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Raw water contains dissolved minerals and organic materials that can damage boiler tubes and turbines. A water treatment plant purifies water for different plant processes to improve performance. The treatment process includes pre-treatment to remove solids via sedimentation and flocculation, filtration, and demineralization using ion exchange resins. The ion exchange process uses different resins like cation exchange resins to remove cations and anion exchange resins to remove anions, producing high purity demineralized water. Resins are regenerated when exhausted using counter-current regeneration with acids or bases followed by neutralization before discharge.
Raw water contains dissolved minerals and organic materials that can damage boiler tubes and turbines. A water treatment plant purifies water for different plant processes to improve performance. The treatment process includes pre-treatment to remove solids via sedimentation and flocculation, filtration, and demineralization using ion exchange resins. The ion exchange process uses different resins like cation exchange resins to remove cations and anion exchange resins to remove anions, producing high purity demineralized water. Resins are regenerated when exhausted using counter-current regeneration with acids or bases followed by neutralization before discharge.
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Raw water contains dissolved minerals and organic materials that can damage boiler tubes and turbines. A water treatment plant purifies water for different plant processes to improve performance. The treatment process includes pre-treatment to remove solids via sedimentation and flocculation, filtration, and demineralization using ion exchange resins. The ion exchange process uses different resins like cation exchange resins to remove cations and anion exchange resins to remove anions, producing high purity demineralized water. Resins are regenerated when exhausted using counter-current regeneration with acids or bases followed by neutralization before discharge.
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Pl ant 2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 2 Why w at er t r eat ment ? Raw water contains many dissolved minerals and organic materials. At high temperature certain minerals left scaling on the tube metal of the boiler and cause permanent damage. Some dissolved minerals leads to corrosion of tube metals. Some leads to foaming At high pressure and temperature an element, silica can be carried away with steam causing damage to turbine low pressure stage. A Thermal Power Station needs water of varying quality for different process and hence the requirement. The performance and life expectancy of the station greatly depends on water chemistry compliance. 2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 3 Type of w at er t r eat ment the type of demineralization process chosen for a power station depends on three main factors : The quality of the raw water. The degree of deionisation i.e. treated water quality Selectivity of resins. 2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 4 Di f f er ent w at er qual i t i es i n use at NTPC-St at i ons Condenser cooling..Raw water/ Clarified & post-chlorinated water. BA flushing Raw water. Boiler feed water..Conditioned DM water. ESP / Channel flushing..Raw/ Clarified water. Other aux. cooling..Clarified water. H2 generation plant..DM water. Drinking water..Filtered & post-chlorinated water. DM plant operation..Filtered water. 2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 5 St eps of t r eat ment pr oc ess Aeration of raw water Adding chemicals for bacteria removal Adding chemicals for sedimentation of suspended particles Flocculation Filtration Ion Exchange process water treatment process is generally made up of two sections : Pretreatment section Demineralisation section 2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 6 What i s pr e t r eat ment pr oc ess? Pretreatment plant removes the suspended solids The coarse components, such as sand, silt etc, can be removed from the water by simple sedimentation the non-separable solids (colloids) will not settle in any reasonable time and must be floculated to produce the large particles which are settle able. Flocculation is obtained by gentle and prolonged mixing which converts the submicroscopic coagulated particle into discrete, visible & suspended particles. This operation is done by flash mixer in the clarifloculator. Proper pre treatment reduce loading on anion and cation exchanger. 