss and quartzite rock of Champaner
2.5 mT in
Panchmahal
in blast fumace.
H2 O
senes
MINERAL RESOURCES
mT
monuments,
statues,
fluorine,
slabs for
decoration
ctc.
mT
intrusions in
Chhotaudepur tal. of Baroda dis!. Perlite Osam hills POPCORN of Rajkot Igneous gabro and diorite of Gimar hills
Not Formed by assessed the hydration of rhyolitic obsidian
and ceramic
industries
mineral
Hydrated glass, a
volcanic
treatment and
purification,
in processing
of sugar
Quartz Si02
Igneous
Generally quartz
4 mT
Manufacture
occurs
In
veins lenses
or ribs associated with pegmatite intrusives Sedimentary Straty fonn deposit along lignite bearing shales in lower tertiary (madh series) in Kutch
4.65 mT
Siderite FeC03
Kutch
Production of hydrogen
steam &
Most of the
reserves
mined out
MINERAL RESOURCES
Bhavnagar, Jamnagar, Kutch, Dahod, Panchmahal, Rajkot, Sabarkantha, Surendranagar, Bharuch, Surat dists. Soap Sabarkantha Stone dis!. (Steatite)
water
mT
production in India
7000 mT Metamorphic Occurs in (poor Aravali reserve) system and comprises of quartzite, Schist and ultra basic rocks and quartz
Filler for
paint, paper and rubber & in plaster foundry facing and lubricants
Sedimentary
0.001 mT
Wollastonite CaSiOJ
Banaskantha