2 - LTE Workshop RF Design - WS - Feb22 PDF

LTE DESIGN FOR BOGOTA
FEBRUARY 2012
PROJECT SCOPE
For Nokia Siemens Networks is priority to keep informed to Comcel about the last mobile technologies and features already availables as evolution of the current 2G and 3G Network. This time Nokia Siemens Networks wants to do a dimensioning exercise for the Comcel Network of Bogot considering LTE as wireless technology having as objective to allow Comcel to be familiar with the terminology and design considerations coming with this technology. The idea is to work together with Comcel engineers in order to get a design according with customer expectations. The scope of this project includes: - RF Design for Bogot (Quantity of sites estimation, coverage simulation) - Evolved Packet Core Design (Phase 1 Bogot, Phase 2 Colombia) - IP Transmission Design (BW estimation per site and total BW due to the new network) - Show to Comcel the NSN solution for LTE and the implementation solution
2 Nokia Siemens Networks
Agenda
LTE Introduction LTE RF Principles

LTE Overview LTE Architecture LTE Downlink Air Interface LTE Uplink Air Interface LTE Physical Layer LTE UE Connection Management Overview LTE Mobility Management
LTE RF Design for Bogot
Nokia Siemens Networks
LTE RF PRINCIPLES
LTE Overview
3GPP UMTS Evolution

LTE is the next step in mobile radio communications after HSPA
Evolution driven by data rate and latency requirements
Main LTE Requirements [3GPP TS25.913]

Peak data rates of uplink/downlink 50/100 Mbps Reduced Latency: Enables round trip time <10 ms Ensure good level of mobility and security Optimized for low mobile speed but also support high mobile speed Frequency flexibility and bandwidth scalability: with 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz allocations Improved Spectrum Efficiency: Capacity 2-4 times higher than with Release 6 HSPA Efficient support of the various types of services, especially from the PS domain Packet switched optimized Operation in FDD and TDD modes Improved terminal power efficiency Support for inter-working with existing 3GPP system and non-3GPP specified systems
LTE Timing in 3GPP and in Networks
Standardisation around LTE
What is new in LTE?

New radio transmission schemes:
OFDMA in downlink SC-FDMA in uplink MIMO Multiple Antenna Technology
Important for Radio Planning:

Frequency Reuse 1
No need for Frequency Planning Importance of interference control No need to define neighbour lists in LTE LTE requires Physical Layer Cell Identity planning (504 physical layer cell IDs organised into 168 groups of 3) Additional areas need to be planned like PRACH parameters, PUCCH and PDCCH capacity and UL Demodulation Reference Signal
New radio protocol architecture:

Complexity reduction Focus on shared channel operation, no dedicated
channels anymore
New network architecture: flat architecture

More functionality in the base station (eNodeB) Focus on packet switched domain
10
Evolution Path to LTE

Operator migration paths to LTE
11
LTE Architecture
Network Elements and Interfaces
Network Architecture Evolution
13
Evolved Packet System (EPS) Architecture - Subsystems

Optimize for Packet Data (no circuit switched components) The EPS architecture is made up of:
EPC: Evolved Packet Core, also referred as SAE by 3GPP eUTRAN: Radio Access Network, also referred as LTE
EPS Architecture
LTE or eUTRAN EPC
eUTRAN performs all radio

interface related functions EPC provides access to external packet IP networks and performs a number of CN related functions (e.g. QoS, security, mobility and terminal context management) for idle and active terminals
14
LTE/EPC Network Elements

Main references to architecture in 3GPP specs: TS23.401,TS23.402,TS36.300
15
Evolved Node B (eNB)

eNB Main Functions Inter-cell RRM: HO, load balancing between cells Dynamic Resource Allocation (Scheduler) Radio Admission Control User Data Routing to the S-GW/ P-GW Transmission of Paging Msg coming from MME Transmission of Broadcast Info (e.g. System info, MBMS) Radio Bearer Control: setup , modifications and release of Radio Resources
Only network element defined as part of

eUTRAN Replaces the old Node B / RNC combination from 3G. Provides all radio management functions To enable efficient inter-cell radio management for cells not attached to the same eNB, there is a inter-eNB interface X2 specified. It will allow to coordinate inter-eNB handovers without direct involvement of EPC during this process.
IP Header Compression/ de-compression

