2010 1 #%A/&2I)(A* %+*& 3 #%A/&2I+, %+*&

Chapter 2 Area & Volume For Irregular Shape

A%&A A'( V)*+,& )F I%%&-+*A% S.A/&S

To estimate the area under the curve , we divide the area into strips. This is done by drawing equally spaced lines parallel to the y-axis. This will produce a number of strips, of equal width. Suppose we divide the interval [a, b into n e!ual intervals, then we will have n strips.

The "idth of each strips is h = n+1, ordinates

b a where n = n, n

x 0 = a, x1 = x 0 , x 2 = x 0 + 2h,..., x n = x 0 + nh .
The function f%x& %in blac(& is approxi#ated by a linear function %in grey&. !et the y-values of the curve at points

x 0 = a, x1 , x 2 ..., x n = b be y1 , y 2 ..., y n .
"or each strip, approxi#ate the function by a straight line $oining the end value of f%x&. The area of the i th strip is then approxi#ated by a trape'iu#. The area under the curve

su# of the areas of the trape'ia

= A1 + A2 + A3 + ... + An
xn

x0

f ( x), I = 2 h( y
h
0

+ yn ) +

1 1 1 h( y1 + y2 ) + h( y2 + y3 ) + ... + h( yn1 + 2 2 2

Trape'iu# "or#ula

xn

x0

f ( x), I = 2 [ ( y

+ yn ) + ( y1 + y2 ) + ( y2 + y3 ) + ... + ( yn1 + yn )]

So, we have the #rape$iodal %ule

a c

xn

x0

f ( x), I = 2 [ ( y

+ yn ) + 2( y1 + y 2 + y3 + ... + yn1 )] , where

PROMATH B3001

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Chapter 2 Area & Volume For Irregular Shape )rea,

xn

x0

f ( x), I = 2 [ y

+ 2( y1 + y2 + y3 + ... + yn1 ) + yn )]
2010 2 SI,/S)'4S %+*&

)lso (nown as parabolic rule. ) basic approxi#ation for#ula for definite integrals which states that the integral of a real-valued function * on an interval +a, b, is approxi#ated by

h b a [ f (a ) + 4 f ( g + h) + f (b)] , where h = 3 n
this is the area under a parabola which coincides with the graph of * at the abscissas a, a + h, and b. ) #ethod of approxi#ating a definite integral over an interval which is equivalent to dividing the interval into The function f%x& %in blac(& is approxi#ated by a subintervals quadratic function P%x& %inthe grey& equal and applying for#ula in the first definition to each subinterval. ) #athe#atical relationship for calculating the oil- or gas-bearing net-pay volu#e of a reservoir- uses the contour lines fro# a subsurface geological #ap of the reservoir, including gas-oil and gas-water contacts. The co#pound Si#pson.s /ule is then the area under the curve

su# of the areas of the trape'ia

= A1 + A2 + A3 + ... + An
xn

x0

f ( x) = 3 ( f
xn

+ 4 f1 + 2 f 2 + 4 f 3 + .... + 4 f n 3 + 2 f n 2 + 4 f n1 + f n )

xn

x0

h h ( xf) (=x) = (y + f [( yy )++y4( )y+ + 4( y y 3

x0

n 0

3 n ( odd )

+ ... )++y2 n (1y) + 2( y)2 + y 4 + ... + y n 2 )

n ( even )

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Chapter 2 Area & Volume For Irregular Shape

#%A/&2I)(A* %+*& 3 #%A/&2I+, %+*&

&5A,/*&

1 1

)pproxi#ate the integral of the function f between x 0 11 and x 0 12 by using the Trape'iu# /ule. The function values are shown below x f%x& 11 11.1 11 5.6 13 6.5 14 11.7 15 15.7 16 12.2 12 17.6

Solution
xn

x0

f ( x), I = 2 [ ( y
1

+ yn ) + 2( y1 + y 2 + y3 + ... + yn1 )]

xn

x0

f ( x), I = 2 [ (10.1 + 17.5) + 2(4.5 + 5.4 + 10.7 + 14.7 + 16.6)] f ( x), I = 65.7 unit
2 2
"ind the approxi#ate value for
3

xn

x0

&5A,/*&

x
0

dx by using Trape'iu# /ule with 5

intervals. 8ive your answer correct to 4 deci#al places. Solution n05

h=
n 1 1 3 4 5

b a 2 0 0 0 1.6 n 4
y1 9 yn 1 y 1.136 1 4.476 : 8 607

xn

x0

3 x dx, I =

h [ ( y 0 + y n ) + 2( y ) ] 2 0 .5 [ (8) + 2(4.5)] 2

x 1 1.6 1.1 1.6 3.1

xn

x0

x dx, I =
3

xn

x0

dx, I = 6027 unit2

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Chapter 2 Area & Volume For Irregular Shape

