2 CLEANSING ACTIVITY

CHEMICAL FOR CONSUMER

The cleansing action of soap and detergent
The cleansing action for soaps and detergent results from their abilit ! i" to lo#er the surface tension of #ater$ ii" to emulsif oil or grease % dirt$ and iii" to hold them in suspension in #ater" This abilit is due to the structure of soaps and detergent Structure of soaps Soap consists of sodiu !potassiu cations and soap anions" &hen a sodium%potassium soap is dissol'e in #ater$ it #ill form soap anions and sodiu ion" Na# or potassiu ion" $# Sodium soap soap anions ( sodium cations )Na(* +otassium soap soap anions ( potassium cations ),(* What is soap anions?
C-. C-2 C-2 C-2 C-2 C-2 C-2 C-2 C-2 C-2 C-2 C-2 C-2 C-2 C-2 C O% O

- drophobic )h drocarbon chains*

- drophilic )carbo/ilate group*

COO%
Soap anions
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1rom the diagram abo'e sho#s that the structure of soap anions consists of$ i" h drocarbon chains 2no#n as h&dropho'ic part ii" carbo/ late%ionic group 2no#n as h&drophilic part Structure of detergent 3etergent of sodiu cations and detergent anions" &hen a detergent is dissol'e in #ater$ it #ill form detergent anions and sodiu ion" Na#( What is detergent anions? i4 Sodium al2 l sulphate detergent
C-. C-2 C-2 C-2 C-2 C-2 C-2 C-2 C-2 C-2 C-2 C-2 C-2 C-2 C-2

5 8 7 9 56S65 Na( 8 5

- drophobic )h drocarbon%al2 l chains*

- drophilic )sulphate ions* OSO)%

Al2 l sulphate ion

1rom the diagram abo'e sho#s that the structure of al2 l sulphate anions consists of$ i" h drocarbon%al2 l chains 2no#n as h&dropho'ic part ii" sulphate%ionic group 2no#n as h&drophilic part

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i4 Sodium al2 l ben:ene sulphonate detergent

C-. C-2 C-2 C-2 C-2 C-2 C-2 C-2 C-2 C-2 C-2 C-2 C-2 C-2

5 8 7 9 6S65 Na( 8 5

- drophobic - drophilic )h drocarbon%al2 l ben:ene chains* )sulphonate ions* SO)%

Al2 lben:ene sulphonate anios

1rom the diagram abo'e sho#s that the structure of al2 l ben:ene sulphonate anions consists of$ i" h drocarbon%al2 l ben:ene chains 2no#n as h&dropho'ic part ii" sulphonate%ionic group 2no#n as h&drophilic part Re e 'er this* In #ater$ soap and detergent dissol'es to form soap anions and detergent anions" The anions #ill carr out the cleansing action$ because these anions consists of h drophobic and h drophilic part" +h&, - drophobic is #ater;hating part$ is solu'le in oil!grease!dirt$ but insoluble in #ater" - drophilic is #ater;lo'ing part$ is solu'le in -ater but insoluble in oil%grease%dirt" <oth of the properties of anions$ ma2es soap and detergent act as an effecti'e cleansing agent"
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How soap and detergent carry out the cleansing action?

(

Sodium ion Soap%detergent ion Grease%dirt

6 6
(

6
(

3irt cloth

; The cloth is dipped in a soap or detergent solutions" ; Soap and detergent reduces the surface tension of #ater" ; This increase the #etting abilit of #ater$ therefore the surface of the cloth is #etted thoroughl "

( (

( ( (

- drophilic part
(

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

- drophobic part

; - drophilic part dissol'es in #ater" ; - drophobic part dissol'es in dirt%grease"

=

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( (

( (

6 6 6 6
(

6 6 6 6 6

6 6 6 6 6

; >echanical agitation during scrubbing helps pull the dirt%grease free$ and brea2 the grease into small part"
( ( (