Connection Mgt. Control: UE State Management, MME-UE Connection MME Selection at Attach of the UE eNode B Meas. collection and evaluation
17
EPC Network Elements (1/2)

MME: Mobility Management Entity
Pure signalling entity inside the EPC: Signalling coordination for EPS bearer setup/release Subscriber attach/detach Tracking area updates Roaming Control Trigger and distribution of paging messages to UE Radio security control Authentication, integrity protection
Serving Gateway
Manages the user data in the EPC Receives packet data from the eNodeB and sends packet data to it
18
EPC Network Elements (2/2)

Packet Data Network Gateway Connection between EPC and a number of external data networks (comparable to GGSN in 2G/3G
networks) IP Address Allocation for UE Packet Routing/Forwarding between Serving GW and external Data Network Packet screening (firewall functionality)
MME
S11 S5/S8 SGi PDN S7 S6a
PCRF
Rx+
HSS
Serving Gateway
PDN Gateway
Policy and Charging Rule Function Quality of Service (QoS) negotiation with the external PDN Charging Policy: How packets should be accounted HSS: Home Subscriber Server Permanent and central subscriber database Stores mobility and service data for every subscriber Contains AuC (authentication center) functionality
LTE Radio Interface and the X2 Interface

(E)-RRC
User PDUs
..
User PDUs
PDCP RLC MAC LTE-L1 (FDD/TDD-OFDMA/SC-FDMA) TS 36.300
eNB
LTE-Uu interface
Air interface of LTE Based on OFDMA in DL and SC-FDMA in UL FDD and TDD duplex methods Scalable bandwidth 1.4MHz to currently 20 MHz
LTE-Uu X2-UP (User Plane)

User PDUs
X2-CP (Control Plane)

TS 36.423 TS 36.422 TS 36.421 X2-AP SCTP
GTP-U UDP TS 36.424
X2
Inter eNB interface X2AP: special signalling protocol Functionalities: In inter- eNB HO to facilitate handover and provide
data forwarding. In RRM to provide e.g. load information to neighbouring eNBs to facilitate interference management Logical interface: It does not need direct site-to-site connection
X2 interface
IP
L1/L2
IP
L1/L2 TS 36.421
TS 36.420 [currently also in TS 36.300
20]
eNB
S1-MME & S1-U Interfaces

S1 interface is divided into two parts:
S1-MME (Control Plane)
NAS Protocols
S1-MME interface Control interface between eNB and MME S1AP:S1 Application Protocol MME and UE will exchange non-access stratum signaling via eNB through this interface (i.e. authentication, tracking area updates)
TS 36.413
S1-AP SCTP IP
MME
TS 36.412
eNB
L1/L2
TS 36.411 S1-U (User Plane)

User PDUs
GTP-U
TS 36.414 UDP IP
Serving Gateway
S1-U interface User plane interface between eNB and serving gateway Pure user data interface (U=User plane)
TS 36.411
L1/L2
TS 36.410 [currently in TS 36.300
19]
21
LTE Downlink Air Interface

OFDMA
OFDM Basics (I)

Transmits hundreds or even thousands of separately modulated radio signals using orthogonal
subcarriers spread across a wideband channel
Total transmission bandwidth 15 kHz in LTE: fixed
Orthogonality: The peak (centre frequency) of one subcarrier
intercepts the nulls of the neighbouring subcarriers
23
OFDM Basics (II)

Data is sent in parallel across the set of subcarriers, each subcarrier only transports a part of the
whole transmission The throughput is the sum of the data rates of each individual (or used) subcarriers while the power is distributed to all subcarriers FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) is used to create the orthogonal subcarriers. The number of subcarriers is determined by the FFT size (by the bandwidth) In LTE, these subcarriers are separated 15kHZ Power bandwidth
frequency
OFDM and Multipath

Multipath causes Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) which affects the subcarrier orthogonality due to
phase distortion Solution to avoid ISI is to introduce a Guard Period (Tg) after the pulse Tg needs to be long enough to capture all the delayed multipath signals To make use of that Tg (no transmission) Cyclic Prefix is transmitted
2 1 3 Ts Tg
Time Domain
1
time
When the delay spread of the multi-path is greater than the guard period duration (Tg) there is intersymbol interference (ISI)
2 time 3 time
4 time
Cyclic Prefix (CP) and Guard Time