&5&%CIS& 201

a. ;y using the Trape'iu# /ule, find the approxi#ation value of

1 + x dx with 5 intervals.
0

b. ;y using the Trape'iu# /ule, find the approxi#ation value of strips is 1.6.

ln xdx
1

with the width of

PROMATH B3001

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Chapter 2 Area & Volume For Irregular Shape

Next Exercise : Progressi e Exercise ! a <)8= 44

SI,/S)'4S %+*&

&5A,/*&

1 1

)pproxi#ate the integral of the function f between x 0 11 and x 0 12 by using the Si#pson.s /ule. The function values are shown below x f%x& 11 11.1 11 5.6 13 6.5 14 11.7 15 15.7 16 12.2 12 17.6

Solution
xn

x0

f ( x), I = 3 [ ( y
1

+ y n ) + 4 y odd + 2 y even )]

xn

x0

f ( x), I = 3 [ (10.1 + 17.5) + 4(4.5 + 10.7 + 16.6) + 2(5.4 + 14.7)] f ( x), I = 65.0 unit
3

xn

x0

&5A,/*&

2 2

"ind the approxi#ate value for

x
0

dx by using Si#pson.s /ule with 5

intervals. 8ive your answer correct to 4 deci#al places.

Solution n05
xn

b a 2 0 h= 0 0 1.6 n 4
n 1 1 3 4 5 x 1 1.6 1.1 1.6 3.1 y1 9 yn 1 yn%odd& 1.136 1 4.476 : 8 807 1 yn%even&

x0

dx, I =

h [ ( y 0 + y n ) + 4 y odd + 2 y even )] 3 0.5 [ (8) + 4(3.5) + 2(1)] 3

xn

x0

dx, I =

xn

x0

dx, I = 60999 unit2

2 8

PROMATH B3001

Chapter 2 Area & Volume For Irregular Shape

&5&%CIS& 202

a. ;y using the Si#pson /ule, find the approxi#ation value of

e
0

dx with 5 intervals.

b. ;y using the Si#pson /ule, find the approxi#ation value of stri"s is 0 1.36.

x sin xdx
0

with the width of

PROMATH B3001

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Chapter 2 Area & Volume For Irregular Shape

/%)-%&SSIV& &5&%CIS& 2

Next Exercise : Progressi e Exercise ! a <)8= 44

a. ;y using Trape'iu# /ule and Si#pson.s /ule, find an esti#ate of the definite integral by giving your answer correct to 4 deci#al places. i.

1 + x dx
0

- width of strips 0 1.1

ii.

ln xdx
1

,n02

iii.

x e dx 0

Q When #ic$ Ti" trigono

- width of strip 0 1.1

etric !"nctions are in#ol#e$, an% calc"lations &ill onl% a'e sense i! x is eas"re$ in ra$ians

iv.

x sin xdx
0

-n06

b. ;y using Trape'iu# /ule and Si#pson.s /ule, find an esti#ate of the definite integral by giving your answer correct to 4 deci#al places. i. ii. iii. iv.

x ln xdx

-n02 -n02 - width of strip 0 1.16 - width of strip 0 1.36

2 0

ln(1 + sin x )dx

xe x dx

1 1

1.5

x dx x +4

v.

"ind the area under the graph when no of strips is 2 for x 0 1 to x02. 8ive your answer correct to 5 deci#al places.
y

y = 4x 2
1 6 x

PROMATH B3001

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Chapter 2 Area & Volume For Irregular Shape

S+,,A#IV& &VA*+A#I)'

)pproxi#ate the following integrals using both the #rape$ium %ule and Simpson:s %ule.

a. The table below gives the value of a function. >se both rules to find an approxi#ate value for the integral

f ( x)dx
1

x
1 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.: 3.1

f ( x)
1.6 1.51?:5 1.447:5 1.3:1?1 1.346:6 1.3

b.

dx x
3

n05

c.

x dx
1

h 0 1.6

d. e.

x
0 1 0

e x dx

n0: h 0 1.1

cos(sin x)dx

PROMATH B3001

2 8