Whence and Wherefore The Cosmologica l Destiny of Man

Scientifically and Philosophica lly Considered

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by Zev Zahavy Comprising an analysis relating to the

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significant essay In the Centre of Immensities by the disting ishe

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d Professor Sir !ernard "ovell #niversity of Manchester$ %ngland

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So th !r ns&ic' and (e& )or'* +, S, !arnes and Company "ondon* Thomas )oseloff "td

- ./01 by Zev Zahavy +, S, !arnes and Co,$ Inc, Cranb ry$ (e& 2ersey 314.5 Thomas )oseloff "td Magdalen 6o se .789.:1 Tooley Street "ondon S%I 5TT$ %ngland "ibrary of Congress Cataloging in P blication Data Zahavy$ Zev, date Whence and &herefore, In the centre of immensities$ by Sir !ernard "ovell* p, Incl des inde;, ., Cosmology, 5, Man, 7, Science9 Philosophy, :, <eligion and science9./:89 I, "ovell$ +lfred Charles !ernard$ Sir, ./.79 In the center of immensities, ./01, II, Title, !D4..,Z7 ./01 ..7 0091:018 IS!( 39:/1935./39:

P<I(T%D I( T6% #(IT%D ST+T%S => +M%<IC+

+lso by Sir !ernard "ovell* Science and Civilisation World Po&er <eso rces and Social Development <adio +stronomy Meteor +stronomy The %;ploration of Space by <adio The Individ al and the #niverse ?!!C <eith "ect res@ The %;ploration of = ter Space ?Aregynog "ect res@ Discovering the #niverse = r Present Bno&ledge of the #niverse The %;plosion of Science* The Physical #niverse ?ed, &ith T, Margerison@ The Story of 2odrell !an' The =rigins and International %conomics of Space %;ploration = t of the Zenith ManCs <elation to the #niverse P,M,S, !lac'ett* + !iographical Memoir +lso by Zev Zahavy*
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Independence and Modernity The "esser +ssembly + Space +ge A ide for the Perple;ed +theist 6eresy and the #topian Dision ?in preparation@

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To The Areat and Aracio s Master of the #niverse Who made it all possible

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Contents ?=riginal@ Introd ction .. Whence* Sir !ernard "ovell .0 In The Centre of Immensities ./ Wherefore* Zev Zahavy :. +n InE iry !eyond Whence :7 ., + Co rageo s F estion :7 5, +spects of Science and Theology 8. 7, Some Preliminary Comments on 6o& and Why 81 :, Science at an Impasse 04 4, %lements of a Philosophy of Science /8 8, What is WhenceG .35 0, The 6o& of Science .38 1, Introd cing Wherefore ..3 /, The %ight "evels of 6 man %;istence ... .3, The Parado; of Modern Science .57 .., <eaching for the #ltimate .74 .5, The Deviated Who .:3 .7, +ccident and Chance .:5 .:, The Plight of the Partic lar .43 Inde; .0:
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Contents
Contents...................................................................................................................................................... 14 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................. 15 MANS ETE NA! "#EST....................................................................................................................... 26 T$E %I T$ &' A STA ......................................................................................................................... 31 EAC$IN( &# & %ITIN( NEI($%& S.............................................................................................34 T$E $#MAN MENACE T& MAN)IN*....................................................................................................41 T$E & I(IN AN* E+,ANSE &' T$E )N&-N #NI.E SE..................................................................44 M/STE I&#S "#ASA S....................................................................................................................... 48 0E & A*I#S AT T$E %E(INNIN( &' TIME.......................................................................................52 MANS T&TA! IN.&!.EMENT -IT$ T$E #NI.E SE..........................................................................57 -$AT &' T$E '#T# E1....................................................................................................................... 59 SCIENCE IN T$E ' AME-& ) &' S&CIET/......................................................................................60 -2ere3ore.................................................................................................................................................... 65 1 A C&# A(E&#S "#ESTI&N............................................................................................................. 66 2 AS,ECTS &' SCIENCE AN* T$E&!&(/.........................................................................................99 3 S&ME , E!IMINA / C&MMENTS &N 4$&-5 AN* 4-$/5............................................................113 4 SCIENCE AT AN IM,ASSE................................................................................................................ 126 5 E!EMENTS &' A ,$I!&S&,$/ &' SCIENCE.................................................................................164 6 -$AT IS 4-$ENCE51........................................................................................................................ 177 7 T$E 4$&-5 &' SCIENCE.................................................................................................................. 184 8 INT &*#CIN( 4-$E E'& E5........................................................................................................ 190 9 T$E EI($T !E.E!S &' $#MAN E+ISTENCE..................................................................................192 10 T$E ,A A*&+ &' M&*E N SCIENCE.........................................................................................216 11 EAC$IN( '& T$E #!TIMATE....................................................................................................239 12 T$E *E.IATE* 4-$&5.................................................................................................................... 247 13 ACCI*ENT AN* C$ANCE .............................................................................................................. 251 14 T$E ,!I($T &' T$E ,A TIC#!A ................................................................................................267

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Introduction
(o& that man is a bona fide space traveler$ it appears to be a propitio s time to call for a ne& chapter in the end ring search for ltimate tr ths, The technological record of h man progress from the ancient period of a S merian bronHe age to the c rrent era of comple;$ m ltinational$ comp teriHed societies is a magnificent trib te to the impressive ingen ity of the h man intellect, Man may I stifiably ta'e pride in his vast array of technological tri mphs, Certainly$ the h man specimen has traversed a long$ r gged road since the early days of the o;9 dra&n plo& and that prosaic lethargic era &hen simple mathematics &ere inscribed in f ndamental ideograms pon c neiform tablets, Today$ man spans oceans and continents in a fe& short ho rsJ comm nicates &ith the speed of lightJ harnesses the n clear might of the nseen atomJ prepares to visit neighboring planetsJ and
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charts the co rse of stellar phenomena at distant o tposts of his niverse, (evertheless$ there is something radically amiss, ManCs vainglory is tempered by the sordid fact that his society teeters perilo sly on the brin' of perdition and r ination, It is a pathetic sit ation, Is this a logical re&ard for more than five tho sand years of patient searching and s fferingG M st civiliHation emerge as nothing more than a cr el$ self9 inflicted hoa;G =f &hat val e is the st nning record of technological tri mphs if$ conseE ently$ the h man so l lang ishes in a more harro&ing neb losity of e;istentialist despairG Why m st the psyche of t&entieth9cent ry man end re the pangs of depressing ang ishG Why does it seem that many more individ als are finding life f tile and meaninglessG 2 dging from a general assessment of the present$ and endeavoring a simple prognosis for the f t re$ manCs e;periment &ith a radically
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sec lar society has proved to be a dismal fail re, The sec lar life has spa&ned a br tally amoral milie , 6 man freedom has been translated into a c nning device for fiendish dominion and r thless g ile, =ne is tempted to concl de that species 6omo sapiens is fast reverting bac' to the degrading ran' of a savage beast, Whereas Aod &as once the chief inspiration for decent living$ today braHen so ls snidely all de to the Divine =neCs demise, There is a diabolical lterior motive behind the attempt to e;cl de Aod from appearing in the h man pict re, !y p blishing AodCs obit ary$ man hopes to emerge as the ncontested s preme entity in the niverse, With Aod o t of the &ay$ man believes that he is free to pamper his every conceit and caprice, ! t ho& long can man hide from Aod$ and ho& s ccessf lly can man fare in the parole of his o&n recogniHanceG Can man prod his o&n >re dian s perego to form late the necessary h manist recipe for a safe and sane society if all he has to fall bac' on is his ferocio s idG Can man tr ly
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hope to g arantee his s rvival in a civiliHation that declares that Aod is obsoleteG In the contemporary sec larist environment that man has fashioned$ and that predominantly ignores the divine presence$ is man more sec reKor is he more v lnerable to self9e;tinctionG We are living at a time &hen the e;istentialist plight of man is at a critical stage, The arsenals are overflo&ing &ith sophisticated &eaponry that co ld very &ell &ipe civiliHation from the face of the globe, The possibility of &holesale decimation is a real threat to the coming generations, )et$ the tr th of the matter is that man does not &ant to be e;p nged from his littleC home in the solar system, Can man deter the omino s threat of an +rmageddonG If ever there &as a time for serio s introspection$ it is no&, If ever there &as a time for a healing of breaches and a binding9 p of fratricidal &o nds$ it is no&, If ever there &as a time for people of differing nationalities and c lt res to e;tend a handclasp of sincere amity and harmony$ it is no&,
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6o&ever$ lest &e s cc mb to the l re of f tile idyllic dreams and topian visions$ let s consider a more realistic appraisal of the sit ation at hand, The sco ndrels &ho presently abo nd in this &orld of o rs are not going to relinE ish their positions of po&er merely for the sa'e of serving the ca se of &orld tranE ility, Millions of innocents sadly m st loo' for&ard to contin ed periods of ineE ity$ hardship$ and s ffering, The present perpetrators of devilish designs &ill be s cceeded by ne&er breeds of their il'$ and they &ill contin e to impose pon the innocent m ltit de the venomo s pattern of malicio s hatred and falsehood$ along9&ith its practice of arbitrary discrimination and evil persec tion, Is it f tile$ then$ to hope that the masses of people of good conscience every&here may learn to pool their talents in the interest of h man s rvivalG If the common good is th&arted beca se of narro&ly divisive national lines$ perhaps in a &orld fast becoming increasingly interdependent$ an endeavor sho ld be made at
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least to develop a common camaraderie along h manistic lines, Why sho ld not the scientist and the theist &al' side by side in service of an e;istentially impoverished h manityG +fter all$ both are sim ltaneo sly pledged to the tas' of aiding man'ind, Their partnership in p rs it of this h manitarian ideal &ill afford a m ch needed ray of hope for the f t re of civiliHation, The scientist and the theist do tread the same path to&ard a search for ltimate tr th$ altho gh they operate on different levels of investigation, It is in the hope that a ne& harmony may prevail bet&een science and theology that prompted the &riting of this boo', There is reason to believe that modern science and, modern theistic e;istentialism may develop into the leading cooperative components of a revitaliHed contemporary civiliHation, +ss ming that 'no&ledge is po&er$ the combined might of both these disciplines sho ld be enormo s, The raging battle for the control of manCs mind is the most cr cial str ggle in o r contemporary era, There
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is a lesson to be learned from the fastidio s sponsors of evil, They resol tely e;ploit the f ll force of perverse propaganda &ith all the po&er at their command, Therefore$ &e m st recogniHe the need to spea' o t$ and &e dare not remain silent, #nfort nately$ ho&ever$ the theistic e;istentialist position has been &oef lly ine;pressive$ and little has been done to co nteract the specio s sophistry of c rrent insidio s spo'esmen, It is sad$ beca se altho gh the prono ncements of the p rveyors of evil are &idespread$ their lterior motive is narro&ly egocentric and self9serving, S rely$ the time is at hand &hen the clear voice of sincere see'ers of tr th m st reso nd thro gho t the &orld nto all the inhabitants thereof, Aiven the fact al el cidations of science in harmonio s coordination &ith profo nd theistic concepts$ a ne&fo nd partnership may develop that &ill have no rival in the search for ltimate tr th, More than ever$ modern man thirsts for the &ellspring of tr th, Science and theology share ali'e an earnest dedication to the
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principles of tr th and 'no&ledge, Together$ they may rea&a'en the dormant spirit of man and inf se his ne&ly inspired so l &ith a sense of valid p rpose, "ife may gain a fresh impet s to reflect valid meaning for the h man sit ation, In line &ith s ch a design$ this modest &or' proceeds to offer an analysis of the cosmic drama in t&o sections, Part one nveils the first act$ and the c rtain rises to present an enlightened diagnosis of the cosmological problem, This analysis comes from the pen of the &orld9 reno&ned scientist and disting ished scholar$ Sir !ernard "ovell$ &ho has gained &ide respect as Professor of <adio +stronomy and Director of the %;perimental Station$ ( ffield <adio "aboratories$ 2odrell !an'$ nder the a spices of the #niversity of Manchester in Cheshire$ %ngland, The essay$ In the Centre of Immensities$ &as first presented by Sir !ernard "ovell in + g st ./04$ in A ildford Cathedral as his Presidential +ddress to the !ritish +ssociation$ and it &as reprinted in a shortened
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form in the New York Times Magazine on (ovember .8$ ./04$ nder the title Whence, The !ritish +ssociation for the +dvancement of Science &as organiHed in .17. to give a more systematic direction to scientific inE iry$ and to promote the interco rse of the c ltivators of science &ith one another and &ith foreign philosophers, +ccordingly$ Wherefore$ &hich forms the second part of this &or'$ ind lges in a theistic e;position reflecting modern e;istentialist principles$ and since it is a thored by an +merican professor of the City #niversity of (e& )or'$ it sho ld E alify$ from the !ritish +ssociationCs point of vie&$ as the prod ct of a foreign philosopher, + note of deep gratit de is e;tended to the esteemed and respected scholar Sir !ernard "ovell$ for granting permission to p blish his s perlative essay$ &hich inclines to&ard the vie& that the essence of modern man derives from his primeval so rce in stellar space, The e;ploration of this theme from a scientific direction is
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accomplished &ith cons mmate s'ill,

tho ghtf l

insight

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+s &e proceed to the tas' of f rther en cleation$ and after completing a brief Io rney thro gh the portals of c rrent scientific observation and I dgment as o tlined in the first section$ &e arrive at the second division of o r &or'$ &hich e;amines the grand cosmic drama in the domain of Wherefore and beyond, It is felt in the Wherefore analysis that a consistently logical scientist sho ld be able to harmoniHe theistic doctrines and scientific facts &ith dispassionate eE animityJ and even as the ne& &ave of space9age science progresses$ it sho ld not be nsettling to &itness the blossoming of a hardy strain of resol te theistic scientists &ho may handily s cceed the egregio s atheistic breed of the t&entieth cent ry, =n the basis of this ass mption$ &e may anticipate the time &hen the fad of atheism &ill commence to &ane$ and in its stead$ the niversal ac'no&ledgement of Aod &ill become a
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sine qua non for f t re generations, It matters little &hat man concl des in eras of illogical fancies, Aod remains ever invincible$ and 6e m st inevitably emerge as the total victor, This concept$ certainly$ is hardly ne&$ b t its reaffirmation in the light of c rrent atheistic trends that have prod ced a mar'ed convol tion of e;istentialist and psychological ego9 deification$ ma'es s ch a proIect an essential tas' for o r age, "ong ago$ &ise Bing Solomon asserted that there is nothing ne& nder the s n, It sho ld not s rprise s$ therefore$ to discern that the essence of the plot of the nfolding cosmic spectacle is E ite s ccinctly reflected in the simple declaration of a dedicated prophet$ &hose &ord from the ancient past re9echo &ith rgent persistency today* +nd Aod shall be sovereign over all the earthJ in that day$ Aod shall be one$ and 6is name one, ?Zechariah .:*/@

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Whence We are &hat &e 'no& abo t &here &e came from In The Centre of Immensities by Sir !ernard "ovell$ =!%$ ><S Presidential +ddress to the .70th +nn al Meeting of the !ritish +ssociation for the +dvancement of Science, Delivered in A ildford Cathedral$ + g st ./04,

MANS ETERNAL QUEST

It is no& nearly a cent ry and a half since the !ritish +ssociation held its first meeting, The title of my address is ta'en from Thomas CarlyleCs masterpiece &ritten at that time, In Sartor Resartus he enE ired$ What is ManG &ho sees and fashions for himself a #niverse$ &ith starry spaces and long tho sands of years$ ,,, as it &ere$ s&athed in and ine;tricably over9shro dedJ yet it is s'y9&oven and &orthy of a Aod, Stands
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he not thereby in the centre of Immensities$ in the confl ; of %ternitiesG =ne h ndred and fifty years is a min te interval in the history of the h man race, It is insignificant compared &ith the :$433 million year history of the %arthKand the %arth itself is probably only half the age of the present niverse, ! t my thesis is that in this short and cosmically insignificant time9span &e have been bro ght to the centre of immensitiesKand that &e stand there today not only in the &orld of o r material e;istence$ b t also in the sphere of o r intellect al endeavo r to nderstand the niverse and manCs relation to it, It is to these t&o strangely contrasting$ b t vitally inter&oven topics that I direct my tho ghts this evening, The E estions are$ &hether man has reached a f ndamental barrier in his attempt to comprehend the niverse in a physical sense$ and f rthermore &hether he can s rvive for long the conseE ences of the probing of the scientist to brea' thro gh this barrier,
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I can give yo immediately a star' ill stration of my concern, The s bIect 'no&n as e;obiology is of great interest and importance, It relates to the problem of &hether o r life on %arth is niE e in the &hole niverse, >or a long time this topic has belonged to the realms of fiction, ! t in recent years$ astronomers sing radio telescopes have been st dying the clo ds of gas$ 'no&n as neb lae$ in o r Mil'y Way, In the neighbo rhood of hot stars these become l mino sKthe horsehead neb la in =rion is an e;ample, They are not far a&ay from the S n by cosmical standardsKonly a fe& tho sand light years$ in the spiral arms of o r o&n gala;y, We have nderstood for a considerable time that these neb lae are largely composed of hydrogen probably remnant from the primeval material of the niverse, T&elve years ago$ to o r great s rprise$ +merican radio astronomers discovered that the hydro;yl radical$ =6$ the combination of hydrogen and o;ygen$ &as also present in these clo ds of gas, Many different 'inds of molec les have since been discovered in these neb laeK
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incl ding &ater, It is an amaHing tho ght that if &e co ld t ne o r eyes to a &avelength of .,74 centimeters$ &e sho ld find the emissions from these &ater molec les to be the most prominent obIects in the s'y, The comple;ity of other molec les in these gas clo ds s ggests$ very forcibly$ that the basic material for organic evol tion e;ists in space, ! t that is only one part of the story, More than :3 years ago &hen I &as a yo ng man attending my first !ritish +ssociation meeting in +berdeen$ Sir 2ames 2eans in his presidential address gave a vivid and convincing pict re of the formation of the solar system, 6e believed that the S n &as once an ordinary star &itho t planets, Then a passing star came close eno gh to the S n to drag o t from it by gravitational attraction a great filament of gas &hich bro'e p and condensed into the planets, ! t &ithin a year of 2eansC address$ the +merican astronomer 6 ( < ssell$ ndermined all s ch enco nter theories by pointing o t that the star and the S n &o ld have to approach one another so closely that any
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planets res lting from the enco nter &o ld move in orbits tho sands of times closer to the S n than those &e observe, +nother half cent ry of observation and comp tation has led to the general vie& that the neb lar hypothesis$ proposed by "aplace 533 years ago$ &as at least partially correct, In his theory the S n and planets condensed from a slo&ly rotating gaseo s neb la, (o& &e thin' that processes involving the collision of d st and gas particles in the neb la$ rather than condensation$ lead to the formation of planets, It seems that in a fe& tho sand million years a neb la s rro nding a star co ld be transformed to a planetary system in this &ay, (at rally$ one &o ld e;pect violent collisions d ring the evol tionary process as evidenced by the craters on the Moon$ and$ as &e have seen recently from the space probe photographs of the planets Mars and Merc ry,

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THE BIRTH OF A STAR

= r pict re is then$ that the planets began to accrete in a neb la of gas and d st s rro nding the S n abo t five tho sand million years ago, 6o& did the S n acE ire this neb laG In recent years$ photographs have been obtained &hich are believed to sho& the early stages of stars forming in gas clo ds in the spiral arms of the Mil'y Way, In a large eno gh clo d of s fficient density$ &ith the atoms in random motion$ condensed poc'ets of gas &ill arise &hich contain so many atoms that the condensation &ill be preserved by self gravitation, +n immense n mber of atoms are necessary to give rise to s ch a contracting glob leKabo t .340, =nce s ch a condensation begins events happen very E ic'lyKat least on the cosmical time scale, In a remar'ably short time the glob le$ &hich originally e;tended for trillions of miles &ill have decreased to a fe& h ndred million miles, The contraction contin es ntil after abo t 50 million years and the internal temperat re &ill have risen to abo t 53 million degrees and the press re to several
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tho sand million atmospheres, +t this stage the thermon cler transformation of hydrogen to heli m ta'es place and this release of n clear energy generates s fficient o t&ard press re to halt f rther collapse, We then have a star$ li'e the S n$ in a long term condition of stability for a fe& tho sand million years$ in &hich for every second of time some 48: million tons of hydrogen are being transformed into 483 million tons of heli m, +ltho gh this o tline of the history of the birth of a star is based on the res lts of comp terised calc lations there is compelling observational evidence to indicate its essential validity, >irst$ the protostars in the gas clo ds of the Mil'y Way are evident in the photographs ta'en &ith modern telescopes, Then &e have the remar'able photographs ta'en from the "ic' =bservatory of a section of the =rion neb la &here the stars are forming$ in &hich even over a period of a fe& years additional protostars become visible$ and finally the recent infra9red st dies of the s'y
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sho& many obIects$ not seen in the visible region of the spectr m, = r pict re then$ of the emergence of a planetary system$ is entirely different from that presented to the !ritish +ssociation by Sir 2ames 2eans less than half a cent ry ago, 6is tidal enco nter theory &as presented as an event involving the close approach of t&o starsKs fficiently rare to be regarded as endo&ing the solar system$ and the emergence of life on %arth$ &ith a high degree of niE eness, The contemporary vie& is that stars are born from the gas clo ds of the Mil'y Way in large n mbers and in this process the remnants of the neb lae &ill be retained aro nd them, Th s &e e;pect planetary systems aro nd stars to be a common feat re in the niverse$ and it &ill not have escaped yo r notice that it is in these identical neb lae that astronomers have recently discovered the comple; molec les essential for organic evol tion,

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REACHING NEIGHBORS

OUR

ORBITING

The convergence of these t&o investigations has nderstandably been a great stim l s to those &ho see' for evidence of e;traterrestrial e;istence, We have those &ho se radio telescopes to search for comm nications from s ch e;traterrestrial beings as might have developed on planets aro nd the stars, My personal I dgment on the &orth&hileness of s ch effort &ith o r present eE ipment and nderstanding of the problem is reserved, My concern at this moment is &ith the more opport ne and practical iss e of the e;ploration of o r o&n planetary systemKthe search for a deeper nderstanding of the processes of evol tion and for evidence of e;traterrestrial life forms &ithin o r o&n system, The possibility for these investigations by close inspection or contact &ith the planets emerged as soon as the Soviets s cceeded in la nching the first Sp tni' on =ctober :$ ./40, +lmost immediately the efforts of the Soviet #nion and the #nited States
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of +merica &ere directed to landing instr ments and men on the Moon and to the despatch of space probes to the planets$ especially Den s and Mars, >amiliarity &ith these enterprises sho ld not blind s to the magnificence of the achievements, The < ssian s ccess in hitting the Moon &ith " ni' 5 in September ./4/ &as a star' reminder of the dramatic advance of science and technology in the Soviet #nion, The +merican response$ c lminating in the landing of +rmstrong and +ldrin on the l nar s rface .3 years later$ &ill s rely emerge in the perspective of history as one of the great tri mphs of h man endeavo r, The ret rn of l nar roc's to %arth has presented scientists &ith a means for st dying the problem of the origin of the Moon and the early history of the solar system$ far beyond the &ildest dreams of o r predecessors, While this drama &as nfolding the Soviets and +mericans &ere striving to send space probes beyond the Moon to the planets, The immense dividends for science and national prestige provided an incentive to overcome a seemingly
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impenetrable barrier of engineering and technical problems, It is hardly s rprising that &hen these attempts began in ./83 there &ere many fail res, The atmosphere of the age &as epitomised by the la nching of the Soviet probe to the planet Den s in >ebr ary ./8. at a time &hen the scale of the solar system &as so inacc rately 'no&n that$ ho&ever perfect the g idance of a roc'et$ ins fficient data e;isted to be certain of a s ccessf l enco nter, Soviet scientists had to rely on a radar meas rement of the distance of the planet sing the same radio telescope &hich they had h rriedly b ilt to trac' the probe, This probe and many other Soviet and +merican probes failed to achieve s ccess in these early attempts to reach the planets, %vent ally the maIor problem of reliability$ attached to these prolonged flights in space of many months d ration &as overcome, 2 st .3 years ago the +mericans received on %arth photographs transmitted from a spacecraft &hich had passed &ithin a fe& tho sand miles of the planet Mars, The s rface feat res of the planet
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sho&n in these photographs and those obtained s bseE ently seemed to reveal a hostile environment not cond cive to any form of organic evol tion as many had anticipated, !y ./0. it became possible to place a spacecraft in orbit aro nd the planet and d ring ./05 over 0333 pict res &ere transmitted to %arth by Mariner /, +mongst them &ere high definition photographs &ith a resol tion of .33 yards$ that is 433 times s perior to the best photographs of the planet hitherto available thro gh telescopes on %arth, These photographs sho& mo ntain pea's as high as %verest$ great canyons si; times as &ide and t&ice the depth of the Arand Canyon in +riHona$ and sin o s valleys &ith branching trib taries resembling the &aterc t g llies on %arth, The +merican analysts &ho have st died these photographs concl de that these are$ indeed$ dried river valleys$ that Mars is in an ice age and that the &ater is loc'ed in the polar caps, The perpet al clo ds &hich cover o r other near neighbo r in the solar systemKthe planet Den sK enco raged o r predecessors to the vie& that the
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planet might be rather similar to %arthKan abode for vegetation or perhaps organic life, T&enty years ago there &ere many learned I dgements on the nat re of this planet$ b t &e did not even 'no& ho& fast it &as rotating on its a;is$ and co ld not be certain &hether the s rface &as favo rable for evol tion$ or &as a boiling ocean or an arid desert, The Soviet probe Denera : settled these problems in ./80, +s the roc'et reached the vicinity of the planet$ a caps le of scientific instr ments &as released$ and this$ slo&ed by a parach te system$ transmitted data to %arth as it descended thro gh the atmosphere of the planet, Since that time a series of similar Soviet probes to Den s have confirmed the astonishing findings of that first investigation, The clo ds are not of &ater vapo r li'e terrestrial clo ds, The atmosphere of the planet is /0L carbon dio;ide, The s rface conditions are e;tremely hostile$ the press re is .33 atmospheres and the temperat re is above the melting point of lead and the boiling point of merc ry, It is strange that Den s$ in many
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respects so physically similar to %arth$ sho ld differ in this &ay, Tantalising E estions face s today, 6as there been any 'ind of organic evol tion else&here in the solar system$ at any time in its evol tionary historyG Is Mars really in an ice age$ and if so has any 'ind of primitive organism evolved d ring its favo rable epochs &hen &ater has flo&ed in the sin o s valleysG Why did Den s and %arth$ differing only 7 L in siHe$ .1L in mass$ and moving in reasonably similar orbits aro nd the S n p rs e s ch radically different evol tionary pathsG The ans&ers to these problems are vital to the general problem of e;obiology, +stronomically there seems to be compelling evidence that the solar system is not an niE e planetary system, ! t given very large n mbers of planetary systems in the niverse$ &hat are the chances that evol tion can occ rG Do the recent discoveries abo t Mars and Den s indicate that the environment is so e;tremely sensitive that conditions s itable for evol tion are improbable even in a billion planetary systemsG I pose these
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E estions at an e;citing moment, +s I spea'$ t&o Soviet probes are on their &ay to Den s and t&o +merican spacecraft to Mars, The Soviet spacecraft &ill reach Den s in =ctober, They are : times heavier than the previo s Denera probes$ and it is &idely conIect red in the West that a landing of eE ipment &ill be attempted$ &hich may be designed to s rvive for some time the hostile environment of the planet, The +merican Di'ing spacecraft to Mars$ la nched only days ago$ &ill be in orbit aro nd the planet and ready for landing on the bicentenary anniversary ne;t year, The one ton lander is one of the most sophisticated miniat rised scientific laboratories ever devised, The Primary obIective is to search for life on the planet, + .3 ft arm &ill scoop soil samples into the body of the lander &here they &ill be s bIected to a variety of analyses to determine their organic chemical and microbiological content, The res lts from these partic lar probes may be indecisiveKone has only to imagine the sit ation in reverse and envisage the diffic lty of deciding &here to land spacecraft
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on %arth from a distance of a fe& tens of millions of miles on the basis of photographs &ith a .33 yard definition, %ven so$ these flights to Mars and Den s represent a stage in manCs technical accomplishment &hich &ill s rely soon lead to a more decisive assessment of o r place in the niverse,

THE HUMAN MENACE TO MANKIND

It is therefore a sad and ironical reflection that &e have been bro ght to this stage by the se of devices &hich are themselves designed to destroy man'ind, The Soviet Sp tni' &as not la nched into space by a roc'et designed for this p rpose, =n 58 + g st ./40 Mr Bhr shchev anno nced to the $vorld that the Soviet #nion had tested s ccessf lly a s per9long9distance intercontinental ballistic missile and that the res lts sho&ed that it &as possible to direct missiles into any part of the &orld, Si; &ee's later$ this$ the &orldCs first intercontinental ballistic missile became the la nching roc'et of the first artificial satellite of the %arth, =f co rse$ the #nited States &as also developing the
41

intercontinental missile$ and three &ee's after the la nching of the Sp tni'$ Don !ra n &as at last given a thority to modify the +rmyCs 2 piter ballistic roc'et and it &as this &hich la nched the first +merican %;plorer satellite on 7. 2an ary ./41, It &as no peacef l endeavo r$ either in the #SS< or the #S+$ &hich gave man the po&er to la nch scientific instr ments into space and it serves no p rpose to imagine that the space activities of these t&o co ntries today are innocent of military interests, The d ality of the la nching roc'ets needs no f rther emphasis, %ven in the payloads the military interest remains dominant, The Senate papers &hich are readily available in Washington reveal that t&o thirds of the +merican payloads placed in orbit are nder the control of the Department of Defence, +ccording to the p blic releases of the #nited States intelligence services$ since Sp tni' =ne$ .1 years ago$ the Soviet #nion has la nched 17: space missions of &hich 4.8 have been for military activities,
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%ast or West the pict re is commonKan almost none;istent dividing line bet&een those activities &hich may either lead to the greatest h man disaster since the calamito s Shen9Sh earthE a'e in .448$ &hich &iped o t a million h man beings in a fe& seconds$ or &hich may$ on the other hand$ mar' a profo nd intellect al advance in the development of civiliHation, We stand$ perhaps niE ely$ at the centre of this immensityKWhat is Man &ho sees and fashions for himself a #niverse, I t rn no& to my second considerationK&hether there is a limitation to h man p rpose in the advent re of nderstanding, Since this advent re has inevitably been a driving force in the advance of civiliHation I am concerned that certain f ndamental diffic lties e;ist$ and that &e m st see' a ne& insight into the nat re of h man p rpose, I appreciate that personal ambition sets a daily target to o r localiHed p rpose in life, The diffic lty for society arises &hen this dominates e;istence to the e;cl sion of the search for the meaning of civiliHation, S ch dominating
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localiHed ambition$ be it national or personal$ is destr ctive, (at rally it leads to h man conflict$ personally it leads to those forces &hich disr pt society of &hich &e have ab ndant evidence today, It is$ therefore$ of great significance that &e sho ld attempt to discover &hy the deeper ambitions for the nderstanding of h man p rpose no longer e;ert s ch a dominating infl ence on o r lives as they did for o r forefathers, The P ritans so ght for nderstanding by r nning from one ho r long sermon to another, ! t for o r generation science$ co pled &ith technology$ became the Aod thro gh &hich &e &o ld find the road to economic and intellect al salvation,

THE ORIGIN AND E !ANSE OF THE KNO"N UNI#ERSE

It is a vast region for debate and tonight I direct my attention to a single aspect, It is this, Thro gho t the &hole of recorded history a consistent thread has been the intellect al p rpose of man to discover the nat re of the
44

#niverse, Today &e refer to this as the cosmological problem$ that is ho& did the #niverse come into e;istence and &hat is its f t reG 6itherto$ man has attempted to give either a theological ans&er or to believe that the sol tion &o ld be discovered by scientific observation alone, Is the ans&er transcendental or materialG Is the p rs it of science the only appropriate h man activity for this searchG =ver the cent ries this problem has led to great intellect al drama in &hich philosophical concl sions have often been in advance of scientific observation, In the middle of the .1th cent ry Imman el Bant$ in his (e& hypothesis of the niverse$ en nciated the theory of the island niverses, So did the %nglish instr ment ma'er$ Thomas Wright$ a fe& years earlier, The philosophical conception of e;tragalactic neb lae e;isting thro gho t space$ &as clearly stated at that time, ! t not ntil 43 years ago$ &hen a means had become available for meas ring these great distances$ did the scientific comm nity accept the fact that the Mil'y Way &as not the
45

totality of the niverse, The contemporary arg ment as to &hether the niverse ever did have an origin or &hether it is$ and al&ays has been$ in a state of contin o s creation has been clarified, ! t this has faced s &ith an imponderable concept al diffic lty, May I first remind yo of the observational feat res of the niverse as they are revealed today, = r local environment is determined by the Mil'y Way system of stars, It is a gala;y of abo t .33$333 million stars in &hich o r S n is an average main seE ence star abo t 4$333 million years old and &ith a f t re life e;pectancy of another fe& tho sand million years, This gala;y is one of a local gro p consisting of the spiral gala;y in +ndromeda$ 5 million light years distant$ and abo t a doHen other maIor gala;ies, = r o&n local gro p is a minor cl ster of the niverse, Wherever &e loo' in space &e find large n mbers of these cl sters, When &e observe them &e enco nter the phenomenon of the red shift in the &avelength of the spectral lines$ interpreted as a Doppler shift
46

and indicating that the niverse is e;panding, If yo &ish to reflect on o r significance in the cosmos it may be sal tary to loo' to&ards the constellation of Coma$ hold a penny at armCs length and remember that yo obsc re from yo r vision a cl ster of a tho sand gala;ies$ 743 million light years a&ay$ and receding from s &ith a velocity of nearly 4333 miles per second, In vie&ing these cl sters li'e Coma &e are still only at the fringe of o r possible penetration into time and space, I emphasise time$ beca se it is a most important consideration that as &e loo' o t into space so &e loo' bac' in time, The light from the Coma cl ster has ta'en 743 million years to reach s and o r vie& of that cl ster is$ therefore$ as it &as 743 million years ago, In other &ords as &e penetrate into space$ so &e penetrate into the past history of the niverse, (o& the meas rements of the red shift have revealed that the velocities of recession of these distant gala;ies increase &ith their distance from s, This gives rise to the simple conception that$ in the past$ the material of the niverse m st have
47

been in a localised$ concentrated condition, > rther$ since &e 'no& the relation bet&een the distance and the speed of recession it is possible to calc late ho& long ago this concentrated condition e;isted, The ans&er is abo t .3$333 million years,