Consists in copying the last part of a symbol shape for a duration of guard-time and attaching it in front of
the symbol CP needs to be longer than the channel multipath delay spread. A receiver typically uses the high correlation between the Cyclic Prefix (CP) and the last part of the following symbol to locate the start of the symbol and begin then with decoding 2 CP options in LTE: Normal CP: for small cells or with short multipath delay spread Extended CP: designed for use with large cells or those with long delay profiles
total symbol time T(s)
Guard Time T(g)
Note: CP represents an overhead resulting in symbol rate reduction. Having a CP reduces the bandwidth efficiency but the benefits in terms of minimising the ISI compensate for it
t
CP T(g)
Useful symbol time T(b)
OFDMA Parameters
Channel bandwidth: Bandwidths ranging from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz Data subcarriers: They vary with the bandwidth
72 for 1.4MHz to 1200 for 20MHz
27
OFDMA Parameters

Frame duration: Subframe duration (TTI): Subcarrier spacing: Sampling Rate:
10ms created from slots and subframes 1 ms (composed of 2x0.5ms slots) Fixed to 15kHz
Varies with the bandwidth but always factor or multiple of 3.84 to ensure compatibility with WCDMA by using common clocking.
28
LTE Uplink Air Interface

SC-FDMA
SC-FDMA in UL
Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access: Transmission
technique used for Uplink Variant of OFDM that reduces the PAPR: Combines the PAR of single-carrier system with the multipath resistance and flexible subcarrier frequency allocation offered by OFDM It can reduce the PAPR between 69dB compared to OFDMA TS36.201 and TS36.211 provide the mathematical description of the time domain representation of an SC-FDMA symbol. Reduced PAPR means lower RF hardware requirements (power amplifier)
OFDMA
SC-FDMA
30
OFDMA and SC-FDMA vs. CDMA

Larger bandwidths and frequency flexibility
OFDM provides performance benefits over CDMA based system when the bandwidth increases beyond 5 MHz OFDM makes it simpler to provide different bandwidths
Frequency Domain Scheduling

OFDM can take benefit of frequency domain scheduling which increases capacity up to 50% compared to CDMA Reduced UE power consumption LTE uplink uses SC-FDMA which enables better power amplifier efficiency. SC-FDMA technology was not
available when UMTS multiple access selection was done, but first articles were just being published at the time (around 1997)
Simpler multi antenna operation

Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna technologies, emerging over the past few years, are required to
achieve the LTE bit rate targets.
Same multiple Access Techniques for FDD and TDD in LTE

OFDMA in DL and SC-FDMA in UL. In WCDMA, TDD mode is different than FDD although some harmonization
was done e.g. chip rates and coding solutions
31
LTE Physical Layer

Structure and Channels
Frame Structure (FDD)

FDD Frame structure (also called Type 1 Frame) is common to both uplink and downlink. Divided into 20 x 0.5ms slots
Structure has been designed to facilitate short round trip time
33
Resource Block
Physical Resource Block or Resource Block (PRB or RB):
12 subcarriers in frequency domain (180kHz) x 1 slot period in time domain (0.5ms)
34
Resource Element

Theoretical minimum capacity allocation unit Equivalent to one subcarrier x one symbol period 72 or 84 Resource Elements per Resource Block Each Resource Element can accommodate 1 modulation symbol, e.g. 2 bits for QPSK, 4 bits for 16QAM and 6 bits for 64 QAM
Case 1: Normal Cyclic Prefix
Case 2: Extended Cyclic Prefix
12 subcarriers = 180 kHz
7 symbols = 0.5 ms Time Domain

12 subcarriers = 180 kHz
Frequency Domain
6 symbols = 0.5 ms Resource Element Time Domain
Downlink Physical Signals and Channels

Downlink Physical Signals Reference Signals: Channel estimation in LTE is based on reference signals (like CPICH
functionality in WCDMA)
Synchronisation Signals: Synchronisation Signal can indicate 504 (168 x 3) CellID different values
and from those one can determine the location of cell specific reference symbols
Downlink Physical Channels Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) Physical Hybrid-ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH)
DL Physical Channels
There are no dedicated channels in LTE, neither in UL nor DL PBCH: To broadcast the MIB (Master Information Block), RACH
parameters
PDSCH: Carries user data, paging data, SIBs (cell status, cell IDs,
allowed services)
PMCH:
For multicast traffic as MBMS services

