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namely empathic concern (EC), perspective taking (PT), personal distress (PD)
and empathic matching (EM). Results showed three empathy scales (EC, PT and EM)
were, as postulated, positively related to transformational behaviour (inspiring
followers to achieve more than expected). The same three measures, also as
expected, showed no relationship to transactional behaviour (motivating
followers to achieve expected results) and were negatively associated with
laissez-faire leadership (an absence of leadership style). Relationships between
empathy scales and outcome measures were selective and moderate in size.
Strongest empathy association was evident between the PT scale and most outcome
measures. Conversely, the extra effort outcome appeared most sensitive to the
range of empathy scales. Where significant relationships did exist between
empathy and outcome, leadership behaviour was in all cases a perfect mediator.
Whilst not denying the smaller dispositional effects on leadership outcomes,
leadership behaviour itself, rather than individual traits such as empathy,
appear to be major influencing factors in leadership effectiveness.
PMID: 15807976 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
5: J Health Commun. 2005 Mar;10(2):105-25.
"If we didn't use humor, we'd cry": humorous coping communication in health care
settings.
Wanzer M, Booth-Butterfield M, Booth-Butterfield S.
Communication Studies Department, Canisius College, Buffalo, New York 14208,
USA. wanzerm@canisius.edu
Folkman and Lazarus's transactional theory of emotion and coping was used to
explain how humor influences job satisfaction among health care providers. One
hundred forty-two nurses completed measures of humor orientation (HO), coping
efficacy, job satisfaction, and open-ended questions about their use of humor to
relieve job tensions. This produced 9 categories of producing humor and 8 types
of work situations identified in which humor was used to cope. Nurses (21.4%)
reported using humor the most often during "patient care" situations (e.g.,
providing medicines, moving patients, physical therapy, and so on). More than
one third (38.66%) of the nurses reported using "word-play/language" as a
humorous coping strategy. Higher HO was associated with higher ratings of humor
effectiveness, greater self-perceived coping efficacy, and higher emotional
expressivity. Path analysis demonstrated that, as the transactional theory would
predict, trait HO influences job satisfaction through its effect on heightened
coping efficacy. Study limitations include the use of self-report methods and
the limited number of responses to the open-ended items. Subsequent research in
this area should attempt to validate the categories identified in this study and
determine the most effective means of coping. Researchers also should explore
differences in health care providers' coping communication based on gender,
years of experience, and profession.
PMID: 15804903 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
6: Clin Psychol Rev. 2005 May;25(3):341-63.
Potential roles of parental self-efficacy in parent and child adjustment: a
review.
Jones TL, Prinz RJ.
Publication Types:
Evaluation Studies
PMID: 15608586 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
14: Vertex. 2004 Dec-2005 Feb;15(58):287-94.
[A cognitive approach of the borderline personality disorder]
[Article in Spanish]
Keegan E.
Segunda Catedra de Clinica Psicologica y Psicoterapias, Facultad de Psicologia,
UBA, Avda. Santa Fe 5099, 6to. A, (1425) Buenos Aires. ekeegan@psi.uba.ar
The development of cognitive models and treatments for borderline personality
disorder over the last two decades has been remarkable. This article presents
the main ideas of the models developed by Aaron T. Beck and Arthur Freeman,
Jeffrey Young and Marsha Linehan. These theories have generated psychotherapies
that have proven their efficacy in controlled empirical studies in a difficult
to treat population. The models of Beck Freeman and Young are based on the
concept of schema. Linehan's dialectical behavior therapy is based on a
biosocial transactional conception of the disorder. All these models emphasize
the importance of negative experiences in early development. The article
presents the structure of these treatments and describes their specific
interventions.
PMID: 15597125 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
15: Pers Soc Psychol Rev. 2004;8(4):402-16.
On traits, situations, and their integration: a developmental perspective.
Roberts BW, Pomerantz EM.
Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61820,
USA. broberts@s.psych.uiuc.edu
The question of whether the person or the situation is largely responsible for
behavior has plagued psychology intermittently for the last half century.
Studies of the heritability, stability, and consensual validity of traits have
clearly demonstrated the existence of traits. However, there is continuing
controversy about the role of traits and situations in the enterprise of
personality psychology. The goal of this article is to describe how insights
yielded from adopting a developmental approach can foster the successful
integration of the person and the situation across the life span. Five key
lessons are described: (a) age matters--studying different age groups can lead
to biases for and against traits and situations; (b), if age matters, time
matters more--longitudinal and within-participant designs demonstrate that
traits and situations are reciprocally related; (c) examine multiple types of
change--focusing on one type, such as mean-level change, can lead to
inappropriate conclusions about the merits of persons or situations; (d) be
sensitive to levels of analysis--the relative breadth of persons and situations
may determine the relative influence of the two; (e) pay attention to
process--process models lead inextricably to transactional explanations.
naturalistic settings.
Publication Types:
Comment
PMID: 15250816 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
28: Clin Psychol Rev. 2004 Aug;24(4):441-59.
Mutual influences on maternal depression and child adjustment problems.
Elgar FJ, McGrath PJ, Waschbusch DA, Stewart SH, Curtis LJ.
Cardiff Institute of Society, Health and Ethics, Cardiff University, 53 Park
Place, CF10 3WT, Wales, UK. ElgarF@Cardiff.ac.uk
Often undetected and poorly managed, maternal depression and child adjustment
problems are common health problems and impose significant burden to society.
Studies show evidence of mutual influences on maternal and child functioning,
whereby depression in mothers increases risk of emotional and behavioral
problems in children and vice versa. Biological mechanisms (genetics, in utero
environment) mediate influences from mother to child, while psychosocial
(attachment, child discipline, modeling, family functioning) and social capital
(social resources, social support) mechanisms mediate transactional influences
on maternal depression and child adjustment problems. Mutual family influences
in the etiology and maintenance of psychological problems advance our
understanding of pathways of risk and resilience and their implications for
clinical interventions. This article explores the dynamic interplay of maternal
and child distress and provides evidence for a biopsychosocial model of
mediating factors with the aim of stimulating further research and contributing
to more inclusive therapies for families.
Publication Types:
Review
PMID: 15245830 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
29: AIDS Care. 2004 May;16(4):458-70.
Psychosocial factors associated with adherence to antiretroviral medications in
a sample of HIV-positive African American drug users.
Harzke AJ, Williams ML, Nilsson-Schonnesson L, Ross MW, Timpson S, Keel KB.
WHO Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Research University of Texas
Health Science Center at Houston, Texas 77030, USA. AHarzke@sph.uth.tmc.edu
The purpose of the study was to investigate factors affecting antiretroviral
adherence among African American drug users, specifically to identify
associations between self-reported adherence levels and psychosocial measures
selected with guidance from the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping (TMSC).