M$STERIOUS QUASARS
This concept$ that the niverse evolved from a dense concentration of primeval material some .3$333 million years ago has been a sp r to see' for observational proof, Since$ &hen &e loo' o t into space &e loo' bac' in time$ the observation of more and more distant gala;ies sho ld enable s ltimately to observe the conditions in the early history of the niverse, The development of the ne& techniE e of radio astronomy in the years follo&ing World War II released a flood of optimism that s ccess in this search &as at hand, =ver the last 53 years$ first thro gh the discovery of radio gala;ies$ and then of E asars$ &e have been able to loo' bac' into the past history of the niverse for many tho sands of millions of years, Today it is a relatively simple matter to direct a
48

large radio telescope to&ards the heavens and record signals from E asars &hich may be more than 0$333 million light years distant and &hich are receding from s &ith velocities of more than .43$333 miles a second, If the niverse evolved from a dense condition$ the observation of these distant obIects ta'es s bac' at least three E arters of the time to this condition and to the beginning of the e;pansion, (o& the ability to ma'e this penetration into time and space seemed to provide the means of sec ring the observational proof &e so ght abo t the early condition of the niverse, This &as not soJ the res lts &ere s ggestive rather than decisive$ and for t&o decades astronomers have been immersed in an inconcl sive debate abo t the meaning of these observations, #ne;pectedly the concl sive evidence has come from a different enE iryKa classic e;ample of the accidental observations &hich permeate the history of science, Ten years ago the scientists of the !ell Telephone "aboratories in (e& 2ersey$ tested radio receiving eE ipment of high
49

sensitivity &or'ing on a &avelength of 0 cm, This eE ipment had been b ilt for space comm nication tests across the +merican continent via %arth satellites and ne;pectedly prod ced an astronomical res lt of s preme importance, >rom all parts of the s'y the astronomers discovered that this eE ipment &as receiving radio noise .33 times stronger than the e;pected noise level in the eE ipment itself, Their immediate claim that this micro&ave radiation &as the relic blac' body emission from the primeval fireball of the niverse seemed some&hat e;travagant, 6o&ever$ in ./07 and again last year$ critical meas rements of this radiation &ere made at &avelengths of . mm and less$ sing eE ipment carried above the atmosphere by a roc'et and in a high flying balloon, Tonight$ I am not a&are of any serio s criticism of the vie& that these astonishing res lts are of a highly isotropic radiation eE ivalent to a temperat re of 5,0 degrees absol teKand that this is the relic &e observe today of the radiation
50

from the high temperat re phase of the initial collapsed state of the niverse$ .3$333 million years ago, The implication is that the meas rement relates to an epoch a second or so after the initial e;pansion from the condensate had beg n$ &hen the temperat re &as abo t .3$333 million degrees, This is the clarification of the cosmological problem to &hich I referred$ namely the stri'ing observational evidence that .3$333 million years ago the niverse &as beginning to evolve from a dense concentrate of primeval material, I said also that this clarification had presented s &ith an imponderable concept al diffic lty$ and it is to this problem that I no& t rn, May I first as' yo to reflect on the content of this primeval concentrate containing the entire mass of material &hich no& forms the niverse of o r observation, It is hard to imagine this in terrestrial terms, The S n is a million times more massive than the %arth, The Mil'y Way is nearly a million million times more massive than the S n, 6o& many gala;ies are there in the
51

niverseG Certainly far more than the .33 million &ithin the Mfield of vie& of modern telescopes, The total content of the niverse m st be far greater than these .33 million gala;ies containing more than .3:8 tons of matter, = r present enE iry concerns the initial condition of this material in its primeval state .3$333 million years ago,

%ERO RADIUS AT THE BEGINNING OF TIME

+pparently &e observe today a radiation &hich is a relic of the high temperat re phase of the niverse$ perhaps &ithin a second or so of the beginning of the e;pansion, What does it enable s to infer abo t the physical state of the condensate in the beginningG Was there space in &hich the embryonic niverse e;istedG (e&ton &o ld have ans&ered &itho t do bt, >or him space &as absol te in &hich bodies co ld e;ist, Indeed it seems a commonsense vie&$ for &hen &e loo' at the heavens do &e not see stars and gala;ies e;isting in a space &hich also e;istsG
52

+ltho gh the la&s of motion and gravitation inherent in (e&tonCs concept govern o r daily life$ they are incomplete and nsatisfactory &hen &e try to se them to e;plain the dynamical condition of the niverse, In ./.8 %instein overcame these diffic lties by abandoning this concept of an absol te space in &hich bodies co ld e;ist independently, In general relativity the properties of space are determined by the bodies contained in the niverse, The sol tion of the eE ations of general relativity provide s &ith e;panding models for the niverse evolving from Hero radi s at the beginning of time, In that general respect the theory is satisfactory$ f rthermore in other matters$ Ns ch as the bending of starlight graHing the s nCs dis'Nthe theory e;plains effects &hich (e&tonian theory cannot acco nt for, The great diffic lty is that these evol tionary models for the niverse inevitably predict a sing lar condition of infinite density of infinitesimal dimensions before the beginning of the e;pansion, In this$ the theory confo nds itself and erodes o r confidence in the
53

applicability of the la&s of physics to describe the initial condition of the niverse, #ntil recently it has been maintained that this might be merely a mathematical diffic lty arising from the ass mption that the niverse &as e;actly isotropic, ! t no& &e 'no& from the meas rements of the micro&ave bac'gro nd radiation that the niverse is isotropic, > rthermore some recent theorems have demonstrated that in general relativity$ the effects of self9gravitation inevitably lead to isotropy and hence to the sing lar condition of the O niverse in its initial state, To &hat e;tent can &e imagine the sing lar state as a reality in physical termsG Today$ physicists feel satisfied that the 'no&n la&s of physics apply to the behavio r of f ndamental particles to dimensions of abo t .39.4 cm$ that is a tho sand million millionths of a centimetre, If &e can imagine a dimension vastly smaller than this$ a decrease by another million$ million millionths to .3977 cm &e reach an interesting dimension in o r attempt to describe the
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beginning of the niverse, This fig re of .3977 cm is the nit of length thro gh &hich E ant m theory and the gravitational constant m st be related, It is also the siHe of the niverse .3 9:7 seconds after the beginning of time, It is here that &e reach the confl ; of %ternitiesNa barrier beyond &hich no 'no&n la&s of physics apply, The search for a nified theory encompassing the la&s of E ant m mechanics and general relativity$ a theory &hich &o ld encompass the phenomenon of the gravitational and electrodynamic fields$ is for s today li'e the alchemistCs dream of ancient times, If ever$ in the f t re$ the sol tion is discovered$ then &e might feel that scientific tho ght had approached one stage closer to the conception of the infinities of the sing lar state demanded by the theory, It is an embarrassing sit ation for science, The great achievements of observational astronomy and those of theoretical physics$ have separately led to the same concept that the initial state of the niverse &as one of infinite density, The transference from the infinities of density
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and siHe at time Hero to the finite E antities encompassed by the la&s of the physical &orld may lie beyond scientific comprehension, Does man face this diffic lty beca se he has e;ternalised the obIect of his investigationG Is there reality in these e;ternalised proced resG What is manCs connection &ith the niverse of atoms$ stars and gala;iesG Today &e cannot evade this deepest problem of o r e;istence by an escape into philosophical idealism or realism, =n the contrary &e are forced to recognise that$ altho gh in o r daily lives$ &e can investigate problems as tho gh the obIect of o r investigation e;isted independently of s$ this is not possible &hen &e search for ans&ers in the depths of the nat ral &orld, =r at least$ I sho ld perhaps say that at present it seems nli'ely that e;ternalisation of these f ndamental problems is I stified, The essence of the problem concerns the interpretation of the E ant m theory, >or at least half a cent ry some of the most profo nd scientific and philosophical tho ght has been directed to this iss e, The E estion is &hether
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there can be a consistent interpretation of the E ant m theory &itho t e;ternal conceptsJ &itho t the interaction of living or conscio s beings &ith the obIect of investigation, There can be no form lation in E ant m theory concerned &ith only a single niE e entity9and that seems to be the iss e &hich concerns s &hen &e consider the initial state of the niverse,

MANS TOTAL IN#OL#EMENT "ITH THE UNI#ERSE

Indeed$ I am inclined to accept contemporary scientific evidence as indicative of a far greater degree of manCs total involvement &ith the niverse, The life &hich &e 'no& depends on a sensitive molec lar balanceJ the properties of the atoms of the familiar elements are determined by a delicate balance of electrical and n clear forces, These and the large scale niformity and isotropy of the niverse &ere probably determined by events &hich occ rred in the first second of time, >or e;ample$ it is a remar'able fact that the e;istence$ even of stars and gala;ies$ depends in
57

a delicate manner on the force of attraction bet&een t&o protons, In the earliest moments of the e;pansion of the niverse$ a millionth of a second after the beginning$ calc lations indicate that the temperat re &as of the order .3 million million degrees and the f ndamental particles of nat reNprotons$ ne trons$ electrons$ and hyperons e;isted &ith radiation as the controlling force, =ne second after the beginning$ &hen the temperat re had fallen to a fe& tho sand million degrees there &as a period &hen the ratio of protons to ne trons remained constant for a min te or so, This &as the critical period &hen the nat ral constants determined the ltimate ab ndance of heli m to hydrogen in the niverse, It is an astonishing reflection that if the proton9proton interaction &ere only a fe& per cent stronger then all the hydrogen in the primeval condensate &o ld have t rned into heli m in the early stages of e;pansion, (o gala;ies$ no stars$ no life &o ld have emerged, It &o ld be a niverse forever n'no&able by living creat res, The e;istence of a remar'able and
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intimate relationship bet&een man$ the f ndamental constants of nat re and the initial moments of space and time$ seems to be an inescapable condition of o r presence here tonight,

"HAT OF THE FUTURE&

What of the f t reG Will the niverse e;pand for ever to a final state &here no f rther energy is available$ or &ill it recreate itself by collapsing again to a sing lar condition of infinite densityG We do not yet 'no& the ans&er, We do not 'no& &hether the e;pansion is solely the res lt of the initial motion of the particles at the beginning of time or &hether the e;pansion is determined by a cosmological force of rep lsionNa force opposing gravitational attraction &hich appears as a conseE ence of some sol tions of the eE ations of general relativity, 6ence &e do not 'no& &hether the niverse contains eno gh matter to overcome by gravitational attraction the forces no& driving the gala;ies apart, There are some &ho are &illing to interpret the present data abo t the deceleration of the distant
59

gala;ies as an indication that the niverse &ill collapse$ and that it is forever cyclical$ s ccessively evolving and collapsing to the sing lar state of infinite density, In this case &e may be privileged to e;ist in a niE e cycle of the total history of the cosmos &here the delicacy of the balance of the constants of nat re narro&ly determined the possibility that a part$ at least$ of this cycle sho ld be 'no&able,

SCIENCE IN THE FRAME"ORK OF SOCIET$

I ret rn to my starting point, Physically and intellect ally &e stand at the centre of immensities, Science itself is neither a magic &and nor a poisoned arro&, (either do I believe$ as I have done in the past$ that it is ne tral in its impact, Its deepest p rs its are ine;tricably ent&ined &ith h man p rpose and e;istence, In a strictly localised sense a comm nity can develop its scientific activity to s pport a frame&or' of society, The manner in &hich it does so is of vital concern beca se science$
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thro gh technology$ is an immensely po&erf l force for good or evil, The researches into the str ct re of the atom half a cent ry ago mar'ed a tremendo s advance in manCs search for 'no&ledge, Within a fe& years the massive technological application of this ne&ly acE ired 'no&ledge led to the &eapons &hich destroyed 6iroshima and (agasa'i, While these &eapons &ere in preparation the development of roc'ets to carry bombs led to manCs tri mphal progress in the e;ploration of space, Today the delicacy of the balance for good or evil &hich these devices establish paralyses the imagination, +s in &ar$ so in peace, ! t today the distress of the h man spirit is enhanced not merely by the ineE alities amongst the peoples of the &orld$ b t especially by o r fail re to achieve the integration of science to meet this challenge, +t least in these physical and material affairs of life the relation of scientific activity to localised h man p rpose is clearly defined, The vital E estion is &hether the frame&or' of society in &hich science is p rs ed can develop the ethical
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basis and moral p rpose necessary to ens re that in = r f t re progress &e overcome the forces leading to decay and destr ction, It appears that &ithin the last cent ry the transcendental vie& of the &orld s'y9&oven and &orthy of a A9d derived thro gh cent ries of religio s tho ght and activity has been abr ptly eroded, Tonight &e may recall that the !ritish +ssociation meeting of .183 iP =;ford &as the scene of the famo s confrontation bet&een 6 ;ley and !ishop Wilberforce$ bet&een science and orthodo;y, The battle lines have separated$ b t the mind of man is adrift and the peoples of the civilised &orld derive their satisfaction from activities &hich are so often alien to$ and destr ctive both of the physical and intellect al environment, =ne &orld vie& has been eroded and the inadeE acy of its s bstit te is being demonstrated, We have del ded o rselves that thro gh science &e find the only aven e to tr e nderstanding abo t nat re and the niverse, > rthermore$ &e have pers aded the society in &hich &e &or' to
62

s pport o r activities in the belief that o r discoveries &ill inevitably$ in some &ay$ be of practical benefit, The simple belief in a tomatic material progress by means of scientific discovery and application is a tragic myth of o r age, Science is a po&erf l and vital h man activityNb t this conf sion of tho ght and motive is be&ildering to man$ and it is a most alarming tho ght that the present antagonisms of society to scientific activity may deepen f rther, +s a scientist I believe that observable phenomena are s bIect to scientific nderstanding, The p rs it of this nderstanding is an essential occ pation of modern society, ! t I cannot believe that this E est embraces the totality of h man p rpose, We can apply the spectroscope to gain an nderstanding of the s nset$ &e can send the space probe to Den s$ b t &e may never apprehend the ethos of the evening star, 6 man e;istence is itself ent&ined &ith the primeval state of the niverse and the p rs it of
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nderstanding is a transcendent val e in manCs life and p rpose,

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"'ere(ore
Aod by &isdom hath fo nded the earthJ by nderstanding hath 6e established the heavens, NProverbs III$ ./ Wherefore +n InE iry !eyond Whence Zev Zahavy When I behold the heavens$ Thy handi&or'J the moon and the stars &hich Tho hast establishedJ &hat is man that Tho art mindf l of him$ and the son of man$ that Tho thin'est of himG )et$ Tho hast made him b t a little lo&er than Aod$ and hast cro&ned him &ith glory and honor, Tho hast made him to have dominion over the &or's of Thy handsJ Tho hast p t all things nder his feet , , , 3 Aod$ ho& glorio s is Thy name on all the earthQ NDavid$ son of 2esse
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) A COURAGEOUS QUESTION
=ne &onders ho& many of the disting ished scholars &ho listened to the significant presidential address delivered by Sir !ernard "ovell on that sing lar s mmer day in + g st ./04 recogniHed immediately its e;tensive ramifications, The s bIect of the paper at the time of its presentation &as pointedly designated$ In the Centre of Immensities, Its title relates to the classic &or' Sartor Resartus$ by Thomas Carlyle$ &hich first appeared in Frasers Magazine in .17797:$ at abo t the time &hen %nglandCs leading men of science &ere advancing the ca se of their ne&ly formed organiHation$ the !ritish +ssociation for the +dvancement of Science, +mong others$ Carlyle boldly addressed science and e;pressed his concern for manCs basic e;istentialist identity and destiny, 6e &as prompted by a desire to develop meaningf l relationships bet&een man and the mysterio s niverse of e;tensive e;panse,
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It is my estimation that the p rposef l selection of a E otation from Carlyle before a body representing the disting ished scientific establishment conveys more than merely a setting for cosmological analysis, I believe that it contains a hint of maIestic proportions insofar as amending the c rrent materialistic o tloo' and philosophy of science, It points the &ay for the ass mption of a ne& post re by men of science in their enco nter &ith problems of e;istentialist overtones$ and this is some&hat implied by placing before them for serio s consideration$ CarlyleCs inE iry$ &herein he says of man$ Stands he not thereby in the centre of Immensities$ in the confl ; of %ternitiesG The New York Times deserves a meas re of credit for e;hibiting an alertness to the f ll significance of Professor "ovellCs presentation, It &as p blished &ith some slight revisions as the lead cover9article in the S nday magaHine section on (ovember .8$ ./04$ &here it &as endo&ed &ith the simple$ b t e;tremely provocative title$ Whence$ to &hich &as f rther appended a
67

rather enigmatic$ philosophical s btitle$ We +re What We Bno& +bo t Where We Came >rom, F ite appropriately$ then$ Whence may portray a milestone in the mat ring of modern scientific tho ght, The essence of Whence signals to the contemporary scientist the e;plicit fact that other E estions besides the normal ho& of the laboratory sho ld come to the a&areness of the researching mind, Perhaps this may come as a s rprise to the c rrent scientific generation$ &ho$ for the most part$ are steeped in a materialistic attit de to&ard life and to&ard the tas's in their demanding discipline, Most of them$ since their early freshman years$ &ere indoctrinated &ith a scientific spirit that stressed the virt e of committing all investigations to the arena of ho&, (o&$ than's to the co rage of a leading scientist in the !ritish +ssociation$ the staid ran' and file are s ddenly confronted &ith the challenge &hence, +t first glance it may seem that the E estion &hence may r ffle the traditional tranE ility of the heretofore impregnable laboratory fortress of
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science and dist rb its tidy sec rity, +fter all$ the E ery is a cardinal interpolation and points to an ltimate origin of some sort, Whence s ggests the need to e;plore a philosophical abode &here abstract concepts prevail, It anticipates the need to consider the broad domain of idealism, Science$ ho&ever$ is committed mainly to research in the &orld of concrete s bstance$ and indeed the physical cosmos is no& envisaged as e;tending into the remote areas of the atomCs invisible n cle s as &ell as nto the faro t reaches of space, Does &hence imply that the candid scientist in the coming space age m st inevitably t rn his sights in the direction of the divine domainG "et s f rther consider the implications of Professor "ovellCs reference to an essential motif in Sartor Resartus, It is possible to discern in CarlyleCs &or' additional parallels that are E ite relevant to o r contemporary t rb lent era of advanced technology, Some of the problems vie&ed by Carlyle in his generation may c rrently apply to o r o&n day and age$ as &ell, !ehind a
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facade of am sing satire and frivolity$ Sartor Resartus en nciates some very earnest and pr dent tho ghts, >or e;ample$ Carlyle &as moved to prod ce his masterf l &or' as an e;pression of disdain for the e;tensive materialistic o tloo' of his generation, "i'e the prophet of old$ he ranted against the spirit al deficiencies of his age, The boo'Cs title is commonly translated Tailor <etailored$ and the philosophical infl ence of Aerman spirit al idealism is strongly evident, +ccording to Carlyle$ civiliHation is a tired robe enveloping the essential &orld so l, Since appearances are deceiving$ physical Identities can hardly claim reality, The most important aspect of life is the divine principle$ b t it is concealed by the e;tensive garment of nat re, While the godless ones e;perience negative points in a life bereft of spirit al val es$ the Aodly ones endeavor to retrieve valid meaning from lifeCs depths thro gh dedication and spirit al heroism,
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"ife is &oven &ith tragic elements s ch as the finit de of &orldly dimensions dominated by time and space, (at reCs garments symbolically conceal from man the tr e essence and meaning of the niverse, AodCs divine spirit is hidden behind the splendoro s vest re of creation, Contrary to pop lar belief$ &hich sets happiness as the ltimate goal in life$ Carlyle s ggests that comm nion &ith Aod is a greater achievement, "ifeCs enigmas are not readily discerned$ nor can lifeCs re&ards be easily attained, In reference to the science of his day$ Carlyle notes that it had hardly penetrated the shro ded spirit al mysteries concealed behind the o ter vestment of nat re, Carlyle abhors the condition of man enslaved to c stom, The see'er of tr th m st &age relentless battle against the f tile elements of c stom, Science$ ho&ever$ is enamored &ith c stom$ and in dogmatic fashion$ it helps to maintain h man bondage,

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Sartor Resartus reflects CarlyleCs o&n spirit al str ggles to set a meaningf l co rse in life, In some respects$ his &or' evo'es an e;istentialist mood, Carlyle reIects the ass mption of a negative attit de to&ard life$ since it &o ld eradicate Aod and foster a hopeless e;istence, Instead$ he anno nces his faith in Aod$ and he endorses the possibility of reaching divinity thro gh hard labor and co rage, If &e may ass me that Professor "ovellCs citation from Carlyle is indicative of a sympathy to&ard its broader$ general implications$ then &e are presented &ith a statement of far9reaching proportions, "et s e;amine at f rther length the te;t of the selected E otation, The passages appear in chapter ten of Sartor Resartus$ &hich is endo&ed &ith the title P re <eason, This calls to mind Bant$ &ho &as one of the foremost disco rsers on p re reason, The paragraph containing the E otation commences in the follo&ing manner* To the eye of v lgar "ogic ,,, &hat is manG +n omnivoro s !iped that &ears !reeches, The famed e;ponent
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of logic is +ristotle, Carlyle here indicates a none9 too9great affection for that peripatetic philosopher, Carlyle ret rns to the Platonic theme of his literary symphony$ and contin es his e;position &ith evident &armth,
To the eye of P re <eason &hat is heG + So l$ a Spirit$ and divine +pparition, <o nd his mysterio s me$ there lies$ nder all those &ool rags$ a Aarment of >lesh ?or of Senses@$ conte;t red in the "oom of 6eavenJ &hereby he is revealed to his li'e$ and d&ells &ith them in #nion and DivisionJ and sees and fashions for himself a #niverse$ &ith aH re Starry Spaces$ and long Tho sands of )ears, Deep9hidden is he nder that strange AarmentJ amid So nds and Colo rs and >orms$ as it &ere$ s&athed9in$ and ine;tricably over9shro ded* yet it is s'y9&oven and &orthy of a Aod, Stands he not thereby in the centre of Immensities$ in the confl ; of %ternitiesG 6e feelsJ po&er has been given him to 'no&$ to believeJ nay does not the spirit of "ove$ free in its celestial primeval brightness$ even here$ tho gh b t for moments loo' thro ghG Well said Saint Chrysostom$ &ith his lips of gold$ the tr e S6%BI(+6 is Man* &here else is the A=DCS9
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P<%S%(C% manifested not to o r eyes only$ b t to o r hearts$ as in o r fello&9manG

The strains of idealism contin e to flo& from the philosopherCs pen &ith delicate charm*
In s ch passages$ nhappily too rare$ the high Platonic Mysticism of o r + thor$ &hich is perhaps the f ndamental element of his nat re$ b rsts forth$ as it &ere$ in f ll flood* and$ thro gh all the vapo r and tarnish of &hat is often so perverse$ so mean in his e;terior and environment$ &e seem to loo' into a &hole in&ard Sea of "ight and "oveJ Ktho gh$ alas$ the grim coppery clo ds soon roll together again$ and hide it from vie&,

Carlyle invo'es a tho ghtf l mood of theistic idealism$ &hich s ggests the revelation of the Divine Presence$ the Shekinah$ so to spea'$ thro gh an a&areness of ego noesisJ and a brief glimpse of the Divine Personality thro gh the appearance of nat ral la& from &hence emanates the vibrations of dynamic moral norms, We shall disc ss s ch concepts more f lly in a later chapter, +t the moment$ let s briefly
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e;amine some aspects of idealism and materialism that prominently relate to the contemporary scene, There are some &ho s bmit that basically philosophy is comprised of t&o principle systems* idealism and materialism, Idealism sponsors the vie& that mind or spirit is primary in the niverse, Materialism proposes that matter is primary in the niverse, More specifically$ idealism loo's beyond that &hich appears to common sense e;perience in search of an ltimate nonphysical abstract reality, It considers the concepts and val es conseE ently emerging from s ch an e;ploration as the f ndamental mainstay of the cosmos, Materialism$ on the other hand$ regards all s ch emergent notions as items readily red cible to material things and processes, Idealism embraces a n mber of s bordinate doctrines s ch as s bIective idealism$ obIective idealism$ and to some e;tent$ pantheism, The latter &o ld come nder this heading by virt e of its opinion that only Aod$ incl ding 6is
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attrib tes$ alone e;ists, >or the pantheist$ the material &orld is either an aspect of Aod$ or the entire appearance of Aod, +s an aspect of Aod$ some elements of idealism may be professedJ ho&ever$ if the niverse is considered to embrace the entire appearance of Aod$ then s ch a pantheistic notion co ld better serve the interests of the materialist, In all$ idealism entails a divergent spectr m of classifications ranging from Platonism and panpsychism to personalism and absol tism, = r interest in the term refers to a thesis common to all elements of Idealism, Perhaps &e may offer as its identification the term theistic idealism, In contrast$ &hen &e spea' of materialism$ &e refer to &hat co ld be called atheistic materialism, The idealists reflect an essential aspect of Platonism by regarding ideas and ideals as prior to and f ndamental for material constr ction, +t the other pole$ materialists consider ideas as a derivative of matter and of secondary significance$ m ch as did Democrit s$ %mpedocles$ and " creti s, +n important point
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in absol te Idealism is the emphasis pon relating the identity of reality &ith the +bsol te, It is tempting to depict the fl ct ations in h man intellect al history on a simplified scale$ &ith a pend l m s&inging bet&een t&o integral doctrines, If one yield* to s ch a description of intellect al variations$ the t&o basic e;tremes deserving to be so cited are idealism and materialism, Aenerally spea'ing$ then$ the main conto rs of &estern social and intellect al e;pression co ld be depicted as inclining to&ard either idealism or materialism, The type of idealism or the cast of materialism a generation chooses to reflect can be e;pected to infl ence the pop lar mores and social behavior of its society, >or this reason$ the promotion of theistic idealism co ld have far9reaching beneficial effects$ since it s bscribes not only to Aod$ b t also to a high moral code considered to be of divine essence, Theistic idealism e;alts Aod as the creator of a niverse beyond or o tside of 6is o&n being, +ltho gh the material &orld is dependent on
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Aod$ it is not an aspect or appearance of Aod, !eneath the banner of theistic idealism a metaphysic becomes possible that may favorably synthesiHe religio s doctrine and belief in accord &ith its principles, Theistic idealism pholds Aod as the f ndamental$ perfect creator of the niverse, Theistic idealism does not necessarily dismiss the physical cosmos as an ill sion of the mind, It does regard the material &orld as conforming to la&s and form lae that preceded all e;istence, Idealism traces its roots bac' to Plato$ &hose Doctrine of Ideas e;alted the Idea or >orm as being more real than its act al material co nterpart, The Idea described a niversal as permanent in contrast to its partic lar$ temporal co nterpart, When the partic lar conforms to the niversal$ it can only appro;imate the perfection of its form la$ bl eprint$ or design, That &hich is real for Plato m st be eternal$ indestr ctible$ and intangible, The abstract idea$ as apprehended by the intellect$ f lfills these reE irements, Medieval philosophers established
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the Ideas as paradigms for divine creation$ and they therefore &ere considered to e;ist in the divine intellect, The being of all data that is e;perienced by the senses is only transitory in its nat re, Perceived matter is temporal$ variable$ s bIect to the vagaries of time and tide$ and therefore impossible to identify at any given moment as the permanent embodiment of its species or class, The <eal$ on the other hand$ e;hibits an ind bitable permanence$ beca se it serves as the la& to &hich matter is committed, S ch la& is end ring and imm table, It is beyond the tangible reach of the senses, The Idea as the <eal is niE ely self9s bsistentJ it is dependent neither pon the mind nor pon the material &orld for its e;istence, >irst there &as the Idea or >orm$ then there follo&ed the implementation of the Idea thro gh the appearance of matter, The obIective of matter &as to s bscribe to the la&$ the form la$ or the eE ation to &hich it &as committed, Matter itself co ld not compose its o&n paradigm$ nor co ld it
79

propose its o&n Idea, The pre9e;istent idea determined the manner of particle composition and behavior, %ven the erratic E ant m E alities act in accordance &ith their pre9e;istent Idea$ &hich endorses their erratic motion, ! t$ from &hence came the Ideas themselvesG Their so rce derived from &hat Plato identified as the Aood, Perhaps an acceptable e;planation of this concept &o ld simply be Aod, When Carlyle espo sed the spirit of Platonism in line &ith Aerman idealism$ he &as inspired by the recognition of a niversal as the s preme entity in the cosmos, The idealist notes that matter itself is committed to an ideal$ namely its Idea or >orm la, >or the materialist$ matter is responsible to no ght b t itself, In a civiliHation inspired by idealism$ man recogniHes the s premacy of a higher a thority, In a self9 serving$ materialistic society$ man ass mes that he is only responsible to himself, The grand tradition of idealism occ pies a disting ished chapter in the history of !ritish
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tho ght, Aeorge !er'eley ?.8149.047@ developed &hat he termed immaterialism in an age of %nglish empiricism$ &hen the doctrines of the determined materialist$ Thomas 6obbes ?.4119 .80/@$ the empirical d alist$ 2ohn "oc'e ?.8759 .03:@$ and the empirical s'eptic$ David 6 me ?.0..908@$ &ere competing for the favor of !ritish acceptance, !er'eley considered that man can only 'no& his o&n ideas, 6e pheld the concept that all &e 'no& are sensations and ideas$ and considered a proof for the e;istence of o ter material s bstance as nli'ely, The &orld of ideas &as paramo nt$ and he conceived t&o varieties$ namely* ideas &ithin the mind &hollyJ ideas that come to s from &itho t$ &e 'no& not &hence9sensations, Since there are no material s bstances$ the ca se m st be incorporeal, We ass me that o r ideas belong to o r spirits$ so these o ter ideas are similarly in the c stody of a spirit$ &ho is better identified as Aod, In Aermany$ idealism blossomed along several h es, Aottfried "eibniH ?.8:89.0.8@$ a rational idealist$ sponsored a metaphysical idealism$
81

contending that reality consists of monads that affect each other, 6e proposed a series of realms of being, Aod is the s preme$ ncreated spirit al so rce, Created s bstances are immaterial$ and the self9conscio s members are formed in AodCs image, The to&ering fig re of Imman el Bant ?.05:9 .13:@ arises in the age of %nlightenment, It &as a period that glorified 'no&ledge$ e;tolled the sciences and the arts$ and enco raged civiliHation and progress, The %nlightenment in %ngland &as some&hat slo&er in its development and not as radical, (evertheless$ the %nglish infl ence is strongly apparent$ &ith the ideas of "oc'e practically form lating the &hole spirit of the %nlightenment, Aenerally spea'ing$ the %nlightenment developed the scientific vie& of the material &orld$ and absol tiHed scientific 'no&ledge, =ften overloo'ed is the %nglish infl ence on development of Aerman idealism, To&ard middle of the eighteenth cent ry %nglish tho &as transmitted for Aerman st dy thro gh
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the the ght the