PHICH: Carries H-ARQ Ack/Nack messages from eNB to UE in
response to UL transmission
PCFICH: Carries details of PDCCH format (e.g.# of symbols) PDCCH: Carries the DCI (DL control information): schedule uplink resources on the PUSCH or downlink resources on the
PDSCH. Alternatively, DCI transmits TPC commands for UL
Uplink Physical Signals and Channels

Uplink Physical Signals Demodulation Signals:
Used for channel estimation in the eNodeB receiver to demodulate control and data channels Sounding Reference Signals: Provides uplink channel quality estimation as basis for the UL scheduling decisions -> similar in use as the
CQI in DL
Uplink Physical Channels Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
38
UL Physical Channels
PUSCH: Physical Uplink Shared Channel Intended for the user data (carries traffic for multiple UEs) PUCCH: Physical Uplink Control Channel Carries H-ARQ Ack/Nack indications, uplink scheduling
request, CQIs and MIMO feedback PRACH: Physical Random Access Channel For Random Access attempts. PDCCH indicates the Resource elements for PRACH use
39
Physical Layer Compared to HSPA

LTE builds on the learning of several WCDMA/HSPA Releases and covers from the start HARQ,
NodeB scheduling and adaptive coding and modulation (+ multiple antenna TX/RX with MIMO) to improve the performance
40
LTE UE Connection Management Overview
Mobility and Connection States (1/2)

2 sets of states for the UE are defined based on the information held in the MME: EMM: EPS Mobility Management States EPS: Evolved Packet ECM: EPS Connection Management States System EMM: EMM- DEREGISTERED
MME holds no valid location information about the UE (location unknown)
UE can not be paged
EMM- REGISTERED
UE registers with an MME and establishes a default bearer for application data transfer via attach procedure
or TAU procedure after inter-system HO UE responds to paging messages
EMM deregistered
Attach Detach
EMM registered
Mobility and Connection States (2/2)
ECM:
UE and MME enter ECM-CONNECTED state when the signaling connection is established
between UE and MME UE and E-UTRAN enter RRC-CONNECTED state when the signaling connection is established between UE and the E-UTRAN
RRC connection
S1 connection
MME
UE
RRC idle RRC connection establishment
E-UTRAN
RRC connected
MME
RRC connection release

S1 connection establishment ECM idle
S1 connection release
ECM connected
LTE Mobility Management
LTE Handover Principles

Only hard handovers in LTE (no soft handovers)
Lossless Packets are forwarded from the source to the target UE-assisted Measurements are made and reported by the UE to the network
Network-controlled Target cell is selected by the network, not by the UE Handover control in E-UTRAN (not in packet core)
Late path switch Only once the handover is successful, the packet core is involved
45
Handover Procedure
46
Neighbour list Generation in LTE

LTE UE can detect neighbours without neighbour lists simpler network management UE reports other cell IDs to eNodeB If the target cell ID is known by eNodeB, it will proceed with the handover. If the target is not known by eNodeB and no is X2 enabled, eNodeB asks UE to decode Global cell id of the target cell eNodeB finds out the target cells IP address from O&M eNodeB enables X2 connection to the target cell eNodeB proceeds with the handover 2G network operators need to define neighbour lists towards LTE Also 3G network operators need to define the neighbour lists but it is possible for UE to detect the new cells outside neighbour list which makes neighbour list creation simpler
47
Terminology in LTE and in 3G

Connection and Mobility Management
48
LTE DESIGN FOR BOGOTA
Concept & Methodology for e-Uu Performance Evaluation
Dimensioning Process Coverage & Capacity Constraints driven by Operator Inputs Definition of best-suited Network Configuration fulfilling expected Traffic Capacity Demand and Coverage Service Quality
CAPACITY REQUIREMENTS:
Offered vs. Demand
Input data (OP)
- #subscribers - service type - mean/peak data rate - overbooking factor
COVERAGE REQUIREMENTS: CAPACITY REQUIREMENTS: Cell-Edge GoS vs. SINR Serve a given traffic density Throughput
Input data
- Required SINR (LL) - HW settings (TX power) - Interference (SL) - Cell load
Input data
- Environment - Cell type - Mobility - #UEs
INTERNAL SIMULATOR
LL
Link-level Simulator System-level Simulator Operator data / default
Traffic model Offered traffic
Spectral efficiency (SL) Capacity
Link budget Coverage
SL
OP
Site-Count & Configuration (bandwidths, features)

