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TNK052 Intelligent transport systems My background

Electronic Payment Systems and


• Clas Rydergren
Electronic Toll Collection – Masters degree in mathematics, 1995
– Ph.D. in Optimization, 2001
Clas Rydergren, clryd@itn.liu.se – Started at ITN/LiU Norrköping in 2002
– Lecturer/Researcher
– Director of studies for some of the KTS and ITS program courses
and all math courses.
– Teaches courses in Optimization and Traffic modeling

What is ITS? Agenda


“The application of informed technology to transport
operations in order to reduce operating costs, improve safety • Short introduction
and maximize the capacity of existing infrastructure.” • Enabler: Electronic payment systems (EPS)
– Transit; bus and rail payment systems
– Parking systems
• Travel and transportation • Commercial vehicle operations – Tolling systems
management – Electronic clearance, safety
– Driver information, route guidance monitoring etc. • Application: Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) systems
etc. • Emergency management – Congestion pricing
• Travel demand management – Emergency notification, emergency – Tolling heavy goods vehicles (HGV)
– Pre-trip information etc. vehicle management
• Public transport operations • Advanced vehicle control and
– En-route information, personalized safety systems • Aim: Give an introduction and overview of the literature
transports etc. – Collision avoidance, safety for pricing and electronic payments
readiness etc
• Electronic payment
– Electronic toll collection (ETC) and
parking payment (EPS)

Main applications of electronic Public transportation payments


payment systems in transportation
• Electronic system for paying public transport fares
• Public transport payments
– Stripe cards/Smart cards Combined at
• Parking payments Park’n’Ride • Increase customer convenience
– Stripe cards/Smart cards/Mobile payment • Increase traveler throughput
• Tolling (congestion pricing and heavy vehicle taxation) – Lower boarding times
– Transponders/Camera/Mobile communication – Buses: Lower driver stress
• Lower maintenance costs (than other payment alternatives)
• Idea of electronic payments: More convenient, more cost • More flexible fare policies (especially with e-wallets)
efficient and more flexible • Avoid money handling problems/robbery
• Payments as a mean for regulating traffic and transports

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Parking payments EPS in tolling systems
• Electronic or mobile system for payment of parking fees • Tolling as a mean for road financing
– Charge used for financing highways and bridges
– Examples are the Öresunds- and Svinnesunds-bridges, car tolling in
• Reduce parking revenue collection costs Oslo, Norway etc.
• Increase parking meter up-time – Manual payments still in use (toll booths)
• Congestion charging
• Reduce parking meter theft and vandalism – Payments as a mean for efficient road usage and mobility management
• More flexible pricing (remote) – Require fast payments without stopping the car
• Convenience – Payment may vary depending on vehicle type and time of day
• Tolling of heavy goods vehicles
• Park and ride (same card for parking and p.t.)
– Alternative to manual road taxation of trucks
• Combined with parking management systems – Kilometer based charging for transport of goods
• Why EPS?

Hardware requirements Congestion charging: overview


• On-line or off-line systems
• Centralized or decentralized computer system • Car use and increase in mobility
• High speed transactions (tolling)
• Why congestion charging?
• Clearinghouse for PIN encryption, card authentication and
transaction validation • Systems and infrastructure
• Setting the toll level
• Implementations in Europe
• Stockholm field trial 2006

Future demand for car use Sweden Road congestion and mobility
management
• Cities with much car traffic experience congestion
• During congestion, the road network is operating at far from maximal
capacity
• Using congestion pricing, the demand for car transports can be
controlled such that the road network operates close to capacity
• Car congestion pricing requires efficient alternative transportation
modes: buses, trams, underground, etc.

Technologies for charging (in order of flexibility):

Sources: SIKA, 2005

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Transponder-based user charging Video-based user charging

• Vehicle account number is transferred or an electronic fee is • Usually located as a “toll ring” around inner city, charged when passing “toll
directly transferred from the on-board unit (OBU) to roadside portals”
system • Image of license plates are recorded. Read automatically, or when difficulties
• Charge is levied or account number validated and sent to the occur, manually (identification from photos)
processing office • License plate of non-registered vehicles are recorded
• License plate details of unequipped or those not paying the • Time differentiated charges
correct charge are recorded
• Driver registers his/her intent to use roads within the charging cordon prior to
• High speed requirements – communicate with car at 160km/h setting out on journey (register license), or pay when invoiced.

• Time differentiated charges


• Usually located as a “toll ring” around inner city
Source: Blythe, 2005 Source: Blythe, 2005

Mobile positioning-based user charging When is congestion pricing good?