translations of "oc'e$ 6 me$ and the %nglish moralists$ Shaftesb ry$ 6 tcheson$ and >erg son, ConseE ently$ Aerman philosophy ass med an eclectic disposition$ &ith emphasis on the rational$ teleological aspects of the niverse and man'indCs history, <eason &as applied to remove the blemish of pop lar s perstition, + rational theology developed$ emphasiHing nat re$ so that &hen Bant bro ght forth his transcendental idealism$ he reflected the spirit of the times, Bant &as intrig ed &ith %nglish empiricism$ and it motivated his o&n philosophical thin'ing to&ard the contemporary iss es of his age, 6is p rpose &as to diminish the s'epticism of 6 me and to eradicate the specter of materialism$ fatalism$ and atheism, BantCs philosophy is enormo sly comple;$ so that &e shall s ffice by mentioning only a fe& of its highlights, 6 meCs s'epticism moved Bant to distr st physical science as a total e;planation of 'no&ledge, Bant adopted a (eoplatonic position insofar as conceiving a s prarational self thro gh &hich an
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ethical motif may gain ascendency, 6e regarded 'no&ledge as niversal and necessary, In his analysis of p re reason$ he concl ded that the &ill and not reason is decisive in determining things, Practical reason is s perior to theoretical reason, <eligion &ithin the bo nds of reason is e;emplified in a high morality, The moral la& is a categorical imperative, The spirit of absol te idealism is reflected in the &ritings of 2ohann >ichte ?.0859.1.:@$ >riedrich von Schelling ?.0049.14:@$ and Aeorg 6egel ?.0039.17.@, The problem for these post9Bantian idealists &as the search for a common denominator for the p rpose of nifying the systems of 'no&ledge embracing nat re$ science$ morals$ and aesthetics, It &as desirable to solidify the vario s tendencies into a systematic form, Bant had left a lasting impression on his s ccessors, In his opposition to the nat ralistic &orld vie& &ith its mechanism$ atheism$ and hedonism$ Bant limited nat ral science to the field of phenomena, There &as$ he concl ded$ a
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higher type of tr th than that offered by scientific facts, What Bant called das Ding an sich, the thing9in9itself or no menon$ remains beyond the reach of sens al identification, +s an abstraction$ it becomes a necessary idea of reason$ and a reg lative principle desiring a nification of the so l$ the &orld$ and Aod, Within man$ the cogniHance of moral rectit de implies the e;istence of a s persensible &orld$ and this is closed to the physical methods of research, This moral la& is BantCs categorical imperative, The mind possesses concepts and pres ppositions that are sef l in assessing the &orld, It is not a E estion of reflecting pon cosmic phenomena$ b t endeavoring to nderstand and interpret them, ManCs concepts provide him &ith the tools for interpreting$ by applying the principle of synthesiHing, BantCs philosophy fo nd favor in the eyes of the ne& generation, !y minimiHing its claims to 'no&ledge$ it offered an opport nity for t rning from the nat ral sciences as the predominant infl ence in life, +long these lines$ >ichte$
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Schelling$ and 6egel commenced their inE iries &ith the intelligible &orld$ or freedom$ emanating from the moral la&, The ideal or s persensible &orld$ the &orld of the mind or spirit$ &as installed as the real &orld, +ll 'no&ledge and e;perience &as considered to flo& from self9determining spirit al e;pression$ and &ith it the attempt to solve h manityCs problems became more conceivable, Mention sho ld be made of >riedrich Schleiermacher ?.0819.17:@$ &ho &as a disting ished theologian and an essential spo'esman of the Aerman idealistic movement, 6e so ght a concept of reality that &o ld be acceptable to both the intellect and the feelings, Schleiermacher t rned a&ay from >ichteCs vie& that considered the %go as the so rce of all reality, Instead$ he ass med the e;istence of a real &orld$ and he inferred a transcendent basis for all tho ght and being, Since o r perceptions are not eE ipped to gain s fficient 'no&ledge concerning the original so rce of things$ it is necessary to see' the absol te principle$ and
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'no& the identity of tho ght and being, Aod is this principle, 6e is the absol te nity or identity of tho ght and being, Schleiermacher endeavors to harmoniHe elements of pantheism &ith d alism by identifying Aod and the &orld as a nity, +ltho gh Aod and the niverse are inseparable$ things and the &orld have a relative independence, Aod is a spaceless$ timeless nity, The &orld is a spatial9temporal pl rality, The preceding constit tes the basic concepts of Aerman idealism that Thomas Carlyle helped to introd ce pon %nglish soil, 6e &as ably Ioined in this proIect by Sam el Taylor Coleridge$ William Words&orth$ and 2ohn < s'in, It is strange that these fo r personalities are pop larly 'no&n for their literary contrib tions$ b t hardly at all recogniHed for their philosophical p rs its, Chiefly representative of a s bseE ent school of %nglish idealism are Thomas 6ill Areen$ !ernard !osanE et$ and >, 6, !radley$ along &ith %d&ard Caird$ 2ohn Caird$ and 2ames Ward,
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Thomas 6ill Areen ?.178915@ sponsored an obIective idealism that so ght to s pplement nat ral science &ith a spirit al metaphysic, #tiliHing BantCs criticism$ he t rned pon the pop larly vie&ed concepts of empiricism and tilitarianism, Specifically$ he attac'ed the empiricism of 6 me$ the hedonism of Mill$ and the evol tion of SpencerJ and he add ced as a common maIor fail re their ass mption that phenomenon is a prod ct of itself, +ltho gh man is a biological phenomenon$ he also possesses spirit al E alities$ and it is the spirit al principle in man that ma'es 'no&ledge possible and morality meaningf l, It is not possible to derive a p rposef l 'no&ledge of nat re &itho t a nifying spirit al principle, The intelligence of man ma'es it desirable for him to transcend nat re, Man may apply his &ill to&ard realiHing the idea of the self, !osanE etCs idealism stressed the point that every aspect of finite e;istence m st transcend itself, Thro gh s ch a process$ it becomes possible to t rn to other e;istences,
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S bseE ently$ the e;isting partic lar may confront the &hole, This concept reflected the general principle$ &hich gained &ide pop larity in the early t&entieth cent ry$ that philosophical tr th &as an all9embracing nity, >rancis 6erbert !radley ?.1:89./5:@ too' p the c dgels of Areen in his battle against empirical and tilitarian ass mptions, In line &ith the Aerman idealists$ !radley pheld the importance of metaphysics in the search for tr th, 6is concl sions follo&ed the patterns of 6egel and Bant, Man is impelled to reflect pon ltimate tr th$ and his 'no&ledge of the +bsol te is certainJ ho&ever$ it is also incomplete, The ltimate reality is a self9consistent &hole embracing all differences in an incl sive harmony, =nce more ret rning to !ernard !osanE et ?.1:19./57@$ &ho infl enced !radley and &as infl enced by him$ &e note that he disagreed &ith the latter on several points, !osanE et stressed the adeE acy of tho ght as a means for reconciling immediacy and logic, 6e also
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identified a concrete individ al or &hole in higher synthetic e;periences$ and he f rther conceived the e;istence of a collective &ill, Areen$ !radley$ and !osanE et$ as the foremost spo'esmen of obIective idealism$ so nded a call for niversal harmony$ &herein the organiHation of e;perience co ld be &elded into a living totality and systematic &hole$ thereby healing all conflicts$ nifying all differences$ and harmoniHing all discords, 6aving c rsorily identified the allied forces of idealism$ let s pa se momentarily to glimpse some of the notions e;po nded by the proponents of materialism, The materialists assert that the essence of the real &orld is limited to the material elements therein$ as they appear in vario s states and relationships nto each other, In their vie&$ only matter e;ists, The mind or spirit is dependent pon reality for its operation and f nction, Since matter is the s bIect of science$ the many states of matter become the obIect of scientific inE iry and eval ation, The mind and all ideas are s bIect to
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matter, Conscio s perception and all of the niE ely h man f nctions$ s ch as emotion$ ambition$ and desire$ are e;cl ded from the serio s concern of the materialist$ since they do not appear to be properties of matter, Matter has no psychological bac'bone$ and neither so ls$ nor spirits$ nor gods e;ist$ since they are conceived as divorced of matter, %verything that appears or occ rs in the niverse is the conseE ence of some antecedent physical condition, In this respect$ the proponents of materialism t rn o t to be the sta nchest s pporters of a determinist doctrine$ yet recently$ some materialists have t rned a&ay from determinism$ partic larly in consideration of the enigmatic E ant m behavior, Science$ ho&ever$ is largely favorably disposed to&ard a materialistic doctrine$ beca se most of its analysis involves matter$ and its basic methodology relates to applicable physical sit ations, Materialists consider that their vie&s serve science best$ and to reinforce their ass mptions$ they point to the
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progress science has made in e;plaining the physical nat re of the &orld thro gh a program of investigation based pon materialistic principles, The ancient forer nners of materialism &ere the Aree' thin'ers Democrit s$ %mpedocles$ and %pic r s, Aenerally spea'ing$ the materialistic position described above &ell reflected their vie&s, The famo s <oman " creti s &as motivated along similar lines of materialism &hen he &rote his &ell9'no&n piece De Rerum Natura, D ring the period dominated by +ristotelianism and the Ch rch$ the voice of materialism remained at lo& ebb, With the coming of the <enaissance its theme &as rene&ed, Thomas 6obbes appeared as its most vocifero s patron, F ite simply stated$ 6obbes advocated the notions that the mind is a brain s bstanceJ images and ideas are motions in the brainJ and the &hole niverse is particles of matter in motion, 6e f rther post lated that incorporeal s bstances cannot e;ist$ and he reIected angels$ the so l$ and religionCs Aod,
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We may also ta'e note of an interesting materialist and a contemporary of 6obbes &ho so ght to harmoniHe %pic reanism and Christianity, Pierre Aassendi ?.4/59.844@ s bscribed to a materialist interpretation of the niverse by pholding the s premacy of matter in the &hole physical realm, )et$ he conceived Aod as the creator and director of the cosmos$ and he permitted man an immortal intellect apart from his corporeal so l, The advancements made in science$ especially in chemistry and biochemistry d ring the early nineteenth cent ry$ res lted in an increased s pport for materialism, + compelling impet s on its behalf &as the appearance of Dar&inCs Origin of S ecies in .14/$ and his Descent of Man in .10., Materialism &elcomed the sanction of one of Dar&inCs tenets that s rvival of the fittest &as an impersonal trait of nat re$ beyond the reach of any immanent po&er$ and bereft of any transcendent p rpose, It &as f rther strengthened by Dar&inCs assessment that man &as nothing more than a biological entity at the
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end of a meaningless physical chain, >rom that point on&ard$ the s&ift advance of materialism co ld not be c rbed, Contemporary materialism holds s&ay in all &al's of life$ on all levels of e;istence$ and dominates the academic and c lt ral environment of the h man family, Whether it be in the sphere of science or philosophy$ psychology or technology$ materialism reigns s preme, It is no little &onder$ then$ that a pro9idealist E otation emanating from a prominent scientist in the late t&entieth cent ry sho ld command &idespread interest and attention, Sir !ernard "ovell ass mes a co rageo s position of leadership in &hat may yet develop into a res rgence of space9age idealism on all fronts of h man endeavor, It is not easy to be a pioneer or forer nner in modern society, The strong !ritish materialistic tradition of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth cent ries is s stained by the infl ential po&er of "oc'e and 6 meJ the psychological9epistemological theories of the !ritish SchoolJ !enthamCs #tilitarianismR and
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ComteCs Positivism, +dd to these forces MillsCs s'eptical empiricismJ Dar&inCs theoriesJ SpencerCs cosmic evol tionJ 6aec'elCs monistic philosophy of nat reJ and %rnst MachCs ne& positivism$ and one is e;posed to a formidable array of anti9idealistic sapience, >or over a period of almost t&o cent ries science has been mainly committed to a mainstream of atheistic materialism$ and the ethics that s ch a vie&point co ld tolerate for society may dismally reflect$ as Spencer ta ght$ a hedonistic and base tilitarianism, It is therefore important to gather together li'e9 minded parties to s pport and f rther endorse the vie& that Professor "ovell has boldly bro ght to the attention of the !ritish +ssociation and the &orld at large, If &e interpret Professor "ovellCs Presidential address correctly$ he is pointing to the timely need for a neoteric transfer from the heretofore rigid scientific commitment to atheistic materialism nto a more fle;ible position that co ld tolerate the basic principles of theistic idealism, If this be indeed the case$ then
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Whence ass mes the stellar E ality of a historic declaration, It calls for the sighting of ne& directions by the scientific establishmentJ for a progressive$ ne& era in its scope of p rposeJ and an p&ard adI stment of its attit de in regards to the ltimate destiny of man in his niverse, +n invitation to scientists to consider the significant re&ards that may accr e by see'ing ne& corridors of tho ght in theistic idealism is s rely a momento s event at this critical point in h man history, Professor "ovell sho ld ta'e heart in p rs ing s ch a co rse$ beca se he reflects the grand philosophical tradition of !ritish idealism, Indeed$ he travels in the highly respectable company of s ch disting ished scholars as Aeorge !er'eley$ +rth r Collier$ Thomas 6ill Areen$ >, 6, !radley$ and !ernard !osanE et, =f co rse$ &e m st not overloo' the fact that he treads a path that &as once heroically o tlined by the fearless pen of a Thomas Carlyle, If the f ll message of CarlyleCs classic &or' is not only implied$ b t moreso$ conscientio sly ta'en
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to heart$ then possibly the time may be near at hand &hen bold scientists &ill e;press a desire to penetrate beyond the s bstantial veil of nat reCs physical form lae$ to see' tr ths of nobler e;istentialist significance, Perhaps$ li'e Carlyle$ the scientist may no& be prepared to escape from the c stom of a bland servit de to a rigoro s materialism$ and soar nto the ethereal heights of idealism in search of more meaningf l e;planations for the e;istence of the niverse$ its generation of organic life$ and its gifted intellect al prod ct$ man, ! t$ &hat is the conseE ence to scientific tho ght if s ch a search leads to AodG M st then the scientist$ &ho has been bo nd by c stom to an iron9clad atheistic materialism$ hang his head in embarrassment$ and b rro& his &ay bac' to the &orld of physical garments and la&s$ &here he has permitted a &idespread agnosticism to prevail$ and from that nether point of concealment deny that Aod e;istsG =r is it possible that$ o t of the depths of despair to &hich civiliHation has fallen$ the need for hope
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and promise becomes an e;istentialist imperative$ so that it may even behoove the modern scientist$ as Carlyle &as so moved$ to endorse the possibility of reaching divinity thro gh hard labor and co rageG These and other enE iries &hich &e post late in the follo&ing folios come to mind hard on the heels of the co rageo s E estion &hence$ &hich seems to s ggest the need for a ne& type of idealism to &hich modern man may become committed, While Professor "ovell may harbor some sympathy for the high9minded principles of traditional %nglish idealism$ he does not seem to find any of its partic lar representations as potentially applicable to c rrent sit ations, Perhaps the classical spirit of philosophical idealism and realism s fficed for a preatomic civiliHationJ something more appealing may be needed for the perple;ed generations of a coming space age$ as Professor "ovell states$ Today &e cannot evade this deepest problem of o r e;istence by an escape into philosophical idealism or realism, ?Sir !ernard "ovell$ S pra$
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p, 74,@ If the old idealism and realism are ins fficiently endo&ed to service a modern society$ &hat other intellect al direction appears as an alternativeG Considering that certain elements of idealism are desirable and sef l$ can they be pdated and &edded to a meaningf l e;istentialist accommodationG Does an e;istentialist idealism offer a vision of promise for the f t reG "et s consider this in the ens ing chapters,

AS!ECTS THEOLOG$

OF

SCIENCE

AND

Witho t do bt$ the prodigio s achievements of science merit neE ivocal acclaim and nresolved approbation, Science has constr cted a magnificent edifice of 'no&ledge in &hich nat re and the niverse emerge as a panorama of ordered cohesion, In its persistent search for the tr th$ science has endo&ed man &ith a m ltit de of blessings ranging from technological marvels of everyday life to a st nning array of beneficial prod cts for h man s rvival, The dynamic
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enth siasm of scientific research has bro ght man to the threshold of nat reCs innermost secrets at the core of the atom$ and on the distant horiHon t rns his 'een intellect to the challenge of the bo ndless niverse itself, There is no do bt b t &hat science has &ro ght for man is the single greatest &onder in the &orld, ! t &hat of the spirit of science that eff ses from the disposition of an all9too9h man scientist himselfG Despite its grande r as a mighty discipline$ science is$ after all$ an eff lgent dimension of manCs mind as he conceives his environment, Cohesively considered$ science is b t one aspect of mortal e;pression, The s ccess of science may be credited to the artf l application of necessary methods and principles of research in accordance &ith long9established imm table la&s of nat re, Simply stated$ the scientific method is manCs ind ctive response to nat reCs bidding, =f co rse$ &e do not imply thro gh s ch simplification that the scientific method is s baltern as an e;pression of h man ingen ity and brilliance, In fact$ it remains
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ncontested as one of the fe& great creative achievements of the h man mind, What is s ggested is that man co ld not have prod ced the comple; str ct re of a scientific discipline had nat re e;hibited a limited pattern of elementary principles of operation$ rather than its abo nding enigmatic str ct re of inscr table intricacy, It is to nat reCs credit that man has composed the m ltiple;$ composite system of science, If nat re &ere harnessed to a cr dely simple design$ science &o ld have been E ite nsophisticated$ since the niverse &o ld have been less fancif l, Science is an e;pression of the h man mind in m ch the same fashion as is philosophy or theology, It represents one of the attit des that man may ass me as he gaHes o t at the great e;panse of nat re, The scientist regards his environment from a technological frame of reference, 6e is concerned &ith the str ct ral aspects of matter and e;istence, 6is analytical gaHe s&eeps from the vastness of the e;tragalactic regions in o ter space to the
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s batomic particles in the microscopic confines of nat re, The discipline of science reE ires obIective observation and systematiHation leading to classification, The classifications are f rther refined and thro gh a process of ind ctive or ded ctive reasoning$ often involving f rther e;perimentation$ general la&s of nat ral behavior may be established, +n intrig ing feat re of scientific research is the ever9 increasing availability of ne& information for the inE iring mind, The niverse appears to contain an nending &ellspring of s bstance and relational variations, Man never seems to be able to satiate his voracio s appetite for f rther 'no&ledge in his p rs it for scientific tr th$ beca se at each ne& t rn of the h nt$ ne;pected principles emerge to f rther astonish him, + convenient definition of science is to consider it as a process of research for the p rpose of developing a specific body of 'no&ledge relating to the str ct re and behavior of matter in the niverse, The acE isition of s ch
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a doctrine is s ally accomplished thro gh the application of systems elaborated and refined by former generations, !y applying s ch an e;planation it becomes possible to identify tradition in scientific development, Tradition is an important element for the promotion of a scientific heritage, =nce the scientist recogniHes the val e of tradition for the e;pansion of scientific 'no&ledge$ the appearance of s ch a sentiment else&here in intellect al disciplines sho ld not be blithely disregarded as irrelevant and invalid, If the scientist nderstands and respects the traditions of science$ then he sho ld strive to nderstand and respect traditions in other developed orders of tho ght$ s ch as philosophy and theology, The information that the scientist see's relates to that phase of matter &hich may be identified on the physical level of phenomena, 6e is not concerned &ith the problem of a possibly far9 reaching$ nseen reality beyond the immediate sens al scope of his investigations, In any case$ the information that science contrib tes may be
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applied to a f rther e;amination of the reality of 'no&ledge by disciples of philosophy or religion, The scientist himself$ ho&ever$ does not directly become involved in s ch a topic of research, This is not to say that the scientist m st ever avoid contact &ith abstract concepts, In fact$ science very handily tiliHes abstract symbols and references in many aspects of its operation$ partic larly in form lae and mathematical eE ations, S ch applications$ ho&ever$ mainly relate to a demonstration of concrete parallels in phenomenal categories, ConseE ently$ symbols in science appear more as a convenient operational e;tension of the &orld of matter than as strictly abstract contemplation, +ltho gh the term science conI res p an image of high respect and incontrovertible a thority$ there is a h man factor involved that has a strong bearing on the direction and concl sions science ltimately adopts, In the process of investigation$ the scientist$ not&ithstanding his commitment to obIectivity$ arrives at a point of I dgment &herein the h man factor controls vital
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decisions, Certainly$ the individ al &ho is endo&ed &ith a higher E ality of intelligence &ill probably invo'e more meaningf l choices$ and therefore appear as the better scientist, In many respects$ the scientist m st render I dgments no less significant to his discipline than the I dgments that the philosopher or the theologian m st ma'e in their respective disciplines, Moreover$ the scientist m st realiHe that his 'no&ledge and e;perience in his o&n discipline does not a tomatically grant him the &arrant to pass I dgment on matters o tside the periphery of his e;pertise, It is not that the scientist is any less intellect ally proficient than the philosopher or the theologian, The fact simply remains that &hile the scientist recogniHes the need to follo& a caref lly delineated co rse in arriving at scientific concl sions$ he may sometimes be tempted to ma'e I dgments in alien areas merely on the basis of personal bias or opinion, The proper scientist &o ld hardly thin' of dispensing a scientific I dgment nless he had caref lly abided by the accepted proced re of observations
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leading to a hypothesis$ after &hich the validity of the hypothesis &o ld be re9e;amined so that it may be sed as a reliable basis for f rther observations, This is a lengthy proced re for arriving at a partic lar I dgment, (o less serio s an attit de sho ld be e;pected in the research field of philosophy or theology$ altho gh its approach may vary from scientific methodology, The scientist$ therefore$ sho ld be E ite consentient to the notion that &hen he lac's the formal bac'gro nd of the philosopher or theologian$ he sho ld hesitate to e;press a hasty or nfo nded I dgment in those areas, + pop lar vie& considers modern science as developing &ith the appearance of Isaac (e&tonCs !hi"oso hiae Natura"is !rinci ia Mathematica in .810$ altho gh its f ll impact &as delayed ntil DoltaireCs essay clarified the (e&tonian system in .070, (e&tonCs thesis infl enced the scientific method for several cent ries in that it provided a s itable proced re for obIectively considering and &or'ing &ith the physical properties of matter, In an age of prolific
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discovery$ he ta ght the sef lness of scientific demonstration, It is interesting to note that (e&ton$ &ho is credited &ith being the father of modern science$ &as hardly averse to the principle concepts of seventeenth9cent ry theology, To some e;tent$ (e&ton may also be identified as a progenitor of scientific determinism that developed in the mid9nineteenth cent ry, Whereas (e&ton identified a determinate mechanism at &or' in nat ral phenomena$ the scientific determinists e;tended that principle to the h man mind as &ell, The biological determinism of Dar&in as o tlined in The Origin of S ecies follo&ed in step &ith the notion that man physically and mentally is a determinate creat re, This of co rse overt rned the basic elements of religio s doctrine$ and &ith it alienated the theological so l from the scientific personality, With the &idespread eff sion of scientific determinism$ the spirit of atheistic materialism rose to a point of ascendency over theistic
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idealism and it maintained a predominant position thro gho t the t&entieth cent ry, =n its heels came a rapid decline in the pop lar regard for religio s val es and theological principles, The irony of it all is that science does not intentionally ass me a post re of antipathy to&ard religion, =fficially$ science offers absol tely na ght by &ay of comment either abo t specific religio s doctrine or general theological principles, <eligion and theology try to nderstand the niverse and manCs place in it, Man is niE e in that he is blessed &ith a conscio s a&areness far more s btle and discerning than any other species of his acE aintance, Thro gh the amaHing alertness of his ego$ man is able to p HHle abo t the nat re of his environment$ the niverse$ and more stri'ingly$ abo t his o&n pec liar identity, +mong these vario s facets of enigmatic post lation$ science engages in only one area of spec lation$ and this concerns the physical being &ithin the physical niverse, In this restricted discipline$ science itself is
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fragmented into an assortment of separate and independent s bIects, + biologist need 'no& nothing of astronomy$ and a chemist may be ignorant of higher mathematics, S ch lac' of 'no&ledge is hardly shamef l, Indeed$ it has been s ggested that the very strength of science is d e to the distinct fragmentation of its n mero s branches, !y the same to'en$ the scientist is hardly e;pected to have mastered the advanced concepts of 'no&ledge o tside the domain of science$ s ch as philosophy or theology, It is not a mar' of embarrassment if the scientist ac'no&ledges illiteracy in these areas, More to his credit &o ld be his e;hibition of readiness to t rn to the specialists in the fields of philosophy and theology for instr ction and g idance, Some critics consider that the passionate desideration of science for increased 'no&ledge is an indication that science &ill never be content ntil it has mastered the secrets of an entire nified niverse, =thers protest and disclaim any s ch ambition$ since they ass me that there can
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never be a science of the niverse as a &hole, In fact$ they concl de that the more science discovers$ the more is it li'ely that ne& and different s bIects may develop nder its broad canopyJ and as a conseE ence$ the individ al s bIect areas &ill e;pand in f rther diff sion and separation, +n ltimate ambition on the part of science is to arrive at a meaningf l station of overall 'no&ledge from &hence man may derive a satisfactory comprehension of his position$ p rpose$ and destiny in life, In line &ith this design$ science may only generate partial concl sions or theories, )et from s ch a stal&art base of information$ the creative imagination of the h man intellect may prod ce concepts of e;traordinary depth and discernment, This advent re$ of co rse$ m st l re man into the intrig ing dominion of the abstract, It is E ite possible that once imm red &ithin the &orld of philosophical and theological spec lation$ man may find it necessary to ma'e a daring leap of faith,
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S ch an opport nity sho ld not pert rb the t&entieth cent ry scientist$ beca se &ithin the bo nds of his o&n disciplines a leap of faith &as ass med on several occasions and the res lts &ere int itively re&arding, Consider the e;citement generated by %insteinCs theory of relativity in the early years of the t&entieth cent ry, Its implications shoo' the very pillars of scientific determinism, +t the o tset$ there &as no &ay to test its validity, The scientists &ho accepted its credibility$ co ld do so only as an act of faith, =n the other hand$ its recognition &o ld indicate a challenge to the ndisp ted principle of scientific determinism, Co rageo s scientists$ in those early inconcl sive days$ boldly too' that leap of faith$ and by doing so$ they inca tio sly placed their scientific rep tations on the line, The rest of the tale is no& common 'no&ledge, %instein &as vindicated and proved correct, + revol tion ens ed in the &orld of physics and related sciences, The behavior of the light of stars acted in accordance &ith the remar'able concl sions of an ingenio s intellect$ and those
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&ho ind lged in the early leap of faith &ere re&arded by the ltimate tri mph of their convictions, If scientists find it appropriate to boldly forge ne& dimensions by virt e of imaginative ass mptions &ithin the ran's of their o&n discipline$ then it may not be amiss to s ggest their reliance pon the int itive po&ers of fertile philosophic or theological minds$ &ho may in some&hat parallel fashion call for a leap of faith, Perhaps at this delicate point in scientific history &hen the gro nd roots of scientific determinism have been overt rned by recent e;pos res arising thro gh relativity and again thro gh indeterminacy$ as conceived in the particle nat re of intra9atomic physics$ the time may be at hand &hen co rageo s fig res on the scientific scene may step into a ne& role of dynamic leadership by affirming that a theistic position is a proper and honorable one for principled men of science to adopt,

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+ SOME !RELIMINAR$ COMMENTS ON ,HO"- AND ,"H$The area of ho& and &hy has received energetic attention in recent philosophical spec lation, Specifically$ does the &hy of e#istence intrig e the h man mind, Will &e ever be able to comprehend &hy a niverse came into being$ and &hy on a nondescript planet$ orbiting aro nd an insignificant star$ in an inconseE ential gala;y$ an elan vital sho ld prod ce a thriving habitat clima;ed by an intellect al anthroposG This is a mind9staggering E ery, Professor "ovell indicates in his s perb cosmological vol me that science$ c rtailed as it is to an investigation of the ho&$ sho ld ac'no&ledge its limitations &hen it arrives at the point of the metaphysical &hy, ?+, C, !, "ovell$ The Individ al and the #niverse$ The (e& +merican "ibrary$ + Mentor !oo'$ (e& )or'$ ./8., !y arrangement &ith 6arper S !rothers$ pp, .5:958,@ "et s endeavor to s ccinctly clarify &hat is implied by the notions ho& and &hy,
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Scientific research is concerned &ith the ho& of things, Philosophical metaphysics and theology are absorbed in the &hy of the niverse, These are t&o very e;cl sive and restricted areas of investigation, The scientist need not be concerned &ith an inE iry into the &hy$ and the metaphysical philosopher or theologian sho ld find it nnecessary to spec late abo t the ho& ?altho gh ho& 'no&ledge &o ld greatly elevate his level of sophistication in p rs it of the &hy@, This clear9c t separation of research fields and interests gives one pa se to &onder abo t the long apparent fe d that raged bet&een science and religion in past generations, There really is no conflict of interest bet&een the t&o, +n individ al may be an ardent scientist and still adhere to theological principles, Similarly$ a theologically imb ed person sho ld find it possible to p rs e a scientific career &itho t s rrendering enlightened religio s scr ples and practices, In fact$ it becomes rather simple to differentiate bet&een the t&o categories, When the scientist$
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tempted by the fascinating spectre of the &hy$ enters into its analysis$ he is no longer the scientist$ b t a metaphysician, In co9ordinate fashion$ &hen a theological so l delves into the ho&$ he cannot ass me to ma'e s ch an analysis as a theologian$ b t rather he m st commit himself to scientific principles of research, %tienne Ailson endorses the logical differentiation bet&een ho& and &hy, 6e admits to the staggering dimension of the problem of $eing$ and he goes on to e;plain that the &hy leads to ever deeper inE iries, Why are there organiHed beingsG is not the ltimate E estion, =ne may se the terminology of "eibniH and as' f rther* Why is there something rather than nothingG There are scientists &ho consider this problem as meaningless$ and from the point of vie& of the scientist$ this may very &ell be so, Since science does not entertain a &hy E estion$ the &hy ma'es no sense, Science spec lates in the area of the ho&J therefore$ the area of the &hy is e;cl ded by
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science precisely beca se it cannot even as' the E estion, ?%tienne Ailson$ Aod and Philosophy* (e& 6aven* )ale #niversity Press$ ./8/$ p, .7/,@ (o&$ altho gh the scientist$ in principle$ is bo nd by the limitations of the ho&$ the metaphysical investigator need not restrict himself to an e;cl sive &hy, The latter may also be cogniHant of the emergent 'no&ledge prod ced by scientific ho& investigators$ since it is thro gh s ch information that he may better comprehend the manner of str ct ring the &hy, +n aspect of the Divine Personality is concealed in the ho&, This is not to say that given scientific 'no&ledge alone$ the &hy becomes clarified, If so$ then science &o ld potentially be able to arrive at the ans&ers to all of lifeCs problems$ beca se this is &hat the &hy entails, Incarcerated as it is in the ho&$ Ailson is E ite emphatic in his declaration that science can never accommodate the &hy$ beca se it lies o tside of the sphere of physics$ chemistry$ and biology, 6e states that the most e;ha stive
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scientific 'no&ledge &o ld not be able to e;plain &hy the &orld is made p of its component things, In o r &orld of change$ science can teach s ho& s ch change occ rs, What science cannot teach s is &hy this &orld$ ta'en together &ith its la&s$ its order$ and its intelligibility$ is$ or e;ists, ?Ibid,$ p, 0.,@ Ailson forcef lly reiterates this point in his reference to the classic &or' The Mysterio s #niverse$ by Sir 2ames 2eans, Ailson vie&s the title itself as f rther revealing the impotency of science in its confrontation &ith the &hy of things, =n &hat basis does the scientist all de to this niverse as a mysterio s niverseG Is it beca se the more science advances$ the more diffic lt are the problems that it confrontsG ! t$ states Ailson$ the n'no&n is not necessarily a mystery ,,, beca se it is at least 'no&able$ even tho gh &e do not 'no& it yet, ?Ibid,$ p, .57@ The reason some scientists imagine the niverse to be mysterio s is beca se they mista'e e;istential or metaphysical E estions for scientific ones$ and they as' science to ans&er them, (at rally$ they
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get no ans&ers, ?Ibid, 0.,@ In their p HHlement$ scientists ass me that the niverse is mysterio s$ concl des Ailson, Modern scientists of strong positivist and even agnostic pers asion readily concede that science at best can only e;plain ho&$ b t not &hy, Science$ for e;ample$ thro gh medicine$ can e;plain how the body f nctions in the digestive process$ b t it can never adeE ately e;plain wh% it is so, The la&s of gravitation can be nderstood in the how sense$ b t not wh%, Why bodies$ elements$ or particles sho ld infl ence each other remains nans&ered, The &hy remains a mystery, Areat care sho ld be ta'en lest a scientist mista'e a ho& E estion for a &hy E estion, The good scientist sho ld not be carried a&ay by semantic conf sion and concl de that beca se$ grammatically$ a &hy may appear to be appropriate in certain phrases or sentence str ct res$ it thereby indicates that a &hy E estion is e;pressed, Moreover$ the scientist sho ld not ass me that &hen the &hy and
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ho& are interchangeable in certain conte;ts$ a &hy interrogation has been sponsored, It m st be made clear that &hen &hy and ho& are given the same meaning$ then the &hy m st be recogniHed for &hat it tr ly represents$ &hich is nothing more than a semantically distorted ho&, The so nd and appearance may be that of &hy$ b t its act al essence and intent is that of ho&, It is not possible for the scientist to as' anything b t ho& so long as he is robed in his laboratory froc' and remains incarcerated in his research chambers, Why can only be spo'en by Philosophical Man or Theological Man$ b t never by the scientist as s ch, We shall endeavor to e;plore this matter more systematically at a later point in this &or', %ven in connection &ith the &hy E ery &e m st be alert to the possibility of semantic conf sion, = r concern is only &ith the cosmic &hy and not &ith a personal &hy, The cosmic &hy relates to problems of the niverse commencing &ith the E ery$ WhyNa niverseG
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The personal &hy is not really a &hy E estion at allJ rather is it an e;pression of complaint$ very m ch li'e the grievance that 2ob ttered &hen he perceived the nd e s ffering of the righteo s, S ch a &hy is a moral determination$ based largely on apparent inconsistencies bet&een manCs concept of divine I stice and its fail re to dominate the environment and society, Man ass mes that Aod is d ty9bo nd to aid$ protect$ and re&ard the righteo s, Why do the good s fferG is not really a E estion &ithin the periphery of the cosmic &hy$ despite the fact that it may event ally develop as a conseE ence of the cosmic &hy, =ne m st also be ca tioned against identifying as a &hy E ery &hat I choose to call the a&surd &hy, This interrogation follo&s 6eideggerCs hypothesis that the very e;istence of Aod$ 6imself$ m st be E estionedNin other &ords$ WhyNAodG Why notNnothingG The abs rd &hy does not E alify as a &hy E estion for several reasons, >irst of all$ it is logically self9 defeating, The h man intellect reIects the notion
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that nothing prod ces something, ?This is not to be conf sed &ith the e# nihi"o concept$ &herein Aod$ a very definite S preme !eingNi,e,$ a Divine Something Nis conceded the omnipotence to prod ce a niverse from na ght,@ Secondly$ by its very definition$ &e mortals have chosen to identify the term 'od as designating the concept of an nsponsored or nca sed e;istent being, 6eideggerCs m rm r reflects the classic plight of the atheist$ &ho$ by virt e of his illogical position at the clima; of a cosmological inE iry$ attempts to th&art the incongr ity of his ass mptions by feigning a belligerent post re, Th s$ if at the end of a cosmological safari$ &hen the atheist m st e;plain the appearance of the first particle of energy$ he &o ld a dacio sly concl de* (othingQ there is no do bt b t that he &o ld then be ro ndly ridic led for e;po nding a prepostero s notion, +s a s btle stratagem$ therefore$ the atheist primarily adopts an offensive stance$ &hich momentarily relieves him from admitting to an embarrassing$ l dicro s
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positionJ and so he precipito sly advances the challenge* Why &as there Aod at the beginning rather than nothingG This is merely an e;pression of the abs rd &hy, It is hardly a precocio s E ery, <ather often$ fo r9year9olds e;press the same tho ght &hen they see' an e;planation as to their e;istence, Who made meG as's the little tot, Aod made yo $ dear$ replies the loving mother tactf lly, +nd &ho made MommyG he p rs es, Why$ Aod made Mommy$ too$ e;plains the parent, Did Aod yo ngster, ma'e DaddyG inE ires the