The study was conducted using data collected from 137 HIV-positive African
American drug users who were receiving antiretroviral medications at the time
they were interviewed. Bivariate associations were investigated using
correlational analyses and variables showing a significant correlation with
adherence were entered into a multivariate regression model. The multivariate
kdunkle@umich.edu
BACKGROUND: Gender-based violence and gender inequality are increasingly cited
as important determinants of women's HIV risk; yet empirical research on
possible connections remains limited. No study on women has yet assessed
gender-based violence as a risk factor for HIV after adjustment for women's own
high-risk behaviours, although these are known to be associated with experience
of violence. METHODS: We did a cross-sectional study of 1366 women presenting
for antenatal care at four health centres in Soweto, South Africa, who accepted
routine antenatal HIV testing. Private face-to-face interviews were done in
local languages and included assessement of sociodemographic characteristics,
experience of gender-based violence, the South African adaptation of the Sexual
Relationship Power Scale (SRPS), and risk behaviours including multiple,
concurrent, and casual male partners, and transactional sex. FINDINGS: After
adjustment for age and current relationship status and women's risk behaviour,
intimate partner violence (odds ratio 1.48, 95% CI 1.15-1.89) and high levels of
male control in a woman's current relationship as measured by the SRPS (1.52,
1.13-2.04) were associated with HIV seropositivity. Child sexual assault, forced
first intercourse, and adult sexual assault by non-partners were not associated
with HIV serostatus. INTERPRETATION: Women with violent or controlling male
partners are at increased risk of HIV infection. We postulate that abusive men
are more likely to have HIV and impose risky sexual practices on partners.
Research on connections between social constructions of masculinity, intimate
partner violence, male dominance in relationships, and HIV risk behaviours in
men, as well as effective interventions, are urgently needed.
PMID: 15121402 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
34: Br J Educ Psychol. 2004 Mar;74(Pt 1):83-107.
Appraisal and coping strategy use in victims of school bullying.
Hunter SC, Boyle JM.
Department of Psychology, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
BACKGROUND: Transactional models of coping (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984) can
contribute to our understanding of why some children cope effectively with
bullying while others suffer negative outcomes. However, previous research has
relied on coping measures that are not comparable with adult measures,
restricting investigation of developmental trends. Additionally, previous
research has not included appraisals when measuring coping using an established
coping measure. AIMS: To examine the factor structure of a coping measure that
is directly comparable with the adult literature; to examine the content of
pupils' threat and challenge appraisals concerning bullying; and to examine the
relationships between appraisals and coping strategy use within the victims of
school bullying. SAMPLE: Participants were 459 children aged 9 - 14 years.
METHOD: A self-report bullying questionnaire, incorporating Halstead et al.'s
(1993) adolescent version of the Ways of Coping Checklist, was completed by
participants. Also included were control, threat and challenge appraisal items.
RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that Halstead et al.'s
four-factor model of coping is valid for a population of school bullying
victims. Content validity of items used to measure threat and challenge
appraisal was demonstrated. Ambiguity of challenge appraisal influenced the use
of Wishful Thinking, Seeks Social Support and Problem Focused coping. Wishful
Thinking was also influenced by control appraisal. Avoidance coping was not
15.8% (53/335) among clients of home-based SW, 17.5% (10/57) among personnel and
32.1% (9/28) among boyfriends. A condom was used in 90% of intercourses,
according to clients. Non-use of a condom was clustered in selected locations
and independently associated with older age of client, frequency of intercourse
with SW in the last year and current urethritis. Among the male population of
Accra aged 15-59 years, 84% of prevalent cases of HIV were attributable to
transactional sex. A sensitivity analysis showed that under various assumptions
PAF varied between 47% and 100%. CONCLUSIONS: In Accra, approximately
four-fifths of prevalent cases of HIV in adult males were acquired from SW.
Comprehensive interventions providing education, condoms and treatment for
sexually transmitted diseases for SW and their clients should be approached as
other public health priorities and provided in all cities, large and small, of
West Africa.
PMID: 15060439 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
39: Twin Res. 2004 Feb;7(1):27-32.
A behavior genetic investigation of the relationship between leadership and
personality.
Johnson AM, Vernon PA, Harris JA, Jang KL.
The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada. ajohnson@uwo.ca
Phenotypic research on leadership style has long considered the importance of
individual differences in personality when identifying the behaviors associated
with good leaders. Although leadership and many personality traits have been
separately shown to be heritable, these constructs have not been examined with
genetically informative data to identify common sources of heritability in the
two domains. A logical extension to current research, therefore, is to examine
the extent to which factors of personality are predictive of leadership
dimensions and the extent to which unique genetic contributions to the
relationship between personality and leadership style may be identified. Adult
twin pairs (183 MZ and 64 same-sex DZ) completed the Multifactor Leadership
Questionnaire (MLQ) and the Personality Research Form (PRF). Univariate analyses
indicated that both leadership factors (transformational and transactional
leadership) and all five of the "Big Five" factors (openness, conscientiousness,
extraversion, disagreeableness, and neuroticism) were best fit by genetic
models. Multivariate genetic analyses suggest that transformational leadership
shows a statistically significant positive genetic correlation with
conscientiousness, extraversion, and openness to experience. Transactional
leadership shows a significant negative genetic correlation with
conscientiousness and extraversion, and a significant positive genetic
correlation with disagreeableness. These results underscore the importance of
conscientiousness and extraversion in predicting leadership style, and
illustrate important differences between transformational and transactional
leaders.
Publication Types:
Twin Study
PMID: 15053851 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
40: Encephale. 2003 Nov-Dec;29(6):507-18.
Wilhelm J.
Publication Types:
Interview
PMID: 14619890 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
46: Health Promot Pract. 2003 Jul;4(3):336-9.
Health educators are leaders: meeting the leadership challenge.
Fertman CI.
School of Education, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
Each of the certified health education specialist responsibilities and
competencies for health educators has a leadership element. Health educators
demonstrate leadership in a variety of roles with individuals, organizations,
and programs. In this article, transformational and transactional leadership
qualities are presented as reflection points on leadership for health educators.
PMID: 14611004 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
47: Dev Psychopathol. 2003 Summer;15(3):773-810.
Moving research on resilience into the 21st century: theoretical and
methodological considerations in examining the biological contributors to
resilience.
Curtis WJ, Cicchetti D.
Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, NY 14608, USA.
wjcurtis@psych.rochester.edu
Empirical investigations of resilience over the past 30 years have examined a
wide range of psychosocial correlates of, and contributors to, this phenomenon.
Thus far, theoretical treatments of resilience have focused almost exclusively
on psychosocial levels of analysis to derive explanatory models. However, there
have been no formal discussions of either theory or research that have examined
the biological contributors to, or correlates of, competent functioning despite
the experience of adversity. This paper seeks to fill this gap and sets forth a
preliminary theoretical framework and outline of empirical strategies for
studying the biological underpinnings of resilience. The initial sections of the
paper discuss the particular suitability of a transactional organizational
theoretical perspective as a conceptual foundation for including a biological
level of analysis within the extant theoretical framework of resilience.
Subsequently, other important theoretical considerations for the inclusion of a
biological perspective on resilience are discussed, including the avoidance of
an approach that would reduce resilience to merely a biological process, the
application of the constructs of multifinality and equifinality to a biological
perspective on resilience, as well as a general discussion of the potential for
utilization of brain imaging and other technologies in the study of resilience.
The possible relation between the mechanisms of neural plasticity and resilience
are examined in some detail, with specific suggestions concerning research
questions needed to examine this association. Sections of the paper discuss the
support, and distress, and indicate the need to view school-related stress,
support, and distress as mutually dependent factors.
PMID: 12778983 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
61: Am J Health Behav. 2003;27 Suppl 1:S66-79.
Empowerment as fostering positive youth development and citizenship.
Cargo M, Grams GD, Ottoson JM, Ward P, Green LW.