Benefit
Paybacks/tax
reductions

Value of
time gain

• On-board unit calculates position and/or distance traveled and matches


Adaptation costs
to digital map of charged roads
• On-board unit periodically transmit to control/enforcement stations and (Anpassnings-
sent to processing office kostnader)
• License plate details of unequipped vehicles are recorded by camera Toll charges

• Enables distance and location based charges


Source: Blythe, 2005

Setting the toll level: Marginal cost pricing Setting the toll level
Unit cost, U Demand curve
Individual travel Lets say that, at the current
Marginal social cost
cost/time traffic flow of 1000 cars/hour,
one additional car makes the
c(f ) c(f ¤ ) ¿¤
travel time 0.1 second larger. = c(f 0 ) +
Average individual cost
This results in social marginal c(f 0 )
cost of 1000*0.1=100 in larger
total time. Cost of increasing
°ow from f ¤ to f 0.
By marginal cost pricing, the
external costs are added to Bene¯t of increasing
the individual travelers in form °ow from f ¤ to f 0 .
of a monetary cost.
f¤ f0
0 Traffic flow, f
c(f ) + f c0(f )
f¤ Total cost: C(f ) = f c(f )
Traffic flow, f Marginal cost: C 0 (f ) = c(f ) + f c 0 (f )
Monetary toll

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Congestion pricing vs. road tolls
Implementations of congestion
pricing in Europe
Toll
• London, England
Travel demand, d(t), and link travel time, t(d) [modeling congestion]. The • Stockholm, Sweden (presided by unique trial)
marginal cost pricing toll is 0.93 (resulting in 1361 cars/h). The revenue
maximizing toll is 7.57 (resulting in 741 cars/h). • Revenue used for investments in public transport
8
Travel time and travel demand
6000
Toll revenue
alternatives (and road infrastructure expansion)
7
5000

6
4000
• Many others have road charges and toll highways, e.g.
France, Netherlands, Norway etc.
5
Travel time

Revenue

4 3000

3
2000

2
1000
1

0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 5 10 15
Traffic flow Toll

Sweden: Stockholmsförsöket Stockholmsförsöket


• Field test results
• Congestion charging field trial 3 – 20% reduction in car flows
January to 31 June 2006
– Doubling peek hour
• Extended public transport 22 speeds
August 2005 to 31 December – Marginal(?) increase in
2006
traffic going
• Referendum on permanent around/outside the tolled
implementation, September 2006 region (Essingeleden)
– Small increase in the use
• Technology: Transponder- of Park-n-ride.
based toll collection with video
enforcement system

• Aim: reduced congestion,


increased accessibility, improved
environment
Source: Stockholmsforsoket.se Source: Stockholmsforsoket.se

Results from the referendum Estimated economic results of a permanent


congestion charging system in Stockholm

• Rémy Prud’homme and Pierre Kopp, August 24, 2006,


University Paris XII and University Paris I (Sorbonne)
– “Overall, costs outweight the very real benefits of the toll by
nearly 900 MSEK per year”

• Jonas Eliasson, Transek AB:


– ”Our analysis shows that the Stockholm system yields a large
social surplus, well enough to cover both investment and
operational costs.”

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Revised Stockholm system Electronic tolling of HGVs: Overview
• Video cameras is used for the identification of cars • Increased demand for road transports
• Revenue mostly used for financing of new road infrastructure • History of heavy vehicle tolling
• Suggestions on minor changes in toll levels, toll cordon design, and
in payment and exemption rules • Infrastructure for kilometer based charging
• Still an expensive system, • Enforcement systems
mostly due to the extreme • Revenue use
requirements on the level of
service

Estimated demand for transport of History of charging for heavy


goods Sweden vehicle transports
• Eurovignette system for heavy vehicle tolling
– Usage based taxation (over 12 tonnes)
– Based on manual reports from transport companies
– Only applicable to a few major roads in Sweden, Denmark,
Holland, Belgium and Germany
• Other HGV charging elements
– Fuel price, Fuel duty, vehicle tax (annual charge)
• Germany introduced its own system (Toll Collect)
– Introduced 1 January 2005
– Positioning-based kilometer charging
– On major roads, flexible

