Physical Assessment Head to Toe assessment (cephalocaudal) A.

Skin - Color is brown, fair, no skin lesions noted, warm to touch, there is no unusual odor, and with a good skin turgor. B. Hair - Scalp is intact and free from lesion. Hair is black, evenly distributed and fine in texture. No dandruff. C. Nail - Pale pink nail beds noted, capillary refill of 1 seconds. D. Head and Face - Face and head are symmetrical. No mass, no depression, no tenderness and no lesions noted. Facial expression is mask like in features and movement. There is no tenderness noted. E. Neck - Color is the same as with the face, symmetrical. Lymph nodes non palpable. Passive range of motion. F. Ears - Skin is intact. No lesions noted. Color is brown and consistent.

G. Eyes - Eyelashes are present, curving outward. No lesions noted. Smooth, white, glistening and anicteric sclera. Color of conjunctiva is pale. H. Mouth and Throat - Dry and pale red lips noted. Teeth are slightly white, gag reflex is present. Oral mucosa is pinkish and intact. I. Nose - Nasal bridge is at the middle, no deformities and discharges noted. The shape is symmetrical, internal mucosa is intact and no lesions. No tenderness and mass noted. Both nares is patent. J. Thorax and Lungs - Inspection Rise and fall of the lungs is symmetrical when breathing, consistent with skin color. - Auscultation Crackles noted at both lungs 3rd intercostal space.

K. Abdomen - Inspection Color is consistent with the skin color all over the body. There is no abdominal distention noted. - Palpation No masses and tenderness noted. N. Genitalia White, no deformities or lesions seen.

O. Upper Extremities and Lower Extremities Symmetrical both hands and legs. No deformities noted. Able to sense any stimuli applied. Able to flex and extends both upper and lower extremities.

Anatomy and physiology:

Nose and Nasal Cavity: The nose is a structure of the face made of cartilage, bone, muscle, and skin that supports and protects the anterior portion of the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity is a hollow space within the nose and skull that is lined with hairs and mucus membrane. The function of the nasal cavity is to warm, moisturize, and filter air entering the body before it reaches the lungs. Mouth: The mouth, also known as the oral cavity, is the secondary external opening for the respiratory tract. Most normal breathing takes place through the nasal cavity, but the oral cavity can be used to supplement or replace the nasal cavitys functions when needed. Pharynx: The pharynx, also known as the throat, is a muscular funnel that extends from the posterior end of the nasal cavity to the superior end of the esophagus and larynx. The pharynx is divided into 3 regions: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. Larynx The larynx, also known as the voice box, is a short section of the airway that connects the laryngopharynx and the trachea. The larynx is located in the anterior portion of the neck, just inferior to the hyoid bone and superior to the trachea. Trachea: The trachea, or windpipe, is a 5-inch long tube made of C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. The trachea connects the larynx to the bronchi and allows air to pass through the neck and into the thorax.

The main function of the trachea is to provide a clear airway for air to enter and exit the lungs. In addition, the epithelium lining the trachea produces mucus that traps dust and other contaminants and prevents it from reaching the lungs.

Bronchi and Bronchioles: At the inferior end of the trachea, the airway splits into left and right branches known as the primary bronchi. The left and right bronchi run into each lung before branching off into smaller secondary bronchi. The secondary bronchi carry air into the lobes of the lungs2 in the left lung and 3 in the right lung. The main function of the bronchi and bronchioles is to carry air from the trachea into the lungs. Lungs

The lungs are a pair of large, spongy organs found in the thorax lateral to the heart and superior to the diaphragm. Each lung is surrounded by a pleural membrane that provides the lung with space to expand as well as a negative pressure space relative to the bodys exterior. Alveoli: The interior of the lungs is made up of spongy tissues containing many capillaries and around 30 million tiny sacs known as alveoli. The alveoli are cup-shaped structures found at the end of the terminal bronchioles and surrounded by capillaries. The alveoli are lined with thin simple squamous epithelium that allows air entering the alveoli to exchange its gases with the blood passing through the capillaries.