Margaret Cargo, Centre hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal & Culture, and
Mental Health Research Unit, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
margaret.cargo@umontreal.ca
OBJECTIVE: To develop a theoretical framework of youth empowerment in the
context of a participatory community health promotion intervention, a
longitudinal qualitative study was conducted. METHODS: Individual and group
interviews, documents, and observations were analyzed using the constant
comparative method and theoretical sampling. RESULTS: Practitioners created an
environment conducive to adolescents' taking responsibility for their
quality-of-life issues by welcoming and enabling youth. Power was transferred to
youth as responsibility for voicing, decision making, and action. This led to
positive changes in youth development and their social integration into
community. CONCLUSION: Empowerment emerged as a transactional partnering process
between adults and youth.
PMID: 12751648 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
62: Am J Community Psychol. 2003 Mar;31(1-2):129-41.
The violent matrix: a study of structural, interpersonal, and intrapersonal
violence among a sample of poor women.
James SE, Johnson J, Raghavan C, Lemos T, Barakett M, Woolis D.
The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, New
York 10017, USA. sjames@casacolumbia.org
One goal of this paper is to present an integrated tripartite model of violence,
with a focus on structural violence within an oppression paradigm. Using
qualitative and quantitative data from 27 women (70% African American and 30%
European American) who participated in a national substance abuse treatment
demonstration program, we describe a model of violence in which structural
violence is presented within a transactional relationship with interpersonal,
and intrapersonal violence. We suggest that the effects of structural,
interpersonal, and intrapersonal violence are magnified when race and poverty
are considered. The second goal of the paper is to present a preliminary test of
the new model of violence. Results indicated that different levels and types of
violence are interrelated. Implications of these findings for empowering
solutions are suggested.
PMID: 12741695 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
63: J Appl Psychol. 2003 Apr;88(2):207-18.
'No suicide contracts' are commonly used in community crisis situations with
suicidal people in New Zealand. These take the form of a 'guarantee of safety',
along with a 'promise' to call specified persons if the suicidal ideation
becomes unmanageable. This article describes the use of 'no suicide contracts'
in community crisis situations, analyses the use of the tool within this
context, and, in particular, argues that the theoretical base (transactional
analysis) of the 'no suicide contract' is likely to be deleterious in the
community crisis situation.
PMID: 12662336 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
68: Dev Psychol. 2003 Mar;39(2):372-8.
Comment on:
Dev Psychol. 2003 Mar;39(2):222-45.
Dev Psychol. 2003 Mar;39(2):246-60.
Commentary: causal processes leading to antisocial behavior.
Rutter M.
Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Center, Institute of
Psychiatry, Demark Hill, London, United Kingdom. jwickham@iop.kcl.ac.uk
Conceptual, and empirical, questions are raised regarding the notion that
physical aggression is the main individual risk factor for antisocial behavior,
that language impairment also constitutes a risk factor, the meaning of the male
preponderance for antisocial behavior, the findings on environmentally mediated
risk; the role of biosocial interplay; social context effects; the construct of
antisocial behavior, developmental trends; processing of experiences; and
transactional effects. The main blocks to using research to develop policy are
the lack of evidence on (a) the mediators of the causal processes, (b) what is
needed to bring about change, (c) ways to ensure that individuals who need
interventions actually receive them, and (d) differences in levels of antisocial
behavior.
Publication Types:
Comment
Review
PMID: 12661891 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
69: Dev Psychol. 2003 Mar;39(2):349-71.
A biopsychosocial model of the development of chronic conduct problems in
adolescence.
Dodge KA, Pettit GS.
Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
27708-0264, USA. dodge@pps.duke.edu
A biopsychosocial model of the development of adolescent chronic conduct
problems is presented and supported through a review of empirical findings. This
model posits that biological dispositions and sociocultural contexts place
certain children at risk in early life but that life experiences with parents,
peers. and social institutions increment and mediate this risk. A transactional
developmental model is best equipped to describe the emergence of chronic
antisocial behavior across time. Reciprocal influences among dispositions,
contexts, and life experiences lead to recursive iterations across time that
exacerbate or diminish antisocial development. Cognitive and emotional processes
within the child, including the acquisition of knowledge and
social-information-processing patterns, mediate the relation between life
experiences and conduct problem outcomes. Implications for prevention research
and public policy are noted.
Publication Types:
Review
PMID: 12661890 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
70: Prax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatr. 2003 Feb;52(2):71-87.
[Coping with acute psychological traumas in childhood]
[Article in German]
Landolt MA.
Universitats-Kinderspital, Steinwiesstr. 75, CH-8032 Zurich.
markus.landolt@kispi.unizh.ch
While there is increasing knowledge about predictors of posttraumatic stress
reactions in adults, much less is known in children. Importantly, the
theoretical integration of research findings and the development of models of
post-trauma adaptation have been neglected. After some introducing remarks on
the classification and the prevalence of posttraumatic stress reactions, this
paper aims to integrate current research findings within a trauma adaptation
model that is based on transactional stress theory. Characteristics of the
trauma, the child and the social context are assumed to predict posttraumatic
adaptation. The effect of these variables on trauma adaptation may be direct or
indirect, i.e. mediated by appraisals and coping processes. Based on the
proposed theoretical model current research findings are presented and discussed
in detail. Finally, the usefulness of the model for the planning and the
development of psychosocial interventions after trauma is shown.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 12647601 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
71: Soc Sci Med. 2003 Mar;56(5):1061-72.
The M-C-M' cycle and social capital.
Hean S, Cowley S, Forbes A, Griffiths P, Maben J.
Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kings College London,
James Clerke Maxwell Building, 57 Waterloo Road, SE1 8WA, London, UK.
sarah.hean@kcl.ac.uk
Social capital has become a popular term over the past two decades amongst
researchers, policy makers and practitioners from varied disciplines. This
popularity, however, has resulted in a great deal of confusion over the nature
and application of social capital in different contexts. This confusion has made
it difficult to identify and measure social capital within the evaluation of
specific social and health programmes, one of the aims of which may be to
stimulate social capital. This paper identifies a theoretical model that seeks
to capture the dynamic nature of social capital to assist in the development of
research methods that will facilitate its measurement and exploration within
such programmes. The model reported in the paper identifies the key components
of social capital and expresses the relationship between those components in a
dynamic system based on Marx's description of the process of capital (economic)
exchanges expressed in the M-C-M' cycle. The M-C-M' cycle is the transformation
of money (M) into commodities (C), and the change of commodities back again into
money (M') of altered value. The emphasis within the paper is on the capital
element of the concept and its transactional nature with the aim of avoiding the
pitfall of attributing social capital in relation to social behaviours in
isolation of context and interaction. Importantly, the paper seeks to
distinguish the central elements of social capital from some of the antecedent
factors and outcomes often attributed to and confused with social capital adding
to the problem of providing valid measurement. The model is presented as the
basis for the measurement of social capital within a transactional process
involving the investment of social resources in a cyclical process, which may
result in net gains or losses. This process is described as the R-C-R' cycle
following Marx's model of economic capital, with the focus being on the transfer
of social resources (R) rather than money (M). R represents an internal resource
held by individuals, C the external resource or commodity they obtain from the
network and the R' the internal resource of altered value. The possibilities of
the model in assisting in the measurement of social capital specifically in
assessing formal networks are explored.
PMID: 12593878 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
72: Nurs Leadersh Forum. 2002 Summer;6(4):100-7.
Nurse executives' values and leadership behaviors. Conflict or coexistence?
Perkel LK.
