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Definite transfer of electrons between atoms of elements. Usually a metal and a nonmetal bonded together Positive ions cations
Difference in electronegativity
Zero 0.5 : nonpolar covalent bond 0.5 2.1: polar covalent bond 2.1 or greater : ionic bond
After that point is crossed, the two nuclei are so close together- bond length shortened- repulsion take over and bond energies increase. Remember nuclei vibrate back and forth so distance is always changing, when the energy level is at a minimum, that is the bond length The energy required to make a bond is also needed to break a bond. This is bond energy. Check out some bond lengths and energies on page 197 Table 6-1
bonding in compounds. This system uses electron-dot diagrams in which dots represent valence electrons.
Examples on page 203 table 6-4
electrons!!!
more than two atoms, a little more planning is needed. Follow these general rules: 1. Hydrogen and Halogens bind with only one other atom. Think of them as stop signs on a molecule. 2. The atom with the lowest electronegativity is usually the central atom. These atoms have less than seven electrons and can form single or multiple bonds. 3. Place one electron on each side before pairing electrons.
1.
2. 3.
4.
C2H6
electrons, so they DO NOT form multiple bonds Organic compounds often use multiple bonds between carbons.
1.
2. 3.
4. 5.
Determine total number of valence electrons Figure out center atom, then arrange other atoms around the center. Compare the number of valence electrons used in the structure to the number available. Apply double or triple bonds if needed. Change dots, pairs of electrons, for single dash lines. Be sure elements follow the octet rule, with the exception of hydrogen.
take the charge into account by adding (anions) or subtracting (cations) electrons when determining the total number of valence electrons. Lets try one: NH4+
Total number of electrons:
many atoms of each element is needed. (Page 212) Number of atoms prefix
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 mono di tri tetra penta hexa hepta octa nona deca