LTE Air-Interface Dimensioning

Process Overview for Coverage & Capacity Inputs towards Results
User Interface
Input parameters Outputs
Operating band Transmitter/receiver parameters BLER Propagation data Channel model
Antenna Diversity Channel BW Scheduler Cell Load
Spectral Efficiency (SL)
Areas No. of Subscribers Phases Subscribers densities
Network dimensioning (site count)
Link Budget Analysis
System Overhead Required SINR (LL) Interference (SL)
Capacity Dimensioning
Traffic Modelling
Maximum Pathloss Cell ranges (outdoor and indoor) Cell area, Site-to-site distance
UL/DL sector (cell) throughputs. ONLY valid for outdoor scenarios!
For each application: Call duration Data rates Protocol Overheads
Baseband dimensioning
- Calculation
- Inputs/Outputs
SL: System Level Simulations

LL: Link Level Simulations
51
Traffic Modelling for LTE

Process steps to establish a Traffic Model
area size number of subscribers clutter differentiation subscriber mix over planned area
Definition of deployment scenario Assumptions on traffic characteristics Calculation of traffic demand Per subscriber
Application differentiation Real-time / non Real-time GBR / nGBR VoIP, FTP, P2P, WWW, Video, etc.
Identification of offered services in the scenario Identification of traffic demand per application
Forecast of traffic evolution
Bearer Rate, QoS (nGBR, GBR) / B(L)ER, per link Mean holding time, Session Duration BHCA, Tarifs (Flatrate) Device dependencies
Subscriber / User demand Traffic Evolution Network Lifecycle Phases Trends & Marketing
52
Inputs
Area
Bogota: DU, U, SU, RU Frequency Band AWS 2100/1700 Mhz Bandwidth 2x15 Mhz FDD Total number of HSS users 235000 Total number of Active users 66000 Services FTP www Video Conference Video Streaming Voice Peak user throughput (DL/UL) 60 Mbps/ 18 Mbps
Traffic Distribution per service per clutter type (BH

Mean UE throughput) see next slide Device class distribution Class 3 Data Rate at cell edge 2Mbps DL / 512 Kbps UL BHCA per service - see next slide QoS Target RT: Last-mile average delay [s] NRT: S1 Transport packet average delay Transaction Per Second / Subscriber Total concurrent connection per second IP backhaul architecture (sites location and links)
53
Traffic Modelling for LTE

NSN Traffic Model: Mix of Service Application for different active Subscriber Profiles (Data Dominant)
Dense Urban Rural Sub Urban Urban Total
30% 5% 35% 30% 100%
70500 11750 82250 70500 235000
19808 3303 23108 19808 66027
HSS User Traffic Profile
220000 3G active users at Jan 2013 Expected LTE users, 30%: 66000
VoIP Video Streaming (Live TV) Web Browsing FTP
12 48 2100 333 7747
0.067 0.067 0.200 0.666 1.549
90 90 600 600 312
16 64 140 7 128
54
RF Coverage & Capacity Calculation Process

Similar to other technologies verifying limiting Link according to required Performance
Radio link capacity
- Channel bandwidth, - Modulation and coding, - System overhead, - Throughput requirement, - Radioframe configuration (TDD) - etc.
Transmitting end
- Antenna gain, - Feeder/cable loss, - Transmit power, - Body loss, - etc.
Receiving end
- Antenna gain, - Feeder/cable loss, - Noise figure, - Body loss, - etc.
System features
- Frequency Domain Packet Scheduling, - MIMO (i.e. diversity schemes), - etc.
PathLossmax_UL
Coverage reliability
- Cell area probability, - Shadowing std. dev.
Propagation Maximum Allowable Path Loss

