Chapter #28: Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt Big Picture Themes 1.

. The Progressives grew out of the Populist (or Peoples) Party and sought to correct injustices. 2. Progressives and muckraker writers attacked city corruption, corporate greed, poor living and working conditions, alcohol, and womens right to vote. Each of these ills saw laws and/or Amendments passed to attempt to better the condition. 3. Teddy Roosevelt made a name for himself as a trust-buster. That is, he broke up a few high-profile companies that he said were monopolies (or trusts). Busting trusts and thus creating competition was to benefit the average person. 4. He also obtained huge tracts of land, usually out West, for parks and conservation. 5. Roosevelt picked Taft to follow him, but Taft began to stray from Roosevelts ways and the two split. Chapter# 28: Identifications Jacob Riis Wrote how the Other Half lives, wanted to divert attention from americans infatuation with how the rich live and show the life of squalor in the New York Slums. Ida Tarbell Wrote and expose in McClures that laid bare the ruthless business tactics of John D Rockerfeller and the Standard Oil Company. Robert M. LaFollete Progressive leader in Wisconsin and wa able to grab power bacl from the big businesses and return it to the people. Charles Evans Hughes A reformist Republican governor of New York who had earlier gained national fame as an investigator of malpractices by gas and insurance companies and by the coal trust. Upton Sinclair Wrote The Jungle about meat packaging industrys horrible conditions, his novel motivated Congress to pass Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act. Initiative Where voters could initiate laws, rather than waiting and hoping a legislator might do it. Referendum Where voters could vote proposed bills into law, circumventing unresponsive legislators altogether. Recall Where voters could remove elected officials rather than waiting for his term to expire. Muckrakers Social critics whom exposed what they saw as corruption or injustice in writing. Elkins Act Banned and prosecuted rebates awarded by railroaders.

Hepburn Act Placed restrictions on fress passes handed out by railroads. Northern Securities Case Also known as US v. Northern Security Company, it was a legal case in 1904 that resulted in the dissolution of the trust between the Union Pacifica and Northern Pacific Railroads. It also led to the dissolution of the company from which the case gets its name. Meat Inspection Act Meat would be inspected by the U.S.D.A. Pure Food and Drug Act Goal was to ensure proper labeling of food and drugs to prevent tampering. Newlands Act The Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902 took federal funds that were collected from nationalland sales and put them to use funding large-scale irrigation projects Dollar diplomacy Americans invested in foreign countries to gain power. Payne-Aldrich Act A tariff passed in 1913 by the Taft Administrations whose purpose was to lower tariffs, a goalthat it miserably failed to achieve Ballinger-Pinchot Affair Occurring in 1910, it involved the Secretary of the Interior Ballinger who opened public landsto corporate development and was criticized by Pinchot (Chief of the Agriculture Departments Division of Forestry and a stalwart Rooseveltian). Taft dismissed Pinchot on the grounds of insubordination, and protests arose from conservationists and Rooseveltians; thewhole episode further widened the growing rift between the president and the formerpresident, onetime bosom political partners

Chapter #28: Guided Reading Questions Progressive Roots Know: Progressives, Laissez-faire, Henry Demarest Lloyd, Jacob Riis, Theodore Dreiser, Jane Addams, Lillian Weld 1. What were the goals of the Progressives? Stop monopolies, corruption, inefficiency, and social injust. Raking Muck with the Muckrakers Know: McClure's, Lincoln Steffens, Ida M. Tarbell, Thomas W. Lawson, David G. Phillips, Ray Stannard Baker, John Spargo 2. What issues were addressed by the major muckrakers? City corruption in cahoots with big buisnesses, John D Rockefella and Standard Oil Company, practices of stock markets, treason of the senate, child labor, lives of southern blacks, and patented medicine,. Political Progressivism Know: Direct Primary Elections, Initiative, Referendum, Recall, Australian Ballot, Millionaires' Club, Seventeenth Amendment, Suffragists 3. Define each of the major political reforms that progressives desired.