Why$ certainly$ responds the mother, There is a pregnant pa se, The little one digests these s rprising clarifications$ and then he perspicacio sly demands$ Mommy &ho made AodG
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F ite clearly$ the abs rd &hy is childish, "et me ma'e this point clear, It is not my intention to belittle the intelligence of philosophers &ho stir p a great f ror over the E estion of AodCs o&n s pposed beginningJ it is simply that the finite mind cannot be bent beyond a certain point, The term 'od$ li'e the concepts first ca se or nmoved mover$ stagger the h man intellect, + primary principle in conceiving the meaning of Aod is that &e are disc ssing a !eing o tside the pale of time and space$ concerning &hom it is impossible to attrib te either a beginning or an end, Whether &e say Aod is eternal or timeless$ &hat &e are attempting to e;press thro gh the fr gal capacity of o r finite intellect is that the s perior nat re of an infinite$ omnipotent$ and pres mably omnipresent !eing can never be f lly comprehended or 'no&n by man, We may not treat the term 'od as if it &ere I st another proper no n attached to some concrete personality of o r acE aintance, + metaphysical or theological insight or a&areness of Aod is a far
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cry from tr ly 'no&ing Aod, !y virt e of the very definition of the &ord 'od &e can never inE ire$ Who made AodGJ therefore$ s ch a E ery becomes self9contradictory and abs rd, The E estion itself is nothing more than an indication of the deplorable deficiency of the h man intellect that man m st tolerate as a finite creat re, Science endeavors to find sol tions to E estions in the ho& categoryJ b t can ans&ers be forthcoming for E estions pertaining to &hyG +t times$ an inspired so l s ch as %tienne Ailson may attempt to s pply an ans&er, Why are there organiHed beingsG Why is there something rather than nothingG Ailson e;plains* %very e;istential energy and thing o&es its e;istence to a p re +ct of e;istence, The s preme ca se has to be absol te e;istence, If it is agreed by the scientist that the ca se for the e;istence of organisms comes from o tside their physiochemical ma'e p$ then the ca se for their e;istence transcends the physical order, S ch being the case$ the ca se for the e;istence of the organism$
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&hether it be as min te as a proton$ ne tron$ electron$ or E ar'$ m st$ of necessity$ be trans9 physical$ or better yet$ metaphysical, Th s$ if nothing in the elements themselves acco nts for their determined design$ the presence of design in a chaos of elements entails I st as necessarily a creation as the very e;istence of the elements, ?Ibid,$ p, .:3, 1,@ The absol te ca se is self9s fficient$ and if it so &ills$ it creates in accordance &ith its free&ill, Moreover$ since &e &itness as the prod cts of its creation$ being accompanied by manifest order$ it itself m st possess the only principle of order &e 'no&$ namely$ tho ght or intellect, =nce an absol te$ self9s bsisting$ and 'no&ing ca se is determined$ &e may no longer consider its identity as an It$ b t rather a 6e, In short$ states Ailson$ the first ca se is the =ne in &hom the ca se of both nat re and history coincide$ a philosophical Aod &ho can also be the Aod of religion, ?Ibid,$ p, .:.,@ Ailson comes to a noble concl sion$ b t the latter part of his E oted phrase is some&hat
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disconcerting, I cannot agree that the philosopherCs Aod is also the theologianCs AodJ nor is it the Aod of pop lar religion, Since &e e;plore this point more f lly later on$ let s leave the topic in abeyance so that it may be ta'en p in a more appropriate perspective &hen &e disc ss the variations entailed in ego personality identities,

. SCIENCE AT AN IM!ASSE
Science performs best &hen it deals &ith inanimate matter, It can e;amine &ith precision the siHe$ &eight$ meas rements$ chemical ma'e p$ and relative position of an obIect, It is also possible to confront living organisms on this basis$ yet the temptation abo nds$ partic larly in an analysis of living organisms$ to p t forth the E estion &hy, What is the p rpose of the physical and chemical developments that abo nd in organic speciesG It is the more predominant attit de among scientists today to ass me that life has no special p rpose, The broad infl ence of Dar&inism has to a great e;tent helped to propagate s ch a point of vie&, +long these lines
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a &hole body of c rrent e;istentialist thin'ing has made the ac'no&ledgment of p rposeless e;istence its central focal point for developing a philosophical analysis of man, If life is meaningless$ of &hat val e are moral commitmentsG If life has no p rpose$ &hy sho ld the individ al ass me any ethical responsibilitiesG If$ in accordance &ith scientific thin'ing$ the philosopher of an atheistic e;istentialist bent ass mes that there is no &hy category$ then life &ith all its ang ish m st be a hopeless and f tile endeavor, This nihilistic concept of the abs rdity of life stems to some e;tent from scienceCs aloofness to&ard the problem of e;istential p rpose, S rprisingly$ ho&ever$ &e find a contradiction in the very element of scientific revelation itself, Consider$ for e;ample$ Dar&inCs theory of nat ral selection, When it is scr tiniHed critically$ it leaves more to the imagination than to observable facts9and science$ by all means$ thrives on observable facts,
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Dar&inism as a doctrine ta;es the cred lity of the h man brain, Indeed$ it calls for an act of dedicated faith, We are as'ed to accept that the &hole evol tion of living organisms developed &itho t any plan$ design$ or p rpose beforehand, The biological stat s of o r planet arrived at its present condition by the t&o9fold process of random variations and the str ggle for e;istence, What is the mar'ed &ea'ness in this ass mption$ &hich ca ses the logical mind to recoil in disbeliefG Dery simply$ the Dar&inian theory fails to clarify the most startling aspect of the &hole evol tionary process$ namely$ that nat re has al&ays proceeded from a lo&er to a higher species, "et s analyHe the problem f rther, If life holds no p rpose$ &hy sho ld nat re have prod ced any living organism in the first placeG What impels this drive on the part of matter to emerge as a throbbing$ moving$ independent anim sG In addition$ accepting the fact of life$ &hy sho ld living organisms be so intent on perpet ating their o&n 'indG Moreover$ if it &ere merely
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necessary for a p rely accidental s rge of life to ma'e its appearance and to s rvive as its o&n designated species$ &hy sho ld it have made the leap$ again and again$ to grad ate from species nto higher species on a long$ tort o s chain of procession p&ards$ since there &as no p rpose for any organic e;istence at the o tsetG >inally$ if mere s rvival is the &hole essence of its accidental appearance$ it &o ld seem to be the epitome of logic for some very elementary type of organism to ma'e its accidental deb t$ and that sho ld be the s m s bstance$ and total end to the story of organic e;istence, Why this incontrovertible drive to climb the ladder of development to a pinnacle of intelligent life topped by manG Parenthetically$ there seems to be no valid reason for even a r dimentary organism to have evolved as a living entity$ if all that &as desired &as a prolonged occ pation of space in the form of matter, The inanimate roc's and inert chemicals have e;isted intact for billions of years &itho t resorting to the bothersome process of care$ feeding$ n rt ring$
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reprod cing$ and gro&ing, >rom the point of vie& of a p rposeless nat re$ the simple bo lder o trivals any organism$ if b t an e;istent obIect in time and space is all that &as reE ired, The Dar&inian notion is a hard pill to absorb by all standards of logical perm tations and rational thin'ing, There are many nsolved problems on the distant cosmological horiHon, Professor "ovell traces a n mber of these challenging enigmas in his s perb &or'$ The (ndi)idua" and the *ni)erse$ ?+, C, !, "ovell$ The (ndi)idua" and the *ni)erse, The (e& +merican "ibrary$ + Mentor !oo'$ (e& )or'$ ./8., !y arrangement &ith 6arper S !rothers@ &here he considers s ch mind9baffling E estions as the origin of the niverse$ the beginning of time$ and the birth of o r solar system, >or e;ample$ despite the marvelo s and e;tensive apparat s that is presently available for the investigation of o ter space$ one regrets that the astronomer m st be contained by the limited scope of his instr ments, When the astrophysicist has
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reached the distance of a fe& tho sand million light9years$ the light and radio9&aves become so &ea' that it is no longer possible to observe &hat lies beyond, Aiven the h man mindCs penchant for c riosity$ &ho can be blamed for as'ing$ What lies beyond that last frontier of contactG +nother e;citing feat re of astronomical research is the fact that the farther o t the astronomer peers into space$ the farther bac' in time does he reach, When he regards the s n$ he sees it at the position it occ pied eight min tes earlierJ the nearest star is sighted as it &as fo r years priorJ and the more distant e;tragalactic &aves tell s &hat they &ere li'e millions of years heretofore, It is no& generally agreed that the E estion of a magnetic field in the cosmos and ho& it came to be has an important bearing on o r vie& of the entire cosmological process, In order to trace the origin of the magnetic field bac' to its so rce$ it is necessary to commence the sle thing &ith o r nearest starNthe s n, It seems that the s nCs magnetic field &as not a spontaneo s
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occ rrence$ rather &as it a derivative of the gas clo d from &hich it condensed abo t :$433 million years ago, 6o& the gas clo d came to possess a magnetic field is a diffic lt problemJ ho&ever$ astronomers are generally of the opinion that the field came along as part of the other elements that &ere imparted from its so rce$ namely o r gala;y$ the Mil'y Way, Proceeding one step farther$ it is ass med that o r gala;y$ li'e all other gala;ies$ received a magnetic field from the basic root of the niverseJ and finally$ it is concl ded that magnetic fields arc fo nd thro gho t the &ide e;panse of nat re, !y p shing the ltimate so rce of a magnetic field bac' to the very origin of the niverse$ it becomes a very important segment of cosmological investigation, Why does the niverse itself possess a magnetic fieldG The ans&er denotes a cl e as to ho& the niverse arrived at its present condition, There are t&o maIor theories that c rrently appeal to the scientific mind, They are denoted
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by some&hat crass designations* the big bang theory and the steady state theory, Since the big bang theory accepts the premise that the niverse had a beginning in time$ it ma'es possible an e;planation of n mero s problems in astronomy and physics$ incl ding s ch an item as the magnetic field, !y post lating the fact that the niverse itself &as endo&ed at the o tset &ith a strong magnetic field$ this enigma is handily solved for all components of the niverse, The steady state theory$ on the other hand$ cannot e;plain the origin of the magnetic field that permeates the niverse, > rthermore$ it e;hibits &ea'nesses in other respects, The steady state theory fails to clarify the radiation of a micro&ave bac'gro nd$ and ho& s ch a smooth setting of radio &aves$ &hich niformly appear thro gho t the heavens$ came into being in the first place, +ltho gh the so rce of a micro&ave bac'gro nd is c rrently an nans&ered problem in astronomy$ at least the big bang proponents can offer a sol tion by theoriHing that it stems
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from the early formation of the niverse, The steady state adherents$ &ho consider that the niverse had no origin$ are left &itho t an e;planation, It is not my intention to d&ell in detail pon the precise aspects of recent cosmological thin'ing, The reader &ho is so inclined may discover a mine of information on the s bIect in e;pertly9 &ritten acco nts by some of the &orldCs leading a thorities, Personally$ I am partial to the tho ghtf l analysis and clarification set forth by Professor "ovell$ partic larly in his masterf l presentation$ The (ndi)idua" and the *ni)erse, ?Some of the astronomical information in this section is basically dra&n from chapters 4 and 8 of Professor "ovellCs &or'$ The (ndi)idua" and the *ni)erse,@ Professor "ovell rightly considers the E estion of cosmological origins as the greatest challenge ever posed to the h man intellect, Than's to the technological marvels of modern instr mentation$ stellar phenomena some t&o tho sand million light years a&ay are c rrently
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bro ght &ithin the range of h man e;amination, This means that man$ today$ can inspect areas of the niverse as they appeared t&o tho sand million years ago, With s ch emergent facts at hand$ it may even be possible to infer the nat re and e;tent of the niverse beyond the border of h man observation, +s Professor "ovell sees it$ there are three basic aspects to the cosmological problems and these are involved in the follo&ing inE iries* ?.@ Will it be possible to penetrate farther into the niverse$ beyond the present level of contactG ?5@ 6o& do present observations agree &ith cosmological theoriesG ?7@ 6o& recogniHable is the need for a transition from physics to metaphysics$ and from astronomy to theology$ &hen science e;ha sts its technical e;position of the s bIectsG >or any disc ssion of the first t&o problems$ &e shall necessarily rely pon the I dgment and concl sions of e;perts in the field, In the third area of inE iry$ ho&ever$ &e shall endeavor to present some ne& aven es of tho ght for serio s consideration and reflection,
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Impressive$ indeed$ is the information that over the entire range of the observable niverse that e;tends into vast reaches of space and time$ and that enfolds several h ndred million gala;ies of stars$ a high degree of niformity is constantly fo nd, The constancy of niformity abo nding in the niverse is one of the most significant factors for concl ding a cosmological origin in space and time at the behest of a s preme intellect, #niformity arising as an accident may occ r spasmodically on a one9time basis in a remote corner of the niverse$ and hardly ever repeat itself again, This &o ld be in accordance &ith the most favorable odds offered by the mathematician, 6o&ever$ &hen niformity is fo nd to prevail every&here$ &ith little e;ception to its common appearance$ then &e cannot b t ass me that la& is an incontrovertible essence of nat re$ and that it &as not a rare$ accidental s rge e;pressed by t rb lent particles of matter$ b t that it &as foreordained$ implanted$ and nivocal at the o tset, +t this point it is not even necessary to cross into the area of advanced
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metaphysical spec lation$ beca se in accordance &ith the most elementary and basic fo ndation of logical apprehension$ the appearance of spontaneo s la& seems highly nli'ely nless s ch la& is propo nded by a la&ma'er, It is impossible by any stretch of the imagination to concl de other&ise, )et$ largely prompted by the impact of Dar&inian determinism d ring the past cent ry$ science has been content to adhere to the notion of a godless niverse, Matter &as conceived as its o&n sponsor$ its o&n designer$ its o&n prod cer$ and its o&n destiny9ma'er, In this era of advanced comp ter technology the tenor of s ch doggedly persistent preI dice is grad ally diminishing in favor of a broader spectr m of tolerance for a logically inferred programmer behind the cosmic scheme, This ne& spirit of ac'no&ledgment that a divine po&er e;ists behind nat reCs facade is c rrently gaining a &ider acceptance$ altho gh it is still meeting &ith r gged resistance in certain scientific circles,
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Despite the fact that scientific interest in the area of metaphysical and theological ass mptions has been gathering moment m$ the overall mood is still one of ca tion and reserve, Consider$ as an e;ample$ the follo&ing genial banter that recently too' place in a biochemistry class in CornellCs Arad ate School of Medical Sciences, The professor &as clarifying the role of <(+ in the living cell$ and he traced its development from the programmed molec les of D(+, The class comprised yo ng st dents &ho gre& p in the era of comp ter technology$ and therefore$ &ere E ite conversant &ith the necessary role of the programmer in form lating a comp teriHed program, The mention of programmed molec les prompted an alert inE iry from one of the st dents, If the <(+ and D(+ str ct res are programmed to perform and prod ce in accordance &ith their designated patterns$ he as'ed$ from &hence come the programs themselvesG
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The professor responded &ith a &himsical smile$ Why from the Aenerator of Diversity$ of co rse, The p HHled st dent E iHHically e;claimed$ The Aenerator of DiversityG Who is thatG Well$ I g ess 6e is better 'no&n by 6is initials$ came the genial mentorCs reIoinder, Mention of Aod arises in the halls of science$ b t at this stage$ 6is identity is passed along in f rtive &hispers, Who is responsible for it allG the c rio s mind inE ires, DonCt mention that I said so$ replies the neasy sage of science$ b t the ans&er appears to be Aod, The astronomer is perhaps more conscio s of the metaphysical and theological problems involved in a comprehension of nat re than scientists of other disciplines$ beca se in scanning the vast e;panse of space$ he is constantly confronted &ith the a&esome maIesty of the niverse, !y comparison$ the dimin tive stat re of man enco rages the ass mption of a h mble post re
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in the co rse of research, The astronomer realiHes that his vie& of the cosmos$ &hile over&helmingly mind9staggering by virt e of its enormity$ may act ally only embrace b t a small segment of the tr e e;tent of the &orld of matter, > rthermore$ it seems certain that d e to the e;cessive recession of the gala;ies$ it &ill never be possible to s bstantially e;ceed the present observable limits of the niverse, We may never hope to sec re any information abo t the o ter regions of space &here receding gala;ies travel &ith the speed of light, With the application of radio telescopes the farthest reach of the horiHon may yet be e;panded by a limited distance of some several tho sand million light years$ b t then$ man &ill have reached the Henith of his potential sightings, It is a point of cosmological impasse for the astronomer, What lies beyond &ill forever be sealed o tside the limits of h man observation, When the astronomer has e;ha sted his physical fo nt of 'no&ledge$ he m st resort to a consideration of cosmological theory as the ne;t
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step for advancement, +s Professor "ovell e;plains$ most astronomers today favor the evol tionary models of the niverse developed in accordance &ith %insteinCs general theory of relativity, %instein &as nable to prod ce any sol tion in his eE ations that &o ld describe a static niverse, %vent ally observable facts proved the correctness of %insteinCs ass mptions, The niverse &as fo nd to be e;panding rather than static, Three hypotheses present themselves as possible interpretations of a non9static niverse* ?.@ a niverse that commenced from a point of origin at a specific moment in finite time$ and e;pands to infinite proportions in infinite timeJ ?5@ a niverse &ith a specific radi s at the early beginning of time$ &hich event ally contin es in infinite e;pansion and infinite timeJ ?7@ a niverse &hich e;pands from Hero radi s to a certain ma;im m and then collapses to Hero again ?Ibid,$ p, /8, 17@ after &hich the &hole process is repeated interminably,
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+n evol tionary model that gained pop lar favor by contemporary cosmologists fo nd its so rce in a sol tion presented by +bbe "emaitre in ./50 and e;panded by Sir +rth r %ddington, %ddington held that at the o tset the niverse comprised a niform collection of protons and electrons, The radi s of this gaseo s primeval entity &as abo t a tho sand million light years, Some ndetermined irreg larity occ rred$ and the niverse &as prompted into a mode of e;pansion, =nce the process of e;pansion commenced$ the evol tionary development follo&ed$ and the niverse gre& to its present siHe$ appro;imately five times that of the initial static proton9ne tron gas clo d, %ddingtonCs theory in itself s ffered from several shortcomings, >irst of all$ his time scale for the evol tionary development &as too brief, Secondly$ he failed to e;plain &hy the primeval gas &as dist rbed to p rs e a pattern of e;pansion rather than contraction, Thirdly$ &hat bro ght abo t the fort ito s original conditions of a primeval gaseo s state in the first placeG
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> rthermore$ to ass me that it &as only by chance that the initial dist rbances &ere set in motion hardly ass ages the h man sensitivity to the notion of p rpose$ partic larly &hen an entire cohesively constit ted niverse e;hibiting a high degree of niformity every&here is considered to be the offspring of an ephemeral chance occ rrence tho sands of million years ago, In the case of %ddingtonCs theory$ the ho& &as never clearly satisfiedJ the &hy &as clo dedJ and the &ho &as veiled, Sir 2ames 2eans$ sensing the predicament$ offered to clarify the latter dilemma by post lating the finger of Aod as agitating the original ether, It seems that 2eans &as some&hat chastised by his colleag es$ since they felt that a scientist sho ld not become too familiar &ith the theological &ho, )et$ even by scientific standards$ his fello& astronomers co ld have been less harsh on 2eans, There is a E estion that every honest cosmic researcher m st event ally confront$ and that is ho& did the primeval gas originate at the o tsetG Science
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is evidently E ite silent &hen it faces this problem, "ogically$ it appears$ in Professor "ovellCs &ords$ that the theory reE ires the e;ercise of yet another divine act at some indeterminate time before the occ rrence &hich set off the gas on its career of condensation and e;pansion, ?Ibid,$ p, //, .7,@ %ddingtonCs theory has been s perseded by more sophisticated e;planations based pon recent advancements in astronomical research, The infl ence of "emaitre is still apparent in a no& pop lar model of cosmic evol tion that is str ct red in accordance &ith %insteinCs general relativity concepts, The niverse is considered to have originated at a finite moment in the past and is e;panding to infinite siHe in an infinite f t re, !y theoretically reversing the cosmic process of e;pansion$ &e ret rn to a time some eight or nine tho sand million years ago &hen all the gala;ies &ere possibly very close together, Moving farther bac' in time$ a sit ation develops that indicates that the so rce of the entire
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niverse &as a small$ dense conglomerate$ commonly called the primeval atom, The concentration of density &ithin the primeval atom &as inconceivably high$ in the neighborhood of a h ndred million tons per c bic centimeter, In some manner$ an initial moment m scattered the material of the primeval atom, +fter tho sands of millions of years$ an %insteinian niverse developed, Its siHe &as abo t a tho sand million light years, It maintained a static condition of balance bet&een the attraction of gravitational forces and cosmical rep lsion for aeons, D ring this period$ the great cl sters of gala;ies began to form primeval material, Then the conditions of near eE ilibri m &ere again pset$ ?Ibid,$ p, .37, 14@ and a second e;pansion commenced as the forces of cosmic rep lsion overcame the forces of gravitational attraction, +fter nine tho sand million years$ the niverse arrived at its present state of appearance, Science feels confident that it can deal &ith the period commencing at a time several tho sand
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million years ago$ &hen the niverse &as in a state of original gaseo s clo ds, That inconcl sive era &as hardly the point of onset of either time or space, It &as merely a condition that enabled the cl sters of gala;ies to form and develop, S ch a segment of galactic evol tion can be dealt &ith thro gh mathematical analysis$ and its e;pansion can be described in terms of present9day physics, +n impasse arises &hen an attempt is made to pierce this bo ndary and to constr ct the cosmic scene of earlier periods, It is not 'no&n ho& m ch farther bac' in time the primeval atom made its deb t, + date for this event cannot even be appro;imated$ since it is impossible to s rmise ho& m ch time elapsed d ring the galactic inc bation period$ &hen the gaseo s clo ds &ere in a state of gestation &ith their cosmic offspring, If the astronomer m st offer a fig re$ he &o ld s ggest that the primeval atom gave birth to the niverse thro gh an act of tremendo s e;plosion or disintegration bet&een t&enty tho sand million and si;ty tho sand
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million years ago, =n this time chart$ the formation of the gala;ies abo t nine tho sand million years ago$ leading to their present state of e;pansion$ can be considered as a relatively recent event in cosmic history, Science believes that it may spea' &ith a thority &hen it enco nters the ho& of cosmic birth and development, It feels that it can e;plain the general evol tion of the niverse commencing &ith the primeval atomCs er ption, 6o&ever$ any disc ssion abo t the nat re of the primeval atom itselfNho& it came into beingJ &hen it emergedJ of &hat matter it &as constit tedJ or &hat made it spe& forth a niverseNis beyond all po&ers of investigation by the discipline of science, 6ere is an impasse that science co ld never conceivably conE er$ beca se there &ill never be available to the scientist the opport nity to either observe or ded ce the original conditions that prevailed at that time, In fact$ it relates to a sit ation that science may consider as o tside the realm of time$ since the &hole niverse incl ding space &as contained &ithin the primeval atom, If an
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analysis is to be attempted$ then one m st vacate the domain of science and astrophysics$ and enter into the e;pository realm of metaphysics and theology, The spec lative edifice for a consistent comprehension of the cosmic origin m st emanate from the pen of the philosopher$ and if he constr cts a logical path leading to the emanation of space9time$ the mathematician and physicist may handily pic' p the trail and contin e the investigation, There is another alternative as Professor "ovell so aptly p ts it*
=r one can simply ref se to disc ss the E estion, If &e &ish to be materialistic$ then &e adopt the same attit de of mind as the materialist adopts in more common sit ations, The materialist &ill begin in the present case at the initiation of space9 time &hen the primeval atom disintegrated, That E ite simply evades the problem, ?Ibid,$ p, .38, 10@

What &o ld be the nat re of metaphysical spec lation concerning the cosmic origins that a scientist may find some&hat to his tasteG
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Professor "ovell offers a pattern of investigation in that direction, To begin &ith$ &hen &e consider the primeval atom and the str ggles it post lates$ s ch as in the area of time and space$ &e may very li'ely reiterate Professor "ovellCs reactions to s ch a challenge* I feel as tho gh ICve s ddenly driven into a great fog barrier &here the familiar &orld has disappeared, ?Ibid,$ p, .31,@ +nyone &ho has ever e;perienced an %nglish fog can &ell appreciate Professor "ovellCs reaction, + basic problem in conceiving the origin of the niverse is to ascertain the change from a condition of indeterminacy to a state of determinacy$ follo&ing the commencement of space and time$ &hen the la&s of physics in a macrocosmos are applicable, #pon arriving at this point of depart re the scientist may feel a little more at home, Indeterminacy calls to mind the E ant m theory of physics &here the behavior of partic lar atoms is st died$ in contrast to the determinacy that is possible in sit ations pertaining to large n mbers of atoms,
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In the latter case$ it becomes possible to form late predictable behavior and hypothesiHe res lts, In the former instance$ it is not a simple matter to pinpoint the attit de or conseE ences of individ al particle behavior, The principle of ncertainty e;plains &hy the partic lar atom is indeterminate$ since the very endeavor to&ard ma'ing it the obIect of investigation dist rbs its attit de of behavior, !y applying the E ant m theory to the cosmological problem$ it becomes possible to at least engage in some sort of analysis as to the beginning of space and time, The primeval atom may relate in parallel fashion to the individ al atom of the E ant m theory, The primeval atom &as a niE e phenomenon nattached to any of the physical la&s of the niverse &ith &hich &e are familiar, Perhaps it operated in accordance &ith some n'no&n primeval la&$ b t that is not for s to say, "i'e the individ al particle in the ncertainty principle of modern physics$ the determination of its proced re is npredictable
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and analytically impossible beca se its behavior co ld have been totally chaotic at the o tset, =nce the primeval atom disintegrated and prod ced a state of m ltiplicity$ it &as possible for the niverse to ass me a determinate identity in a macroscopic sense, S ch a sit ation co ld be correlated to the state of determinacy that operates &hen large n mbers of atoms are involved, Professor "ovell identifies the beginning of space and time as arising &ith the condition of m ltiplicity$ and he adds$ b t the beginning itself is E ite inaccessible, In fact$ in the beginning the entire niverse of the primeval atom &as effectively a single E ant m nit in the same sense that only one of the f t re inn merable potential states e;isted, ?Ibid,$ p, .3/,@ !y identifying the primeval atom as an original cosmological E ant m$ it offers hope to f t re researchers$ that in the event progress may be made in comprehending the nat re of the
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individ al atom$ it may become possible to dra& a similar parallel to the condition of the primeval atom$ and thereby shed f rther light on that primordial$ dense conglomerate of matter, Professor "ovell proceeds to o tline a s ggested method of cosmic development from the primeval atom, =ne can only post late aeons as the time element involved in the transformation of the intense energy &ithin the primeval atom into gaseo s clo ds of hydrogen, 6igh press res and temperat res also e;plain the f rther development of the hydrogen clo ds into other elements at the time &hen the stars commenced to ta'e shape, Says Professor "ovell*
If pressed to describe this primeval atom in conventional terms one &o ld$ I thin'$ refer to a gigantic ne tron, !y radioactive decay this ne tron s ffered a tremendo s e;plosion, Protons$ electrons$ alpha particles$ and other f ndamental particles emerged from it at great velocity and contin ed to fill all space nearly niformly as this basic material e;panded for many tho sands of millions of years ntil the
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cl sters of gala;ies began to form, ?Ibid,$ pp, ..39 ..,@

Professor "ovell offers an interesting cosmic e;planation of the niverse in terms of astrophysical dynamics and scientifically dominated metaphysical spec lation, We m st of co rse realiHe that the essence of the primeval atom itself remains ne;plained, It is a point beyond &hich science can proceed no f rther, To satisfy this E andary another ro te m st be ta'en$ and Professor "ovell cites an nidentified leading theologian &ho abides by the evol tionary theory of the niverse$ b t patently p rs es the matter to a logically ltimate concl sion by asserting that the creation of the primeval atom &as a divine act o tside the limits of scientific 'no&ledge and indeed scientific investigation, ?Ibid,$ p, ..5, /3@ Simply paraphrased &hat this means is that in the beginning Aod created the primeval atom, The rest is cosmic history, The steady state theory appears as an alternative to the above and seems to satisfy those &ho
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reIect Aod$ since they ass me a strictly materialistic attit de to&ard the emergence of the primeval atom, >or them$ the creation of matter is a contin o s affair$ altho gh from a cosmic point of vie& the niverse contin es to maintain a steady state of relationships bet&een stellar phenomena, +s the gala;ies recede from each other at tremendo s speeds$ and event ally disappear from vie&$ they are replaced by other ne&ly formed gala;ies$ so that the niverse al&ays contin es to e;hibit the same constit tion of relationships bet&een stellar phenomena, +ct ally$ the individ al gala;ies &ill have come and gone$ b t the average spatial density thro gho t the niverse contin es ndiminished beca se ne& matter and ne& gala;ies are al&ays in the process of formation thro gho t the niverse$ leaving the niverse nchanged thro gh all space and time, The steady state theory leaves m ch to be desired from any frame of reference, >irst of all$ it removes any possibility of a beginning for this material niverse that &e daily behold, It is
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considered never to have had an origin either in time or in space, The niverse is described as eternal$ having e;isted from an infinite past$ to the present$ and it &ill contin e on into an infinite f t re, Considering that &e are dealing &ith a niverse of physical matter$ the steady state theory leads to an nsavory materialistic pantheism, +ll that is identifiable is an immense infinite niverse e;isting in a state of perpet al motion, It is diffic lt to conceive of a niverse that is at the same time concrete$ infinite$ and timeless$ despite the attempted e;planation that there is an endless e;pansion and a replacement by ne& galactic formations, Can there be an endless e;pansion of physical s bstance in an infinit de that is already filled &ith stellar phenomenaG = r finite minds meet &ith a great deal of tro ble in endeavoring to comprehend s ch a post late, To &hat empty point in space are the gala;ies receding$ if all of infinite space contains distinctly categorical matterG
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= r finite intellect m st f rther inE ire* If s ch a niverse is infinite to begin &ith$ and appears as it does no&$ namely$ &ell9stoc'ed &ith stellar phenomena$ &here and ho& can there be room for f rther e;pansionG There seems to be a snag here in satisfying the concept of infinity, Moreover$ once &e deal &ith matter in terms of 'no&n la&s of physics$ &e have eliminated the element of infinity, Matter and infinity are m t ally e;cl sive, =ne cannot post late a finite infinity$ nor can the h man mind accept an infinite finit de, It may be possible to consider space as infinite and devoid of matter$ altho gh this notion may no& contradict some of the startling principles developed in the theory of relativity$ specifically the concept that space c rves in on itself$ &hich negates a claim to infinit de, !esides$ even the notion of infinite space is not in consonance &ith the idea of an infinite steady state niverse, >inally$ there remains ne;plained the identity of the intellect al sponsor of observable physical la& and order thro gho t the cosmos, We$ therefore$
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m st dismiss the steady state theory as logically ine;pedient, I am inclined to consider that some of the sponsors of the steady state theory are motivated more by personal preI dice than by obIective scientific conviction, It is possible to s spect that their cosmological predilections are strongly infl enced by preconceived notions of a narro&$ self9serving atheism, Their concl sions may even derive from deep9seated psychological motivations$ so that they may be entirely na&are of the s bliminal stim li that prompt them to ma'e their choice, +fter all$ scientists tho gh they profess to be$ they are only h man$ and it is not an easy matter to proIect laboratory obIectivity into areas of personal partiality, S ffice it to commend the &hole denomination of scientific researchers &ho s stain an atmospherically p re post re of honest$ dedicated obIectivity in their m ltifario s p rs its and investigations, CiviliHation o&es them a debt of everlasting gratit de for their ns&erving allegiance to the noble principles of
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scientific methodology$ and no amo nt of respect and admiration co ld s fficiently compensate for their fervent Heal and diligence in their appointed tas's, 6o&ever$ there are moments &hen their very personal inclinations may prompt them to ass me positions that &o ld reflect opinions not necessarily based pon the rigid doctrine of scientific discipline, It is possible for even the best9intentioned scientist to s cc mb to deep9 seated psychological forces and to e;press vie&s that are not &holly the o tgro&th of obIective scientific eval ation, This$ I s bmit$ is &hat essentially helps to foster a pres mpt o s perspective in the minds of many scientists$ and f rther directs atheistic cosmologists to see' persistently godless theories in composing a script for the cosmic drama, In every theoretical bl eprint of the niverse$ there is reflected the inner convictions of its all9too9 h man designer, (ot s rprisingly$ it &ill adhere to materialistic s ppositions if it stems from one committed to a personal atheistic pers asionJ and correspondingly$ it &ill reflect idealistic
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vie&s if it evolves from a so l &ho is theistically inclined, Seldom does there appear an individ al &ho attempts to approach the cosmological problem &ith an open mind and an honestly obIective perspective, To s ch a researcher belongs deserving trib te, What prompts the choice of a materialistic direction on the part of some cosmologistsG +gain$ if I am permitted to s ggest a psychological motivation$ I &o ld s bmit that man is m ch more comfortable in a totally physical niverse, + &orld of matter promises a greater so rce of sec rity than an inconceivably void cosmic e;panse, The attit de calls to mind an age9old inclination of man'ind to ind lge in idolatry, The rec rring h man s sceptibility to idolatro s &orship is psychologically indicative of manCs attraction to&ard the concrete I and so the history of man is filled &ith page after page of sordid image9&orship, ManCs leaning to&ard the adoration of physically contrived deities has its roots in the inner s bconscio s bias$ &hich identifies sec rity &ith a corporeal environment,
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The s bconscio s fear and reIection of a non9 dimensional habitat impels some theoreticians to consider as a basis for a cosmic design the more reass ring and familiar milie of a physically pop lated infinit de, In the old days$ s ch s bconscio s longings &ere ass aged by a conc piscence for concrete deities and sens o s idolatries, "amentably$ behind the facade of the post lated steady state theory$ one s spects an inclination to&ard the old idolatro s dispositions, The physically e;orbitant e;panse of the steady staters falls in line &ith the modern9day imp lse to adore material splendor and to ind lge in sens o s hedonism above all else, Does not modern9day materialism replace the image &orship of former civiliHationsG (o one can deny being nder the spell of a self9 imposed s bI gation to a deity of one form or another, +n obIect of deification is fo nd in every personCs life, %ven the so9called atheist admits to an ltimate in his life, +ll that is necessary is to properly identify that &hich is e;tolled as lifeCs ltimate$ and behold$ the s preme obIect of
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s ch glorification materialiHes as the target of deification, >or many people$ s ch an ltimate is simply Aod, In the steady state niverse$ &here only space and matter are predicated$ and &here physical la& and order prevail$ there is nothing left to identify along the &hole infinite e;panse other than space and physical matter, It therefore m st be ass med that matter$ someho&$ intellect ally post lated its o&n la&s of operation, Matter$ conseE ently$ emerges as the ltimateJ and since the ltimate is in essence an obIect of ad lation$ the deity of the steady staters is the infinite niverse itself, The notion of the niverse as Aod$ and Aod as the niverse$ is a very disagreeable comple;ion of pantheism, =ne of the diffic lties &ith s ch a notion is that by definition Aod is conceived to be infinite, Tr e$ according to the steady state theory$ the niverse is infiniteJ b t$ it is also infinitely occ pied &ith matter, (o&$ the concept of a s pposedly infinite niverse$ composed of infinite stellar matter$ is in reality a physically
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dimensional niverse$ and since an infinite finit de is a contradiction of terms$ s ch a niverse defies logical premise, = r intellect finds it impossible to comprehend an infinit de composed of finite galactic particles, Matter is s bIect to meas rement$ and therefore is confined, Matter in space permits the possibility of spatial dimensions, +n infinite steady state niverse$ therefore$ can be s bIect to meas rement9b t the tho ght of a meas rable infinity is antithetical to the semantic designation of the term, It appears that the niverse of the steady staters promotes more problems for the cosmic enigma than sol tions, Professor "ovell indicates$ The conflict bet&een the steady state and evol tionary theories is of the very greatest significance to cosmology and to h man tho ght, ?Ibid p, ..0, /4@ %ven if an attempt is made to identify Aod &ith the steady state proposal by ass ming the creation process to be a divine act that is proceeding contin o sly$ the theory is still tro blesome, #nder s ch an ass mption$ it m st be 'ept in mind that the
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creation of matter is a contin o s affair$ and Professor "ovell advises that$ given advanced astronomical instr ments$ it may become possible to probe the very areas in space &here s ch creation is pres mably going on$ and this may tend to disr pt the f rther implementation of divine involvement, The maIor iss e in cosmology today$ nevertheless$ remains the E estion as to &hether the niverse is in a process of infinite rene&al$ or &hether it &as f ndamentally created in its entirety aeons ago, The determination of this iss e strongly affects philosophical and theological attit des, Professor "ovell points o t that from a strictly scientific frame of reference there is ins fficient observational data to determine effectively &hich cosmological theory is the correct one, Moreso$ the creation of primeval material &ill never be grasped by scientific discipline, In dealing &ith the concept of creation$ it is necessary to resort to metaphysical spec lationJ and &hether philosophy$ theology$ and science
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can be &elded into a harmonio s balance is a matter of E ite personal conviction, What is certainRis that the committed scientist m st remain &ithin the bo nds of ho& inE iry, The potential revelations accorded to the area of &hy m st emerge thro gh other disciplines$ s ch as philosophy and theology, When the astronomer as's &hence$ he poses an inE iry that m st be directed far bac' into the remote e;panse of time and space to the original &arrants of the S preme Creator, When the theologian spec lates on &herefore he directs his sight to&ard an accessible Divine Personality in the here and no&, ! t this topic is treated to a more precise analysis in the sections ahead,