6 6 6 6 6

6 6 6 6 6

6 6 6 6 6 6 6

6 6 6

6 6 6 6 6

6 ( 6 6 6 6

; The droplets do not coagulate and redeposit on the surface of the cloth because the repulsion bet#een the negati'e charges on their surface" ; The droplets is suspended in the #ater forming an emulsion"
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; @insing #ashes a#a these droplets and lea'es the surface clean" The effecti.eness action of soap and detergent Advantages of soap 0" Soap are effecti.e cleaning agent in soft #ater" ; Soft #ater did not contains >g2( ions and Ca2( ions" ; E/ampleA rain #ater$ tap #ater 2" Soap does not polluted the en'ironment" ; Soap is biodegradable Bcan be decomposed b bacteria4 because it #as made from substance that found in animal and plant" ." Soap #ill not har ed the aCuatic life" ; Soap #ill not change p- 'alue of ri'er and pool because soap is salt and #ea2 al2ali" Disadvantage of soap 0" Soap is not suita'le for use in hard #ater" ; -ard #ater contains >g2( ions and Ca2( ions" ; E/ampleA Sea #ater$ ri'er #ater &h not suitableD ; >g2( and Ca2( ions react #ith the soap ions to form an insoluble precipitate 2no#n as soap scu " ; Soap scum reduces the amount of soap a'ailable for cleaning$ thus #asting soap" ; Soap scum does not rinse a#a easil " ; Soap scum can form deposits on clothes causing them to be gre or ello# in colour" 2" Soap did not effecti'e in acidic #ater" ; Soap ion react #ith ion -( to produce carbo/ lic acid
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molecule" Advantage of detergent 0" 3etergent is effecti'e in hard and soft #ater" ; 3etergent do not form scum #ith hard #ater" ; 3etergent form soluble substances #ith calcium or magnesium ions" 2" 3etergent effecti'e in acidic #ater ; 3etergent ion did not combine #ith -( " ." 3etergent is s nthetic cleansing agent" ; Structure of the h drocarbon chain can be modified to produce detergents #ith specific properties" Disadvantage of detergent 0" 3etergent can cause pollution to en'ironment ; 3etergents not biodegradable$ so that it cannot be decomposed b bacteria 2" 3etergent harmed to aCuatic life ; 3etergent contains phosphate fertili:er #ill increases the gro#th of sea#eed and algae in pond or ri'er" Lots of soluble o/ gen in #ater #ill be use up b bacteria to decompose sea#eed and algae #hen the plant died" The content of o/ gen in #ater decreases$ thus can 2ill aCuatic life" ." 3etergent produce a lot of foam" ; 1oam can co'er the #ater surface and pre'ent the o/ gen dissol'es into #ater$ thus #ill 2ill aCuatic life"

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Additi.es in detergent The main substance in detergent is sodiu al/&l 'en0ene sulphonate and sodiu al/&l sulphate" E/ample of detergent is shampoo$ clothes #ashing po#der and dishes #ashing liCuid" Various t pe of additi'e is also added to detergent to enhance the cleaning efficienc and to meet the needs of consumers" additi.es &hitening agent Bsodium perborate4 <iological en: mes Bamilase$ lipase$ protease$ selulase4 1luorescent agent B<lancophor4 <uildup agent Bsodium tripoliphosphate4 3r ing agent Bsodium sulphate$ Sodium silicate4 Stabili:ers +erfumes Antiseptic substance Function @eact as bleach agent to 'anished the colour stain but did not fade the colour of the clothes" @eact to substance that in organic properties li2e blood$ food and #ater" En: mes dissol'e and change it to substance that can dissol'e in #ater" >a2e the clothes more #hite$ shin and bright" Soften hard #ater$ e/pel ion >g2( dan Ca2( " increase the p- 'alue Ensured that the detergent is al#a s in a dr condition" To pre'ent the formation of foam To ma2e clothes smell fresh and clean" To 2ill all microorganism that cause disease and smell"
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End