RESUMEN PARA REPHRASING

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Types 0, 1, 2 & 3
IF-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE MEANING General laws; things that are always true

General conditions
Simple present Simple present WILL + V Simple present (also CAN, MAY, MUST & imperatives) WOULD + V Simple past (also COULD / MIGHT) WOULD HAVE + pp Past Perfect

("Zero" Conditional) Possible conditions (1st Conditional) Hypothetical conditions (2nd Conmditional) Impossible conditions (3rd Conditional)

Probable future result

Imaginary situation in the present or future

(also COULD / MIGHT) UNLESS can be used with the meaning "IF ... NOT" in general and possible conditions only.

Imaginary situation in the past

Other structures
As long as, providing (or provided that) and on condition: these expressions mean only ifand can be used with the same verb forms as conditional sentences: In Spain you can drive a car as long as you are 18 Inversion of subject and verb: this structure is very common in formal English in conditional sentences with should and the past perfect. When inversion is used, we omit if: Had I known about the transport strike, I would have taken my car. Should you meet Sheila, tell her the meeting has been postponed.

PASSIVE VOICE
1) A passive verb form is a form of BE + past participle. 2) When the subject is the person or thing doing the action (the agent) we use an active verb. When the subject is not the agent, then the verb is passive: Columbus discovered America - America was discovered by Columbus 3) In a passive sentence, when we want to say who or what did the action, we use BY: They were questioned by the police 4) We do not mention the agent when: - the agent does not add any new information - the agent is not important - it is difficult to say who the agent is 5) We can use empty subjects (you, they, people, someone) instead of the passive, especially in conversation: A new theatre is being opened - They are opening a new theatre 6) We use the passive both in speech and writing, but it is more common in writing. We use it to describe activities in industry, science and technology (processes), official rules and news reports. 7) We sometimes use GET in the passive rather than BE, mainly in informal English, to emphazise change. We often use it for something happening by accident, unexpectedly or in an unplanned way: Our car got damaged on our way home. We also use GET in idiomatic expressions like get dressed/married...

Special Passive Patterns

1) In an active sentence a verb of giving can have two different patterns after it: She gave us a present / She gave a present to us. Both "us" (but using the subject pronoun) and "a present" can be the subject of a passive sentence. It is quite normal in English for the person receiving something to be the subject in a passive sentence. Verbs in this pattern are: give, send, pay, lend, hand, sell, promise, show, offer, teach, owe, award, grant, allow, leave (in a will) and feed. 2) We can use a special pattern with verbs of reporting when we do not need to know who is doing the reporting: People say taxes will increase - It is said that taxes will increase We often use this pattern with IT + BE + SAID (THAT) ... in news reports. Verbs in this pattern are: say, report, mention, announce, think, believe, understand, agree, decide, know, find, expect, hope, regret, fear, intend and arrange. 3) We can also use a pattern with an infinitive: People said he would win a prize - He was said to win a prize People said he won a prize - He was said to have won a prize People said he was planning a new scheme - He was said to Be planning a new scheme In this pattern we can use: say, report, think, believe, understand, know, find, expect and intend

4) HAVE/GET SOMETHING DONE: We use HAVE or GET (more informal) in a passive pattern

which means to arrange for someone to do something for you as a professional service: We had/got our house painted. Both have and get are ordinary verbs, so they can have an auxiliary when necessary: When did you have/get your house painted? We can use have in this pattern with the meaning "experience something", often something unpleasant: We had our house broken into. 5) TO BE DONE and BEING DONE: a) Some verbs take a to-infinitive (want to do...) and some take an -ing form (enjoy doing...). After a preposition we use an -ing form (interested in doing...). The to-infinitive or -ing form can be active or passive: I want to meet them at the airport - I want to be met at the airport I don't like people laughing at me - I don't like being laughed at b) Active forms with passive meaning: - The active form after need has a passive meaning: The roof needs repairing - The roof needs to be repaired - We sometimes use an active infinitive to refer to jobs to be done: I've got some letters to write - If the subject is not the person doing the job, then we use a passive infinitive: These letters are to be sent. - After the subject there we can use either an active or a passive infinitive: There are some letters to send / There are some letters to be sent.

REPORTED SPEECH
Direct and Reported Speech
A) DIRECT SPEECH: words actually spoken; quotation marks. B) REPORTED SPEECH: we only give the meaning of what was said; no quotation marks. C) TELL or SAY? TELL + IO + DO SAY + DO / SAY + TO + IO+ DO TELL always has an indirect object, except in some expressions like tell the time, tell the truth ...