/ ELEMENTS OF A !HILOSO!H$ OF SCIENCE

!efore &e embar' pon an e;istentialist cr ise thro gh some of the broad streams of intellect al enterprise$ it seems appropriate to e;amine a fe& elements of contemporary scientific philosophy,

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+ philosophy of science may relate to f nctional aspects of the discipline and endeavor to analyHe the significance of theory$ method$ or fact, +mong the items that co ld come nder disc ssion are s ch references as the nat re of la& and theoryJ the validity of the scientific methodJ patterns of scientific conceptsJ the manner of defining scientific ideasJ and the semantic of logic, The philosophical enterprise in these areas of disc ssion may more li'ely appeal to the professional scientist, + nonscientist &o ld probably find little interest in disc ssions limited to s ch highly technical detailed$ analytical s bIects, There is a second area of philosophical spec lation relating to science, This &o ld involve an analysis of concl sions as they may relate to the destiny of man and his society, S ch an investigation co ld possibly attract the attention of a broader a dience o tside the perimeter of scientific research, !y employing the res lts of scientific investigation$ a philosophical edifice co ld be attempted$ and its
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res ltant str ct re &o ld endeavor to clarify the nat re of man and his niverse, In this area of scientific philosophy$ science &o ld be sed to help e;plain some of the problems normally associated &ith philosophy proper, To engage in this latter application of science$ one &o ld not necessarily have to be a professional scientist, In fact$ it may be advantageo s to assign this component of philosophical e;trapolation to the nonscientist for t&o reasons, >irst$ the nonscientist by virt e of his noninvolvement in scientific p rs its on a professional level is very m ch free from the bias of a limited$ partic lar branch of the discipline to &hich the scientist is s ally attached, The nonscientist$ therefore$ co ld be more obIective in an approach to the problems involved, Secondly$ certain philosophical problems call for cohesive applications of several different branches of the scientific discipline, They are s bseE ently not limited to a single branch of the s bIect$ and in s ch a case the nonscientist co ld be I st as s ited to handle information in vario s s bIect
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areas of science as the professional scientist$ &ho altho gh nE estionably proficient in his o&n division$ may nevertheless be little acE ainted &ith other sectors of the scientific realm, This &as bo nd to occ r &hen the &idespread fragmentation of science necessitated narro&$ individ al specialiHation in a partic lar concentrated field of st dy, =f co rse$ in certain branches of science$ one area overlaps into another$ and this is partic larly notable in phases of astronomy that embrace physics$ or in geology$ &hich depends pon chemistry and physics to e;plain some of its facts, It has even been s ggested that several branches of science sho ld relate to the domain of history$ since they are based pon a historical development inherent in the gro&th of a species or the evol tion of inorganic and organic matter, Since s ch information calls for historical recording$ certain scientists &o ld have to be capable historians as &ell, Whether it be an intermingling of the vario s branches of science or a relationship to history$
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the maIor challenge in p rs ing a philosophy of science arises &hen one considers the problems of cosmology, +mong all the branches of science$ it is probably astronomy that has the most significant relationship to cosmology, Therefore$ &e invariably t rn to the learned astronomer &hen &e see' an e;planation pertaining to a rationale of the niverse$ since &e e;pect him to hold a 'ey of sorts to the riddle of the cosmos and its beginning in time and space, Time and space are themselves problems of challenging enormity, +re they distinct entities or do they e;ist only in relation to other aspects of matterG In the Timaeus$ Plato identifies space as a receptacle, If there &ere no space$ matter co ld not e;ist$ I st as in parallel fashion it co ld be said that if there &ere no oceans$ there co ld be no &ater creat res, The oceans perform a some&hat similar f nction for fish as does space for matter, Space$ ho&ever$ is more penetrating, Whereas &ater does not completely sat rate the creat res of the sea$ space does totally pervade matter,
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+ltho gh it is not o r intention to enter into an e;tensive disc ssion of the space9time enigma$ a brief reference may help indicate some elements of the profo nd s bIect area that a philosophy of science m st consider, The E estion of time is an intrig ing challenge to the h man intellect, Sense perceptions occ r in an order that &e identify as time, We recogniHe a general flo& of time in the niverse$ from an nalterable past$ thro gh a decisive present$ into an nform lated f t re, The flo& appears to be nendingJ it cannot be stoppedJ nor can it be reversed, Today$ o r meas rement of time is identified by a metric system related to a niform flo&$ &hich is matched to precise instr ments, ! t ho& do &e adI st o r instr mentsG 6ere$ once again$ the astronomer emerges as a val able a thority, 6e e;plains that sidereal time$ &hich meas res the rotation of the earth in accordance &ith a reference to a fi;ed$ distant star$ is more reliable than solar time$ &hich simply follo&s the earthCs revol tion aro nd the s n, More niform than sidereal time are meas rements accr ing
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thro gh mathematical eE ations based pon the la&s of mechanics, The astronomer g arantees their precision beca se they are derived from o r observations of nat re, +t this point &e seem to have hopped onto a caro sel9li'e train of conIect re, The la&s of mechanics lead s to an identification of niform timeJ b t &e m st first validate a process of niform time in order to discern the la&s of mechanics, It appears that &e are ca ght p in the vorte; of a vicio s circle of reasoning, #ltimately$ &e m st rely pon the niformity fo nd in nat re$ either at the microcosmic or macrocosmic level$ in order to identify and establish a niformity of time, Philosophically spea'ing$ s ch an admission by science is tantamo nt to a confession that there is inherent in nat re elements of operation that not only appeal to a rational fac lty s ch as o r h man intellect beca se of their precision and consistency$ b t moreso$ beca se these elements of operation advertise the a&esome creative intellect of an nseen sponsor, The scientist
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I stifiably ta'es pride in his ability to prod ce instr ments for the precise recording of time metrics$ and his greatest achievement in this tas' is to ma'e his system of time meas rement match the stellar metric of space, Sho ld not the scientist appreciate the fact that his dependency for establishing a definition of niformity arises from the precise behavior patterns of astronomical bodies$ and that these la&s and definitions &ere operative prior to his appearance and contin e to f nction &ith amaHing acc racy thro gho t the niverseG "a& is imbedded in nat re$ and given the appearance of a sagacio s species$ s ch la& can be perceived by a rational intellect, Can s ch a rational intellect be ind ced to f rther perceive that a precise contin m of niformity in matter$ &hich ma'es possible confident predictability and provides a reliable yardstic' for meas rement$ cannot be a prod ct of its o&n ma'ingG Certainly$ by all rational concl sions$ it becomes necessary to search for a S preme Intellect in the great beyond,
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Many other complications present themselves in an analysis of time, >or e;ample$ the order of time itself becomes an engaging p HHle, Is it possible to identify the order of things and the order of events in their relational occ rrence by endeavoring to adopt an obIective standpointG >rom a rational perspective it m st be ass med that in the flo& of a temporal seE ence the ca se necessarily precedes the effect, To validly identify the ca se$ it is essential to refer to some independent criterion$ and once again &e can only fall bac' pon the processes of nat re, (at re e;hibits a method of mi;t re$ change$ and e;pansion$ &hich demonstrates a proced re from disorder to order, We may also note a change from order to disorder$ again displayed in a relation of ca sality bet&een physical events, The physicist recogniHes a serial relationship in the order of things and thereby concl des the reality of an irreversible process, The ca sal order in the niverse e;plored by the h man mind is accepted as a necessary time order$ and it &o ld be f tile to attempt a
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cosmological investigation nless it is recogniHed as a basic post late, Cosmology$ therefore$ at least from a h man standpoint$ calls for the acceptance of a time order as an ndisp ted premise, (o& a diffic lty arises &hen all attempt is made to identify the S preme Intellect$ &ho m st be pres med to be the sponsor of nat ral la& and order$ and to involve s ch a S preme Intellect in a space9time contin m, Certainly$ as the sponsor of a space9time contin m$ the S preme Intellect cannot be said to be s bIect to its la&s or limitations, Aod cannot be bo nded by matter, 6o&$ then$ can man e;pect to relate to Aod$ since it is impossible to identify a S preme !eing in any form of relation to the physically constit ted niverse of dimensionsG Aod$ therefore$ not only remains bo ndless and timeless$ b t very m ch o t of reach, 6o&$ indeed$ can a finite intellect hope to a thenticate a mode of comm nion or comm nication &ith a s premely transcendent CreatorG "et s reserve these problems for later consideration,
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=ne f rther comment sho ld be cited in connection &ith time, >rom a simple categorical point of vie&$ time is merely a dimension of matter, If it is conceded that matter e;ists in a three9dimensional physical system$ then time appears as a fo rth dimension for the f rther precise identification of an obIect, What this means$ in effect$ is that in a hypothetical contin m totally devoid of matter$ there can never be an element of time, In other &ords$ &here there is no length$ &idth$ or breadth$ there is no time, + timeless event ality can be conceived ?if it be permitted to so phrase it@ prior to the emergence of a physical niverse s ch as &e no& inhabit, !efore the first particle came into e;istence$ time &as a nonentity9it had no meaning, Time did not commence ntil the sim ltaneo s instant &hen the first charge of energy made its deb t in the niverse, =f co rse$ this leads to a plethora of obIections and E estions, Shall it be said that a vac m is a timeless$ spatial entityG ! t the observation and tilitarian application of a vac m is an everyday
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occ rrence in the laboratory$ and a m ltit de of e;perimentation involving vac ms proceeds apace in &hat is definitely a time9based spectr m, This E estion is a veritable challenge beca se there is nothing &e can more aptly conceive as being barren of physical matter than a vac m, The ans&er is that there is a difference bet&een a relational vac m and a non9 relational vac mJ bet&een a vac m e;isting &ithin bo nded areas of space$ and a vac m beyond the sphere of space$ and this statement$ of co rse$ is dependent pon o r manner of defining the concept of space, + non9relational vac m$ free of spatial entities$ is timeless, =f s ch a vac m it may be said that it lac's any identification of a past$ present$ or f t re, It is said that Aod is timeless, Does this mean that Aod is a vac mG 6ardly soQ Aod resides ?if &e may se the term@ o tside of all dimensions, In tr th$ there is very little &e can say abo t Aod$ and perhaps all &e can do at the mention of 6is identity is to open o r mo ths in a&estric'en astonishment and phonate a moan of absol te
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be&ilderment, +t best$ &e can offer only the vocaliHed symbol for 6is being$ after &hich &e have e;ha sted o r capacity for divine designation, We can tter AodNand that is all, +nd so$ if from a point of vie& of scientific philosophical analysis$ Aod is totally incomprehensible and$ therefore$ incomm nicable$ ho& can Aod serve any sef l p rpose to manG Moreover$ &e are faced &ith the problem of ho& man may anticipate the possibility or pla sibility of t rning to Aod &ith the e;pectation of acE iring a divine revelation for mortal g idance and instr ction, In the hope that there is s fficient motivation to p rs e these and related problems to a meaningf l concl sion$ let s no& t rn to an e;amination of some of the inE iries that since time immemorial have r ffled the tranE ility of manCs placid demeanor$ and thereby set aflame his nE enchable c riosity to probe the ltimate domain of h man investigationNthe habitation of the S preme !eing, >or this tas'$ &e proceed
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to a f rther Wherefore,

analysis

of

Whence

and

0 "HAT IS ,"HENCE-&
Is a sol tion to &hence the absol te goal for manG In embar'ing pon the ltimate E est$ is &hence the appropriate E estionG The disting ished scholar of astronomical science p rs es a noble tas' in striving to achieve a clarification of h man p rpose and destiny, Sir !ernard "ovellCs sincere concern for the &elfare of man'ind reflects the vie& of all honorable men of science$ &ho &ish to g arantee h manity a safe and sane place nder the s n, 6o&ever$ the arena of investigation permitted by the post lation of &hence is too limited and too confining, It is a fascinating inE iry$ b t it stops short of more meaningf l targets$ and it fails to probe to the significant heart of the matter, What does &hence s ggestG +ccording to the =;ford dictionary$ it derives from Middle %nglish sage$ and it signifies* >rom &hat placeG >rom &hat so rce$ origin$ or ca seG >rom$ or o t of
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&hichG Sha'espeare sed it in a compo nd relative sense implying from &here, + cosmological search for &hence m st direct man to the u"timate so rce of all things, The definitive probe for &hence demands going beyond a dense concentration of primeval material that emerged at the da&n of time, It is$ therefore$ E ite disconcerting to be treated to the spectac lar vision of a scientific cosmology$ only to s ffer the indignity of having the c rtains close on the dynamic performance prior to the f ll disclos re of the intrig ing prod ction, It may s it the man of science to consider a dense concentration of primeval material as the u"timate so rce of all things* the alert$ homesp n layman$ ho&ever$ remains dissatisfied$ beca se in his simple naivetT$ his commonplace c riosity piE es him concerning the essential ca se of that self9same primeval matter, Derily$ he inE ires$ tell s$ = great cognoscenti of scientific er dition$ &hat prompted the formation of the Odense concentration of primeval matterC in the first placeG > rthermore$ if primeval matter is
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the u"timate$ it leaves m ch to be e;plained$ beca se it hardly appears to E alify for the role of an unmo)ed mo)erQ There is no response, The voice of science is strangely h shed, =ne senses the neasy discomfort of an embarrassed silence on the part of the &hole scientific comm nity, It does appear$ someho&$ that the &rong E estion &as post lated, The c rio s scientist sho ld not invo'e the E ery &hence, 6e sho ld$ more correctly$ limit his inE isitive interest to ho&$ since science does not step o tside the bo nds of ho& spec lation, >or the most part$ science feels d ty9bo nd to ass me an official g ise of atheism, Individ al scientists$ &ho identify Aod$ refer to 6im f rtively and almost apologetically, Some researchers act ally seem to be too embarrassed to mention the Divine (ame above a &hisper, Many members of the scientific establishment ma'e references to the S preme !eing in a condescending tone, Aod may be hinted at
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thro gh heavily veiled esoteric references$ b t hardly ever is 6e openly accredited, =ne &onders &hy science$ &hen it reaches the inevitable blan' &all at the end of a cosmological safari$ does not have the co rtesy$ if not the co rage$ to admit that beyond this bo ndary only Aod 'no&s, With all d e respect to the magnificent record of scientific achievement$ the single notable &ea'ness of science is its display of loftiness in face of the great n'no&n, Science$ all too often$ appears oblivio s of the fact that its sphere of inE iry is limited to the ho& domain of a Technological Platea , When science$ therefore$ s ggests that it is tr ly content to ass me the dense concentration of primeval matter as the ltimate so rce of all things$ and that there is nothing beyond it in terms of a form lator$ then science obt sely bo;es itself into a severely confining intellect al corner, !y regarding s ch a concretiHed primal ca se as the u"timate$ science$ in effect$ ma'es a declaration to a strange god,
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%very person$ event ally$ establishes his o&n s preme entity$ and this incl des the recalcitrant atheist$ as &ell, The ltimate in oneCs mind is tantamo nt to an obIect or concept of deification, >or lac' of identification of anything or anyone behind the dense concentration of primeval matter$ science remains &ith an u"timate that evolves by defa lt as its pec liar deity, The ine;plicable dense concentration of primeval matter emerges as the god of the disting ished discipline$ and thereby brands science &ith an abs rd pantheism, The disting ished a thor of Whence effectively delineates the maIor areas of the cosmological problem$ and he appears to s ggest the need to search beyond the available s bIect matter that comes nder the scr tiny of scientific analysis, Wo ld it be impr dent to s ppose that a leading scientist may also indicate to his peers$ &ho mainly abide by a strong scientific s'epticism$ that the scope of inE iry beyond matter relates to the realm of AodG
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+t any rate$ it is heartening to note the large n mbers of h manely disposed scientists &ho are an;io s lest society s cc mb to an amoral dominion, If civiliHation is rent as nder by an amoral tidal &ave$ one co ld s spect that$ in part$ it did develop beca se the pop lace erroneo sly determined to pattern its daily life9 style after the official amoral post re science necessarily adopts &hen it is involved in laboratory e;perimentation, <esponsible scientists &ho are sincerely apprehensive of h man destiny very li'ely share Professor "ovellCs concern for the f t re of man as the peril of moral ban'r ptcy spreads, The ethical val es of traditional religion are in a state of &holesale decline$ and the p rported s bstit tes$ s ch as science and other vagaries of man$ have failed to prod ce a satisfactory meas re of e;istential sec rity or p rpose, 6 manity lang ishes nder a clo d of e;istentialist abs rdityJ and ironically$ this occ rs at the crest of civiliHationCs technological tri mphs,
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The pop lar pragmatism of the recent past$ &hich has prod ced o r remar'able technological civiliHation on the one hand$ parenthetically has come to grief in affording the h man psyche a meaningf l sanct ary, While technological man l ; riates in pompo s elegance$ his alter ego in the e;istentialist climate end res the misery of profo nd ang ish, Science fails to e;plain the meaning of life, It does not provide an ans&er to &henceJ nor can it ass me to inE ire &herefore, Indeed$ as the learned astronomer avers* from the aHim th of science$ it is not possible to apprehend the ethos of the evening star, Does this then imply that the attainment of a p rposef l$ niversal ethos forever remains beyond the scope of manG Does this mean that man m st eternally be bereft of an nimpeachable moral directiveG The sagacio s closing statement e;pressed by the a thor of Whence s ggests other&ise, 6 man e;istence$ he concl des$ is itself ent&ined &ith the primeval state of the niverse and the p rs it
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of nderstanding is a transcendent val e in manCs life and p rpose, The acE isition of an ncontested moral la& is not an impossible dream, +n ethical paradigm radiates from &ithin the bosom of nat re, It need only be consigned as the inc mbent responsibility of man, "et man pledge himself to nat reCs ethos$ beca se he is ine;tricably ent&inedU &ith the niverse, Man cannot very &ell s rvive &itho t professing a sincere commitment to s ch an ethos$ since it represents a transcendent val e that imparts meaning and p rpose to h man life,

1 THE ,HO"- OF SCIENCE

To attain a modic m of 'no&ledge in the domain of the moral9ethical imperative$ man m st escape the gravitational constraints of the scientific domain, Science$ presently$ is restricted to a search for the ho&, Scientists$ &ho &o ld soar into the transcendent yonder of more spec lative InE iry$ m st vent re into the e;otic area of the &herefore and beyond,
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Momentarily$ it appears that the esteemed scholar &ho as's &hence is abo t to form late the E estion &herefore, 6o&ever$ the tradition of the scientific establishment is too strong$ and only a feeble all sion is discernible, It is follo&ed immediately by an inevitable retreat to the limitations of the ho&, Precisely$ &hat is the ho&G Thro gh the ho& science nderta'es an investigation of the mechanistic or operational aspects of the niverse as discharged by the la&s of nat re, The ho& mar's the playgro nd of science, It is a theater of operations that defines and limits the e;tent of inE iry, #nder its discipline$ the scientist hopes to el cidate the f nctional processes in nat re, When the chemist discovers the molec lar form la$ he reaches the clima; of his intellect al investigation, The scientist restricts his field of research to the technical f nctions of nat re, 6e may be compared to an engineer &ho comprehends the mechanical aspects of a piece of machinery, >or e;ample$ an a tomobile mechanic may 'no&
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ho& the engine operates$ and ho& the vehicle performsJ b t$ he cannot e;plain &hy any of the components sho ld f nction as they doNthat is$ philosophically &hy, !y the same to'en$ the mechanic is hardly interested in the specific pragmatic application of the vehicle from a moral point of vie&, +fter the mechanic completes his repair$ he ceases to be concerned &ith the carCs tilitarian disposition, It may be driven by a physician to speed a healing hand to his patientsJ or it may be sed by a sco ndrel to commit a crime, The scientist$ similarly$ performs his tas' &ithin the scope of the ho&$ and abstains from any commitment involving the res lts of his inE iry, =nce he has discovered the ho& of n clear po&er$ it no longer becomes his concern$ as a scientist$ as to &hat may be the manner of its application, The atomic force may become the beneficial mainstay of a comm nity po&er plant$ or it may become the destr ctive &arhead of a n clear missile,
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Incarcerated as he is in a ho& inE iry$ perhaps it &o ld be nfair to e;pect the scientist to e;press any valid I dgment on cosmic cosmology prior to the appearance of matter, The scientist cannot have any e;planation for &hat is beyond the beyond$ since it is o tside the range and sphere of his investigations, It appears$ in fact$ that science$ as a discipline$ m st avoid any advent re beyond the realm of the ho&, This may e;plain &hy the eminent a thor of Whence hesitates to cross the threshold into the domain of &herefore$ despite the fact that s ch a step &o ld be the logical conseE ence of a &hence inE iry, It may be E ite proper to infer the impossibility of applying the ho& techniE e of science to ferret o t the essence of the &herefore from the follo&ing*
The great diffic lty is that these evol tionary models for the niverse inevitably predict a sing lar condition of infinite density of infinitesimal dimensions before the beginning of e;pansion, In this$ the theory confo nds itself and
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erodes o r confidence in the applicability of the la&s of physics to describe the initial condition of the niverse, ?Sir !ernard "ovell$ S pra$ p, 7:,@

D ring the past fe& cent ries$ man has made tremendo s strides in comprehending ne& la&s in physics and in improving his map of the niverse, The entire cosmos is being e;amined as never before, )et$ there remain secreted &ithin the la&s of physics enigmas that may not come to light for cent ries, Man is still a long distance a&ay from a comprehensive 'no&ledge of the ltimate potential in matter, Science enco nters impossible problems as it closes in on an evol tionary ltimate, When scientific hypothesis reaches the inevitable blan' &all at the end of a cosmological Io rney$ its analytic methods become inadeE ate, Science can conceive a ne tron star &ith matter of s ch e;treme density that a mere spec' &o ld &eigh a million tons, Some astronomers consider that ne tron stars may e;plain the nat re of the mysterio s p lsars$ &hich emit radio signals of e;traordinary E ality, 6o&ever$ the tr e nat re
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of these strange stellar spectacles remains in the domain of the n'no&n, Consider$ no&$ the tter perple;ity confronting the astronomer &hen he post lates an infinite density of infinitesimal dimension$ an imperceptible concept many times more comple; than the manifest ne tron stars, 6o& can he approach s ch a staggering intellect al prospectG Pathetically$ the astronomer comes to an intellect al impasse$ and he m st thro& p his hands in hopeless despair$ beca se the ho& process of science disintegrates as it nears the infinite, (ot only is the ho& an ineffective implement as it approaches the threshold of infinity$ b t it becomes totally seless past that point, The method of the ho& cannot operate beyond the niverse of matter, The ho& collapses &hen it is e;posed to the stress of &hat may t rn into an abstract investigation$ and s ch a destination appears imminent &hen the directional arro& of &hence is posted, The ho& manner of research erodes as it approaches the u"timate,
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In order to proceed$ the intellect al investigator m st transfer to a ne& line of inE iry$ and the ne;t tool on the inE isitive hierarchy is &herefore, The &herefore permeates the intellect al area o tside the domain of science, +s the man of science leaves the ho& to p rs e the &herefore$ he m st also shed his laboratory froc' and identification card$ so that he is no longer the scientist in search of concealed physical 'no&ledge$ b t another personage,

2 INTRODUCING ,"HEREFOREWhat is meant by &herefore$ and &ho$ if not the scientist$ may ind lge in its e;plorationG >or its literal definition$ &e t rn to the =;ford dictionary$ &here the term is listed as indicating* >or &hatG >or &hat p rpose or endG >or &hat ca seG =n &hat acco ntG WhyG Simply stated$ &herefore as's &hy, There are some &ho proclaim that man does not have the right to ind lge in a &hy inE iry$ beca se it relates to secrets beyond the h man 'en that had best be left ndist rbed, It &o ld
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seem$ ho&ever$ that since man has the ability to form late abstract$ metaphysical E estions$ it becomes his obligation to p rs e their sol tion to the ma;im m capacity of his intellect al ability, If this premise is acceptable$ then &e may t rn to the ne;t item on the agenda$ namely$ &hat manner of individ al may become involved in a &hy e;plorationG =f co rse$ there are those &ho may as'* What does it matter if one e;amines the E estion or notG Well$ if one pres mes to be a cosmologist$ as in the case of advanced scientific thin'ers$ then the ro te of cosmological investigation m st be probed to its logical clima;, The proper researcher m st not cease in the midst of his investigation, (either the eminent astronomer nor any other ast te scientist &o ld dare to stop mid&ay in the co rse of an important e;periment$ and record the res lts discernible at that point as being the final concl sions in the matter, So is it &ith cosmology, =ne cannot limit a cosmological analysis to the ho& platea alone, + consideration of all E estions beyond
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the level of the ho& is an essential responsibility of the cosmologist, S ch a program of interrogation m st be follo&ed even if it calls for an event al divestment of the tilitarian garments entailed in ho& proced re according to strict scientific method,

3 THE EIGHT LE#ELS OF HUMAN E ISTENCE

There are eight basic personality denominations that an individ al may ass me in life, This division dates bac' to antiE ity, It developed early in h man history$ at abo t the time &hen man too' his first step across the threshold that mar'ed the birth of civiliHation$ some&hat less than si; tho sand years ago, Man may identify &ith anyone or more of these categories$ and his c lt re may li'e&ise reflect an association of similar characteristics, +t times$ both man and his society may fall nder the s&ay of one trait above all of the others$ so that it completely dominates the comm nal life9style,

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The eight categories are gro ped nder t&o basic divisions$ prosaically designated as the $io"ogica" !"ain and the (nte""ectua" !"ateau, %ach domain e;hibits fo r s bdivisions, Within the !iological Plain$ there roam the li'es of !r te !iological Man, Domesticated !iological Man$ CiviliHed !iological Man$ and MaIestic !iological Man, The latter is segregated from the others$ and sec res his domicile on the l mino s side of the Intellect al Platea , MaIestic !iological Man finally arrives at his idyllic homestead only after he has painsta'ingly concl ded an ard o s tre' across the Intellect al Platea , In its hierarchal design$ the Intellect al Platea mar's the ascendency of man thro gh the gradations of Technological Man$ Philosophical Man$ Theological Man$ and Prophetic Man, +t each level$ man develops the niE e characteristics identified &ith that partic lar personality, +s man hovers over the entire panorama of the !iological Plain and the Intellect al Platea $ he is ordained &ith an n s al degree of freedom to
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select the e;istentialist area &ith &hich he desires to be associated, >reedom$ then$ all des to manCs inclination and ability to choose an identity from among the eight varieties of potential h man e;istence, + mobile personality may develop as the individ al fl ct ates from one domain to another domain and from one level to another level$ in the co rse of a lifetime$ or in the co rse of a single day, These peregrinations$ &hich vary In accordance &ith personal predilections$ form late the e;istential ego noesis, =n each level$ man endeavors to comprehend the nat re and manner of the &orld aro nd him, Aenerally spea'ing$ !iological Man is cloa'ed in the folds of nat re$ and his vision is limited to the l ; riant panorama of his immediate environment, 6is attention is riveted pon the mysteries of nat re at his doorstep, 6e see's simply to 'no& the habits and mannerisms of the fascinating array of specimens &ith &hich he comes in contact, 6is mind is att ned to the
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&hatness of nat re$ and his E estion entails the &hat of the s bIect, What is thisG he as's, ! t no&$ let s t rn to a more precise en cleation of man as he emerges from the 'aleidoscope of m table identities, The gradations bring into foc s an interesting display of personalities, In the nadir of the !iological Dalley$ $rute $io"ogica" Man &allo&s among the self9centered$ nfeeling$ illiterate slime pits, 6is primitive ignorance e; des an elementary$ s perstitio s$ amoral e;istence, + tribe of s ch creat res may s rvive by virt e of instinctive m t al tolerance, (ontribal interlopers may fall prey to the br teCs noc o s malevolence$ and they may be dispatched &itho t so m ch as ca se or provocation, >arther along the coarse !iological Plain$ one finds Domesticated $io"ogica" Man$ &ho pretends to be the manifestation of an rbane civiliHation, Despite his ostentatio s display of c ltivation$ this specimen still adheres to the
195

amoral convictions of his nether brother$ !r te !iological Man, The post re of comity and obeisance to legal standards e;hibited by this domesticated version of h manity is merely a cost me, !y e;hibiting this facade$ he treads a narro& path on the decoro s side of a rigoro sly patrolled society$ &here infraction of the la& is severely p nished, Aiven the opport nity$ ho&ever$ he &o ld have no E alms abo t violating a restrictive civil code, In fact$ he co ld relish an ind lgence in a torrent of perverse behavior that may s rpass the inh manity of the br te, =n a slightly verdant !iological Plain near the approach to the Intellect al Platea resides +i)i"ized $io"ogica" Man, 6e e;hibits the social grace$ the s perficial amenities$ and the amiable s avity of an artificial c lt re, +ltho gh he s bscribes to the collective patterns of a respectable society$ he remains an irritant to its stability, It is not so m ch &hat he e;hibits by &ay of formal cond ct that may r ffle the placid scene$ as &hat he fails to e;press, 6e may display
196

honesty$ b t he lac's 'indnessJ he may e;po nd fairness$ b t he ignores fraternal tolerance and sympathy, Since he is dominated by the egocentricity of a self9serving biological nat re$ he constit tes a potential haHard to the s ccessf l perpet ity of a civiliHed society, The fo rth dimension of the !iological Plain lies beyond the Intellect al Platea , " sh green meado&s and sylvan gardens of arboreal splendor abo nd in this domain, + veritable botanical paradise is the abode of Ma,estic $io"ogica" Man, Why sho ld he not repair to s ch a delightf l domicileG +fter all$ he has diligently climbed all of the precario s levels of the Intellect al Platea to gain the enlightened legacy radiating from the s mmit, 6e embraced tenets of profo nd sagacity before he earned the title of MaIestic !iological Man, 6e is honest$ 'ind$ and innately moral, 6e is dedicated to the highest ideals of civiliHation$ and he is concerned &ith its &elfare, 6e is considerate of othersJ regards them &ith a tr e sense of empathyJ and he is mindf l of all his obligations, +bove all$ he
197