- Channel Model - Clutter specifics
Cell range Site layout

- Number of sectors
PathLossmax_DL
Coverage site count

Channel BW [MHz] 1.4 3 Coverage Constraints of Air-Interface e-Uu Subcarrier Subcarriers #PRBs Transmission BW [MHz] OFDMA Symbols/slot Cyclic prefix 72 6 1.08
10
15
20
Subframe (TTI) 1ms OFDMA characteristics Bandwidth Scalability & Physical Resource Allocation 15 kHz 180 300 600 900 1200
f
2.7
12x Sub-Carriers p. PRB
PRB - Downlink
25 4.5
15
TBS TBS _# Bw 75 100 CR 50 CodedBits # PRB 12 ( 14 3) 6 2 9.0 13.5 18.0
2x Time-Slots p. TTI = 2x 7 Symbols
7 with short CP and 6 with long CP 3 symbols for PDCCH 5,21 s with short CP and 16,67 long CP with 8 elements for Reference Signal (two of them already accounted in signaling region) QPSK modulation (2 bits per modulated symbol) 14 symbols in total (each one with 12 subcarriers)
EXAMPLES
Channel bandwidth [MHz] Transmission bandwidth configuration [RB] Transmission bandwidth [RB]
Channel edge Channel edge
Cell edge user throughput of 256 kbps and 10% BLER [256 kbps / (1 0.1)] = [256 kbps / 0.9] = 284.5 kbps This means that 284.5 kbps requirement forces the usage of the Transport Block Size of at least 285 bits
resource block
DC carrier Active Resource Blocks
57
Capacity Constraints of Air-Interface e-Uu

Spectrum Efficiency vs. Average Cell Capacity
4.0 3.5 3.0 Downlink Uplink
bps/Hz/cell
2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
MCS Cell CDF-Distribution (ISD dependent)
HSPA R6 HSPA R10 LTE R8 LTE R8 LTE-A R10 LTE-A R10 QC+MIMO 2x2 MIMO 4x4 MIMO 2x2 MIMO 4x4 MIMO
HSPA
Peak bit rate
HSPA+
42-168 Mbps
LTE
150-300 Mbps
LTE-A
70-150x
Max. Transport Block Size (TBS) for #PRBs
7-14 Mbps
1 Gbps
AVERAGE CELL CAPACITY (Throughput):
Spectral efficiency
1.0 bps/Hz/cell
1.21-1.91 bps/Hz/cell
2-4x
Multiple Users within a Cell utilizing MCSs acc. to SINR distribution Aggregated Cell Throughput of all Users served FDD (20MHz, MIMO) => 1.7 bps/Hz/Cell x 20MHz = 34 Mbps
Coverage (1 Mbps)
162 dB
14-rx
162 dB
162 dB
~1x
mobile
Air-Interface Capacity Interpolation Detailed Example for Downlink Cell Capacity
Step1: SE = interpolate_SE(441m, 10MHz) = 1.19bps/Hz Step2: SE = SE x interpolate_MIMO_gain(441m) = 1.19bps/Hz x (1+20%) = 1.43 bps/Hz Step3: SE = SE x scaling_factor(441m, 50%) = 1.43 bps/Hz x 1.37 = 1.96 bps/Hz Step4: C = SE x bandwidth x load = 1.96 bps/Hz x 10 MHz x 50% = 9.8 Mbps
(2)
Load (interference)
Load (resource utilization)
(3)
2x2MIMO
(4)
(1)
100% load in all cells (SE for maximum level of inter-cell interference and maximum resource utilization)
+20% 2x2MIMO gain
+37% due to average load of 50% which is much below 100%, so the interference environment is less harmless to the cell capacity
-50% because of average cell load which cuts the resource utilization

Link Budget Methodology Example for DL Coverage
63.5 dBm MCS class Coding Rate 3 dB 43 dBm 0 dB 0.5 dB 18 dBi
Output power per antenna connector
Losses (Cable, jumpers,)
eNode B Antenna Gain
2Tx MIMO Gain
MAPL 160 dB (Tx Rx)
- 98.6 dBm 2.1 dB 0 dB 0 dB
Path loss
-96.5 dBm
IM
UE ant. gain
UE body loss
60
Presentation / Author / Date
Link Budget
General Parameters Software release Operating band [MHz] Flexi RF Unit UE Power Class Channel Bandwidth [MHz] Features DL Adaptive CL MIMO (2Tx) IRC (Interference Rejection Combining) EPS bearer for Conversational Voice RoHC (Robust Header Compression) OTDOA (Observed time difference of arriva) Transmitting End Tx antenna power [dBm] Antenna Gain [dBi] Feeder Loss [dB] Body Loss [dB] Total Tx Power Increase [dB] EIRP [dBm] Receiving end Feeder Loss [dB] Antenna Gain [dBi] Noise Figure [dB] Body Loss [dB] System Overhead Total Number of PRBs per TTI Cyclic Prefix Number of OFDM Symbols per Subframe Number of PDCCH Symbols per Subframe Number of PRBs for PUCCH DL 0.00 7.00 0.00 DL 75.00 Normal 14.00 3 PDCCH symbols 14.00 6.00 RACH Density=1 13.14% 0.80% 8.00% 1.09% 23.03% UL 0.40 18.00 2.20 UL
RL40 2100/1700 (3GPP bands: IV,X) 20W - Flexi RF Module Class 3 15 TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE DL 43.01 18.00 0.40 3.01 63.62 UL 23.00 0.00 0.00 23.00
RACH Density per 10 ms

