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Parking payments EPS in tolling systems
• Electronic or mobile system for payment of parking fees • Tolling as a mean for road financing
– Charge used for financing highways and bridges
– Examples are the Öresunds- and Svinnesunds-bridges, car tolling in
• Reduce parking revenue collection costs Oslo, Norway etc.
• Increase parking meter up-time – Manual payments still in use (toll booths)
• Congestion charging
• Reduce parking meter theft and vandalism – Payments as a mean for efficient road usage and mobility management
• More flexible pricing (remote) – Require fast payments without stopping the car
• Convenience – Payment may vary depending on vehicle type and time of day
• Tolling of heavy goods vehicles
• Park and ride (same card for parking and p.t.)
– Alternative to manual road taxation of trucks
• Combined with parking management systems – Kilometer based charging for transport of goods
• Why EPS?
Future demand for car use Sweden Road congestion and mobility
management
• Cities with much car traffic experience congestion
• During congestion, the road network is operating at far from maximal
capacity
• Using congestion pricing, the demand for car transports can be
controlled such that the road network operates close to capacity
• Car congestion pricing requires efficient alternative transportation
modes: buses, trams, underground, etc.
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Transponder-based user charging Video-based user charging
• Vehicle account number is transferred or an electronic fee is • Usually located as a “toll ring” around inner city, charged when passing “toll
directly transferred from the on-board unit (OBU) to roadside portals”
system • Image of license plates are recorded. Read automatically, or when difficulties
• Charge is levied or account number validated and sent to the occur, manually (identification from photos)
processing office • License plate of non-registered vehicles are recorded
• License plate details of unequipped or those not paying the • Time differentiated charges
correct charge are recorded
• Driver registers his/her intent to use roads within the charging cordon prior to
• High speed requirements – communicate with car at 160km/h setting out on journey (register license), or pay when invoiced.
Value of
time gain
Setting the toll level: Marginal cost pricing Setting the toll level
Unit cost, U Demand curve
Individual travel Lets say that, at the current
Marginal social cost
cost/time traffic flow of 1000 cars/hour,
one additional car makes the
c(f ) c(f ¤ ) ¿¤
travel time 0.1 second larger. = c(f 0 ) +
Average individual cost
This results in social marginal c(f 0 )
cost of 1000*0.1=100 in larger
total time. Cost of increasing
°ow from f ¤ to f 0.
By marginal cost pricing, the
external costs are added to Bene¯t of increasing
the individual travelers in form °ow from f ¤ to f 0 .
of a monetary cost.
f¤ f0
0 Traffic flow, f
c(f ) + f c0(f )
f¤ Total cost: C(f ) = f c(f )
Traffic flow, f Marginal cost: C 0 (f ) = c(f ) + f c 0 (f )
Monetary toll
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Congestion pricing vs. road tolls
Implementations of congestion
pricing in Europe
Toll
• London, England
Travel demand, d(t), and link travel time, t(d) [modeling congestion]. The • Stockholm, Sweden (presided by unique trial)
marginal cost pricing toll is 0.93 (resulting in 1361 cars/h). The revenue
maximizing toll is 7.57 (resulting in 741 cars/h). • Revenue used for investments in public transport
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Travel time and travel demand
6000
Toll revenue
alternatives (and road infrastructure expansion)
7
5000
6
4000
• Many others have road charges and toll highways, e.g.
France, Netherlands, Norway etc.
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Travel time
Revenue
4 3000
3
2000
2
1000
1
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 5 10 15
Traffic flow Toll
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Revised Stockholm system Electronic tolling of HGVs: Overview
• Video cameras is used for the identification of cars • Increased demand for road transports
• Revenue mostly used for financing of new road infrastructure • History of heavy vehicle tolling
• Suggestions on minor changes in toll levels, toll cordon design, and
in payment and exemption rules • Infrastructure for kilometer based charging
• Still an expensive system, • Enforcement systems
mostly due to the extreme • Revenue use
requirements on the level of
service
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Vehicle equipment Roadside equipment and enforcement
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Future: Interoperable road user charging Future: Ad hoc network-based user charging
Source: IBM, 2005 • Enables distance and location based charges Source: Blythe, 2005