School of Nursing, Barry University, Miami Shores, FL 33161, USA.
lperkel@mail.barry.edu
Nurse leaders struggle to provide for the delivery of humanistic and holistic
healthcare that is consistent with nursing values in a changing economic
environment. There is concern that nurse executives find it increasingly
difficult to reconcile the differences between organizational economics and
their personal and professional identities. The purpose of this study was to
examine the relationship between nurse executives' perceived personal and
organizational value congruence and their leadership behaviors (i.e.,
transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire). Four hundred and eleven
nurse executives employed by American Hospital Association hospitals located
east of the Mississippi participated in the study. Findings provide insight into
the values held by nurse executives, personal and organizational value
congruence and conflict perceived by nurse executives, and the leadership
behaviors used by nurse executives. For example, the findings indicate there is
profession perhaps because they struggle ideologically with the system in which
they work. However, nurses may hold the key to transforming health care and
dragging it into the 21st century in terms of work practices and reform. This is
because nurses are visionary, creative, involved in decision making at patient
level and have gender based qualities, and communication strategies that the
health care sector needs. In contrast to transaction leadership,
transformational leadership and team development has a positive affect on
communication and team building. The later style is ideologically suited to
nurses and may ensure the future of nurses and nursing in the health care
sector. The case study described in this paper was an actual working environment
and one that I came across all too often as a registered nurse and clinical
educator.
PMID: 12581394 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
75: Ergonomics. 2002 Nov 15;45(14):1001-4; discussion 1042-6.
Comment on:
Ergonomics. 2002 Nov 15;45(14):966-87.
Transactional perspectives on subjective rating scales.
Matthews G.
Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
matthegd@email.uc.edu
Publication Types:
Comment
PMID: 12569054 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
76: Am J Psychother. 2002;56(4):585-602.
Family therapy and dialectical behavior therapy with adolescents: Part II: A
theoretical review.
Woodberry KA, Miller AL, Glinski J, Indik J, Mitchell AG.
Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, USA.
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is based on a transactional model of the
etiology of borderline personality disorder (BPD). It assumes that the
associated emotional dysregulation is not simply biological or family induced
but the result of a dynamic interaction between the biology and characteristics
of an individual with the individual's social environment. This paper discusses
the theoretical issues and empirical research relating to a synthesis of family
therapy and DBT with adolescents. A review of the literature identifies support
for a greater understanding and inclusion of families in treatment, attention to
relational aspects of affect, and a dialectical framework for synthesizing
individual-oriented and systemic-oriented theories and practice. Some
implications for the development of a DBT family therapy model are discussed.
Publication Types:
Review
work stress was confirmed in a sample of Chilean managers evaluated with the
Spanish version of the OSI-2.
Publication Types:
Validation Studies
PMID: 12491827 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
79: J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2002 Dec;9(6):667-71.
Suspicion, resistance, tokenism and mutiny: problematic dynamics relevant to the
implementation of clinical supervision in nursing.
Cottrell S.
Mental Health Directorate, Conwy & Denbighshire NHS Trust.
In this paper I will discuss some of the more common pitfalls inherent in
attempts to introduce clinical supervision to hospital wards or community teams.
I will consider pre-existing relationships and how these may, if unexamined and
unaccounted for, result in clinical supervision becoming less than optimally
effective. Drawing upon the theory of Transactional Analysis, in particular the
concept of 'psychological distance', I consider four possible interpersonal
dynamics and examine how these may impact upon the implementation of clinical
supervision. These problematic dynamics can result in undue resistance,
suspicion, tokenism or interpersonal difficulties. Finally, I will consider ways
in which the aforementioned problems may be addressed and their effects
minimized through the use of co-operative contracting.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 12472819 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
80: Arch Surg. 2002 Dec;137(12):1419-27; discussion 1427.
The power of servant leadership to transform health care organizations for the
21st-century economy.
Schwartz RW, Tumblin TF.
Office of Clinical Operations, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of
Surgery, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose St,
Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA. rschw01@pop.uky.edu
Physician leadership is emerging as a vital component in transforming the
nation's health care industry. Because few physicians have been introduced to
the large body of literature on leadership and organizations, we herein provide
a concise review, as this literature relates to competitive health care
organizations and the leaders who serve them. Although the US health care
industry has transitioned to a dynamic market economy governed by a wide range
of internal and external forces, health care organizations continue to be
dominated by leaders who practice an outmoded transactional style of leadership
and by organizational hierarchies that are inherently stagnant. In contrast,
outside the health care sector, service industries have repeatedly demonstrated
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 12422928 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
83: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2002 Oct;30(5):431-46.
Process, mechanism, and explanation related to externalizing behavior in
developmental psychopathology.
Hinshaw SP.
Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley 94720-1650, USA.
hinshaw@socrates.berkeley.edu
Advances in conceptualization and statistical modeling, on the one hand, and
enhanced appreciation of transactional pathways, gene-environment correlations
and interactions, and moderator and mediator variables, on the other, have
heightened awareness of the need to consider factors and processes that explain
the development and maintenance of psychopathology. With a focus on attentional
problems, impulsivity, and disruptive behavior patterns, I address the kinds of
conceptual approaches most likely to lead to advances regarding explanatory
models in the field. Findings from my own research program on processes and
mechanisms reveal both promise and limitations. Progress will emanate from use
of genetically informative designs, blends of variable and person-centered
research, explicit testing of developmental processes, systematic approaches to
moderation and mediation, exploitation of "natural experiments," and the conduct
of prevention and intervention trials designed to accentuate explanation as well
as outcome. In all, breakthroughs will occur only with advances in translational
research-linking basic and applied science-and with the further development of
transactional, systemic approaches to explanation.
Publication Types:
Review
PMID: 12403148 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
84: Can J Occup Ther. 2002 Oct;69(4):229-38.
Environmental analysis: insights from sociological and geographical
perspectives.
O'Brien P, Dyck I, Caron S, Mortenson P.
School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of British Columbia.
patti@simplynow.com
Recent conceptual models, such as the Canadian Model of Occupational
Performance, emphasize the transactional relationships between individuals,
their occupations, and the environments in which they live. Nevertheless,
further theoretical development is necessary in order to gain a comprehensive
understanding of the nature of interconnections between the environment,
occupation, and disability. This paper draws on concepts from sociology and
geography that can broaden our understanding of the environment and the manner
in which its different dimensions may influence individuals' experiences of
disability. The paper demonstrates how theoretical ideas from these disciplines
can be used to inform our understanding of the daily lives of three different
individuals: a senior with Bipolar Affective Disorder, a man with HIV/AIDS, and
a parent of a child with a severe disability. The paper concludes with a
discussion of the implications of the analysis for occupational therapy theory
and practice.
Publication Types:
Case Reports
PMID: 12395624 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
85: Fam Process. 2002 Fall;41(3):519-32.
Links between community violence and the family system: evidence from children's
feelings of relatedness and perceptions of parent behavior.
Lynch M, Cicchetti D.
Department of Psychology, SUNY Genesco, 1 College Circle, Genesco, NY 14454,
USA. mlynch@genesco.edu
In this study, we examined some of the ways in which broader ecological systems
may influence the organization of behavior within the family system.
Specifically, links between exposure to community violence and children's
relationships with maternal caregivers were investigated in a sample of 127
urban children between the ages of 7 and 13 years. Children were asked to
indicate whether they had been exposed to a wide variety of violent events. In
addition, their feelings of relatedness and separation anxiety, and their
perceptions of maternal behavior were assessed. It was expected that exposure to
community violence would be associated with feeling less secure with caregivers.