Reference Signal [%] Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) [%] Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) [%] PBCH / PRACH [%] PDCCH (incl. PCFICH, PHICH) / PUCCH [%] - / Sounding [%] - / PUSCH UCI [%] OTDOA overhead [%] Total system overhead [%]
9.52% 0.11% 0.11% 0.21% 19.05% 0.42% 29.43%
61
Link Budget
Capacity Method for Modulation and coding scheme Modulation and Coding Scheme (Optimized) Modulation and coding scheme (User defined) Service Type Cell Edge User Thr [kbps] VoIP Packet L2 Segmentation Order TTI Bundling Uplink TTI Bundling Coverage Gain Residual BLER / No of Transmissions DL Resource Block Group Size Limitation of UL Resource Block Group Size Number of PRBs per User Channel Usage per TTI [%] Transport Block Size for PDSCH/PUSCH Modulation efficiency Effective Coding Rate
DL Optimize 1_QPSK Data
UL Optimize 3_QPSK -
Channel Channel Model Antenna Configuration Tx/Rx Algorithm at eNB Frequency scheduler PDSCH Power Penalty when DL Boosting On [dB] Number of Users per TTI Frequency scheduling gain [dB] Precoding Gain [dB] Required SINR @ BLER10% [reference] [dB] Coding Rate Offset [dB] Required SINR at Cell Edge [dB] Maximum SINR at Cell Edge [dB] Cell Load [%] Method for Interference Margin Interference Margin [Formula/Simulation] [dB] Number of Received Subcarriers [dB] Thermal Noise Density [dBm/Hz] Subcarrier Bandwidth [kHz] Noise Power per Subcarrier [dBm] Receiver Sensitivity [dBm] Maximum Allowable Path Loss(clutter not considered) [dB]
DL UL Enhanced Pedestrian A 5 Hz 2Tx-2Rx 1Tx-2Rx CL TxDiv (with IRC PMI) Interference Channel aware aware 0.00 -
2048.00 512.00 1.00 1.00 FALSE 0.00 rBLER=10% rBLER=10% (1Tr) (1Tr) 1.00 62.00 82.67% 2280.00 0.31 0.16 TRUE 10.00 13.33% 568.00 0.43 0.22
1.00 6.00 0.59 0.00 1.00 -4.19 -0.63 0.34 0.35 -5.44 -0.28 -0.03 80.00% 10.00% Formula Simulation 1.14 0.75 29.54 20.79 -173.93 15.00 -132.17 -101.07 -109.46 163.55 149.31
62
Link Budget
Internet Static Application Maximum Allowable Path Loss(clutter 163.55 149.31 163.55 149.31 163.55 149.31 163.55 149.31 not considered) [dB] Propagation DL UL DL UL DL UL DL UL Clutter Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural (quasi) Average Penetration Loss [dB] 22.00 17.00 12.00 10.00 Location/Cell Edge Probability [%] 84.70% 83.70% 83.70% 73.30% Cell Area Probability [%] 93.96% 93.96% 93.97% 93.97% 93.97% 93.97% 89.99% 89.99% Log Normal Fading Margin [dB] 9.21 7.86 7.86 4.35 Gain Against Shadowing [dB] 2.80 2.40 2.40 1.71 Maximum Allowable Path Loss(clutter 135.14 120.89 141.10 126.85 146.10 131.85 150.91 136.66 considered) [dB]
63
Link Budget
Reference Signal Power
RSRP=AVG RS ERPRE + Antenna Gain-TX Loss-MIN(MALP DL/UL)Propagation Difference UL RS POWER=RSRP+(10*LOG10(2*#PRB))
RS POWERi=RS POWER-BPL
RSRPi=RSRP-BPL
Environment
MAPL DL (dB)
135.22 141.17 146.21 151.05
MAPL UL (dB)
120.89 126.85 131.89 136.73
DU U SU R
RSRP (dBm) -91.16 -97.12 -102.15 -107.00
RS POWER (dBm) -69.40 -75.36 -80.39 -85.24
INDOOR Delta RSRPi RS POWERi BPL (dB) (dBm) (dBm) -21.76 22 -113.16 -91.40 -21.76 17 -114.12 -92.36 -21.76 12 -114.15 -92.39 -21.76 10 -117.00 -95.24
Value 13.67 20 15 75 0.2 18 0.4 1.54
MALP for Different services Urban Environment