is Aod9fearing, If anyone deserves to e;perience the essential E ality of happiness in life$ MaIestic !iological Man ran's in the forefront of prospective candidates, T rning to the Intellect al Platea $ it rises handsomely before s as the more intrig ing division of h man e;istence, It consists of a series of s b9platea s$ each ascending as an acclivity from a lo&er slope, 6ere is the region &here man endeavors to solve the problems of lifeJ &here he see's to nravel the origin of thingsJ &here he searches for a more sophisticated e;planation of cosmological riddles, =n the !iological Plain$ man observesJ on the Intellect al Platea $ man considers, =n each grade of the Intellect al Platea $ man p ts for&ard challenging E estions$ and in accordance &ith his mental perspicacity$ he establishes definitive concl sions, The panorama of man r ns its f ll co rse thro gh this commonplace cycle* man observesJ man considersJ man concl des,
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The E eries that man form lates d ring his p&ard tre' on the Intellect al Platea are motivated by a desire to achieve a rational e;planation of the seemingly endless enigmas emerging from nat re, #pon being confronted &ith an array of nsolved perple;ities$ c rio s man feels compelled to see' clarification in the realm of the abstract, 6e is obliged to as' fo r basic E estions* 6o&GNWhenceGNWhereforeGN WhoG Techno"ogica" Man p rs es his inE iry on the application level, 6e perceives a reg larity$ or a design in a specific operation of nat re$ and he commences to recogniHe a pattern that ma'es possible its f t re predictability, The reliability of matterCs behavior enables man to develop a discipline of science, Technological Man is committed to a search for 'no&ledge in the area of cosmography$ so that he may prod ce a description of the str ct re of the &orld, ( mero s disciplines rise to the tas'$ and the research investigator becomes a maIor fig re on the Technological Platea ,
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Contrasted to the &hat$ or simple operation of nat re$ &hich is the chief interest of !iological ManNe;emplified by the h nter$ the &oodsman$ the farmerNon the higher level$ Technological Man endeavors to comprehend ho& nat re performs, 6e &ants to 'no& ho& matter is constit ted and ho& it is form lated, The ho& of &ater is satisfied &hen it is determined that it is composed of a specific combination of hydrogen and o;ygen, !oth !iological Man and Technological Man share in common a proclivity for amoral proIection, The ego on the lo&er !iological Plain reIects a responsible relationship &ith any other ego, !iological Man is totally self9centered, 6e is E ite remote from Aod$ so that even a concept al apprehension of the S preme !eing is alien to him, 6is base$ menial o tloo' leads him to identify &ith fiendish$ idolatro s c lts, Technological ManCs amoral position stems from an nfeeling attit de to&ard otherhood, This post re is commonly e;hibited in the laboratory of e;perimentation, The dedicated scientist may
200

regard the obIective of his research as of ppermost importance$ and therefore$ the s bIect ndergoing the research may be treated &itho t the slightest tinge of emotion, Technological Man is E ite self9centered, That &hich is o tside the periphery of his ego is considered as an it, !oth man and matter may be treated as an itJ and if they are categoriHed merely as an it$ they become readily e;pendable in the ca se of technological progress, In searching for the ho&$ the ends may often I stify the means, ConseE ently$ Technological Man may adopt an ignoble pragmatism as his criterion for deriving val es in life, 6is obIectives are then p rs ed &ith a r thless efficiency$ and he applies to them a pragmatic materialistic philosophy gro nded pon the cr de doctrine* If it &or's$ it is tr eQ The amoral cost me of Technological Man obliges him to avoid the &hy$ since it opens the door to a moral challenge, Technological Man feels that he cannot s rvive the penetrating glare of moral e;pos re,
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!hi"oso hica" Man gains an a&areness of abstract concepts, Aod$ as an abstract idea$ emerges on the Philosophical Platea , (either !iological Man$ nor Technological Man achieve a proper comprehension of Aod$ beca se to do so$ it is necessary to appreciate the f ll scope of the form lary niversal implanted &ithin the body of nat re, Philosophical Man recogniHes the niversal Idea as the prod ct of a S preme Intellect, =nce the Idea is f lly cogniHed$ it may become a point of contact bet&een the mortal intellect$ &hich perceives the Idea$ and the S preme Intellect$ &hich form lates the Idea, If s ch I ;taposition &ere e;ploited to its f llest advantage$ Philosophical Man co ld establish an abstract confrontation &ith Aod, 6e avoids s ch a comm nion$ ho&ever$ beca se a comm nicable Aod &o ld thr st too many moral responsibilities pon his sho lders, Philosophical Man &ants to 'eep Aod o t of reach$ if not o t of sight, Philosophical Man s rpasses Technological Man in searching for meaningf l ans&ers to lifeCs
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riddles, Philosophical Man sees the niverse as an ordered &hole$ and so he attempts to invest nat re &ith significance, 6e see's to identify the reasons and e;planations for nat reCs niE e behavior, Philosophical Man &ants to 'no& the &hy and &herefore of everything, In Philosophical ManCs cosmological atlas$ Aod emerges as the transcendent so rce of the niverse, 6e appears as the u"timate, 6is intimate being$ ho&ever$ still el des Philosophical Man, Aod is regarded as a third9 person identityNas a remote 6e, The all sion to Aod as a distant abstract concept precl des the possibility of establishing a personalistic relationship, Philosophical Man has no interest in an individ al affiliation &ith Aod$ and$ therefore$ he pays little heed to 6is identity as a Divine Personality, +s a res lt$ Philosophical Man considers it f tile to attempt any manner of comm nication &ith Aod, )o cannot tal' to a 6e, If Aod is only an abstract concept$ and not a Divine Personality$ there can be no dialog e bet&een 6im and man, +s a 6e$ Aod cannot be
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petitioned, Philosophical Man finds prayer fat o s$ and so he does not pray, "imiting Aod to a remote abstract concept prod ces a more serio s conseE ence, If Aod is vie&ed as a distant 6e$ then the moral norm loses its binding E ality for Philosophical Man, When Aod appears only as a 6e$ any divine moral imperative$ &hich may be discerned by man$ li'e&ise e;hibits nothing more than a third9person relationship, The divine moral la& becomes a distant it$ and as s ch$ is divested of the binding character that is necessary for enco raging a personal commitment, Philosophical Man resides on a deceitf l platea , +bstract concepts$ s ch as Aod$ the ethica" norm$ and the mora" im erati)e$ may be fran'ly disc ssed and f lly analyHed$ yet they may be completely ignored as personal obligations, Since Aod remains beyond the scope of h man comm nications as a 6e$ and since moral post lates are e;amined as an obIective it$ they are discretionary matters for Philosophical Man
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to ponder pon$ b t not necessarily to accept as an inc mbent imperative, =n the Theological Platea $ man discerns moral reflections &ithin the broad stream of nat ral la&, These moral vibrations inspire a mood of appreciation for the sagacio s$ p rposef l str ct re that nat re e;hibits, The apparition of an orderly system embracing a cohesive scheme of ca sal development and processes impels Theo"ogica" Man to move beyond the realm of &hy spec lation, 6e is confronted &ith metaphysical challenges that demand the form lation of the E estion &ho, Theological Man reIects any s ggestion that the metic lo sly str ct red niverse evolved haphaHardly from blind$ indeterminate matter, >or him$ s ch a notion is contrary to all the basic elements of h man logic, =nly a ersona of omnipotent ability co ld be credited &ith drafting the magnificent bl eprint for a &ell9 reg lated$ comple; cosmos, Theological Man concl des that a rational cosmology can only be
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developed by searching for a &ho behind the cosmic facade, In hoping to identify the almighty &ho$ Theological Man embar's pon an e;ploration for a tho , The Aod of creation$ &ho bro ght the niverse into being$ and &ho invested it &ith a glorio s modus o erandi$ becomes more accessible if 6e is endo&ed &ith a second9person frame of reference, +s a Tho $ Aod is m ch closer to man than as a 6e, This is an important distinction, The Aod to &hom Philosophical Man refers on the lo&er platea is narro&ly restricted to a remote third9person category, Philosophical Man considers that a mortal ego can only spea' of Aod$ since Aod is identified as a distant 6e, Theological Man see's a more intimate relationship, Therefore$ the mortal I$ as vie&ed by Theological Man$ may spea' directly to Aod$ beca se Aod is contemplated as an accessible Tho , It is possible to address a Tho $ b t not a 6e, +n I9Tho relationship bet&een man and Aod becomes possible on the Theological Platea , !y
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investing the S preme !eing &ith a Divine Personality$ &hich is &hat a Tho implies$ Aod ass mes the more intimate apparition of a Divine !eing, Theological Man concl des that comm nion &ith the Divine !eing is not only possible$ b t more so$ highly desirable, Man need only discover the proper &avelength for engaging in s ch comm nication, Theological Man addresses the Divine Personality as the blessed Tho of prayer$ hoping that the one9&ay eff sion of adoration may elicit some sort of response, The frenetic search for a divine reply entices Theological Man$ at times$ to interpret some nanticipated act or omen in nat re as an e;pression of divine comm nication, The more sophisticated Theological Man realiHes that the e;pectation of a divine replication at the behest of man is f tile, Instead$ sophisticated Theological Man peers more deeply into the recesses of nat re to locate additional cl es$ beca se these may reveal more of the glorio s aspects of the Divine Personality, S ch a search
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may enable man to discover ne&$ meaningf l facets of the divine niversal scheme, Despite the handicap of a finite meager intellect$ man may boldly attempt to discern a divine e;hibition of &ill &ithin the confines of nat re$ &hich is tantamo nt to the reverberation of a divine reIoinder, The voice of Aod reso nds thro gh nat re, Moral vibrations emanating from nat re reflect cohesive aspects of the divine plan, These may be e;plored in greater detail on the Prophetic Platea $ &here they may emerge as the basis for form lating an addend m to &hat has already been revealed as a divinely inspired ethical code, +ltho gh sophisticated Theological Man precl des the possibility of a divine ans&er$ he$ nevertheless$ is inspired to ind lge in prayer$ beca se he is psychologically stim lated to enact his role in an I9Tho dialog e, Prayer is an ennobling e;perience for Theological Man, It e;hibits a prodigio s confidence in the ability of the h man ego to reach beyond the niverse and contact the Divine Personality, In perceiving the
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Divine Personality as a Tho $ man is filled &ith an odylic passion to e;press his innermost tho ghts nto the Divine Presence$ even as one h mbly beseeches and petitions a mighty sovereign, The sovereign need not deign to reply, +t the s mmit$ !ro hetic Man li'e&ise p rs es the enigma of the &ho$ b t he is determined to discern the identity of Aod in a more personalistic appearance than the one revealed to Theological Man, Prophetic Man perceives Aod not as a Tho $ b t as an I, Aod$ in order to enable a deeper enco nter &ith mortal man$ appears to Prophetic Man in a first9person g ise, The Divine Tho becomes a Divine I, #pon the emergence of Aod as an IVDivine$ it may be enco raging for man to see' a confrontation by raising his o&n IVmortal being to the stat s of Prophetic Man, The Prophetic S mmit permits man to contemplate Aod in an enlightened cognitive attit de$ &ith the hope that he may acE ire the intellect al s'ill to form late a t&o9&ay dialog e, The chasm bet&een the infinite and the finite may be bridged by
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establishing a point of reference$ &hich &o ld enable the Divine %go to engage in an apperceptive revelation &ith a mortal ego, !y raising the ego a&areness to an I level on both sides$ a comm nion bet&een man and Aod becomes possible, Aod is no longer a silent Tho , The Divine I addresses man, It is a profo nd moment in the h man e;perience, Prophetic Man finally discerns the s preme declaration of the IVDivine * I am the "ord thy AodQ 6o& does man arrive at the noble stat re of the Prophetic S mmitG Man ltimately conceives the mortal ego as the niE e cradle of a distinctive$ conscio s personality$ &hich provides him &ith an a&areness of the other, =n the level of h man relationships$ the other is cogniHed as f lfilling an ego9ordained e;istence, Meaningf l comm nication can be established &hen t&o IVegos appear in contraposition, Man notes that only an IVego spea'sJ a tho remains m te, The Creator is considered to be no less deficient than the most ingenio s intellect al
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prod ct on planet %arthman, If the h man intellect perceives its o&n ego9conscio sness$ shall s ch an ability for cognition be denied AodG The nfoldment of the mortal IVego certifies the manifestation of an I Divine, In this light$ the h man I ego personifies a reflection of the Divine %go$ so that it may be said that man is made in the image of Aod, !oth Aod and man possess a sing lar I, !y nveiling the IVego of the S preme !eing$ Aod becomes accessible as a potential respondent in a t&o9&ay dialog e, =f co rse$ the Divine %go is e;tremely obsc re$ and the means for comprehending its nat re are beyond h man capacity, There is$ ho&ever$ one aven e of revelation open to man, Intellect al Man may st dy and apprehend cl es reflecting some aspects of the Divine Personality by st dio sly discerning them &ithin the CreatorCs masterf l prod ctionNnat re, +n analysis of a marvelo s m ral may disclose bits of the personality of the n'no&n artist, !y assessing the f ll scope of nat re and dra&ing therefrom
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reflections of moral E alities$ man may hope to derive meaningf l concepts e;pressing the &ill of Aod, >or e;ample$ nat re is dedicated to the principle of prod cing and preserving life, The preservation of life and e;istence becomes a moral norm$ partic larly &hen the s bIect e;hibits a conscio s cognition of the ego &ithin$ as does man, + simple corollary s ggests that the destr ction of these niE e specimens of ego9 conscio s life$ &ho have the ability to perceive Aod$ is a negation of nat reCs plan$ or AodCs &ill, + moral precept emerges* Tho shalt not 'illQ +n ego may be discerned by comprehending its &ill, It is a diffic lt challenge, The E erist strives to gain an a&areness of the inaccessible artistCs personality by st dying no ght b t his masterpiece$ beca se that is all that is at hand, More demanding is the endeavor to elicit the moral predilections of the Creator thro gh an analytical e;amination of his chef doeu)reNthe niverse, Man m st rely pon an appropriate interpretation of the concealed personality radiating from &ithin the bosom of nat re$ in
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order to fathom selected ethical precepts reflected by the Divine %go, The emerging moral dict ms are no less significant an e;periential relationship than the data discerned by the scientist$ e;cept that Prophetic Man conceives his revelations as divinely ordained declarations, >or this reason$ an enco nter bet&een the IVmortal and the IVDivine comes to pass only on the Prophetic S mmit, +fter he has acc m lated his precio s information$ Prophetic Man feels compelled to share it &ith others beca se it represents a divinely revealed message, 6e may be inspired to proclaim it as the en nciation of a Divine "a&J or as a promise of blessednessJ or as an e;hortation against &ay&ardness, In &hatever manner it is form lated$ Prophetic Man e;periences the deep ang ish of responsibility to convey to his fello&man the revelation he elicited thro gh an IVmortal9IVDivine confrontation on the Prophetic S mmit, Prophetic Man addresses himself to the intractable masses h ddled on the lo&er
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e;istential echelons$ and he prom lgates the divine &ill in accordance &ith his cognition of the Divine I, 6e hopes$ thereby$ to inspire the m ltit de on the plebeian levels to p rs e the paths leading to the Theological Platea $ beca se it is a noble stage of life that offers the most desirable prospect for a thentic e;istence, + thentic e;istence is &ithin the grasp of every individ al, =ne need only direct his intellect al po&ers to&ard the Theological realm$ &here an IVmortal9Tho VDivine enco nter may ta'e place, =f co rse$ the road to a thentic e;istence pon the Theological domain is not stre&n &ith roses, Man m st nderta'e a challenging Io rney across the entire Intellect al region prior to his ascension to the Theological heights, ! t$ it is &ell &orth the effort$ for s ch a lofty Theological perch nfolds nto manCs vision the verdant brilliance of the MaIestic !iological Plain, Stepping from the Theological Platea along a high&ay to the MaIestic !iological e;perience$ man can learn to appreciate ane& the promise of
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a meaningf l e;istence in a mortal cosmic niverse nder Aod, Society$ itself$ may be identified by the domain it enshrines, The mores of h man c lt re are the criteria for comp ting a peopleCs stat s, There are provinces &here life does not reach beyond the lo&er !iological Plains$ and there are states that accede to Technological s premacy as the favored &ay of life, It sho ld s rprise no one if these societies soon adopt a br tal$ amoral polity as their 'ey to s rvival, In some instances$ a c lt re may be att ned to the Philosophical level, Its pop lation co ld very &ell reflect a serio s attit de to&ard all things, =n rare occasions$ a civiliHation may gain inspiration from the Theological highlands$ and its people &ill be devoted to the maintenance of a noble$ moral fraternity, S ch a comm nity cannot be blamed for e;hibiting a determined reticence to&ard any involvement or fraterniHation &ith societies p rs ing lo&er categories of e;istence, Its aloofness is I stified by the fact that any intermingling carries &ith it the danger of moral
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poll tion, The p rified atmosphere of the &ho on the Theological and Prophetic heights may readily be despoiled by the infiltration of ran' abominations from belo&,

)4 THE !ARADO SCIENCE

OF

MODERN

+s Professor "ovell indicates$ cosmologists may arrive at a point of inE iry that lies beyond scientific comprehension, It is a condition that el des the applicability of 'no&n physical la&s$ and renders f tile the attempt to e;ternaliHe defiant problems, Contemporary cosmological spec lations are rife &ith intellect al E andaries, Many of these enigmas st bbornly el de the analytic perspicacity of the scientist$ beca se E ite simply$ t&entieth9cent ry man lac's the necessary f ndamental 'no&ledge to comprehend and deal &ith the f ll scope of s ch investigations, Despite manCs fantastic imaginative capabilities$ he finds himself severely limited in p rs ing theoretical
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ass mptions, +t every t rn o tside the sphere of recogniHable phenomena$ there arise s ch a vast array of formidable barriers that it becomes practically impossible for the h man mind to h rdle these intellect al challenges, )et$ the indomitable h man mind ref ses to be stifled$ and it forges into areas of forbidden spec lation &ith the co rage of an emboldened gladiator, =f co rse$ the logical h man mind m st operate &ithin the bo nds of logically recogniHed specifications, +s a res lt$ &hen the scientist ass mes the prerogative to assert a theoretical proposal$ he m st proceed in accordance &ith rationally established principles heretofore certified, >or the cosmologist$ this poses a problem$ since it severely restricts his imaginative entry into the realm of the n'no&n, (evertheless$ these areas cast a spell of intrig ing all re$ and promote a variety of spec lative concepts, Cosmology in the t&entieth cent ry radiates mostly bet&een t&o schools of tho ght* the open9 niverse theoristsJ and the closed9 niverse
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theorists, The latter vie& derives from an acceptance of the big bang theory as a pla sible e;planation for the beginning of o r niverse, The big bang is pres med to have ta'en place appro;imately ten tho sand million years ago$ and according to some cosmologists as early as t&enty tho sand million years ago, Than's to the brilliant &or' of %d&in P, 6 bble$ it became possible to s ggest the velocity of galactic recession$ th s enabling a calc lation for dating the big bang, The fig re that 6 bble comp ted for the age of the niverse &as t&o tho sand million vearsJ ho&ever$ geological indications pointed to a m ch older planet earth$ s n$ and niverse, Walter !aadeCs application of the t&o h ndred9inch telescope at Palomar helped to re9 establish a fig re of at least five tho sand million years for the age of the niverse, Since then$ the val e of the 6 bble constant has been several times amended$ and the conseE ence has been to ass me an older and older age for the niverse, Whatever the date for the onset of the big bang$ the consens s appears to be that in the beginning
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an e;tremely dense torrid mass of primordial matter e;ploded$ sending gases flying o t into the emptiness of space, Some of this gas cooled and contracted$ forming the gala;ies and stars$ b t their o t&ard e;pansion nevertheless contin ed, The important E estion c rrently facing cosmologists is the ltimate conseE ence of s ch e;pansion, Will the niverse event ally red ce the speed of its o t&ard flight to a point of total cessation$ after &hich$ it &ill reverse the entire process and fall in pon itself to reappear as its original dense primordial ball of matterG To prod ce s ch a closed niverse$ it &o ld be necessary to ascertain a slo&do&n or deceleration of galactic e;pansion of s fficient proportions so as to enable the cosmic mass to e;perience the necessary gravitational bra'ing force to bring on the reversal process, =n the other hand$ meas rements have been prod ced to s ggest an open niverse in &hich the galactic e;pansion &o ld contin e eternally in infinite space, =ne senses an important philosophic t rn

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of mind as a res lt of an identification &ith either a closed or open niverse, !y sing the red shift as a determining factor for assessing the rate of galactic recession$ +llan Sandage of the Palomar =bservatory estimated the life span of the niverse to be eighty tho sand million years, This proIection &as made in ./83 ta'ing into acco nt the &hole range of cosmic e;istence from the moment of the big bang$ thro gh galactic e;pansion$ and bac' to the primordial fireball condition, +pparently$ Sandage felt that his concl sion &as some&hat premat re$ beca se in ./0:$ he adopted a ne& fig re for the 6 bble constant that necessitated a change in the considered age of the niverse by some si;teen tho sand million years, 6e also E estioned the slo&do&n of galactic e;pansion to &hich he &as committed in his earlier spec lations, In contrast$ his ne& calc lations indicated that the niverse &o ld e;pand contin o sly$ and he thereby adopted the cosmological vie& of an open niverse, In this ass mption$ both he and 2ames %, A nn of
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Caltech$ &ho also concl ded an open niverse concept$ &ere confronted &ith a s bstantial parado;, Their cosmology entertained the notion of a finite niverse committed to a never9ending e;pansion of infinite proportions, =f co rse$ the closed niverse proponents sto tly defended their point of vie& by maintaining that astronomical information is not al&ays acc rate$ and in fact$ it may be s bIect to a variety of interpretations, Despite any apparent diffic lties$ the closed niverse emerges both logically and philosophically as the more appealing cosmic design, This decision is based pon a f rther assessment of SandageCs c rrent cosmological position, +ltho gh Sandage has changed his vie& on the deceleration rate and the availability of cosmic gravitational matter that &o ld ma'e an ltimate galactic recession possible$ does he not yet ac'no&ledge a s"ight deceleration along &ith the l minosity9red shift relationship that is identified &ith a niform cosmic e;pansionG If s ch is the case$ does not even the faintest hint of
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deceleration at this moment in cosmic history pose a problem for the open9 niverse advocateG =n a niversal scale$ it appears logical to ass me that once a deceleration process has been set in motion$ s ch a process &o ld be li'ely to increase in time$ and ltimately it sho ld arrive at a chec'point for any f rther galactic e;pansion, Does not a common9sense I dgment s ggest that the admission of a minor deceleration$ slight tho gh it may be$ conflicts &ith the notion of a negatively c rved hyperbolic space accommodating a violent$ eternally e;panding niverseG +t best$ the open9 niverse theorist may interpret a mild deceleration as accommodating a flat geometry &herein gala;ies may come to rest after they have separated to an infinite distance from each other, ! t$ ho& can s ch a cessation of galactic e;pansion ever come to passG If$ in a proposed flat geometry of space$ the gala;ies &ill pres mably finally come to rest &hen they have flo&n infinitely apart$ ho&$ indeed$ can they ever come to rest$ since as long as they remain in a corporeal state of
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matter$ they &ill never complete their space9time Io rney of infinite separationG It is enormo sly diffic lt to comprehend a theoretical graph of the 6 bble relation for distant obIects in its demonstration of a flat c rve$ implying an ltimate coming to rest of gala;ies &hen they have gained infinite separation, It seems that the coming to rest &ill never be achieved$ beca se matter in the form of material bodies can never reach a state of being infinitely apart, ConseE ently$ since the theoretical graph of a niverse reflecting a flat geometry depicting stationary gala;ies at a point of infinite separation can never be realiHed$ any s ggestion of s ch a flat geometry m st event ally emerge as nothing more than a masE erade for &hat is in reality a never9ending energetically e;panding niverse corresponding to a negatively c rved hyperbolic space$ s ch as mentioned above, 6o&ever$ in the above9cited instance$ it &as indicated that pon the ass mption of any deceleration$ no matter ho& slight$ the ltimate conseE ence m st lead to a
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retreat from the concept of an infinite galactic e;pansion, +ccordingly$ since the flat geometrical space concept appears to be b t a red ndancy of a negatively c rved hyperbolic space$ there appears to be no other alternative for accommodating the fact of galactic deceleration other than ass ming the third remaining geometry of space$ namely a positively c rved spherical space that points to an oscillating or closed niverse, If Sandage admits to a deceleration slight tho gh it may be$ the str ct ral pattern that seems most logical for a deceleration fact m is not an open niverse$ b t rather the closed model &ith an oscillating potential, There is another area &here the parado;ical aspect of nat re p HHles science, The problem occ rs in the spec lations attending the final stages of stellar collapse, In p rs ing this enigma$ astronomy has propo nded the fascinating concept of &hat is no& called a blac' hole, When a star has e;ha sted its energy$ it commences a ro tine of dynamic change
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event ally &aning to ass me the identity of a &hite d&arf, +t that point there is a E estion as to &hether %insteinian general relativity co ld tolerate f rther condensation, Sir +rth r %ddington concl ded that a star may reach a point of contraction &herein its gravitational field became so strong that its o&n light rays &o ld be trapped so that it co ld never again be seen, +fter a star collapsed to a tightly pac'ed ne tron stage$ any f rther contraction &o ld prod ce the scientific anomaly of a blac' hole, The blac' hole concept defies presently 'no&n la&s of physics, It is a phenomenon entailing an infinitely gross mass and gravitational force compacted &ithin an infinitely small space, It &o ld no longer resemble any aspect of matter as &e commonly 'no& it, +ll of the atomic electrons and protons &o ld have been cr shed into ne trons$ and the f rther order of collapse &o ld proceed to condense the star into even smaller entities, The notion of a space9time contin m &o ld be tterly dissolvedJ space &o ld become a f tile term$ and time &o ld el de
225

comprehensible meas rement, If the concept of relativity$ &hich conceives gravity as a c rving of space9time$ &ere applied$ the space9time c rvat re &o ld be totally enmeshed &ithin the confines of the nseen star, +ny matter enco ntering a blac' hole &o ld e;perience immediate annihilation, Indeed$ here is a parado; of physics that appears to e;ceed the h man limits of vis al and mental comprehension, +long &ith the intrig ing enigmas prod ced &ithin the confines of nat re$ there arises a E andary relating to the cosmological position ass med by some of the notable contemporary scientists themselves, Aenerally spea'ing$ the scientist of today is a parado;ical fig re, =n the one hand$ he recogniHes an incontrovertible design in nat re$ and he may endeavor to ass age his dilemma arising from the appearance of a persistently predictable reg larity in the cosmos by convo'ing conferences to e;plore the conseE ences implied in admitting to s ch a design in the niverse, =n the other hand$ the
226

very same scientist firmly denies the e;istence of any designerNdivine or other&ise, S ch a contradictory post re appears to be rather illogical, )et$ scientists persist in sponsoring a vie&point that blo&s hot and cold in the same breath, =f co rse$ the scientist professes to have reasons for denying the S preme Creator, Dar&inian nat ral selection is a handy &eapon &ith &hich the scientist may co nter logical E eries, "ife apparently e;ists in ab ndance all over the niverse$ b t the scientist considers life as being ind bitably pledged to a principle of design called nat ral selection, The scientist f rther contends that nat ral selection does not ascribe to a technological process$ b t rather to a niE e method$ &hich by logical standards defies h man cred lity, (at ral selection develops &itho t relating to any prior specifications &hatsoever, Why m st the scientist deny a technological process in nat reG The ans&er is E ite elementary, !y cancelling a technological
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process$ the scientist hopes to avoid the challenging E estion &ho, Despite the fact that everything &e see s ggests a technological design$ and everything &e prod ce s bscribes to a technological methodology$ the determined scientist &o ld have s believe that Mother (at re ba'ed all of her t&o million and more ecologically balanced and self9propelling species of comple; confections$ &itho t once ever having glanced into a coo'boo', 6o& &as this remar'able feat accomplishedG The scientist offers a simple e;planation, (at ral selection operates in accordance &ith three components* ?.@ a ceaseless o tpo ring of variationsJ ?5@ a mechanism of inheritanceJ ?7@ a selective factor$ or a competitive principle$ &hich Dar&in called the str ggle for e;istence, There is one maIor problem &ith the theory, It considers that$ by endeavoring to e;plain the ho& e;cl sively$ it s ccessf lly demolishes the area of the &hy and the &ho, =rthodo; Dar&inians may s ppose that they can p ll the &ool over the eyes of Mother (at re$ b t they
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certainly do not satisfy the intellect al c riosity of man, The loopholes that science 'nits into its theoretical cosmological fabric are e;ceedingly large and plentif l, >irst of all$ matter commits itself to an imm table e;istential paradigm that too' effect at the primordial split second of its earliest appearance, If it &o ld have failed to adhere to an assigned ltra precise identity$ o r niverse co ld never have come into being, Presently$ the essence of matter comprising the electron and proton$ conceives the proton as containing almost t&o tho sand times the mass of the electron, The nat re of these t&o elementary particles poses a parado;ical problem for science, +ltho gh they are proportionately e;tremely different$ nevertheless$ they carry the same n merical charge$ if b t oppositeNthe proton is pl sJ the electron is min s, Was this an accidentG Did this occ r by chanceG There is more to the story, %very good physicist 'no&s that if the proton and the electron differed n merically in their charge$ everything &o ld
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have been charged, 6o&ever$ there &o ld have been one severe dra&bac'Na niverse$ to be so chargeable$ &o ld never have evolved in the first place, In early ./07$ it &as determined that the eE ality of the proton and electron charges differ in so small an infinitesimal E antity as to be negligible, It is d e to this very sensitive and delicate balance of the n clear forces that a niverse can develop thro gh a process of e;pansion$ and thro gh a f rther process of condensation, If the single proton and the single electron of the hydrogen atom varied by the slightest iota from the form lated eE ality of charge$ there &o ld be no gravitationJ there &o ld be no starsJ there &o ld be no gala;iesJ and there &o ld be no E estions for man to ponder$ beca se there &o ld be no man, In his admirable essay$ Sir !ernard "ovell establishes this premise as an indispensable determinant for the emergence of o r niverse, The stat tory facts as cited in the follo&ing e;cerpt are highly significant*
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Indeed$ I am inclined to accept contemporary scientific evidence as indicative of a far greater degree of manCs total involvement &ith the niverse, The life &hich &e 'no& depends on a sensitive molec lar balanceJ the properties of the atoms of the familiar elements are determined by a delicate balance of electrical and n clear forces, These and the large scale niformity and isotropy of the niverse &ere probably determined by events that occ rred in the first second of time ,,, the e;istence even of stars and gala;ies depends in a delicate manner on the force of attraction bet&een t&o protons, In the earliest moments of the e;pansion of the niverse ,,, if the proton9 proton interaction &ere only a fe& per cent stronger then all the hydrogen in the primeval condensate &o ld have t rned into heli m in the early stages of e;pansion, (o gala;ies$ no stars$ no life &o ld have emerged, It &o ld have been a niverse forever n'no&able by living creat res, The e;istence of a remar'able and intimate relationship bet&een man$ the f ndamental constants of nat re and the initial moments of space and time seems to be an inescapable condition of o r presence,,,,?S pra$ p, 78970, .7.@
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(ote&orthy$ is the concl sive ac'no&ledgment that man and nat re are ine;tricably bo nd by the common ancestry of their genesis, Do they not$ then$ share ali'e the destiny of an ltimate eschatologyG > rthermore$ if nat re bears the imprint of a divine design$ then man$ too$ being totally involved &ith the niverse$ is divinely ordainedJ and the impelling desire to see' his Ma'er is not a f tile gest re, Man may$ therefore$ ard o sly search for the voice of Aod$ &hich echoes thro gho t the e;panse of nat re, If$ ho&ever$ it is ass med that nat re has no divine sponsor$ then the scientific genesis story is fra ght &ith logical inconsistencies, There remain ne;plained E estions that lead to a cosmological impasse, >or e;ample$ &ere the precise properties that &ere adopted by the proton and the electron the conseE ence of an accident or chanceG Did the hydrogen atom become attached to the Dar&inian clothesline of nat ral selection all by its lonesome selfG It s rely appears that these invisible particles of matter &o ld have to be pretty brainy creat res
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to have fig red o t s ch comple;$ sophisticated perm tations$ that they co ld 'no& &hat manner of precise physical identity they m st ass me in order to prod ce an e;panding and condensing niverse, In addition$ let s not overloo' the technological process, If the definitive behavior patterns ass med by the early identifiable particles$ as &e no& comprehend them$ do not e;hibit a technological design$ then perhaps o r definition fo nt has gone a&ry, What Dar&in identified as the process of nat ral selection pertains to the &hole domain of the !iological Plain, Science ac'no&ledges that o r niverse is designed to breed life, It f rther asserts that to thin' in terms of a designer &o ld be a technological concept$ not an organic or biological idea, =ne &onders ho& science co ld blithely ignore the fact that nat re$ thro gh nat ral selection$ does not create its o&n variations$ and that these are predetermined in accordance &ith the original properties &ith &hich primordial matter &as endo&ed in the first second of time, To
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credit nat ral selection &ith the form lary creation of a comple; niverse is tantamo nt to s bscribing to an npalatable pantheism of abs rd dimensions, If science deems it proper to ass me a near9 sighted position by proclaiming nat re as the progenitor of nat ral selection$ this &o ld$ at best$ ma'e nat re an editor9in chief$ b t it &o ld hardly E alify nat re for the position of Master9 Planner or Creator, Matter$ both inorganic and organic$ is eternally pledged to a form lary design indicative of niversal schemata emanating from an intellect al milie , If the scientist alleges that amended conditions prod ce strange$ n'no&n variations$ it seems only logical to regard the res ltant m tants also as preordained developments of the original form lary bl eprint$ &hen its reprod ctive design process is deviated, The emergent concl sion points to the fact that the &hole cosmic process is not a chance evolvement thro gh blind nat ral selectionJ rather it is more credible to vie& the cosmic panorama as
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the foreordained progression of a discriminating creative process directed by a maIestic Prime Mover, Despite the logical appeal of this position$ one &onders &hat it is that motivates the scientist to try to avoid a confrontation &ith the &ho so desperately$ that he m st resort to a sp rio s dichotomy that he hopes &ill disting ish h man technology from nat ral technologyG Is man so vain that he can broo' no competition in technological contestsG Is he Healo s$ lest his s premacy as a prod cer be by9passed by the copio s fec ndity of nat reG Man can fashion nothing nless he tiliHes the materials and reso rces of nat re, Man can only e;ploit the potential in nat re by forging$ constr cting$ shaping$ or chemically refining matter a little differently$ so that it is constit ted in a design and form more immediately sef l to him, In the process$ ho&ever$ man has prod ced nothing ne&, %very h man fabrication and ingenio s invention is merely the artifact that man prod ces as a res lt of his alert analysis of the
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rein)ested properties of matter and its remar'ably fle;ible versatility, Witho t nat re$ man can bring forth nothing, The term manmade is a gross misnomer, Moreover$ man is imm red by nat reCs la&s, Man does not ma'e matter do his biddingJ he merely g ides its innate behavioral traits so that it may enact a ne& role in a revised script, The play$ or the total prod ction$ ho&ever$ is the same$ and it all comes nder the grand technological description of (at reCs >ollies$ &ith man E ite often pres ming to be its star, "et not the scientist ass me the imperio s stance that disco)er% is the eE ivalent of creati)enessJ nor sho ld he ind lge in arrogant sophistry by s ggesting that in all the niverse only the brain of man rears p as the s preme intellect, S ch ha ghty self9adoration leads to self9deification$ and &ith the destr ctive potential man no& possesses$ he cannot afford to gamble a&ay his chance for s rvival by betting on the &rong S preme Po&er,
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Science need only eval ate its o&n concl sions$ and it &o ld nerringly be able to post late the true S preme !eingJ b t this &o ld reE ire a movement p&ard to the higher intellect al platea s, )et$ even from its present vantage point$ it is possible to discern identity strains pointing to the u"timate, Consider* the very first appearance of a charge of energy &as sim ltaneo sly enacted and determined in accordance &ith set and established physical la&, In the beginning$ there &as la&Q This$ no scientist in the &orld can deny, The corollary is li'e&ise beyond challenge, We cannot possibly conceive of a la& &itho t logically ass ming a "a&ma'er, ! t &hy se the term .awmaker &hen it is so m ch more convenient to call 6im NAod, What$ then$ appears to be the reason for the contin ed reticence on the part of science to officially ac'no&ledge AodG The scientist chooses to remain shac'led to the ho& techniE e on the Technological Platea $ and narro&ly ref ses to ac'no&ledge any other
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intellect al level, 6e is content to remain in a repressed area$ &here all he can do is to el cidate the f nctional processes of nat re, With the discovery of %Wmc5 the physicist reaches the Henith or clima; of his intellect al p rs it, The scientist is confined to the Technological Platea and he cannot investigate problems on the higher levels &here the abstract is I dicio sly analyHed, Science$ therefore$ sho ld not offer opinions concerning s bIect matter that relates to the Theological Platea $ since it is beyond the scr tiny of the scientist, The scientist$ by his o&n decision$ remains c rtailed in his field of inE iry to the technical f nctions of nat re, It &o ld be naive$ therefore$ to e;pect ,the scientist to offer valid vie&s on matters that pertain to the Philosophical or Theological levels, If he so desires$ the scientist need not spea' of Aod$ since science never reaches the platea &hereon s ch a concept is consideredJ b t this does not imply that the scientist may a dacio sly deny Aod, The scientist has no right to e;press an opinion as to AodCs being$ beca se the
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identification of Aod is not$ and never has been$ s bIect to opinion, =ne cannot foolishly consider Aod as a candidate for the office of S preme !eing$ and thereby believe that it is a h man prerogative to cast a vote for or against 6is e;istence, To declare that one does or does not believe in Aod is an abs rdity of the modern age, The E estion of AodCs e;istence is not s bIect to a ballotJ nor is it necessary to determine AodCs e;istence by virt e of philosophical proof, Aod isQ +ny f rther verification becomes entirely e;traneo s and nnecessary,