Consistent with predictions from ecological-transactional theory, data supported
this hypothesis. Children who reported that they had been exposed to high levels
of community violence also indicated that they felt less positive affect when
with their caregiver, were dissatisfied with how close they felt to her, felt
more separation anxiety, and reported more negative maternal behavior than
children exposed to less violence. Findings are discussed in terms of how
violence may affect the family system and the protective function of human
attachment.
PMID: 12395572 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
86: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2002 Sep;43(6):713-25.
Nighttime sleep-wake patterns and self-soothing from birth to one year of age: a
longitudinal intervention study.
Burnham MM, Goodlin-Jones BL, Gaylor EE, Anders TF.
Department of Psychiatry, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacromento, CA 95817, USA.
BACKGROUND: The objectives of this study were to: (1) describe the longitudinal
development of sleep-wake patterns of solitary-sleeping infants from 1 to 12
months of age, (2) identify effects on sleep patterns and on self-soothing
behaviors of introducing a novel sleep aid, and (3) identify predictive factors
of self-soothing at 12 months using a transactional model as a guide. METHODS:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 12166148 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
90: Prof Inferm. 2001 Apr-Jun;54(2):90-4.
[Usefulness of transactional analysis in the management of nursing staff]
[Article in Italian]
Bruno E, Tranghese A.
Ostetricia e Ginecologia Azienda Ospedaliera San Giovanni-Addolorata, Roma.
Nowadays, a ward coordinator should own not only technical knowledge but
managements skills as well. Communication is an important tool for organizing
work team. The persons are core otherwise of the structure that could be the
hardstone otherwise unuseful in case of bad managing. Transitional analysis is a
valid mean for whom to menage interpersonal relationship.
PMID: 12146075 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
91: Psychol Bull. 2002 Jul;128(4):596-601; discussion 602-11.
Comment on:
Psychol Bull. 2002 Jul;128(4):539-79.
Punishment revisited--science, values, and the right question: comment on
Gershoff (2002).
Parke RD.
Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA.
ross.parke@ucr.edu
In this comment on E. T. Gershoff (2002), the author notes the historical phases
of punishment research. Punishment as a disciplinary tactic is best viewed as a
packaged variable and therefore needs to be investigated in the context of other
socialization practices. The role of parental values in this debate about
punishment utilization and effectiveness merits more consideration. New
directions in punishment research are also noted. These include the need for a
family-systems perspective, a family-typology approach, a transactional model of
punishment, the use of innovation observation and self-report methods, and more
culturally sensitive paradigms.
Publication Types:
Comment
PMID: 12081084 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
92: Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 2002 Apr;144(4):187-90.
[The transactional stress model for the animal keeper]
[Article in German]
Terms such as moral and ethical leadership are used widely in theory, yet little
systematic research has related a sociomoral dimension to leadership in
organizations. This study investigated whether managers' moral reasoning (n =
132) was associated with the transformational and transactional leadership
behaviors they exhibited as perceived by their subordinates (n = 407). Managers
completed the Defining Issues Test (J. R. Rest, 1990), whereas their
subordinates completed the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (B. M. Bass & B.
J. Avolio, 1995). Analysis of covariance indicated that managers scoring in the
highest group of the moral-reasoning distribution exhibited more
transformational leadership behaviors than leaders scoring in the lowest group.
As expected, there was no relationship between moral-reasoning group and
transactional leadership behaviors. Implications for leadership development are
discussed.
PMID: 12002958 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
95: Kyobu Geka. 2002 May;55(5):395-400.
[Surgical angioplasty of isolated left coronary ostial stenosis]
[Article in Japanese]
Shimakura T, Morishita A, Miyagishima M, Kawamoto J, Umehara N.
Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fukuyama Cardiovascular Hospital,
Fukuyama, Japan.
A 42-year-old female had suffered from chest pain for approximately 1 month, and
was admitted with unstable angina pectoris. Emergent coronary angiography showed
an isolated 75% stenosis of the left coronary ostium. Repair of ostial stenosis
by vein patch angioplasty was done by the transactional superior approach.
Postoperative catheterization revealed an expanded left coronary orifice and the
patient was discharged without any complications. We have experienced 2 other
patients of isolated left coronary ostial stenosis, who had undergone double
coronary artery bypass grafting. Long-term coronary angiography showed
regression of ostial stenosis in 1 patient, and no progression of new lesions in
either. These results suggest that direct vein patch angioplasty of the ostial
lesion is an alternative procedure for isolated left coronary ostial stenosis.
Publication Types:
Case Reports
PMID: 11995322 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
96: Nurs Stand. 2000 May 3-9;14(33):37-41.
Using transactional analysis to understand the supervisory process.
Holyoake DD.
Priory Adolescent Recovery Centre, Woodbourne Priory Hospital, Birmingham.
Most literature on supervision praises its ability to create space for
reflection, but seldom explores the disabling effects. Using the experiences of
four nurses, this article makes use of Berne's Transactional Analysis model as a
method for illuminating patterns within supervision. The article concludes that
[Article in French]
Virgili-Crettaz C.
PMID: 11944496 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
101: Krankenpfl Soins Infirm. 2000 Dec;93(12):14-5.
[Transactional analysis. Autonomy in communication]
[Article in German]
von Gunten T.
PMID: 11941714 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
102: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2002 Feb;30(1):77-88.
Responsiveness in interactions of mothers and sons with ADHD: relations to
maternal and child characteristics.
Johnston C, Murray C, Hinshaw SP, William EP Jr, Hoza B.
Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
cjohnston@cortex.psych
We observed mother-child interactions, at baseline, in 136 families of
7-10-year-old boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who were
part of a large clinical trial, the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with
ADHD. Independent coders rated stylistic aspects of maternal behavior and factor
analyses revealed a responsiveness factor that included overall responsiveness
and sensitivity to the child, warmth and acceptance, and appropriate control. We
examined relations between maternal responsiveness and (a) maternal depressive
symptoms and maternal childhood ADHD symptoms, and (b) boys' ADHD and conduct
problem symptoms. Controlling for all other variables, maternal responsiveness
displayed a unique negative association with mother-reported child conduct
problems, but not with child ADHD symptoms, and also was negatively related to
maternal depressive symptoms. We discuss the unique association between
mother-reported child conduct problems and parenting, and note the utility of
studying parenting style in families of children with ADHD. We describe the
results within the framework of a transactional model.
PMID: 11930974 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
103: Scand J Psychol. 2002 Feb;43(1):41-7.
Prenatal drug exposure and the conceptualization of long-term effects.
Moe V, Slinning K.
Institute of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway. vibeke.moe@psykologi.uio.no
This paper discusses several factors affecting the development of children
prenatally exposed to drugs. In the "first generation" of research in this field
a main factor model of disease formed the basis for a belief in the feasibility
of detecting the direct pharmacological or teratogenic effects of drug exposure
Publication Types:
Review
PMID: 11780707 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
111: J Fam Psychol. 2001 Dec;15(4):627-45.
Transmission and transaction: predicting adolescents' internalization of
parental religious values.
Flor DL, Knapp NF.