Source: SIKA, 2005

The EC directives towards efficient Toll Collect system


road transport taxes • German federal government
decided to introduce distance
based HGV tolling in 1999
• EC policy (2001-) on fair and efficient pricing of • System activated 1 January
2005, has worked since then
transports “without any problems”
• Taxes and charges shall reflect socio-economic marginal • Tolls apply to vehicle > 12
costs tonnes
– Toll charge levied based on truck weight and environmental • Position-based kilometer
charging, 12.4 euro cent per
classification. Toll level to cover road wear and road expansion. kilometer
– Differentiated toll levels for heavy vehicle management – • Tolling on “autobahns” only,
encourage trucks to use larger and safer roads smaller road closed for HGVs
• Current road transport taxes based on flat fee • Around 1.2-1.4 million vehicles
of which 500k has OBUs
• EC directives favor kilometer charges for road use for • Toll revenue for financing of
heavy vehicle transports road, rail, inland waterways

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Vehicle equipment Roadside equipment and enforcement

• OBU with GPS and GSM


• Automatic detection of toll road • Enforcement needed to make sure
and charges on entrance the system is effective
• Information registered in OBU
(location and speed) is • Stationary portals with DSRC and
encrypted and sent to video/license plate recognition
centralized host using GSM
• OBUs are provided free of • Mobile control units
charge to transport companies

HGV tolling in Sweden Implementations in Europe


• In planning stage, in use
around 2012? Authorities provide price
list and receives declared • Germany: • Sweden
• Toll for HGVs > 3.5 tonnes route – Toll Collect – Estimated introduction 2012
• Applicable on all public roads
– Introduced 1 January 2005 – Positioning-based system
– Positioning-based system • UK:
• Switzerland: – Cancelled
– Introduced 1 January 2001
Payment agent – Kilometer charge on all roads
declare route – Transponder-based charging
and calculate tax – Toll level dependent on vehicle
emissions, vehicle weight
Light OBU with GPS • Austria:
and GSM in truck to – Introduced 1 January 2004
register trajectory
– Transponder-based charging
• France, Portugal, Spain, Italy:
– Highway tolls, stickers/manual
Enforcement?

Revenue use from HGV tolling ETC and interoperability


• Switzerland: Financing of infrastructure, improve rail • Commercially, interoperability does not pay off
network, shift transports from road to rail – Costly for operators
– HGVs can use manual system, without EPS, at the same cost
• Austria: Financing of road infrastructure
• Unlike GSM roaming, the ETC systems in operation are
• Germany: Financing of road, rail, inland waterways very different in
• Sweden: Financing of road wear, reduce emissions, – Charging concept and technology
increase safety – Tariffs
– Legal issues
• Interoperability does not have a high priority today

Source: Tango Collect, 2003

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Future: Interoperable road user charging Future: Ad hoc network-based user charging

• Network communication “mote” unit on-board communicates with mote


on, for example, lamp posts and calculates distance traveled
• Data is downloaded at predetermined points, when storage is full or
charge limit is reached
• License plate details on unequipped vehicles or those not paying the
correct charge are recorded by video

Source: IBM, 2005 • Enables distance and location based charges Source: Blythe, 2005

Future: Privacy and security Future: Privacy and security

Summary Sources for this presentation


Blomberg, I., and Poersch, R., Tango Collect: Analysis of current situation on road charging for HGVs in
Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Sweden, Great Britain and Netherlands, Tango Collect Report 3, 2003.
• Overview of electronic payment applications Blythe, P.T., (2005) Congestion charging: Technical options for the delivery of future UK policy, Transportation
Research A, 39, 2005.
• Congestion pricing Driving the future of road user charging: deeper, IBM White paper, 2005.
Gustafsson, I., and Schelin E., Tango Collect: Differentiated kilometre charges as a driving force for
• Tolling of heavy goods vehicles implementing telematics for heavy goods vehicles. Final Report Tango Collect, 2004.
Johansson, B and Mattson, L-G., Principles of road pricing, TRITA-IP AR 94-9, Working paper, KTH, 1994.
• The future of road user charging and electronic Prognoser för person- och godstransporter år 2020, SIKA Rapport 2005:10, 2005.
payments Stockholmsförsöket, Analysgruppens sammanfattning, February 2005, From www.stockholmsforsoket.se
Toll Collect, User Information, 2006. From www.toll-collect.de
Jonas Eliasson, Cost-benefit analysis of the Stockholm congestion charging system,
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/StockholmcongestionCBAEliassonn.pdf
Prud’homme, R., and Kopp, P, The Stockholm toll: an economic evaluation,
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSPORT/Resources/336291-
1153409213417/StckhlmCngstPrudhommepaper.pdf

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