Changes in Reported Speech

A) Changes of PERSON, TIME and PLACE depend on changes in the situation. The most important changes are: Pronouns I / we................................... he, she / they Time tomorrow ............................ the next / following day yesterday ........................... the day before now .................................... then today / tonight ..................... that day / night this morning ........................ that morning on / next Tuesday ............... the following Tuesday last Tuesday ....................... the previous Tuesday the day after tomorrow.......... in two days time ago...................................... before Place here .................................... there Demonstratives this / that ............................ the B) TENSE CHANGE: Tense change depends on whether the introductory verb is present or past. - If the introductory verb is present, there is no tense change. - If the introductory verb is past, there is often a tense change. If the statement is up to date when we report it, we can leave the same tense or change it. We change the tense if we think the statement may be untrue. In news reports, the tense usually changes. Direct Speech Reported Speech Direct Speech Reported Speech Simple Present ......... Simple Past WILL ...................... WOULD Present Continuous .. Past Continuous CAN ....................... COULD Simple Past ............. Past Perf/S. Past* MAY ...................... MIGHT Past Continuous ...... Past Perf/Past Cont.* MUST .................... HAD TO Present Perfect ........ Past Perfect WOULD Past Perfect ............ Past Perfect COULD NO CHANGE A) Reporting verbs: SAY, TELL, ANNOUNCE, EXCLAIM,... MIGHT SHOULD OUGHT TO

Reported statements

B) Introduced by THAT (it can be omitted) C) Pronoun, verb and adverb change

Reported questions
A) Reporting verbs: ASK, WONDER, WANT TO KNOW B) WH-QUESTIONS: introduced by an INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN (it cannot be omitted) C) YES/NO QUESIONS: introduced by IF or WHETHER (they cannot be omitted) D) Pronoun, verb and adverb change.Word order changes E) EMBEDDED QUESTIONS: Could you tell me ...? Do you know ...?

Reported functions (requests, orders, offers, ...)

A) REQUESTS: - Reporting verb: ASK, BEG ... - Indirect Object + TO-INFINITIVE / NOT TO-INFINITIVE B) ORDERS: - Reporting verbs: TELL, ORDER, COMMAND ... - Indirect Object + TO-INFINITIVE / NOT TO-INFINITIVE C) OFFERS, SUGGESTIONS ... OFFER PROMISE AGREE SUGGEST REFUSE ADMIT THREATEN + TO-INFINITIVE INSIST ON REMIND APOLOGIZE FOR ADVISE INVITE D) PROMISE THAT, AGREE THAT ... PROMISE AGREE REMIND WARN + THAT + CLAUSE ADVISE ADMIT INSIST

+ -ING

RELATIVE CLAUSES

Defining Relative Clauses

They describe the preceding noun and give essential information about the noun. They are introduced by a relative pronoun which can be replaced by THAT or even omitted (except when the relative pronoun is subject of the clause or is in the possessive case). They are not separated by commas.

People as:
The man WHO / THAT reported the crime has been given a reward The man (WHO / THAT) I saw at the party is object (of a verb) WHO / THAT / -Janet's father The man (WHO / THAT) I was talking TO is object (of a preposition) WHO / THAT / -working for Peter Notice that the preposition moves to the end of the clause. subject WHO / THAT possessive WHOSE The film is about a man WHOSE children are kidnapped

Things as:
The cup WHICH / THAT is on the table is full of sugar The cup (WHICH / THAT) I bought in Venice is on object (of a verb) WHICH / THAT / -the table The novel (WHICH / THAT) you talked ABOUT is object (of a preposition) WHICH / THAT / -very good Notice that the preposition moves to the end of the clause. Living in a house WHOSE walls were made of possessive WHOSE glass would be horrible Notice also that: - when usually replaces in/on which (time) - where usually replaces in/at which (place) - why usually replaces for which (reason) When, where and why used in this way are called relative adverbs, and can be omitted in the same way as relative pronouns. subject WHICH / THAT

Non-defining Relative Clauses

They are placed after nouns which are definite already; therefore, the information they add to the noun is not essential. They are always introduced by a relative pronoun which cannot be replaced by THAT and they are separated by commas.

People as:
John, WHO is going to marry Jill soon, is an engineer Peter, WHO everyone suspected, turned out object (of a verb) WHO (WHOM) to be innocent She asked Paul, WHO she worked FOR, to object (of a preposition) WHO (WHOM) give her a holiday Notice that the preposition moves to the end of the clause. If the clause contains an expression of time or place, this will remain at the end: subject WHO Peter, WHO I play tennis WITH on Sundays, is fitter than me Alice, WHOSE parents live next to us, is trying possessive WHOSE to get a job

Things as:
I went to Port Aventura, WHICH is a famous park Port Aventura, WHICH I have visited on object (of a verb) WHICH several occasions, is near Tarragona John's house, WHICH we were talking ABOUT object (of a preposition) WHICH just yesterday, has been demolished Notice that the preposition moves to the end of the clause.Where and when can also introduce non-defining relative clauses: subject WHICH Three years ago I travelled to Austria, WHERE I met my future husband I read lots of books last month, WHEN I had a broken leg Living in Barcelona, WHOSE climate is possessive WHOSE temperate, is a wish many people have

