ninth edition

TORTORA FUNKE CASE

MICROBIOLOGY
an introduction

Part A

Microbial Metabolism
PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case
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Microbial Metabolism
Metabolism: The sum of the chemical reactions in an organism Catabolism: The energy-releasing processes Anabolism: The energy-using processes

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Microbial Metabolism
Catabolism provides the building blocks and energy for anabolism.

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Figure 5.1

 A metabolic pathway is a sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell. Metabolic pathways are determined by enzymes. Enzymes are encoded by genes.

PLAY

Animation: Metabolic Pathways (Overview)

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 The collision theory states that chemical reactions can occur when atoms, ions, and molecules collide. Activation energy is needed to disrupt electronic configurations.

Reaction rate is the frequency of collisions with enough

energy to bring about a reaction. Reaction rate can be increased by enzymes or by increasing temperature or pressure.
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Enzymes

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Figure 5.2

Enzymes
Biological catalysts Specific for a chemical reaction; not used up in that reaction Apoenzyme: Protein

Cofactor: Nonprotein component

Coenzyme: Organic cofactor Holoenzyme: Apoenzyme plus cofactor

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Enzymes

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Figure 5.3

Important Coenzymes
NAD+ NADP+ FAD Coenzyme A

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Enzymes
The turnover number is generally 1-10,000 molecules per second.

PLAY

Animation: EnzymeSubstrate Interactions

Figure 5.4

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Enzyme Classification
Oxidoreductase: Oxidation-reduction reactions Transferase: Transfer functional groups Hydrolase: Hydrolysis Lyase: Removal of atoms without hydrolysis

Isomerase: Rearrangement of atoms

Ligase: Joining of molecules, uses ATP

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Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity

Enzymes can be denatured by temperature and pH

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Figure 5.6

Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity

Temperature

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Figure 5.5a

Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity

pH

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Figure 5.5b

Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity

Substrate concentration

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Figure 5.5c

Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity

Competitive inhibition

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Figure 5.7ab

Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity

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Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity

Noncompetitive inhibition

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Figure 5.7a, c

Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity

Feedback inhibition

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Figure 5.8

Ribozymes
RNA that cuts and splices RNA

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Oxidation-Reduction
Oxidation is the removal of electrons. Reduction is the gain of electrons. Redox reaction is an oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction.

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Figure 5.9

Oxidation-Reduction
In biological systems, the electrons are often associated with hydrogen atoms. Biological oxidations are often dehydrogenations.

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Figure 5.10

The Generation of ATP

ATP is generated by the phosphorylation of ADP.

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The Generation of ATP

Substrate-level phosphorylation is the transfer of a high-energy PO4 to ADP.

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The Generation of ATP

Energy released from the transfer of electrons (oxidation) of one compound to another (reduction) is used to generate ATP by chemiosmosis.

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The Generation of ATP

Light causes chlorophyll to give up electrons. Energy released from the transfer of electrons (oxidation) of chlorophyll through a system of carrier molecules is used to generate ATP.

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Metabolic Pathways

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Carbohydrate Catabolism
The breakdown of carbohydrates to release energy Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport chain

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Glycolysis
The oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid produces ATP and NADH.

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Figure 5.11, step 1

Preparatory Stage
Two ATPs are used Glucose is split to form two Glucose1

3-phosphate

4 5

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Figure 5.12, step 1

Energy-Conserving Stage
Two Glucose-3phosphate oxidized to two Pyruvic acid Four ATP produced

Two NADH produced

9

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Figure 5.12, step 2

Glycolysis
Glucose + 2 ATP + 2 ADP + 2 PO4 + 2 NAD+ 2 pyruvic acid + 4 ATP + 2 NADH + 2H+

PLAY

Animation: Glycolysis

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Alternatives to Glycolysis
Pentose phosphate pathway Uses pentoses and NADPH Operates with glycolysis Entner-Doudoroff pathway

Produces NADPH and ATP

Does not involve glycolysis Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Agrobacterium

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Cellular Respiration
Oxidation of molecules liberates electrons for an electron transport chain. ATP is generated by oxidative phosphorylation.

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Intermediate Step
Pyruvic acid (from glycolysis) is oxidized and decarboyxlated.

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Figure 5.13 (1 of 2)

Krebs Cycle
Oxidation of acetyl CoA produces NADH and FADH2.

PLAY

Animation: Krebs Cycle

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Krebs Cycle

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Figure 5.13 (2 of 2)

The Electron Transport Chain

A series of carrier molecules that are, in turn, oxidized and reduced as electrons are passed down the chain. Energy released can be used to produce ATP by chemiosmosis.

PLAY

Animation: Electron Transport Chains and Chemiosmosis

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Figure 5.11

Chemiosmosis

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Figure 5.16

Chemiosmosis

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Figure 5.15

Respiration
Aerobic respiration: The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen (O2). Anaerobic respiration: The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is not O2. Yields less energy

than aerobic respiration because only part of the Krebs

cycles operations under anaerobic conditions.

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Anaerobic Respiration

Electron acceptor

Products

NO3
SO4 CO32

NO2, N2 + H2O
H2S + H2O CH4 + H2O

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Pathway Glycolysis Intermediate step

Eukaryote Cytoplasm Cytoplasm

Prokaryote Cytoplasm Cytoplasm

Krebs cycle
ETC

Mitochondrial matrix
Mitochondrial inner membrane

Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane

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 Energy produced from complete oxidation of one glucose using aerobic respiration.
Pathway Glycolysis Intermediate step ATP produced 2 0 NADH produced 2 2 FADH2 produced 0

Krebs cycle
Total

2
4

6
10

2
2

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 ATP produced from complete oxidation of one glucose using aerobic respiration.
Pathway Glycolysis Intermediate step By substratelevel phosphorylation 2 0 By oxidative phosphorylation From From NADH FADH 6 6 0

Krebs cycle
Total

2
4

18
30

4
4

36 ATPs are produced in eukaryotes.

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings