1.

(i)

rate = increase in

volume = slope of graph; time initially/to begin with steeper slope / fastest rate / volume of gas/CO2 produced faster/quickly as concentration of HCl highest / OWTTE; as reaction progresses/with time, less steep slope / volume of gas production slows / rate decreases due to less frequent collisions as concentration (of HCl) decreases / OWTTE; curve flattens/becomes horizontal when HCl used up/consumed (as there are no more H+ ions to collide with the CaCO3 particles); Each mark requires explanation.

3 max

(ii)

less steep curve; same maximum volume at later time; half/lower H+ /acid concentration less frequent collisions/slower rate; same amount of HCl, same volume CO2 produced;

(iii)

mass loss/of CO2 / mass of flask + content;

OR

OR

Do not penalize for missing x-axis label or for missing units on y-axis. Accept if line meets time axis.

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(iv)

minimum energy (of colliding particles) for a reaction to occur / OWTTE; lower Ea / greater surface area/contact between CaCO3 and HCl / higher HCl concentration / (sufficient) particles/molecules have activation energy;

2
[11]

2.

D
[1]

3.

C
[1]

4.

C
[1]

5.

B
[1]

6.

(i)

by definition HhO of elements (in their standard states) is zero / no reaction involved / OWTTE;

(ii)

H = 104 (+20.4); = 124.4 (kJ mol1); Award [1 max] for 124.4 (kJ mol1). Award [2] for correct final answer.

(iii)

S = 270 (267 + 131); = 128 (J K mol1); Award [1 max] for +128 (J K1 mol1). Award [2] for correct final answer.

(iv)

G = H T S = 124.4

(128 298) ; 1000

2

= 86.3 kJ mol1; Units needed for the mark. Award [2] for correct final answer. Allow ECF if only one error in first marking point.

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(v)

G = H T S = 0 / H = T S; 124.4 T= = 972 K / 699 C; 128 / 1000 Only penalize incorrect units for T and inconsistent S value once in (iv) and (v).

[9]

7.

C
[1]

8.

(a)

(Kc =)

[CH 3 OH] [CO][H 2 ] 2

Do not award mark if incorrect brackets are used or brackets are missing.

(b)

(i)

amount (of methanol)/product decreases / less methanol; (forward reaction) exothermic / reverse reaction endothermic / OWTTE;

(ii)

amount (of methanol)/product increases / more methanol; 3 gas molecules/mol 1 / decrease in volume / fewer gas molecules on right hand side/products / more gas molecules on left hand side/reactants;

(c)

high pressure expensive / greater cost of operating at high pressure; lower temperature lower (reaction) rate;

(d)

increases rate of forward and reverse reactions (equally) / lowers activation energy/Ea (of both the forward and reverse reaction equally) / provides alternative path with lower activation energy/Ea; Accept reactants adsorb onto the catalyst surface and bonds weaken resulting in a decrease in the activation energy.

[8]

9.

(a)

(i)

amount =

3.99 = 0.0250 (mol); 159.61

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(ii)

26.1 (C); Accept answers between 26.0 and 26.2 (C). temperature rise = 26.1 19.1 = 7.0 (C); Accept answers between 6.9 C and (7.1 C). Award [2] for the correct final answer. No ECF if both initial and final temperatures incorrect. 2

(iii)

50.0 4.18 7.0 / 50.0 4.18 7.0; 1000 Accept 53.99 instead of 50.0 for mass.
heat change = = 1.5 (kJ); Allow 1.6 (kJ) if mass of 53.99 is used. Ignore sign. 2

(iv)

1.5 = 60 (kJ mol1); 0.0250 Value must be negative to award mark. Accept answers in range 58.0 to 60.0. Allow 63 (kJ mol1) if 53.99 g is used in (iii).
H1 =

(b)

(i)

(amount of CuSO45H2O =

6.24 =) 0.0250 (mol); 249.71 (amount of H2O in 0.0250 mol of CuSO45H2O = 5 0.0250 =) 0.125 (mol).