Institute for Behavioral Research, University of Georgia, USA.
theflors@bellsouth.net
Data in this study supported a model of internalization that included both
transmission and transactional variables. Two sets of hierarchical linear
regression models were conducted on data collected from the fathers, mothers,
and adolescents (10 to 12 years old) in 171 intact Caucasian families. One set
predicted adolescent religious behavior; the other predicted the importance of
religion to child. Transmission variables (parental religious behavior and
parental desire for child to be religious) predicted the most variance in all
models. Dyadic discussions of faith (transactional) predicted significant
variance in all models. Child gender had a direct effect only on adolescent
religious behavior. A significant 3-way interaction occurred between child
gender, parental desire for child to be religious, and dyadic discussions when
predicting importance of religion to child, with child and parent gender dyads
interacting in a complex manner.
PMID: 11770469 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
112: Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother. 2001 Nov;29(4):297-311.
[Antisocial behavior in adolescence: risk factors and developmental types]
[Article in German]
Laucht M.
Klinik fur Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters,
Zentralinstituts fur Seelische Gesundheit in Mannheim.
laucht@as200.zi-mannheim.de
Both the intensity and prevalence of violence and delinquency among children and
adolescents have continued to rise during the past fifteen years. Efforts to
counteract this development may benefit from recent evidence from developmental
psychopathology and neurobiology. A model proposed by Moffitt describes two
developmental pathways into antisocial problem behavior: one path characterized
by an early onset and a stable course of symptoms ("life-course persistent") and
the other by an episodic ("adolescence-limited") occurrence of anti-social
behavior. While in the latter the specific developmental tasks and life
circumstances of adolescence play a major role in the pathogenesis, persistent
antisocial behavior is perceived to be a result of a transactional process
between child and environment. Apart from psychosocial factors, biological
predispositions (genetic susceptibility) and psychological dispositions
(temperament and personality characteristics) are of primary interest. The
preliminary support for the model as an explanation for the development of the
gender difference in depression during adolescence.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 11726071 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
115: Attach Hum Dev. 2001 Sep;3(2):222-37.
Age at placement, adoption experience and adult adopted people's contact with
their adoptive and birth mothers: an attachment perspective.
Howe D.
University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. d.howe@uea.ac.uk
Adoption holds particular interest for attachment researchers. Although children
adopted as babies experience almost continuous care by their adoptive parents,
older placed children experience at least one major change of caregiver when
they join their adoptive family. Moreover, in the majority of cases, older
placed children have generally suffered a pre-adoption history of abuse, neglect
and/or rejection. It is now being recognized that older placed children's
attachment histories and internal working models (IWMs) established in
relationship with their initial carers remain active in relationship with their
new carers. Transactional models have helped both researchers and practitioners
to understand the dynamics of parent-child relationships in cases where insecure
children with histories of neglect, abuse and rejection find themselves in new
caregiving environments. The present study examines the childhood experiences of
adult adopted people and their current levels of contact with their adoptive
mothers, and in cases where people had searched for and found a birth relative,
current levels of contact with their birth mother. Although no information was
collected on the adopted adult's pre-placement history, age at placement was
used as a proxy measure to examine whether older placed children reported
different adoption experiences and what their current levels of contact were
with their adoptive and birth mothers. The findings show that age at placement
was associated with adopted people's reported experiences of being adopted and
current rates of contact with their adoptive and birth mothers, with those
placed at older ages most likely to report that they (1) did not feel they
belonged in their adoptive families while growing up, (2) did not feel loved by
their adoptive mother, (3) were least likely to remain in high-frequency contact
with their adoptive mother, and (4) were least likely to remain in
high-frequency contact with their birth mother. An attachment perspective is
used to interpret the findings. Children adopted at older ages appear more
likely to have experienced an insecure attachment relationship with their
adoptive mother.
PMID: 11708738 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
116: Wien Med Wochenschr. 2001;151(15-17):364-74.
[Further development of established psychotherapies: "What you have inherited
from your fathers..." (Goethe)]
[Article in German]
Franzke E.
Psychoterapie-enheten, Psykiatriska Klinikerna, Vaxjo, Schweden.
In a somehow playful creative "living-learning-process" a rich and
differentiated "material" of more or less useful forms of communication will
appear. After that, possibilities of a better, up to optimal and individual
patterns of communication will be operated. Thereby, the following items will
have a central position: 1. personality-/character-structural factors, 2.
correlated individual tendencies and basic forms of anxieties, and 3. early
considered availability of special Ego-functions.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 11603207 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
117: Scand J Psychol. 2001 Sep;42(4):335-47.
Personality and stress.
Vollrath M.
Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
vollrath@sozpsy.unizh.ch
Recent years have witnessed an upsurge of interest in how personality affects
the stress process. This paper reports on a broad spectrum of findings on the
relationships between personality and stress, taking transactional stress theory
as the point of departure. A first part outlines the different approaches stress
research has taken within personality psychology as opposed to research based on
transactional stress theory and discusses the debate between these two
paradigms. The second part gives an overview of empirical findings, with a focus
on the Big Five personality factors, in order to demonstrate that personality
affects the stress process in every aspect. The discussion suggests that we
address unresolved problems of transactional stress research in the framework of
interactionist personality psychology. Special attention ought to be given to
developing a better understanding of situational characteristics,
stress-producing mechanisms, and the functions of situational choices and coping
strategies for personality.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 11547909 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
118: J Adv Nurs. 2001 Aug;35(4):533-42.
Leadership, organizational stress, and emotional exhaustion among hospital
nursing staff.
Stordeur S, D'hoore W, Vandenberghe C.
course of depression.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 11523848 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
120: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2001 Aug;29(4):317-29.
Dynamic analyses of mother-child interactions in functional and dysfunctional
dyads: a synergetic approach.
Dumas JE, Lemay P, Dauwalder JP.
Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
47907, USA.
Describes the application of a new analytical approach (derived from
synergetics, a complex dynamic systems theory) to home observational data of
mother-child interactions in average dyads and dyads with children referred for
disruptive behavior problems at home and school (n = 11 in each group). Results
show that (1) the two groups differed in their daily interactions in predictable
ways, and (2) the most frequent patterns of interactions observed in the two
groups brought them back repeatedly to behave in similar ways toward each other.
The findings are in keeping with a body of literature on mother-child
interactions. However, they add to it by providing multivariate. graphical
representations of these interactions and by offering a conceptual framework
within which to move from an observational to an inferential level of analysis.
At that level, the transactional processes that are characteristic of functional
and dysfunctional relationships may become apparent.
PMID: 11523837 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
121: Psychol Rep. 2001 Jun;88(3 Pt 1):832-4.
Determinants of coping: some alternative explanations and measurement issues.
Dewe P.
Department of Organizational Psychology, Birkbeck College, University of London,
Malet Street, London WC 1E 7HX, England. p.dewe@bbk.ac.uk
The determinants of coping may be better understood if we considered the
different constructs--stressors, strain, and coping within a transactional
framework: a framework wherein stress is viewed as resulting from the
transaction between the individual and the environment. Adopting such an
approach may also require researchers to consider how stressful encounters are
appraised--the meanings given to events, how coping strategies are classified,
and how they are used in the coping process, whether linear additive coping
scores really tell us anything about how individuals actually cope and whether
it is now time to consider alternative methodologies if we are to better
understand the complexities of the stress process.
PMID: 11508028 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 11475828 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
124: J Healthc Inf Manag. 2001 Summer;15(2):119-31.
Toward best practice: leveraging the electronic patient record as a clinical
data warehouse.
Ledbetter CS, Morgan MW.
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto.