2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 7 Raw w at er t o Cl ar i f i ed w at er Raw water bay Pershall flume Cl2 dosing Lime dosing Alum dosing Clarified water RW make up pumps Aerator Flash mixer Clariflocculator 2 June 2010 8 A vi ew of Cl ar i -f l oc c ul at or Flocculation zone Clarification zone 2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 9 Motion of water in a Clari-flocculator Flocculation zone Clarification zone 2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 10 Cl ar i f i ed w at er t o Fi l t er ed w at er Clarified water Clari-flocculator To Township for drinking water Turbidity & Free Cl 2 check DM PLANT Filtered water DW sump FW sump FW pumps DW pumps DM water for Plant purpose GF Bed Sand filters Cl2 Post- chlorination Cl 2 House 2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 11 Demi ner al i zat i on pl ant 2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 12 Demi ner al i zat i on Pl ant Degasser FW water ACF WAC SAC WBA SBA MB CST 2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 13 Ac t i vat ed c ar bon Fi l t er (ACF) Activated carbon acts on principle of adsorption which is a surface active phenomenon It removes residual turbidity (<2 NTU) of water to its 1/10 level. It removes organic molecules to control colour and odour. It removes free residual chlorine present in filtered water(0.5 ppm Nil) 2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 14 I on ex c hange r esi n & i t s f unc t i onal gr oup An ion exchange resin consists of a cross-linked polymer matrix (poly-styrene cross linked with 5-8% di-vinyl benzene for structural stability) to which charged functional groups are attached. Common functional groups are : -SO3-H+ (SAC), -COO- H+ (WAC), -NR4+OH- (SBA) and NR2 (WBA). 2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 15 Ex c hange Reac t i ons CATION RESIN: 2R-H + Na2CO3 2R-Na+H2CO3 ANION RESIN: 2R-OH + H2SO4 2R-SO4+2H2O 2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 16 Wor k i ng of WAC i on ex c hange r esi ns WAC resin is capable to exchange cations of alkalinity producing salts only ie, for carbonate hardness removal purpose. 2 R-COOH + Ca(HCO3)2 (RCOO)2Ca2+ 2 H2CO3 WAC resin can exchange ions only in neutral to alkaline pH range. WAC results efficient TDS reduction in high carbonate hardness water. Efficient regeneration takes place even with very dilute acid solution. 2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 17 Wor k i ng of SAC i on ex c hange r esi ns SAC resin works over wide pH range & is capable to exchange any type of cations present in salts as sulphonic acid group is strongly acidic. 2 R-SO3-H+ + CaCl2 (RSO3)2Ca2+ 2 (H+ + Cl- ) 2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 18 Wor k i ng of Degasser Water from the ex-cation contains carbonic acid which is very weak acid and difficult to be removed by strongly basic anion resin and causing hindrance to remove silicate ions from the bed. The ex-cation water is trickled in fine streams from top of a tall tower packed with rasching rings, and compressed air is passed from the bottom Carbonic acid break into CO^ and water. carbon dioxide escapes into the atmosphere. Water is pumped back to anion exchanger bed 2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 19 Wor k i ng of WBA r esi ns WBA resin works over acidic pH range only & is capable to trap any strong type acid molecules present in cation effluent, through protonation of secondary / tertiary amine centre, as the amine group is weakly basic in nature. -NR2 + HCl -NR2H+Cl- WBA can be regenerated easily with very dilute alkali (NaOH) solution 2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 20 Wor k i ng of SBA i on ex c hange r esi ns SBA resin works over wide pH range & is capable to exchange any type of anions present in water as quarternary ammonium group is strongly basic. 2 -NR3+OH- + SiO32- (-NR3+)2SiO32- + 2 OH- 2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 21 Wor k i ng of Mi x ed bed ex-anion water is fed to the mixed bed exchanger containing both cationic resin and anionic resin. This bed not only takes care of sodium slip from cation but also silica slip from anion exchanger very effectively The final output from the mixed bed is an extira-ordinarily pure water having less than 0.2/Mho conductivity, H 7.0 and silica content less than 0.02 ppm. 2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 22 I nt er nal Tr eat ment D.M.Water has a good affinity to absorb carbon dioxide and oxygen, and both are extremely harmful to metal surfaces for their destruction like corrosion, water is finally de-oxidized by a suitable doze of hydrazine, at the point after deaerator. The pH of feed water is maintained at around 9.0 2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 23 Regener at i on of i on ex c hanger During water treatment any deviation from the specified quality in the output means that the resins in mixed bed became exhausted and need regeneration. regeneration of the mixed bed first calls for suitable back washing and settling, so that the two types of resins are separated from each other. 2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 24 Regener at i on of r esi n bed ACF is regenerated by backwashing the bed with air-water. WAC and SAC are regenerated by counter current regeneration with 4% Hydrochloric Acid with a down flow of DM water. 2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 25 WBA and SBA are regenerated by counter current regeneration with 4% caustic with a down flow of DM water. Resins of MB is first separated by air scouring. Individual resins are regenerated by acid and alkali respectively. 2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 26 Regener at i on of i on ex c hanger After regeneration, the effluent comes out from the system is treated in a neutralizing pit for discharging through normal drain. 2 June 2010 PMI Revision 00 27 THANK YOU