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(ii)

(50.0 4.18 1.10 =) 230 (J); 229.9 (1000 0.0250 = + 9.20 (kJ); Accept mass of 47.75 or 53.99 instead of 50.00 giving answers of +8.78 or +9.9. Do not penalize missing + sign but penalize sign unless charge already penalized in (a) (iv). ( Hx = H1 H2 = 58.4 (+9.20) =) 67.6 (kJ mol1);

(iii)

(c)

(i)

[78.0 (67.6)] 100 = 13.3 %; 78.0

If 70.0 kJ mol1 is used accept 10.3 %.

(ii)

the anhydrous copper(II) sulfate had already absorbed some water from the air / OWTTE; the value would be less exothermic/less negative than expected as the temperature increase would be lower / less heat will be evolved when the anhydrous salt is dissolved in water / OWTTE; Do not accept less without a reason.

2
[14]

10.

(i)

100 4.18 35.0; 14630 J / 14600 J / 14.6 kJ; Award [2] for correct final answer. No ECF here if incorrect mass used.

(ii)

1.78 = 0.0386 mol; 46.08 14.6 = ()378 kJ mol1; 0.0386

Accept ()377 and ()379 kJ mol1. Award [2] for correct final answer. 2

(iii)

heat loss; incomplete combustion; heat absorbed by calorimeter not included; Accept other sensible suggestions.

2 max
[6]

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11.

(a)

N2H4(g) + 2F2(g) N2(g) + 4HF(g) Award [1] for reactants and products. Award [1] if this equation is correctly balanced. Ignore state symbols.

(b)

Hydrazine:

Nitrogen: && N && ; N Accept lines, dots and crosses to show electron pairs. Penalize missing lone pairs once only.

(c)

BE (bonds broken) = (4 391) + 158 + 2(158) / 2038(kJ); BE (bonds formed) = (945) + 4(568) / 3217 (kJ); HO = 2038 3217 = 1179 (kJ); Award [3] for correct final answer. Award [2] for (+)1179 (kJ).

(d)

(N2H4 / F2) better rocket fuel; ECF: answer must be consistent with equation in (a) and H in (c). 5 vol/mol (g) > 3 vol/mol (g) / more moles/greater amount of gas produced; HO (N2H4 / F2) > HO (N2H4 / O2) (per mole) / (N2H4 / F2) reaction more exothermic; 2 max
[9]

12.

A
[1]

13.

B
[1]

14.

B
[1]

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15.

C
[1]

16.

(i)

reactants and products in same phase/state; rate of forward reaction = rate of reverse reaction; concentrations of reactants and products remain constant / macroscopic properties remain constant; Do not accept concentrations are equal.

2 max

(ii)

(Kc) =

[HI 2 ] ; [H 2 ][I 2 ]

(iii)

no change to position of equilibrium; no change to value of Kc;

(iv)

the reaction is exothermic/heat is given out/ H is negative;

(v)

no effect (on the value of the equilibrium constant); as it speeds up forward and reverse reaction / concentrations of reactants and products do not change / position of equilibrium does not change / no change in yield;

2
[8]

17.

B
[1]

18.

D
[1]

19.

(i)

(Kc =) [SO3]2 /[O2] [SO2]2;

(ii)

yield (of SO3) decreases; forward reaction is exothermic / reverse/backwards reaction is endothermic / equilibrium shifts to absorb (some of) the heat; Do not accept exothermic reaction or Le Chateliers Principle. Do not allow ECF.

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(iii)

no effect;

(iv)

no effect; the rates of both the forward and reverse reactions increase equally;

2
[6]

20.

(i)

exothermic; Accept either of the following for the second mark. increasing temperature favours endothermic/reverse reaction; as yield decreases with increasing temperature;

2 max

(ii)

yield increases / equilibrium moves to the right / more ammonia; increase in pressure favours the reaction which has fewer moles of gaseous products;

(iii)

(rate increases because) increase in frequency (of collisions); increase in energy (of collisions); more colliding molecules with E Ea;

2 max
[6]

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