Automating clinical and administrative processes via an electronic patient
record (EPR) gives clinicians the point-of-care tools they need to deliver
better patient care. However, to improve clinical practice as a whole and then
evaluate it, healthcare must go beyond basic automation and convert EPR data
into aggregated, multidimensional information. Unfortunately, few EPR systems
have the established, powerful analytical clinical data warehouses (CDWs)
required for this conversion. This article describes how an organization can
support best practice by leveraging a CDW that is fully integrated into its EPR
and clinical decision support (CDS) system. The article (1) discusses the
requirements for comprehensive CDS, including on-line analytical processing
(OLAP) of data at both transactional and aggregate levels, (2) suggests that the
transactional data acquired by an OLTP EPR system must be remodeled to support
retrospective, population-based, aggregate analysis of those data, and (3)
concludes that this aggregate analysis is best provided by a separate CDW
system.
PMID: 11452574 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
125: J Healthc Inf Manag. 2001 Summer;15(2):107-17.
Life cycle of a data warehousing project in healthcare.
Verma R, Harper J.
University of California-Davis, USA.
Hill Physicians Medical Group (and its medical management firm, PriMed
Management) early on recognized the need for a data warehouse. Management
demanded that data from many sources be integrated, cleansed, and formatted. As
a first step, an operational data store (ODS) was built and populated with data
from the main transactional system; encounter data were added. The ODS has
served its purpose well and has whetted management's appetite for more
information and faster, more reliable access, all in one location. PriMed hired
Annams Systems Consulting (Annams) for this effort. A team was formed, made up
of consultants from Annams and members of PriMed's information services (IS)
team. The "classical" approach is being taken: enhancing the ODS, which is
largely normalized in structure, and integrating data from various sources,
along with enforcing business rules. The team is designing and implementing data
marts and a "star schema" style of data modeling--a useful tool for management
to evaluate results before investing further.
PMID: 11452573 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Brody GH, Ge X.
Department of Child and Family Development, Dawson Hall, University of Georgia,
Athens, Georgia 30602, USA. gbrody@arches.uga.edu
A longitudinal transactional model was tested linking parenting and youth
self-regulation to youths' psychological functioning and alcohol-use behavior.
Participants included one hundred twenty 12-year-olds, their mothers, and their
fathers from whom three waves of data were collected at 1-year intervals.
Teachers provided assessments of self-regulation, and parenting was assessed
from multiple perspectives, including youth reports, parent reports, and
observer ratings. Youths reported their psychological functioning and
alcohol-use behavior. The data supported the model. Parenting and youth
self-regulation were stable across time, and self-regulation was linked with
changes in harsh-conflicted parenting from Wave 1 to Wave 2. Parenting at Wave 2
was associated with youth self-regulation. Youth self-regulation at Wave 2
mediated the paths from parenting practices at Wave 2 to youth psychological
functioning and alcohol use at Wave 3.
PMID: 11322087 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
133: J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2001 Mar;22(1):41-7.
Parents' coping in the neonatal intensive care unit: a theoretical framework.
Lau R, Morse CA.
Division of Neonatal Services, Royal Women's Hospital, and Victoria University,
Australia. laur@cryptic.rch.unimelb.edu.au
The conceptual framework that has been widely used to study the coping
strategies of parents of preterm infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICU)
has been the transactional model of stress and coping proposed by Lazarus and
colleagues. This model supports the cognitive system as the key factor in stress
transactions. The cognitive system produces an interpretation of events that
leads to making sense of numerous sensations and perceptions from both external
and social sources as well as from the internal physiological environment. The
individual cognitive system appraises stimuli in two ways: primary appraisal and
secondary appraisal. Another factor that may influence the individual's coping
effort is gender difference. Mothers and fathers of preterm infants have been
found to use different coping strategies to deal with the preterm birth. Other
factors such as personality traits and the perceived and actual availability of
social support may also influence the parents' coping effort. Implications for
clinical practice by the NICU interdisciplinary team are considered.
PMID: 11317609 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
134: Int Nurs Rev. 2001 Mar;48(1):38-46.
The renaissance of clinical leadership.
Cook MJ.
Faculty of Health, St Martin's College, Lancaster, UK. m.cook@ucsm.ac.uk
The purpose of this work was to explore clinical nursing leadership. The
research was based on a critical examination of the leadership themes derived
from the nursing literature of the United Kingdom, the United States of America
and Australia, between 1992 and 1997. The work was also influenced by the
findings from semistructured interviews undertaken with five clinical leaders in
nursing from the United Kingdom, and study tours to both the United States of
America and Australia. The findings support a proposed leadership model as a
basis for further exploration and as a framework for contemplating clinical
leadership and leadership preparation. A model is presented that identifies
factors which influence leadership styles, such as external environment,
internal environment, experience and understanding. Four leadership styles are
outlined: transactional, transformational, connective and renaissance. These
leadership styles are linked to nursing care approaches. A second model provides
a basis for considering power and its impact in the workplace. Based on these
findings, the contents of a leadership preparation course are outlined.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 11316275 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
135: Dev Psychol. 2001 Mar;37(2):174-86.
Maternal intrusive support in the academic context: transactional socialization
processes.
Pomerantz EM, Eaton MM.
Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA.
pomerntz@uiuc.edu
Although transactional models of socialization have received support, there has
been little investigation of the processes involved. The goal of this research
was to move in this direction in the context of the socialization of
achievement. Mothers and their elementary school children (N = 166) took part in
an 18-month longitudinal study including a 2-week daily checklist. The results
suggested that children's low achievement elicits intrusive support from mothers
through 2 mechanisms. Mothers worried over their children's performance, and
this was associated with heightened intrusive support. Children's low
achievement manifested itself in uncertainty, which was linked to heightened
intrusive support. The achievement of children whose mothers frequently used
intrusive support improved over time but did not exceed that of children whose
mothers infrequently used intrusive support. Day-to-day analyses suggested that
although intrusive support promotes success, it also fosters failure for
low-achieving children.
PMID: 11269386 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
136: Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 1999 Sep;2(3):129-48.
Toward a transactional conceptualization of oppositional defiant disorder:
implications for assessment and treatment.
Greene RW, Doyle AE.
theoretical models of the psychopathology of child sexual abuse are examined and
compared. CONCLUSIONS: A transactional model is the most comprehensive and
encompassing.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 11185950 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
144: Health Mark Q. 2000;18(1-2):71-86.
A ten year update on the marketing life cycle for hospital information
technologies.
Sobol MG, Woods JA.
Edwin L. Cox School of Business, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX
75275-0333, USA. msobol@mail.cox.sm.edu
This is a 1999 update of an original article based on 1989-90 data published in
the Journal of Hospital Marketing. The adoption of hospital information
technologies shows that most of these technologies were no longer in the
innovator or early adopter stages. Infrastructure building technologies such as
clinical information links, PC networking with the mainframe, MD links between
doctors and hospital and E-mail showed the highest percentage of increase. Bar
coding for inventory (transactional) also made great increases. Opinions on
barriers to the adoption of hospital information technology are ranked and are
studied by age of respondent, public vs. private hospitals, and job function.
PMID: 11184437 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
145: Nurs Stand. 1999 Nov 10-16;14(8):37-40.
Self-awareness: improving nurse-client interactions.
Rowe J.
Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield.
Communication is a key skill of modern nursing practice, yet often it is an area
in which nurses fail. Self-awareness exercises can help us to improve our
communication skills and enhance healthcare delivery.
PMID: 11096859 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
146: Nurs Stand. 1999 Oct 20-26;14(5):25.
Just a minute.
McInnes B.