Transmitting End
Internet Static Application Conversational Voice Conversational Video Streaming DL UL DL UL DL UL DL UL
AVG RS ERPRE =10*LOG10(1000*((Power per Branch)/(12*#PRB))+Atoll MIMO CPF
Maximum Allowable Path Loss(clutter considered) [dB] 141.10 126.85 142.32 127.81 144.99 128.32 143.51 128.32
Limit link
AVG RS ERPRE (dBm) Power per Branch (W) BW (MHz) #PRB Atoll MIMO CPF (dB) Antenna Gain (dB) TX Loss (dB) Propagation Difference UL
64
Design Characteristics

Prediction tool Atoll 3.1.1 Digital Terrain Maps, 3D (building data) 5mts resolution Propagation Model, ray tracing winprop Take into account hot spots, like Comcel offices, shoping malls (Unicentro, Andino), Airport, etc Amount of existing sites: 924 Sites where not considered Electricity Poles Micro Cells Temporary sites All considered sites have three sectors Antenna Height, same as 3G Antenna Horizontal Beamwidth, 65 Vertical Beamwidth 6.5 Beam Tilt, 010 Front to Back ratio 30 dB Closed Loop MIMO 2x2
65
3D Digital terrain Maps

Resolution 5mts
66
Selected Sites
67
Prediction
Coverage Levels
68
Study - Coverage by RSRP EPRE RSRP (RS EPRE) Level (DL) (dBm) >=-91.2 RSRP (RS EPRE) Level (DL) (dBm) >=-97.1 RSRP (RS EPRE) Level (DL) (dBm) >=-102.2 RSRP (RS EPRE) Level (DL) (dBm) >=-107 RSRP (RS EPRE) Level (DL) (dBm) >=-116.8 RSRP (RS EPRE) Level (DL) (dBm) >=-141.8
Prediction
Sector Footprint
69
Prediction
Carrier to Interference
Study - Coverage by PDSCH C/(I+N) PDSCH C/(I+N) Level (DL) (dB) >=25 PDSCH C/(I+N) Level (DL) (dB) >=20 PDSCH C/(I+N) Level (DL) (dB) >=15 PDSCH C/(I+N) Level (DL) (dB) >=10 PDSCH C/(I+N) Level (DL) (dB) >=5 PDSCH C/(I+N) Level (DL) (dB) >=0 PDSCH C/(I+N) Level (DL) (dB) >=-5 PDSCH C/(I+N) Level (DL) (dB) >=-10
Summary Results
Dense Urban Sub Urban Rural Total Urban Phase 1 Phase 1 Phase 1 Phase 1 70500.00 70500.00 82250.00 11750.00 235000.00 1604.1 136.0 1604.17 136.02 1871.54 158.69 267.36 22.67 5347.25 453.40 7 2 FSME FSME FSME FSME FSME 19809.00 19808.00 23108.00 3303.00 66028.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00
Number of subscribers Total Offered Traffic [Mbps]
System Module Total number of active users Max Number of Active Subscribers 600.00 per cell Number of System Modules per 1.00 Site #Sites(Baseband) 12.00 #Sites comparison DL UL #Sites(Coverage) 118.00 #Sites(Capacity) 21.00 2.00 #Sites(Baseband) 12.00 #Sites 118.00 Throughput per eNB [Mbps] 13.59 1.15
1.00
12.00 DL UL 301.00 22.00 3.00 12.00 301.00 5.33 0.45
1.00
13.00 DL UL 104.00 30.00 5.00 13.00 104.00 18.00 1.53
1.00
2.00 DL UL 16.00 6.00 2.00 2.00 16.00 16.71 1.42
1.00
39.00 DL UL 539.00 79.00 12.00 39.00 539.00
71

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