)) REACHING FOR THE ULTIMATE

Whereas the scientist is hopelessly incarcerated on the Technological Platea of the ho&$ it comes &ithin the precinct of Philosophical Man to inE ire &hy, The term wh% relates to a normative relationship, We may as' &hy elements act in accordance &ith their distinctly niE e manner, Why does each atom behave in accordance &ith individ ally endo&ed feat resG
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The scientist nveils the ho& of table salt &hen he e;plains that 5(a X Cl5 W 5(aCl, Still to be determined is the &hy of the eE ation, /h% does chlorine$ a poison$ &hen combined &ith the element sodi m$ prod ce table salt$ a sef l prod ctG Why form lates an ethicomoral E ery$ and searches for an ethicomoral concl sion, If an ethos is discerned$ then the niverse is not the conseE ence of an accidental s rge, If an ethos is apprehended in nat re$ then it m st imply the forepresence of a Creative Intellect as its sponsor, +n ethos that isR comprehended by an intellect m st definitively be prod ced by an intellect, The E estion &hy$ therefore$ inevitably leads to the search for &ho, /ho$ indeed$ is the S preme Intellect responsible for an ethos in the niverseG The pity of it is that not very m ch by &ay of clarification emerges in response to &ho, We can only say AodJ and then &e have e;ha sted the potential of o r mortal intellect al comprehension, +s little as &e can post late in the area of the &hy$ science$ by &ay of contrast$
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is entirely e;cl ded from any ind lgence in s ch a sphere of spec lation, Science can have no opinion in the domain of the &hy$ beca se it has restricted its investigation to the operational aspects of the niverse on the Technological Platea , Science is not involved in an e;amination of the normative relationships of matter$ and therefore never specifies an interest in &hy, The ethicomoral platea s are beyond the reach of science, +t times$ a pres mpt o s scientist may commit an act of hu&ris and boldly e;press personal vie&s concerning the &hy$ and even the &hoJ or to be more precise$ he may deny the e;istence of any &ho, When s ch a position is en nciated as a doctrine of science$ the veracity of its p rs its in many areas becomes tainted by an imbalance of I dgment$ and this is partic larly applicable to the problem of cosmology, The chief diffic lty arises in the form lation of the scientific attit de as it approaches the limits of finite cognition,
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When science reaches the border of the h man capacity for 'no&ing$ &hich is at the threshold of the realm of the &hy$ it may misalign its logical perspicacity and come to some rather strange concl sions, It may trace a cosmological hypothesis bac' to the da&n of time$ and ass me a dense concentration of hydrogen as the ltimate so rce of the niverse, The concl sion that a hydrogen atom or its lesser components may be the u"timate sho ld be a some&hat embarrassing confession for the scientist$ since s ch a declaration enshrines the invisible particle as the god of science, It m st be re9emphasiHed that every individ al someho& e;tols an u"timate$ &hich$ in effect$ thereby becomes his god, Since the cosmology no& pop lar &ith science ends &ith the hydrogen atom or its proton$ this particle of matter or energy emerges as the u"timate so rce of all form lae$ eE ations$ paradigms$ and patterns in the niverse, The hydrogen atom or proton is thereby espo sed as the god of science, +ltho gh the deification of a m te particle as the god of
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science may raise eyebro&s else&here$ scientists$ evidently$ are hardly concerned &ith the fact that this invisible charge e;hibits no intellect al creative capacity &hatsoever for designing a niverse, Certainly$ man'ind m st be eternally gratef l to science for providing a marvelo s treas re ho se of advanced technological 'no&ledge, Thro gh the e;emplary application of the scientific method$ science has mastered the techniE e of the ho&$ and has administered it &ith s perlative efficiency, Science 'no&s f ll &ell$ ho&ever$ that in its investigations of the technical mechanics of nat re$ it has s cceeded in deciphering only some of the mighty riddles of the niverse, There remain many more problems to resolve both in the macrocosmic e;panse and in the microcosmic domain, Science does not yet 'no& the so rce of the vast po&er generated by E asars$ &hich eE als that of fifty million$ million s nsJ science lac's any clear9c t indication of planetary systems aro nd other starsJ science cannot yet e;plain ho&
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6 bbleCs "a& for the recession of gala;ies departs from linearity at large red shiftsJ science is still peering into the infinitesimal &orld of the atom to locate its final min sc le layerJ and the list of abstr se perple;ities seems to gro& ever longer, Despite admirable advancement on all fronts$ and tremendo s progress leading to the da&n of the space age for man'ind$ science m st not lose sight of its o&n limitations, The scientist &ho ass mes that he may &insomely step beyond the confines of the laboratory and cas ally apply the same scientific principles to resolve intellect al problems on the higher platea s may soon come to realiHe that 'no&ledge beyond the ho& is fr strating and fra ght &ith despair, Indeed$ he may very &ell concl de that it is not possible to apprehend the ethos of the evening star$ beca se man can never directly confront the ltimate in a laboratory sit ation, Contrary to the conditions that prevail in the research chamber$ &hich is the chief domain of the ho&$ and &here all matter is laid o t for
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convenient$ logical analysis$ the scene of the &hy resides in an el sive and evasive atmosphere, Man may event ally discover the ho&$ b t he may never 'no& the f ll &hyJ nor &ill he ever confront the ltimate &ho, The best man can do is to become resigned to s ch a preordained fate, "et s pa se for a moment to interIect a parenthetical &hat E ery, What provo'es man$ thro gh science$ to embar' pon the insatiable e;ploration of nat reG ManCs motivation betrays a rather ambitio s and pro d demeanor, Thro gh his research$ man event ally hopes to reconstr ct the &hole cosmic drama, If science &o ld approach its tas' &ith a deeper sense of h mility and if it &o ld divest itself of its n&arranted ha te r$ then science may come to ac'no&ledge that even its investigations in the domain of the ho& fall nder the province of a S preme Creative Intellect, In fact$ in each facet of its research$ science is e;amining the vis al traces of Aodliness,
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Science$ ho&ever$ appears to be E ite hesitant to identify its investigations as s ch$ and it st bbornly resists any attempt to eE ate its research &ith a divine p rs it, Science goes so far as to s ggest that the niversal process of development in nat re sho ld be e;cl ded from any hint of technology$ and that s ch a process reflects the fastidio s plan of Dar&inian nat ral selection$ &here a S preme Creator is ignored, Does the scientist realiHe that he cannot mollify a &hy E ery by smothering it &ith a ho&J nor can he e;pect to identify the mysterio s &ho 'noc'ing at the cosmic door$ by simply as'ing ho&G When one finally arrives at the pper echelons of Philosophical and Theological research$ ho& betrays its o&n &ea'ness$ beca se it elicits no information &hatsoever, ! t the scientist remains rooted to the ho& territory and he is limited in speech to a ho& e;pression, The f tility of the ho& &hen he confronts the &ho fills the scientist &ith peremptory fr stration, The sol tion$ he believes$ is to avoid any f rther all sion to Aod,
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Science maintains an aloof attit de to&ard Aod, Perhaps it reflects a psychological insec rity and ang ish on the part of the scientist &hen faced &ith the impossible enigma of a S preme !eing, It is a pathetic sit ation$ beca se if anyone has reason to e;tol Aod$ it is the scientist, "aboring as he is in the divine gardens$ the scientist$ in reality$ is a dear friend of Aod$ and not a foe, If only science &o ld recogniHe this congr o s relationship$ &hat a boon it &o ld be for man'ind,

)* THE DE#IATED ,"HO+ltho gh man event ally comes to the realiHation that his E est for the &ho can never be f lfilled$ nevertheless$ his insatiable c riosity impels him to p rs e the enticing$ if b t el sive$ goal, Man proceeds time and again into the fray of this hopeless intellect al challenge, What prompts man to engage in s ch a Sisyphean tas'G It is the int itive conviction that$ event ally$ by correctly form lating the E estion &ho$ man &ill have gained his finest ho r,
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If post lating the E estion &ho mar's manCs greatest achievement$ ho& does one e;plain the &idespread avoidance of this tas' by an enormo s mi;ed m ltit de$ &ho are content to revel in a lang id mist of agnosticism and atheism, The h man penchant for procacity may be transformed into a mood of apathetic disdain &hen confronted &ith the formidable incline rising from the Technological Platea to the higher levels, +s Technological Man approaches the borderline of the finite intellect$ he is e;animated by an ang ish of hopeless despair, Perversely$ ho&ever$ Technological Man ref ses to admit that he has been over&helmed by dismal fail re, In sheer desperation$ therefore$ he cont melio sly constr cts an abs rd and artificial theory to the effect that there is no ans&er to the E estion &ho, Technological Man th s ass mes that he has effectively concealed his tter inability to identify the &ho, In denying a &ho$ he eliminates the thorny problem of the &hy$ or &herefore, +n elementary corollary to a negation of &ho is the
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cancellation of the normative &hy, Constrained in this manner by the limitations of a ho& p rs it$ the cosmological conIect res finally offered by Technological Man appear as inconsistent conglomerations of bo&dleriHed s ppositions, +s a conseE ence of s ch a circ mvented vision$ Technological Man restricts his e;istential scope to only one other aven e of personal e;perience Nthe valley of !iological Man, !ereft of the need for f rther inE iry$ Technological Man cements a solid ceiling above his domain$ and provincially maintains that he has reached the pinnacle of h man 'no&ledge, (othing$ he pompo sly declares$ e;ists above his homemade roof, +nd so$ he confines the rest of his days to meaningless gyrations bet&een the self9centered$ hedonistic !iological Plain and his cloistered Technological Platea , C t off$ as he is$ from the pper spheres of moral and ethical e;pos re$ the tr ncated Technological so l readily s cc mbs to an amoral$ idolatro s s bsistence,
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Technological Man is filled &ith del sions of grande r &hen he ass mes that he has effectively dispensed &ith the &ho E ery$ beca se the E estion persistently hovers abo t li'e a pes'y gadfly, The &ho E estion ref ses to evaporate, + flippant challenge echoes from above$ Who$ no& indeed$ reigns s preme in the castrated cosmology conI red p in the imagination of Technological ManG The deno ement is fra ght &ith omino s shado&s, Man has garbed his o&n finite being in the robe of niversal s premacy, 6e denies e;istential recognition to any other intellect beyond the sphere of his lo&ly Technological realm, The inevitable conseE ence shoc's s by its sheer abs rdity, Technological Man deifies Technological ManQ Man anoints himself as his o&n godQ +n am sing anecdote circ lating contemporary scientific circles tells of a research gro p &ho finally s cceeded in perfecting the ltimate comp ter, It appeared to be the greatest electronic device ever prod ced by scientific ingen ity, The comple; mechanism &as capable
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of ans&ering any E estion imaginable, The scientists &ere overIoyed, They e;hibited a feverish pitch of anticipation as they p t their technological marvel into operation, +t last$ they had a comp ter that 'ne& everything, =ne of the e;hilarated technicians bl rted o t a s ggestion$ "etCs as' it if there is a godQ The E estion &as d ly inserted R into the machine* I9 S T969%9<9% + A9=9DG The comp ter pompo sly &ent thro gh its paces9the room &as filled &ith the terrifying roar of &hirring machinery amidst a 'aleidoscope of flashing$ brilliant lights, >inally$ the ans&er emerged, The impatient and e;cited scientists grabbed the ans&er card, The message &as brief and simple, It read* N-O-/ T969%9<9% I9S Q

)+ ACCIDENT AND CHANCE

The s ggestion that accident or chance e;plains the nat ral evolvement of matter is rather p HHling$ since the ltimate so rce remains nidentified, (evertheless$ it has become the pop lar vie& among contemporary
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cosmologists, They theoriHe that the niverse is the res lt of an accidental interaction of appropriate s bstances in matter at a precisely propitio s moment, The scientific e;ploitation of accident dissolves &hen it confronts the fact of reprod ction, +n accident does not repeat itself endlessly thro gh a comple; process of regeneration, +n accident s ggests an n s al deviation$ &hich occ rs as a pec liar coincidence of circ mstances$ and &hich sho ld hardly e;pect to be repeated, (at re does not abide by accident$ b t it does operate thro gh chanceJ not$ ho&ever$ in accordance &ith the c rrent scientific interpretation of the term, Science considers accident and chance as handmaidens of creationJ and that the entire niverse is not an emanation of design$ b t of sheer p rposeless coincidence, + more discreet analysis s ggests that the timeVspatial prospect of chance in nat re affects the partic lar$ b t never the niversal,
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The procreative rge in nat re prod ces an ab ndance of variations, Protons event ally become molec lesJ plants shed an ab ndance of seedsJ fish lay many eggsJ and mammals m ltiply in m nificence, (at re is e;ceedingly genero s in providing the essential material and an incontrovertible pattern for generation and regeneration, +n entire planet develops and perpet ates a life cycle$ despite the delicate$ gossamer li'e balance it m st establish in an ecological sense, The mathematical probability of a planet li'e o r o&n earth emerging strictly as a conseE ence of p re chance is very dim indeed, = r planet developed$ more li'ely$ beca se as a cosmic seed$ it fort nately fell into the orbit of the s nCs Hone of life, Chance plays a significant role in the appearance of the partic lar, +mong the m ltit de of acorns that are shed by the oa' tree$ fe&$ if any ta'e root to prod ce another tree, When$ ho&ever$ s ch an event does come to pass$ the partic lar acorn that is privileged to spro t ane& is the conseE ence of a timeQ spatial
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coincidence, It may be said that chance fostered the gro&th of that partic lar oa' tree, Consider for a moment o r o&n personal e;istence, If o r mothers &o ld have conceived at a different moment of time$ it is E ite probable that &e &o ld never have seen the light of day$ b t that privilege &o ld have been accorded to a brother or a sister, = r appearance as a articu"ar ego specimen$ so to spea'$ is a fort nate conseE ence of chance, In the area of design$ ho&ever$ no element of chance prevails, The res lt is definitively ordained beforehand, = r parents had to give birth to h man offspring, The acorn does not blossom into an apple treeJ nor does the rose seed emerge as a lilac b shJ nor can a dog bring forth a litter of 'ittensJ nor &ill the salmonCs eggs spro t into fledgling robinsJ nor is the proton capable of behavior other than that &ith &hich it has been endo&ed, The uni)ersa" is preordained$ and its perpet ation is no accident, It is not only the predesignated paradigm for a desired model$ b t it also accommodates a m ltit de of variable
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deviations that may accr e in the event of nanticipated conditions, %ven erratic abnormalities that res lt from molec lar or cell lar aberrations are preordained, In fact$ the startling grotesE e frea's prod ced by man9 made or nat ral m tants are also predetermined form lations, The preordination of behavioral f nction may apply to a planet as &ell as to a proton, In fact$ &hy shall &e not consider a planet to be a fertiliHed cosmic seedG When it orbits in the favorable Hone of life aro nd a star$ it m st germinate and develop a vitaliHed$ variegated inorganic and organic comm nity of s bstance in consonance &ith a fi;ed plan of planetary gro&th and behavior, The planetary seed may be impregnated &ith as preordained a design for its event al development as any other prescribed incipient force in nat re, Aiven the opport nity and the proper prevailing conditions$ matter &ill consistently conform and behave in accordance &ith its form lary str ct re, Its behavior is not
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s bIect to any chanceJ nor is its innate paradigm the res lt of any accident, Was it an accident that life appeared on planet %arth$ and not on Den s or MarsG When the cosmic seeds &ere so&n thro gho t the niverse$ the res ltant planetary bodies &o ld not all emerge as hospitable homes for the development of life nder their s ns, In o r solar system$ %arth alone may have had the good fort ne to fall into the orbital Hone of life aro nd o r modest star, It$ therefore$ &as enabled to f lfill all the coincidental timeVspatial reE irements that bring forth a l sh and vibrant planet, Perhaps in the orbital systems of other distant stars$ the co nterparts of o r o&n planetary li'eness are presently s&irling abo t in a similar organic manifestation &ondering if planets accompany o r s n, Perhaps they may be older than &e are$ and they may already 'no& that there is a planet ( mber 7 in the throes of early Technological a&a'ening$ b t menacing its o&n s rvival by promoting a st nted !iological infancy as the s bsistence for its civiliHation,
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In any of these inhabited planets$ chance applies not to the nat re of their appearance$ b t to the timeVspatial coincidence of their appearance, If Den s &o ld have fallen into the Solar SystemCs Hone of life$ then the story of a h man civiliHation &o ld have been recorded on o r sister planet$ rather than o r o&n, "i'e the acorn that blossoms into the inevitable oa'$ so does the cosmic seed ind bitably develop into a preordained$ life9s pporting planet$ provided that$ li'e the articu"ar acorn$ the planet s&ings into a propitio s environment for germinating and flo&ering its life potential, =f co rse$ the factors for planetary flo rishing are m ch more comple; than those for the acorn, (evertheless$ a parallel does e;ist in that they both reflect the principle of coordinating their f nctions in accordance &ith a grand master plan in nat re$ &hich provides for the p ll lation of a niverse, The E estion &ho m st no& be form lated, Who imparted the dynamic cosmological pattern nto nat reG Who post lated the
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form lae to &hich all matter is pledgedG Who sponsored and bro ght forth the first atomic particleG Who set in motion the design for gro&th$ e;pansion$ condensation$ and reprod ctionG The ans&er is certainly not manJ nor does (at re sla'e o r intellect al c riosity, =nly one e;planation ass mes rational validity, The Who is Aod and none otherQ In AodCs niverse$ the certit de of the uni)ersa" is &itho t peer, There can be no deviation from the divinely ordained paradigm imposed pon matter, If one does not see Aod in the gemmation of the acorn or the cosmic seed$ it does not mean that Aod is not there, The po&er of Aod is there$ and it is discernible thro gho t the enormo sly comple; bl eprint of nat re, In this respect$ o r dimin tive globe f lfills its role in accordance &ith the divine scheme, With the appropriate reconstr ction of his ltimate obIectives$ Technological Man may concl de that the final revelation of the genesis so rce is nattainable, The mysteries of the niverse become more profo nd$ even as science
258

becomes more 'no&ledgeable, The incongr ity of being cannot be e;plained by Technological Man, There are advanced mathematical eE ations that have no ans&er, In his microcosmic investigations$ the research scientist has not yet reached the roc'9bottom layer of the atom, It is no& theoriHed that the infinitesimal protons and ne trons may be composed of a smaller entity$ and recently$ these have been d bbed &ith the some&hat facetio s name E ar's, Physicists have presently identified fo r types of E ar's in the microcosmos$ &hich they have E aintly designated p$do&n$ strange$ and charmed, These p rs e a variety of triad combinations to form late the particle str ct re of protons and ne trons, ! t this is not yet the end of the story, %ach E ar' is comprised of three smaller E antities that are called colors$ and this still may not be the ltimate min tiae of matterQ (evertheless$ the triad form lation of E ar's and their colors is an impressive
259

demonstration of nat reCs persistent adherence to relational symmetry, +mong men of science$ there are those &ho declare that a total nderstanding of the forces governing particle behavior is impossible, Despite this concl sion$ Technological Man contin es his search for the perfect symmetry and ltimate simplicity that he believes m st reside at the core of all nat re, + force that promotes s ch sing larity and yet harmonio s e;tension calls to mind the concept of Aod more than anything else, In the macrocosmic niverse$ the p HHling phenomena of E asars baffle the &orldCs leading astronomers, When the astronomical nion met in 6amb rg in ./8:$ only nine of these bl e$ ltradistant points of light &ere 'no&n, !y ./80$ some one h ndred of these stars &ere identified, They &ere considered to be farther a&ay than any other visible obIects in the s'y, In ./0:$ more than 543 E asars had been located and catalog ed, Since then$ their n mber has increased$ and altho gh their precise nat re and
260

distance from o r solar system remains a mystery$ recently$ a pair of +merican astronomers declared them to be the e;ploding n cle s of a distant gala;y, It seems to me that the h man mind all too often s ffers from a narro& constriction in its thin'ing beca se of its nat rally finite composition, +s a res lt$ manCs hypotheses concerning o ter space has been severely circ mscribed commencing &ith the earliest records of cosmic spec lation, The niverse of the ancients &as smaller than the niverse of the medieval scholarsJ and their vie&s of the &orld &ere more confining than those of the early scientists, The trend of conceiving cramped cosmologies contin ed into the t&entieth cent ry, =nly some fifty years ago$ astronomers regarded the mysterio s gala;ies as nothing more than single stars e;ploding in nearby space, Today$ the gala;y IS identified as a distant stellar metropolis comprising millions of stars, Science sho ld not be criticiHed for its ca tio s approach$ and perhaps its circ mspect method
261

generated the c rrent narro& hypothesis offered in connection &ith the ne;plained E asars, In vie& of the long$ past record of nderestimating nat reCs grande r$ &hy sho ld not one boldly conIect re that E asars are more than the e;ploding n cle s of a gala;yG The nat re of these E asi stellar phenomena may one day be 'no&n, #ntil their enigmatic E alities are discerned more definitively$ they remain a s bIect for &ide spec lation$ some of &hich may be fancif l and some of &hich may be int itive, In this latter vein$ I sho ld li'e to offer an element of theoretical interpretation to &hat has already been pop larly ass med, Despite its min te appearance$ the E asar is an e;ceedingly l mino s stellar obIectJ in fact$ E asars appear to be brighter than the largest gala;ies$ altho gh they are m ch smaller in o r sighting instr ments, More n s al is the amo nt of energy that they radiate into space, >or e;ample$ the enormo sly bright E asar 7C 507 emits a tho sand times more energy than o r o&n Mil'y Way gala;y$ &hich comprises
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some .33$333 million stars$ yet in its compact siHe$ 7C 507 seems to be b t a trivial fraction of o r galactic vol me, Scientists are hard p t to e;plain the anomalo s phenomenon of s ch a small stellar obIect that prod ces s ch a vast o tp t of energy, +mong other theories$ the E asar has been considered to be a collection of millions of stars compressed into a tiny compact vol me$ &herein reg lar s pernova e;plosions emit tremendo s forces of energy, Some astronomers consider that the E asarCs enormo s energy derives from the decimating conseE ences that occ r &hen matter and antimatter meet in a direct confrontation, The cr ; of the problem hinges pon a convincing determination of the distance bet&een the E asars and o r o&n point of observation, >or this p rpose$ meas rement of the light from the E asars denoting the red shift to&ard the longer &avelength of the spectr m has been some&hat d bio sly$ if not decidedly$ accepted as a means of denoting its place in the niverse, The enormo s red shift indicated in the
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light of the E asars s ggests that they may lie at tremendo s distances from the planet earth$ and possibly at the very o tposts of the niverse itself, =n the basis of s ch comp tations$ the nearest E asar has been estimated to repose some t&o tho sand million light years from o r solar system$ and the remaining E asars are still farther o t$ &ith some residing even beyond the Henith of o r observable niverse, It is considered that the present e;pansion of o r o&n niverse may have commenced appro;imately ten tho sand million years ago$ and o r Mil'y Way gala;y is in the neighborhood of five tho sand million years old, If s ch be the case$ and &e are no& vie&ing in the E asar appearance cosmic phenomena as it &as some t&o tho sand million years ago$ or more$ then &e are gaHing pon E ite an early vestige of niversal str ct re, #nder s ch conditions$ I am tempted to ass me that the E asars are composed not of millions of stars compressed into a very small vol me$ b t of cl sters of gala;ies at an early stage of cosmic
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spa&ning$ prior to their dispersion into the vast reaches of space, In other &ords$ &hat I am s ggesting is that these s pradistant agglomerations of stellar phenomena$ emitting incredible amo nts of energy in light and radio &aves$ constit te an entire rban niverse composed of cl sters of gala;ies at an early stage of their development and e;pansion, Th s$ contrary to the notion that o r niverse is the one and only e;traordinary cosmic island of stellar matter$ &hy may &e not ass me that many more island9 niverses e;ist thro gho t a &hole s pra niverseG Perhaps$ li'e the ancients$ o r concept of matter remains narro&ly compressed in relation to the more realistic condition of the e;panse, It may t rn o t that the niverse of the t&entieth cent ry is only a minor fraction of a mammoth s pra niverse, If it is theoriHed that each E asar is a separate m ltigalactic niverse$ then o r o&n niverse of gala;ies diminishes in significance$ as does o r o&n gala;y$ the Mil'y Way, What is accomplished by post lating that o r o&n
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niverse may be b t a min sc le E asar9spec' in a s pra niverse composed of billions of E asar m lti galactic niversesG Man becomes smaller$ and therefore$ sho ld be more h mble I b t$ Aod becomes greater$ and therefore$ more praise&orthy, Intellect al Man$ ho&ever$ is no& sorely p HHled, It appears that this sing lar position in the niverse is not as e;traordinary as he considered it to be at the o tset, S ddenly$ it da&ns pon him that he may be b t an infinitesimal spec' in the cosmos$ &here pon his once a g st demeanor of total centrality cr mbles, To learn that man is not the center of creation is a shattering blo& to h man vanity, If man is b t an obsc re particle amidst a mind9 staggering e;panse of matter$ and if his individ al &elfare evo'es no great concern on the part of a stern9faced nat re that spa&ned him$ then &hy &as he endo&ed at all &ith an intellect al capacity to perceive and comprehend s ch a state of affairsG Why sho ld he be granted the rational ability to detect the fact that$ in the
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eyes of Mother (at re$ his partic lar e;istence commands no special considerationG The perf nctory role of nat re ma'es it imperative that &e delve beyond the domain of the &herefore,

). THE !LIGHT OF THE !ARTICULAR

+ very sagacio s cocoon for emergent life &as sp n on Planet %arth by Mother (at re I ho&ever$ her main concern seems to be the fostering of species$ and ens ring their perpet ation, (at re patently ignores the trials and trib lations of the partic lar, (at re is clement to&ard her family$ b t obd rate to&ard its individ al members, Small &onder$ then$ that an analysis of the h man sit ation reveals &holesale ang ish and an;iety as the forer nners of despair and hopelessness, S ch forlorn attit des are E ite prevalent in contemporary society, The atheist9e;istentialist$ for e;ample$ moans abo t the vac ity of h man e;istence, There is no logical e;planation for the inanity of manCs being, In fact$ it appears that
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nat re played a cr el hoa; on its s preme prod ct$ man, It endo&ed man &ith an intellect$ &ith &hich he &as enabled to perceive the tter f tility of his o&n essence, It is not easy to s ffer the a&areness of a meaningless e;istence, (o organic specimen$ other than man$ has been inflicted &ith s ch a prepotent imposition, It hardly inspires a Hest for life &hen one observes nat re smiling broadly pon the species as an entity$ and favoring the biologically s perior prod ct$ &hile br sE ely t rning her bac' pon the tort red h man psyche, Why &as man chastised by being granted a brain that may apprehend all thisG 6as manCs s perior mental apparat s bro ght him greater sec rity or happinessG +n ego9 a&areness fac lty$ s ch as man possesses$ becomes a hollo& moc'ery in face of the emotional torment it ca ses him to end re, 6is intellect &eighs pon him li'e a b rdensome albatross, It &o ld have been a far better thing for man to have been deprived of s ch a 'een$ discerning thin'ing9eE ipage$ beca se as a
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simple biological creat re$ he &o ld never have comprehended the sordid plight of mortal e;istence, If man &ere nothing more than a menial biped$ he &o ld have been spared the vol mino s psychological stress and emotional sorro& to &hich he is presently s bIect, (o& that man$ thro gh his s perior intellect$ has nloc'ed a PandoraCs bo; revealing the gross h man condition in all of its misery$ to &hom may the pitif l individ al t rn for comfort$ solace$ and sympathy in the dar' ho rs of isolated s ffering and lonelinessG Shall he call pon Mother (at reG ! t Mother (at re co ld not care less abo t his pathetic predicament, If the distressed s bIect persistently sE ints at the &orld thro gh a constricted$ agnostically dominated vision$ then$ indeed$ there is no one to t rn to b t himself, "ife$ as seen by the atheist9e;istentialist$ is an abs rd caro sel, It comes from no&here and it goes no&here$ all to the accompaniment of a garish m sical clatter, %;istence is a 'aleidoscope of craHy9E ilt
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patternsJ and beca se it ma'es no sense$ &eing may be eE ated &ith nothingness, +ccordingly$ the atheist sho ld not misrepresent the fact that in the eyes of Mother (at re$ the plight of the partic lar evo'es little sympathy, =nce nat reCs callo s demeanor to&ard the partic lar is ac'no&ledged$ the atheist becomes hard9pressed to offer a sensible e;planation for the evol tion of a niE e h man ego, If man$ as a biological prod ct$ is nothing more than the chance er ption of a pec liar specimen$ &hose only f nction as a partic lar is to interlin' another element of the h man concatenation for the simple perpet ation of an irresol te species$ then &hat is the p rpose of endo&ing him &ith a fac lty for self9conscio s a&arenessG This E estion becomes an especially thorny iss e for the Dar&inians and contemporary behaviorists$ &ho conceive the cosmic cycle of nat re as operating thro gh a doctrine of nat ral selection$ so that nat re only prod ces that &hich is reE ired for the s rvival of the species, If s ch is the case$ the highly developed
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brain of species 0omo sa iens serves no valid p rpose, In fact$ in vie& of his mar'ed penchant for fratricidal demolition and global s icidal behavior$ modern man represents a blatant antithesis to the la& of nat ral selection, There &as no biological comp lsion on the part of the evol tionary process to prod ce a rationally minded$ egoconscio s$ and self9 analytical specimen, It &o ld have been more &ithin the operational design and f nction of nat re to generate an emotionally sterile and rationally s pine creat re bearing the same image as man, S ch an anthropomorpho s being co ld adeE ately pop late a planet thro gh the instinctive procreation of a s bintelligent$ b t psychologically tranE il$ species$ 0omo sim "eton, + species 0omo sim "eton &o ld have been the logical Dar&inian progression beyond the higher primates$ and endo&ed &ith an appropriate set of animal instincts necessary to conform &ith the s rvival pattern of nat re$ it &o ld have made a logical capstone for the evol tionary process, (ot 0omo-sa iens$ b t
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0omo-sim "eton sho ld have pop lated this planet$ beca se nothing more than an e;ceedingly shallo&9minded fol' sho ld have appeared at the end of the long$ Dar&inian chain, The facts of life$ ho&ever$ are other&ise, Modern man emerges as a paramo nt prodigy of the e;tensive cosmic scheme of nat re$ and this poses a baffling sit ation, In the eyes of the atheist9e;istentialist$ manCs appearance is ine;plicableJ in the sight of the honest scientist$ he is an anomaly, > rthermore$ the h man acE isition of a high9grade intellect discredits the theoretical str ct re dogmatically developed by the Dar&inians and the latter9day behaviorists, Why sho ld a niverse emerging thro gh the rigoro s throes of p re accident and sheer chance evolve an intelligent specimen of matter &ho has the ability to analytically contemplate his o&n ego str ct reG +s a prod ct of mere coincidence$ the form lation of an advanced$ rationally eE ipped entity ma'es little sense, %ven from an orthodo; pantheistCs point of vie&$ the chief p rvie& of nat re s ggests a desire to
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activate a biologically thriving niverse$ &hich reE ires nothing more elaborate than a variety of creat res endo&ed &ith instinctive a&areness for s rvival and propagation, +n emotionally t rb lent$ psychologically comple;$ and intellect ally s perior h man species sho ld never have appeared on a cosmic men $ if it is ass med that the Master Chef is none;istent, #nder s ch conditions$ man is not only nnecessary$ b t in contrast to rationally deficient and mechanically or instinctively motivated matter$ he appears to be an incongr o s abs rdity, The absol te emergence of rational man$ therefore$ indicates that the cosmos is not the conseE ence of an accidental cataclysmic catastrophe, This concl sion$ ho&ever$ does not yet e;plain the circ mstance of the disaffected partic lar, The impersonal$ mechanistic disposition of nat re to&ard the individ al embodiment of a species remains a dist rbing enigma, Why does nat re hardly e;hibit any concern for the destiny of the s ecific partic larG
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6er only interest is to preserve a partic lar so that it may service and perpet ate the species, (at reCs lac' of interest in the partic lar is E ite evident in the area of propagation, (at re disperses its seeds in s ch genero s proportions that one may chide her for e;ercising impet o s &astef lness, >or every seed that ta'es root or that germinates$ there are many doHens$ h ndreds$ and tho sands that are scattered selessly$ and their fr ition never sees the light of day, > rthermore$ man is appalled at nat reCs indiscriminate e;ercise of her po&ers, 6er destr ctive f ry may stri'e forth against the &ic'ed and the innocent ali'e, Why$ indeed$ does Mother (at re display a heartless amoral attit de to&ard the str ggling partic larG This brings s to a ve;ing dilemma that determines the entire o tcome of manCs personal relationship &ith Aod, Since the Divine Personality radiates its message thro gh nat re$ does the lac' of biological concern for the &elfare of the partic lar$ as fo nd in the cosmic scheme of nat re$ reflect the divine &ill of AodG If it does
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indicate the divine attit de$ then the abyss bet&een man and Aod can never be bridged$ and the h man endeavor to address the S preme !eing is hopelessly f tile, +n nderstanding of manCs position as a partic lar m st be t&o9fold, =n the one hand$ man is no ght b t an innoc o s particle of nat re$ and in this respect his partic lar identity is of slight conseE ence, 6o&ever$ man is also something elseJ b t this s pern merary stat s depends pon the point of vie& man$ himself$ ass mes to&ard the cosmos, If man decides that he &ill occ py only the biological lo&lands &here the la& of the I ngle prevails$ then his partic lar e;istence fades in importance and diminishes in its specific significance, (either !r te !iological Man$ nor Domesticated !iological Man$ nor CiviliHed !iological Man can file a claim for meaningf l e;istence$ beca se they choose to identify solely &ith the base biological thr st of life$ &here the partic lar s rvives in an impersonal atmosphere of dispassionate instinctive a&areness,
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In the valley of selfish biological s rvival$ man fails to perceive a higher ego identity, It is &hen man arrives on the Theological Platea $ and certainly on the Prophetic S mmit$ that a disting ished ego conscio sness comes into vie&, "o&er !iological Man$ ho&ever$ is so b sily engaged &ith matters of the flesh that he ignores the opport nities to reach the higher spheres in life, <esol tely$ he prefers to occ py his sordid environment$ &here the chief occ pation is to satiate cr de biological appetites and$ principally$ the se; drive, "o&er !iological Man s&ings &ith nat re9in9the9ra&$ and in so doing$ he slips to the nadir of e;istence, +s a partic lar in that realm$ he commands an insignificant stat s, Despite its shortcomings$ the domain of "o&er !iological Man appears to be e;ceedingly pop lar, It attracts vast n mbers of the global pop lation to its banner$ and they render it homage fit for a deity, >ormal philosophical schools of tho ght have been devised to accommodate the mass penchant for a life9style
276

e;tolling the biological motif above all else, +theist9e;istentialism stands o t as a notable e;ample, The atheist9e;istentialist relates the partic lar to the en soi category of biological instinctive a&areness, >or this reason$ the atheist9 e;istentialist deems life to be a f tile str ggle, 6 man e;istence is confined to the biological valley of the three lo&er biological specimens* !r te !iological Man$ Domesticated !iological Man$ and CiviliHed !iological Man, The pright t&o9legged creat re is conceived as nothing more than an ed cable beast, Man m st str ggle along for s rvival &ith all other instinctively a&are creat res in nat re, +s a conseE ence$ despair$ ang ish$ and f tility prevail, In a broader sense$ man is more than an instinctively a&are creat re, Man has developed the niE e ability for self9conscio s cognition, With the inimitable capacity to identify his o&n ego$ man advances to a higher stat s of e;istence, 6e becomes s perior to the common category of organisms &ho thrive thro gh
277

instinctive a&areness, Simply stated$ man$ alone$ 'no&s that he has an ego, =nly man is cogniHant of an ego &ithin himself and &ithin his fello&man, +n important facet of ego9cognition is the aptit de to perceive that$ &ithin a fello& h man being$ there also resides the po&er for ego9cognition, The intellect al e;pansion of man thro gh his po&er for ego9cognition inspires &ithin him an intrepid resol teness to identify his o&n partic lar being as an essence of vital significance in the niverse, 6is self9'no&ing s'ill convinces the individ al that he is endo&ed &ith a sense of special importance and p rposef lness, If the o tloo' of man is a criterion$ then an ego9 cogniHable specimen finds e;istence nbearable nless the partic lar is invested &ith meaning, If no p rpose is evident for the creat re blessed &ith ego9cognition$ then life becomes a harro&ing drama of grievo s ang ish and &earisome despair, To the atheist9e;istentialist$ &ho n llifies all raison d1tre$ e;istence becomes
278

a b rdensome e;ercise in f tility, Man finds it diffic lt to end re a sit ation &hereby his partic lar essence is merely meshed into the s rvival pattern of non essential flotsam floating along a stream of cosmic resid e, Man cannot abide the e;istence of an en soi if life is to convey even the slightest apparition of meaning, #nfort nately$ the atheist9e;istentialist$ in directing man to&ard a our soi essence$ fails ignominio sly to provide the h man specimen &ith a &orth&hile prescription for achieving a valid goal in life, The our soi directive of the atheist9e;istentialist is as empty$ vapid$ and n gatory as is his otiose en soi, + creat re possessing the potential for ego9 cognition represents an e;traordinary brea'thro gh in the normal f nctional pattern of nat re, 6eretofore$ all e;istence &as either inorganically a tomated$ or if organic$ instinctively motivated, =ne co ld hardly anticipate the emergence of a h man specimen &ith the po&er to rationally analyHe and
279

infl ence nat reCs operation,

organic

and

inorganic

Man is indeed an anomaly, In one sense he is a biological prod ct &ith hardly any redeeming feat res to &arrant special notice, In another sense$ ho&ever$ he stands sE arely above all nat re as a regal and s premely intellect al giant, +s a percipient ersona$ man cannot s stain a limited state of simple instinct al a&areness, 6e feels impelled to generate an essence that may transform his e;istence into a meaningf l advent re, +ltho gh the psychological essence of h man ego9cognition is biologically dependent$ it nevertheless enco rages man to ass me that he is the proprietor of a niE e being$ and therefore$ he is vastly s perior to the diverse miscellany of nat re, Man asserts that his partic lar essence does E alify for a distinctively respectable stat s of incomparable significance, !eca se he is eE ipped &ith s ch a highly proficient intellect al talent$ man ma'es bold to declare that his partic lar being arises as a p rposef l
280

event in cosmological history, In fact$ man 'no&s that he does relate meaningf lly to the stars$ the gala;ies$ and the niverse, #ltimately$ it da&ns pon man that the special endo&ment of a profo nd intellect al capability is not merely a fat o s license for his o&n sophisticated$ biological am sementJ rather it is an imperio s mandate charging him &ith the obligation to search beyond nat re for the so rce of all things, ManCs ability to post late the E ery &herefore imposes pon him an imminent responsibility to see' the Who, The process of this search for the Arand Master is mar'ed by a some&hat devio s ro te, Man m st first embar' pon a penetrating$ introspective ego analysis before he may acE ire a discerning revelation of the niversal absol te, The circ it to the Divine Personality commences &ith the nfolding of the mortal I ego, Thro gh ego9cognition$ man may ass me that he holds a more valid stat s in the cosmic identity, 6is e;istence e; des the E ality of a vital essence, 6is partic lar ego occ pies an eminent category
281

in the nfolding destiny of the niverse$ beca se man 'no&s that he relates historically to the first proton, !y reason of this primary a&areness$ he recogniHes that he shares in some small fashion in the determination of cosmic eschatology, Man discovers a niE e relevance in tracing the so rce of his o&n being, !y f rther e;tension of the fac lty for self9conscio s cognition$ man is able to discern a meaningf l premise for his o&n identity, 6o& does man proceed to certify his endorsement as a meaningf l partic lar in the cosmosG 6e records his biography from generation to generation$ and he ratifies his boo' of e;istence as an important vol me in niversal eschatology, In fact$ he believes that each individ al record in his encyclopedia of life is an essential te;t in cosmic history, Man concl des that his e;istence does leave a mar' pon the &orld, 6e is convinced that the conseE ences of his o&n partic lar advent re stamp an indelible imprint on the destiny of the cosmos, 6is being is a microcosmos reflecting
282

the macrocosmos, 6is life is not a mere shado& flitting from insignificance to nothingness$ beca se thro gh the remar'able identification of his IVmortal ego$ he can post late the divination of Aod, Indeed$ thro gh the a&areness of his o&n I ego$ he can infer the presence of a Divine I ego, + thentic e;istence is thereby &ithin the reach of man, To E alify for a thentic e;istence$ the self9conscio s cognition fac lty e;pands its comprehension of the partic lar I ego$ and event ally$ it becomes possible for man to conceive Aod as an I Divine, ManCs partic lar being$ therefore$ is vitally significant$ and the dimin tion of his I ego thro gh his passing is a tragic event, Moreover$ if man ever becomes e;tinct as a res lt of his o&n malevolent disposition$ no front9page headline type &ill ever be large eno gh to I stifiably herald s ch a horrendo s catastrophe, =f co rse$ no typesetters &ill have remained$ anyho&$ to record s ch a disastro s event, It is therefore reasonable for man to consider the emergence of his ego9cognition fac lty as an
283

indication that s ch a largess is a special grant from a po&er beyond the instinct al$ a tomated operational design that is so clearly manifest in nat re, There is no do bt b t that the species 0omo sa iens arises as an n s al phenomenon in the niverse, 6ere is a strange particle of matter of the cosmos that developed the s'ill to comprehend its environmentJ the ability to contemplate itselfJ and the proficiency to search for its so rce in time and space, Co ld s ch a being be the E ite accidental conseE ence of an impersonal$ nat ral occ rrenceG The rare thin'ing organism co ld only concl de other&ise, ManCs appearance had to be the divinely inspired and divinely ordained cons mmation of a cosmic scheme, <ational man ref ses to credit a blind$ coincidental interaction of impercipient atoms &ith the competence to form late its o&n paradigm for the emergence of a specimen able to contemplate itself, The appearance of a self9 conscio s a&areness factor in nat re m st have been conceived thro gh the grace of a higher
284

intellect, =n the entire horiHon of nat re &ithin the periphery accessible for h man analysis$ man alone stands o t as a specimen &ho may st dy his I ego, (o other organism 'no&n to man can recite the apparently simple first9person prono n$ I$ and comprehend its significance, The special h man capacity for ego contemplation opens the intellect al gate&ay for the post lation of a Divine Personality iridescently resplendent &ithin the sacred folds of its o&n S preme I %go, In ta'ing this bold step for&ard to&ard a more personalistic identification of an %ternal$ Imm table Aod$ man pres mes to impart a distinctive and meaningf l E ality to his o&n articu"ar being, (o other creat re e;hibits a personalistic analysis of its o&n ego, (o other living specimen 'no&n to man discerns the concept of Aod$ let alone a Divine %go, The e;cl sivity of this profo nd er diteness achieved by man is reason eno gh for him to ass me a s perior post re of p rposef lness,
285

With s ch a 'een analytic aptit de$ man rises above the vorte; of n gacio s biological e;istence and invests his individ al appearance &ith meaning, 6e ref ses to accept the nondescript designation that Mother (at re c stomarily imposes pon her offspring, Man s bstantiates the claim for individ al pertinence by endo&ing each partic lar &ith its o&n characteristic name, The partic larCs importance and sing larity are confirmed by assigning each individ al member &ith a personaliHed nomenclat re, This practice certifies the distinctive identity of the IVego, In a similar vein$ man ass mes that Aod m st also be 'no&n by name$ so that 6is all9meaningf l being may remain s preme in the eyes of 6is creat res, S bseE ently$ the c stom of name9calling is applied to the rest of organic and inorganic matter$ b t this meas re is nderta'en by man merely for the sa'e of establishing a convenient means of description and identification by &hich they$ too$ become part of a niverse of meaning,

286

The fact remains that man$ alone$ comm nicates thro gh the process of names, Man$ alone$ resists nat reCs impersonal attit de to&ard the individ al specimen, Man defies nat reCs callo s disposition to&ard the partic lar by providing the ersona &ith p rposef l significance thro gh a historically applicable relationship involving the cosmos and the Creator, Man may ta'e pride in the fact that his niE e cognitive ability is &ithheld from every other earthly$ organic creat re, The sing lar manifestation of ego9cognition accorded to man$ therefore$ mar's him as a disting ished and p rposef l e;istent being in nat re, + more profo nd revelation of ego9cognition occ rs &ith the en nciation of the divine Decalog eCs first commandment* I am the "ord$ thy Aod,,,, Aod is identified as e;hibiting a self9 conscio s a&areness fac lty, Inasm ch as self9 conscio s a&areness is evident only in the intellect of man$ its parallel so rce m st be located in a s perior realm$ namely$ in the domain of the divine, It is therefore considered
287

to be a divine gift to be able to en nciate the &ord Y, Man has been so blessed$ only beca se he reflects the image of the Divine Personality, The revelation of a divine ethos in the niverse becomes possible &hen AodCs identity is form lated and e;pressed as S preme I, The IVmortal may then relate to the IVDivine$ follo&ing &hich$ man may proceed to perfect his intellect al pro&ess so that he may discern the niversal moral directive &ithin the design of a divinely inspired niverse, The nfoldment$ then$ of the IVmortal leads to an apocalyptic nveiling of the IVDivine, When man discovers that he is an I$ he feels impelled to add ce a similar transference of ego manifestation to the Divine Personality, If man displays an I$ then Aod m st s rely e;hibit the S preme I$ and it is thro gh the omnipresence of the S preme I that man may e;perience a divine revelation, Th s$ the div lgence of the IVDivine enables man to perceive the &ill of Aod in the niverse,
288

The E intessence of a thentic e;istence resides in the essence of divinity, AodCs being is the p rest and most perfect form of e;istence, If man co ld reflect some aspect of the Divine !eing$ he possibly may acE ire a modic m of a thenticity for his o&n mortal being, If man gains even a &hit of a thenticity in his life$ he may I stly claim a to'en of special respect and meaning for his partic lar identity, In &hat manner$ then$ may man demand to be disting ished from the ordinary e;istence of a commonplace s bstance &hose partic lar is of little interest to Mother (at reG 6o& may man garner the appropriate esteem so that he may claim a meaningf l meas re of relevance for each single h man specimenG S ch a role is f lfilled &hen mortal ego9cognition bas's in the resplendency of the IVDivine, Since the IVDivine form lates the basis of all a thentic e;istence$ the IVmortal$ by em lating the divine essence of ego9cognition$ I stifiably may concl de that in the Divine9mortal ego9similit de$ h man e;istence acE ires a thenticity, When man$ in
289

en nciating I$ perceives that he is afforded the a&areness of his o&n h mble mortal ego only by virt e of the beneficent grace of the s premely Divine I$ then he may infer the nfoldment of s ch similarities in personality str ct re as being a coad nate concomitance of a thentic e;istence, Aod emerges from 6is role as the transcendent composer of the glorio s cosmic epic$ and reveals 6imself as the s preme IVDivine$ &hose partic lar essence manifests a niE e sing larity and individ ality, !y em lating the ego cognition evinced by the IVDivine$ the IVmortal$ altho gh trivial by comparison$ nevertheless$ thro gh the privilege of imitatio deus$ ass mes for its o&n mortal partic lar a sing lar E ality of niE e identity and significance in the cosmic drama of the niverse, +s indicated$ an interpretive analysis of the self9 conscio s a&areness fac lty enco rages man to conceive himself as bearing an IVmortal ego that is a min te reflection of the IVDivine, Man sho ld not be too harshly criticiHed if$ s bseE ently$ he boastf lly anno nces$ as is
290

recorded in an early Aenesis passage$ that he &as made in the image of Aod, Indeed$ if both man and Aod e;hibit ego9cognition$ then an imagery parallel bet&een them is not too facetio s a prono ncement for the ancient biblical scribe, + sharp contrast becomes evident as life casts its flic'ering shado&s across the screen of e;istential reality, Whereas in the broad s&eep of nat re the partic lar is of little concern$ on the Theological Platea and on the Prophetic S mmit of manCs domain the partic lar is never regarded as blithely e;pendable, (at re e;ercises a cold$ impartial attit de to&ard the partic lar, The single specimen is of interest only as it serves to s stain the propagation and contin ed s rvival of the species, =n the higher platea s of man$ ho&ever$ the partic lar enters into a covenental relationship &ith Aod, The partic lar spea's to AodJ the partic lar considers the mysterio s personality of AodJ the partic lar ponders on the problem of lifeCs p rpose$ and therefore$ searches assid o sly for the divine message, This rapport and comm nion that the
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IVmortal endeavors to establish &ith the IVDivine helps to convince man that he is granted the privilege of considering his ego9being as engendering a meaningf l significance, Man cannot help b t concl de that he is a vital lin' in the chain of cosmic destiny as o tlined by the recondite master plan of the S preme !eing, The enlightenment that man derives on the pper intellect al platea s in relation to the identity and aspirations of the ego$ fills him &ith a tr e sense of &orth, 6e deems it valid to p rs e the enigma of life$ and in this metempirical search$ he hopes to gain a thentic e;istence, Man is convinced that a thentic e;istence is &ithin his reach, Where$ ho&ever$ does it seem most propitio s to encompass itG The lo&er !iological mode of s bsistence offers small hope for capt ring the a thentic in life, "ittle &onder$ then$ that the partic lar on the lo&er !iological levels is so r thlessly ignored and so harshly disdained, =ne m st climb$ therefore$ to the intellect al platea s$ and partic larly to the Theological and Prophetic
292

heights$ if one is to discern a thenticity, In the rarefied atmosphere of the pper Intellect al realm$ the distinctive recognition of the IVmortal ego$ and its relation to the revelation of the IVDivine$ invests man &ith a noble post re for living, +s man descends from the pper Intellect al spheres along the incline leading to the MaIestic !iological Plain$ he feels that his life is filled &ith a sense of meaningJ his sing lar appearance is importantJ and his partic lar identity has p rposef l val e, + basic element in manCs search for a thentic e;istence$ therefore$ is the appropriate identification of the IVmortal ego$ so that it may f lfill its f nction in the establishment of a meaningf l relationship &ith the IVDivine, The IVmortal m st strive to reach the platea that is most promising for a rendeHvo s &ith the IVDivine, In a frantic desire to reach Aod$ man has applied his creative talents to the ma;im m$ hoping thereby to arrive at the proper form la, +s a conseE ence$ a plethora of rit alistic doctrines
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&ere developed over the cent ries$ and these &ere designed for the p rpose of ma'ing available to man a prescription for divine comm nication, The rit als established in the co rse of many generations as a means of reaching Aod no& possess the disting ished characteristic of tradition, In addition to his many other traits$ man is a decidedly sentimental creat re$ and an identification &ith tradition$ therefore$ promotes a more favorable psychological climate for intrepid living, +ss redly$ both rit al and lit rgy are important elements in manCs search for a thentic e;istence, They are essential as e;pressions of his determination to reIect the stigma of e;pendability that nat re stamps pon the individ al specimen, !y pridef lly addressing Aod$ and this is s ally accomplished thro gh established rit al and lit rgy$ man asserts that he is not e;pendable, 6e declares in stentorian tones that his articu"ar ego identity is not a passing fancy in the &ind, 6is essence$ altho gh mortal$ has val e$ significance$ and p rpose,
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Man$ ho&ever$ recogniHes that he is &ea'$ both physically and psychologically, 6e therefore reE ires the gracio s g idance of a higher po&er to aid him in sec ring a significant essence, In order to &in a seal of meaningf l approval for his o&n h mble stat s$ man s ppliantly t rns heaven&ard and implores that his o&n I egoN his o&n IVmortal9may relate in parallel conI nction to the IVDivine, 2 st as the IVDivine is niE e and s premely indispensable in its partic lar identity$ so does man beseech that his mortal I may reflect a spar' of this niE eness$ a spar' of this indispensabilityNin short$ a spar' of meaningf lness in the dispassionate cosmic panorama of the niverse, The classic o tcry of the Psalmist$ !less my so l$ = AodQ$ &ell reflects this notion, It s ggests thro gh implication* %;hibit Thy a&areness of my essenceJ of my egoidentityJ beca se only thro gh my relationship &ith Thee$ = Aod$ does my life ass me e;traordinary val e, Arant nto me the privilege of being ac'no&ledged as a significant partic lar, Do not cast me into the
295

melting9pot of estranged biological phenomena, Do not relegate me nto the meaningless maelstrom of lo&er biological s bsistence$ &here the partic lar is meas red only in terms of its pragmatic biological efficiency, I implore Thee$ = Aod$ bless me &ith a more meaningf l cogniHance of Thy !eing$ so that my o&n being may thereby acE ire a greater degree of a thenticity, Th s$ by pleading for a demeanor of &orthiness$ man hopes to find the &ay to perfect his o&n e;istence so that it may be a thentically developed, The alternative is to float aimlessly along the broad$ impersonal stream of p rportless$ partic lar matter scattered thro gho t the niverse, Man$ ho&ever$ is impelled to pres me that his being is different$ beca se he is the only identifiable specimen possessing the rare E ality of ego self9cognition, ManCs articu"ar identity$ therefore$ is important, 6is niE e essence has significance$ and someho&$ man concl des$ his being does affect the destiny of the cosmic drama, Man
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interprets his appearance as the cro&ning9point of nat reJ and &hy sho ld he not ass me s ch a regal stat reG Consider$ in all of creation to &hich man has access$ there appears no other creat re endo&ed &ith the niE e capacity to conceive thro gh a self9conscio s a&areness of a mystifying$ mortal personality$ a glimmer of the ineffable IVDivine, +s a fitting clima; to s ch a profo nd revelation$ may not man boldly pres me to endo& the &hole niverse &ith meaningG Therefore$ man sho ld not be branded as being overly arrogant &hen he concl des that nat re prod ced a &hole cosmic panorama of matter$ so that one of its prod cts may loo' in on itselfJ analyHe its o&n conditionJ declare its independence from the apparent abs rdity of the en soiJ identify itself by nameJ perceive the Divine !eingJ and f rnish its o&n partic lar entity &ith meaning by relating in a personalistic manner$ thro gh confrontation and dialog e$ to Aod,
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The problems that arise at this point become E ite profo nd and abstr se, 6o& near can man come nto AodG 6o& m ch of the Divine Personality can man tr ly discernG 6o& involved a dialog e can the h man ersona developG The analysis of these enigmas calls for the most concentrated application of h man rational perspic ity, In order to comprehend the f tility of any mission$ it is necessary to attain a high level Rof 'no&ledge in that specific field of endeavor, The incongr ity of advanced mathematical eE ations that have no sol tion can best be nderstood by one &ho has achieved the ast te sagacity of an e;pert mathematician, The f tility of the E est to discern the ltimate secrets of nat re that lie beyond the reach of the h man finite mind can best be appreciated by those &ho e;plore the domains of the higher platea s, Technological Man gains a modic m of a&areness of the form lation of nat re thro gh a patient$ persistent$ and thoro ghgoing analysis of the niverse of relational 'no&ledge, 6e
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finally learns ho& nat re operates, +ltho gh he does not learn the &hy of things$ beca se he lac's the inspiration to 'no& the &ho$ Technological Man nevertheless ma'es an e;tremely val able contrib tion to the storeho se of h man 'no&ledge by developing manCs ability to compose the necessary E estion Nto arrange the p HHling eE ation that has no ans&ers, In his ho& research$ Technological Man peers into the complicated strata of nat re$ only to discover that the config rations and the aspects of relational 'no&ledge esche& any semblance of personality, Within the limited accommodations of a ho& investigation$ Technological Man may find an it$ b t never a &ho, Philosophical Man$ in his search for &hy$ finds that the ans&er points to the mysterio s &ho$ and identifies this being as 6eNthe hidden Divine PersonalityNor more appropriately$ for Philosophical Man$ the S preme !eing, Technological Man never confronts a personality$ and therefore$ he can never perceive a 6e, It is
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a concept beyond the most advanced cognitive fac lty &ith &hich Technological Man is concerned on his domain, Theological Man$ searching for a Divine Tho $ soon learns that man can never attain the ans&er to the ltimate &ho, +t best$ all that Theological Man can hope to achieve is a proper phrasing of the E estion, The essential significance of the Personality Mysteri m is beyond h man comprehension, In vie& of the fact that his E est is so hopeless$ shall Theological Man s cc mb to a mood of despairG Decidedly not$ beca se a 'no&ledge of certain aspects of the personality of the S preme Creative Intellect may be derived from finite nat re, The perception of the glittering rays of the Divine Intellect spar'ling &ithin the bosom of nat re li'e precio s gems is re&ard eno gh for the so lf l h man rational fac lty, +ltho gh the Master of the Palace seems to be beyond the pale of immediate recognition$ nevertheless$ the a ra of 6is Divine Presence
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pervades its st nning$ elaborately designed chambers$ &hich e;hibit the grande r of elegant acco trements, Consider the e;perience of entering a magnificent$ yet strange mansion, In the o&nerCs absence$ one may strive to ascertain aspects of the o&nerCs personality thro gh a vis al assessment of the architect ral design$ decor$ and f rnishings, The e;citement of recogniHing &ithin each artifact a reflection of the taste and possibly personality of the o&ner becomes an intrig ing tas' in itself, So is it &ith Aod, +s the S preme Creative Intellect$ the Divine !ersona may never be 'no&nJ and it therefore appears that a direct confrontation is impossibleJ nevertheless$ &e contin e o r search$ and &e are delighted &hen &e discern a fresh facet of the Divine Personality emerging from o r scr p lo s analysis of definitive cl es in nat re, #ltimately$ &e find that not only is a normative str ct re visible in the niverse$ b t a nified comm nion of matter becomes more logically evident, + single strand of ca sal relationships
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appears to flo& from the atom to the far9fl ng gala;iesNin the refrain of the learned astronomer* ,,, the e;istence even of stars and gala;ies depends in a delicate manner on the force of attraction bet&een t&o protonsNand the radiant glo& of the Divine Personality emerges, To s ch a Personality$ &e may find it possible to relate, +n ens ing dialog e bet&een t&o personalitiesN one mortal9and =ne DivineNbecomes not alone a possibility$ b t moreso$ a h man responsibilityJ and again$ the strain of the learned astronomer reso nds* + remar'able and intimate relationship bet&een man$ the f ndamental constants of nat re and the initial moments of space and time seems to be an inescapable condition of o r e;istence, >rom this remar'able and intimate relationship$ there arises a discernment of moral la& and order, It is the conseE ence of an e;ercise of e;traordinary cognition bet&een the IVmortal and the IVDivine, Man comm nicates &ith Aod$ and maIestically rises to the Prophetic
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S mmit$ from whence he may carry a&ay divine tables of testimony inscribed &ith a meaningf l ethosJ as the lyrical prose of the learned astronomer avers* 6 man e;istence is itself ent&ined &ith the primeval state of the niverse and the p rs it of nderstanding is a transcendent val e in manCs life and p rpose, +s man regards the grandiose panorama of his niverse$ and str ggles to fathom its meaning$ he is str c' by the innate apperception that one of the great miracles of man is his ability to comprehend, Physiologically$ the h man rational organ consists of a complicated myriad of nerves$ tiss es$ and brain cells, It has no rival on this planet in its capability for conscio s a&areness, Man is so greatly impressed &ith his o&n thin'ing mechanism that it appears correct for him to ass me that his cognitive apparat s is a 'eystone target of the niversal design, Thro gh this fac lty of prodigio s perception$ species 6omo sa iens is able to post late meaning for e;istent matter and life,
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#nder the spell of sentimental romanticism$ literary artists have ass med that Aod created an impressive niverse for an a&e9inspiring apprehension by man, They ponder* To &hat avail is the glory of creation and the imposing maIesty of nat re$ if there be no other aesthetic conscio sness to appreciate its splendor besides AodG %mpty$ cold$ and foreboding is the vast spectr m of starry space$ if no conscio s mind other than Aod perceives its ineffable bea ty, > rthermore$ manCs appraisal of nat re yields significant principles for cond ct, It &ill be a tragic moment in the niverse &hen h man conscio sness disappears$ for then aesthetic I dgment s bsides$ moral apperception fades into oblivion$ and the comprehensible schema radiated from nat re is lost to mortal a&areness, The learned astronomer ta ght that the p rs it of nderstanding is a transcendent val e in manCs life and p rpose, The meas re of man and his stat s in relation to the niverse and the Divine !eing depends pon the manner of understanding that he see's,
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!iological Man achieves e;istential a&areness of the cr dest sort, 6e 'no&s that things e;ist, Technological Man gains e;istential conscio sness, 6e comprehends ho& things e;ist, Philosophical Man cogniHes abstract a&areness, 6e ac'no&ledges a &hy in the niverse, Theological Man attains moral perception, 6e searches for the &ho beyond the niverse, Prophetic Man conceives moral discernment$ for he discovers a Divine omniscient deontology operating behind the facade of the nat ral niverse, 6e discerns the ltimate Who$ the Divine I, >inite man event ally comprehends the f tility of see'ing 'no&ledge beyond the limits of h man cognition, +ltho gh man becomes resigned to the hopeless sit ation of never to 'no&$ nonetheless$ he is ever impelled to set forth on the E est for the ltimate so rce of all 'no&ledge time and time again, It is important that a perversion of the distinctive levels sho ld not occ r as a conseE ence of careless behavior, S ch an event beto'ens a
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pathetic abs rdity &ithin the ran's of h man e;istence, When Philosophical Man cavorts in the manner of !r te !iological Man$ he distorts the h man image and may be chastised for s cc mbing to idiotic behavior, When Domesticated !iological Man pres mes to determine policy and practice for Theological Man$ he may be castigated for appropriating nto himself an arrogance of license, In a logical sit ation$ from both a personal and comm nal standpoint$ the higher platea s sho ld inspire and direct the lo&er categories so that they may endorse a h mane and beneficial s bsistence, 6o&ever$ &hen a s perior sphere is s bI gated and controlled by a lo&er level$ a travesty of rational behavior may res lt, "ife$ then$ becomes meaningless$ and a fearf l abs rdity of being over&helms the h man pop lation, Man cringes nder the b rden of e;istential insec rityJ his s rvival is imperiledJ and all hope for the f t re s bsides, +n illogical hierarchy conv lses the stability of h man development, The dire conseE ences evo'e a
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mood of deep ang ish$ leading to f tility$ despair$ and ina thentic e;istence, What is the 'ey to a thentic e;istenceG 6o& shall man overcome the omino s threat of ang ish and despairG Man m st determine that all is not f tile and hopelessJ that it is possible to apprehend the ethos of the evening starJ and that this noble tas' may be accomplished by dra&ing ever closer to Aod, Man m st see' to relate to Aod in a personal intimate fraternity, If intimacy s ggests a romantic affair &ith Aod Nso be it, Indeed$ man has the capacity to ind lge in an affair of intellect al romance &ith the Divine Personality$ and he sho ld not overtly evade this splendid opport nity, + romance9e;perience &ith Aod directs man to his finest ho r of a thentic e;istence, There are$ ho&ever$ certain prereE isites, The Divine romance9e;perience cannot be f lfilled on the lo&er !iological PlainJ nor can it be cons mmated on the Intellect al Platea in
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the regions of Technological and Philosophical Man, "o&er !iological Man sees only his o&n egoJ &ith him$ narcissism is possible$ b t not romance, +mo r is f tile on the Technological Platea $ beca se it is abs rd to establish an affair of the heart &ith an it, Philosophical Man is deficient$ beca se one cannot enter into a reciprocal love affair &ith a 6e, The first meaningf l opport nity for a Divine romance occ rs on the Theological Platea , + liaison becomes possible &hen Aod is envisaged in an I9Tho relationship, =n the Prophetic S mmit$ &here man e;ercises his ma;im m intellect al capacity by aspiring for an IVmortal NIVDivine enco nter$ the Divine romance9 e;perience blossoms into its f llest e;pression, Where sho ld man see' his rendeHvo s &ith AodG The atmosphere of the research laboratory is hardly cond cive for s ch a demanding enco nterJ nor is the mar'etplace any betterJ nor is the mystic atmosphere of a g r parlor propitio s for s ch a co rtship, Where$ then$
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indeed shall man t rnG The ans&er is remar'ably simple, In vie& of the niE e nat re of the h man aesthetic character$ the most desirable appointment for a Divine meeting occ rs in the 6o se of Prayer, ManCs ability to e;perience and e;press deep9felt emotions ma'es it appropriate$ as &ell as practical$ to identify &ith a respectable and a &ell9established theological discipline, The individ al passion for Divine adoration is best s ited to the milie and format of formaliHed religion, + more meaningf l religio s e;perience may be developed in a theologically dominated environment, +ltho gh a Divine comm nion may be cons mmated almost any&here$ Aod seems to be more readily accessible in a respected place of &orship, Plainly stated$ the gate&ay to Aod is available to all, To reach it$ one need only see' the Divine Tho as echoed by the fervent cry of 6is dedicated servant$ the prophet 2eremiah, In a historic ho r of deep ang ish and despair$ he
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implored &ith heartfelt simplicity* T rn s nto Thee$ o Aod$ so that &e may ret rn,

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