The initiative where voters could initiate laws, rather than waiting and hoping a legislator might do it. The referendum where voters could vote proposed bills into law, circumventing unresponsive legislators altogether. The recall where voters could remove elected officials rather than waiting for his term to expire. The thought was, "We voted them in, we can vote them out." The secret ballot, called the Australian ballot, to help get a true vote and avoid intimidation at the polls.The 17th Amendment was direct election of senators by the people. Progressivism in the Cities and States Know: Robert M. La Follette, The Wisconsin Idea, Hiram W. Johnson, Charles Evans Hughes 4. What changes did progressives make at the city and state level? Urban reformers tackled slumlords, juvenile delinquency, and wide open prostitution. In Wisconsin, Governor Robert M. La Follete wrestled control from the trusts and returned power to the people. Hiram W Johnson led states, such as Oregon and California, to regulate railroads and trusts. Charles Evan Hughes, governor of New York, investigated the malpractices of gas and insurance companies Progressive Women Know: Triangle Shirtwaist Company, Muller v. Oregon, Lochner v. New York, Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Frances E. Willard, "Wet" and "Dry" 5. How successful were Progressives in combating social ills? Progressives were relatively successful because the prohibition was established and a welfare state was established TR's Square Deal for Labor Know: Square Deal, Department of Commerce and Labor 6. What were the three C's of the Square Deal? Control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources. TR Corrals the Corporations Know: Elkins Act, Hepburn Act, Trustbusting, Northern Securities Company 7. Assess the following statement, "Teddy Roosevelt's reputation as a trustbuster is undeserved." TRs reputation as a trust buster is well deserved because he was the first president to give the government more power and start the trend of using the governments power to protect the common people instead of leaving the power in the hands of the wealthy. Caring for the Consumer Know: The Jungle, Meat Inspection Act 8. What was the effect of Upton Sinclair's book, The Jungle? Motivated Congress to pass the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act. Earth Control Know: Forest Reserve Act, Gifford Pinchot, Newlands Act, Conservation, Call of the Wild, Boy Scouts, Sierra Club 9. What factors led Americans to take an active interest in conservation? Americans were vainly wasting their natural resources, and the first conservation act, the Desert Land Act of 1877, provided little help. More successful was the Forest Reserve Act of 1891, which authorized the president to set aside land to be protected as national parks. By 1900, only a quarter of the nations natural timber lands remained, so he set federal reserves, establishing perhaps his most enduring achievement as president The "Roosevelt Panic" of 1907

10. What were the results of the Roosevelt Panic of 1907? The results were that fiscal reforms began to take way The Rough Rider Thunders Out Know: William Howard Taft, Eugene V. Debs 11. What was the legacy of Teddy Roosevelt's presidency? Taft became TRs legacy Taft: A Round Peg in a Square Hole 12. "William Howard Taft was less suited for the presidency than he appeared to be." Explain Took a hands off approach towards congress and was a mild progressive only and was more inclined towards the status quo than reform. The Dollar Goes Abroad as a Diplomat Know: Dollar Diplomacy 13. What was dollar diplomacy and how was it practiced? When americans invested in foreign countries to gain power, it was practiced in Hounduras, Haiti, and other paces. Taft the Trustbuster Know: Rule of Reason 14. Who deserves the nickname "Trustbuster," Roosevelt or Taft? Taft deserves the nickname more because he was about to bring even more trust busted than TR was able to especially the bust of Standard Oil Company. Taft Splits the Republican Party Know: Payne-Aldrich Tariff, Richard Ballinger, Gifford Pinchot, Joe Cannon 15. Why did the Progressive wing of the Republican Party turn against Taft? They wanted a low tariff and favored conservation of land but Taft went against what they wanted. The Taft-Roosevelt Rupture 16. How did the Republican Party split at the party's 1912 convention? The Republican party split after Roosevelt decided to run for president. Chapter #29: Wilsonian Progressivism Abroad Big Picture Themes 1. Wilson won the presidency mainly because Teddy Roosevelt ran as a third-party candidate and split the Republican vote with Taft. 2. Wilson was an idealist and progressive who sought to clean up problems. He attacked the tariff as too high, banks as corrupt by the rich, and trusts as milking the people. 3. Wilson hated war and wanted American foreign policy to be fair and just to all. Conditions in Latin America, however, forced this peaceful president to take military action. Notably, he ordered the US Army to chase Pancho Villa in Mexico. 4. In Europe, war had begun. In the Atlantic ocean, German subs began to sink sinks carrying Americans, notably the Lusitania. Wilson tried to keep America out of the war, and did, for the time being.