Connective Relative Clauses

They have the same form as non-defining relative clauses. They do not describe a noun but continue the story. They are introduced by who, which and whose, which can be replaced by and or but. They are usually placed after the object of the main verb or after the preposition + noun structure: I told Jane, WHO said it wasn't her business (BUT she said it wasn't her business) We went with John, WHOSE car broke down before we got there (BUT his car broke down before we got there) He drank a lot of whisky, WHICH made him ill (AND it made him ill) WHICH can also stand for a whole sentence: They asked me to go away, WHICH was very rude They said it was his fault, WHICH wasn't true

MODAL VERBS

MEANING Ability

TIME REFERENCE PRESENT / FUTURE

can

PAST

Possibility

may, might, could

Probability Certainty Obligation Necessity Advice Requests Permission Offers Suggestions

will must, can't must, have to have to, need to, need should, ought to, had better can, could Would you mind + -ing ...? can, could, may Do you mind if I ...? Shall I ...? Shall we ...? Let's + V How about + -ing ...? Why don't we ...?

could was / were able to managed to would/might/could + have + pp (didn't actually happen) may/might/could + have + pp (don't know whether it happened or not) --must / can't + have + pp had to had to / didn't have to didn't need to needn't have + pp should /ought to + have + pp (regret) ---------

Note: Verb patterns in italics are not modal auxiliaries.

CONNECTORS
Contrast
In spite of / Despite Although / (Even) though However Nevertheless Still / Yet Even so On the contrary In contrast On the one hand ... on the other hand In contrast to Contrary to whereas Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a noun phrase Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a sentence.

Introduce a new idea which marks a contrast with previously stated ideas. Used after a strong pause and separated from the sentence they introduce by a comma.

Links two contrasting ideas / paragraphs. Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a noun phrase. Link two contrasting ideas. Not separated by commas.

Reason and cause

Because As Since Seeing that Because of On account of Owing to Due to Introduce a sentence. Subordinate sentences introduced by BECAUSE always appear in final position.

Introduce a noun phrase.

Purpose
In order to (to) So as to In order that So that Introduce an infinitive of purpose. Introduce a sentence usually with COULD.

Consequence
Consequently As a consequence As a result Therefore As a consequence of As a result of So Used after a strong pause and separated from the sentences they introduce by a comma. Followed by a noun phrase. Introduces a sentence. No commas.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Identify the grammar point the sentence is testing (i.e. passive, modals, ...). Make sure your sentence has the same meaning as the original. Make sure it makes sense. Check for grammar, spelling and punctuation mistakes.

Conditionals 1
Re-write the sentences so that they have the same meaning as the original.

I didn't go to Helen's party because she didn't invite me.

We'll go to the beach unless it rains.

Ann can't buy a new car because she hasn't got enough money.

You can get access to the Intranet only by having a password.

She feels lonely since she hasn't got any friends.

Carlos Sainz didn't win the Monte Carlo Rally because his car broke down.

Should you require more information, ask at the desk.

Jim missed the plane because he arrived late at the airport.

I don't have a modem, so I can't e-mail you.

10

I didn't send them a postcard because I didn't know their new address.

Conditionals 2 Re-write the sentences so that they have the same meaning as the original. Principio del formulario

She isn't passing her exams because she isn't studying hard enough.

I'd like to buy a bigger flat, but I haven't got enough money.

I didn't get to the meeting on time because my car broke down.

I never travel by plane because I get ear ache.

I won't go to the party if you don't go with me.

If I had been told about the situation, I would have dismissed them.

The restaurant was full so we couldn't get a table.

You can attend the meeting as long as you are a club member.

I'm too busy to go to the pub.

10

Ice melts down when you heat it.

Final del formulario Conditionals 3 Re-write the sentences so that they have the same meaning as the original. Principio del formulario

We didn't see The Two Towers because the cinema was closed.

She doesn't understand because you haven't explained the situation to her.

You won't get a promotion if your work doesn't improve.

I never eat octupus because I get sick.

We didn't pick you up at the station because you didn't phone us.

The government won't win the elections unless they create employment.

I'll buy I new computer provided that I get a rise in salary.

She wanted to buy that picture, but she didn't have enough money.

Whenever I make a promise, I keep it.

10

We haven't got any matches, so we can't light a fire.

Final del formulario Conditionals 4 Re-write the sentences so that they have the same meaning as the original. Principio del formulario

I didn't renew my subscription because I lost interest in the magazine's articles.

He was too slow to win the race.

I won't go to Rio unless I find a cheap flight.

I never sunbathe because I get sunburt easily.

She will understand you provided that you don't speak too fast.

He won't come for a drink because he's got work to do.

She's too young to get a driving licence.

They lost the match because of the heavy rain.

Whenever Peter and I meet, we talk about the good old times.

10

Should you see Paul, tell him about the meeting.

Final del formulario