Chapter #29: Identifications Eugene Debs Socialist candidate from presidential election of 1912. Pancho Villa Like a mexica robin hood, lead the mexicans to revolt and fought americans. John J. Pershing Sent by Wilson to go after Pancho Villa . Central Powers Germancy, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey Allies Russia, France, England, and Australia Lusitania Uboat attacked this british cruise liner, nearly 1200 killed including 128 americans. Sussex Pledge Promised that no attacks would be made on ships without warning. Federal Reserve Act Oversaw 12 regional federal banks, given the power to issue paper money though Federal Reseve Board. New Nationalism Leaving good trusts alone but controlling bad trust, pushed for female suffrage and social programs New Freedom supported small business and wanted to bust all trusts without distinguishing between good or bad. Underwood Tariff reduced tariff rates on impmorts, and started a graduated income tax. Federal Trade Commission Set up a position appointed by the president to investigate trusts, goal was to stop trade practices deemed unfair. Clayton Antitrust Act Forbade price discrimination, interlocking directorates, exempted labor union from being considered trusts, and legalized strike as a form of peaceful assembly. Chapter #29 Identifications The "Bull Moose" Campaign of 1912 Know: Bull Moose, New Nationalism, New Freedom 1. Explain the difference between Roosevelt's form of progressivism and Wilson's. Wilsons form of progressivism, called New Freedom, included calls for stronger antitrust legislation, banking reform, and tariff reductions. It favored small enterprise, entrepreneurship, and the free function of unregulated and un-monopolized markets. It focused on fragmentations of the big industrial combines. Roosevelts form, New Nationalism, favored continued consolidation of trusts and labor unions, paralleled by the growth of powerful regulatory agencies in Washington. Roosevelt also campaigned for woman suffrage and a broad program of social welfare, including minimum wage laws and socialistic social insurance. Woodrow Wilson: A Minority President 2. "The [1912] election results are fascinating." Explain.

Because the Republican party ad split, the Democrats were able to win the election, also the socialist candidate Debs was able to gain 6% of the popular vote, showing a more diverse America. Wilson: The Idealist in Politics 3. How did Wilson's personality and past affect the way he conducted himself as president? He was an idealist, not a pragmatist, he was also and intellectual who lacked the peoples touch. Wilson Tackles the Tariff Know: Underwood Tariff 4. What were the three parts of the "triple wall of privilege?" The tariff, the banks, and the trusts Wilson Battles the Bankers Know: The Federal Reserve Act 5. How was the Federal Reserve System different than the banking system that existed in the U.S. in 1913? It oversaw 12 regional federal banks, given the power to issues paper money, it was able to regulate the amount of money in circulation by issuing or holding back paper money. The President Tames the Trusts Know: Federal Trade Commission Act, Clayton Anti-Trust Act 6. How did Wilson curb the trusts? Federal Trade Commission which was appointed by the president to investigate activities of trusts. Wilsonian Progressivism at High Tide Know: The Federal Farm Loan Act, Warehouse Act, La Follette Seamen's Act, Workingmen's Compensation Act, Adamson Act, Louis D. Brandeis 7. Describe some of the positive and negative outcomes of Wilsons progressive legislation and actions. Wilson earned the enmity of businesspeople and bigots but endeared himself to progressives when in 1916 he nominated for the Supreme Court he prominent reformer Louis D. Brandeis the first Jew to be called to the high bench. However, the Southern-bred Wilson actually presided over accelerated segregation in the federal bureaucracy New Directions in Foreign Policy Know: Haiti 8. Contrast Wilson's ideas of foreign policy with those of Roosevelt and Taft. In contrast to Roosevelt and Taft, Wilson recoiled from an aggressive foreign policy. Hating imperialism, he was repelled by TRs big stickism. He proclaimed that the government would no longer offer special support to American investors in Latin America and China. He persuaded Congress in 1914 to repeal the Panama Canal Tolls Act of 1912, which had exempted American coastwise shipping from tolls. The president then signed the Jones Act in 1916, granting the Philippines the boon of territorial status and promised independence as soon as a stable government could be established. Wilson also defused a menacing crisis with Japan in 1913 Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico Know: Victoriano Huerta, Venustiano Carranza, Francisco ("Pancho") Villa, ABC Powers, John J. ("Black Jack") Pershing 9. Why did Mexico give such trouble to the Wilson administration? The Mexicans were extremely poor and revolted in 1913. Thunder Across the Sea Know: Central Powers, Allied Powers

10. What caused Europe to plunge into WWI in 1914? The Austrian heir to the thrown Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. A Precarious Neutrality Know: Kaiser Wilhelm II 11. What caused an officially neutral America to turn against the Central Powers? America was split on the opinions of the people America Earns Blood Money Know: Submarine, Lusitania, Arabic, Sussex 12. How did Germany's use of submarines lead to tense relations with the U.S.? German submarines killed Americans which ignited outrage Wilson Wins Reelection in 1916 Know: Charles Evans Hughes, "He Kept Us Out of War" 13. What were the keys to Wilson's electoral victory in 1916? The western part of the US didnt want war and wanted his policies. Varying Viewpoints: Who Were the Progressives? Know: Richard Hofstadter, New Left Historians 14. Which answer to the question above seems correct to you? Why?
I believe that it was a movement to benefit the people who struggled against the trusts