PMID: 11061170 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
147: J Appl Psychol. 2000 Oct;85(5):751-65.
This paper examines the conceptual and empirical connections between competence
and psychopathology, two historically rich traditions for the study of
adaptation in development, and what might be gained from their integration.
Historical roots of these two traditions are reviewed, then overlaps in their
definition are considered, with a focus on the ways in which judgments about
competence enter into the nosology of mental disorders. DSM-IV is analyzed from
the perspective of competence, and the debate about "harmful dysfunction" in
defining mental disorder is discussed in relation to competence. Different
models explaining the empirical associations of competence and psychopathology
are delineated, and illustrative empirical evidence is provided. Potential
explanations include confounded concepts and methods, symptoms undermining the
effectiveness of adaptation in the environment, failures in age-salient
developmental tasks leading to emotional and behavioral problems, transactional
influences, shared vulnerability or risk factors producing both kinds of
difficulties, and more complex models. The potential benefits of integrating
competence and psychopathology as two major approaches to adaptation are
discussed in regard to theory, classification of mental disorder, research, and
intervention.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 11014751 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
150: Br J Med Psychol. 2000 Sep;73 ( Pt 3):355-69.
Hypochondriacal concerns, somatosensory amplification, and primary and secondary
cognitive appraisals.
Ferguson E, Swairbrick R, Clare S, Robinson E, Bignell CJ, Anderson C.
School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK. ef@psyc.nott.ac.uk
This paper uses data from four studies (N = 150, 150, 154 and 79) to examine the
associations between hypochondriacal concerns (HCs) and stress appraisals
(primary and secondary). A search activity account of HCs suggests that
increased levels of HCs should be associated with positive appraisals of a
stressful situation (i.e., increased levels of perceived challenge and perceived
control). However, the results indicated that in terms of primary appraisals,
increased perceptions of threat and not challenge were consistently associated
with increased levels of HCs. Further, the results indicated that the
association between threat and HCs is mediated by somatosensory amplification.
Consistent with the search activity account it is shown that increased levels of
perceived control (secondary appraisals) are associated with increased levels of
HCs. The association for perceived control remains once variance due to
somatosensory amplification is partialled and generalizes to a sample of
patients with a sexually transmitted infection. The results are interpreted in
relation to the transactional model of the stress process.
PMID: 11003375 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
151: Med Hypotheses. 2000 Sep;55(3):266-76.
Corrected and republished from:
Med Hypotheses. 2000 Jan;54(1):7-17.
social legitimization countermands memory's truth value when the two conflict;
(3) suggestibility protects otherwise disadvantaged individuals by rendering
them more adaptable to dominant others' belief systems; and (4) mutual
suggestion ties together all levels of scale within a given society. All of
these hypotheses are discussed within a context of recent controversies
surrounding hypnotically refreshed eyewitness testimony and adult delayed
traumatic recall, which are worked out at the intersection of mental health and
legal practice with a pivotal role given to the expert witness. The presumption
of innocence dominates current trends in these areas. Cases that appear to
violate this presumption, such as Pennsylvania v. Crawford (718 A.2d (Pa.
1998)), affirm another fundamental principle of democracy: that the ultimate
issue of witness credibility is to be decided not by an expert, but by the
citizenry itself-as represented in the jury.
PMID: 10509945 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
172: J Am Coll Health. 1999 Sep;48(2):75-83.
The Hassles Assessment Scale for Students in College: measuring the frequency
and unpleasantness of and dwelling on stressful events.
Sarafino EP, Ewing M.
College of New Jersey, Ewing.
Development of the Hassles Assessment Scale for Students in College, a new scale
to measure students' stress, is described. In the scale, students rate each of
54 hassles for its frequency and unpleasantness in the past month and indicate
the degree to which they dwelt or ruminated on it. Very high levels of internal
consistency for the frequency, unpleasantness, and dwelling measures were found.
Correlational analyses demonstrated the scale's criterion validity (scores were
negatively correlated with the number of hours respondents reported engaging in
physical exercise) and congruent validity (scores were positively correlated
with scores on the Inventory of College Students' Recent Life Experience, an
established scale for assessing student hassles). Exploratory factor analyses
suggested the possibility that many items on the scale are independent, with
each contributing some specific variance to the total variance of the item pool
that is not shared with other items.
PMID: 10500370 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
173: Rev Mal Respir. 1999 Jun;16(3):353-9.
[Coping strategies utilized by asthma patients]
[Article in French]
Cousson-Gelie F, Taytard A.
Laboratoire de Psychologie, Equipe Psychologie de la Sante, UFR des Sciences de
l'Homme, Universite de Bordeaux II.
In the Lazarus' transactional model of stress, each individual when facing a
stressful situation, set up specific adjustement strategies called coping,
including a meaningful pattern of cognitive, behavioral, emotional and somatic
responses. Coping strategies used by asthmatic patient are relatively unknown.
The objective of this study was to assess the usual coping strategies. We
administered the WCC (a shortened version of Lazarus and Folkman's
questionnaire) to 116 asthmatic patients and 880 healthy adults French subjects
(males and females). A principal component analysis, followed by varimax
rotations yielded three factors accounting for about 68.2% of the total
variance. They were interpreted as Problem-focused, Emotion-focused and
Social-support seeking types of coping. These two first dimensions of coping
were closed to those generally described in the literature. Asthmatic patients
used more emotion-focused strategy than the control group. These results and
their theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
PMID: 10472644 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
174: Community Ment Health J. 1999 Aug;35(4):301-12.
Transformational and transactional leadership skills for mental health teams.
Corrigan PW, Garman AN.
University of Chicago Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Tinley Park, IL
60477, USA. pcorriga@mcis.bsd.uchicago.edu
Many treatments for persons with severe mental illness are provided by mental
health teams. Team members work better when led by effective leaders. Research
conducted by organizational psychologists, and validated on mental health teams,
have identified a variety of skills that are useful for these leaders. Bass
(1990, 1997) identified two sets of especially important skills related to
transformational and transactional leadership. Leaders using transformational
skills help team members to view their work from more elevated perspectives and
develop innovative ways to deal with work-related problems. Skills related to
transformational leadership promote inspiration, intellectual stimulation,
individual consideration, participative decision making, and elective
delegation. Mental health and rehabilitation teams must not only develop
creative and innovative programs, they must maintain them over time as a series
of leader-team member transactions. Transactional leadership skills include
goal-setting, feedback, and reinforcement strategies which help team members
maintain effective programs.
PMID: 10452698 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
175: Nurs Forum. 1999 Jan-Mar;34(1):5-11.
Compliance: a concept analysis.
Evangelista LS.
University of California, Los Angeles, School of Nursing, USA. levangel@ucla.edu
Compliance has a myriad of definitions. Understanding it as a phenomenon is
complicated by the different perspectives of different disciplines. Nurses need
to define compliance in a manner that best fits the philosophy of the nursing
discipline. This article makes a distinction between the ordinary use and the
scientific use of the term compliance. Nurses are challenged to embrace an
interactive, transactional process in order to form a partnership with clients,
which allows for client choice and control in decision making about carrying out
the prescribed behavior.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 10426111 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
176: Am J Community Psychol. 1999 Apr;27(2):211-37.
The risk and protective functions of perceived family and peer microsystems
among urban adolescents in poverty.
Seidman E, Chesir-Teran D, Friedman JL, Yoshikawa H, Allen L, Roberts A, Aber
JL.
Psychology Department, New York University, New York 10003, USA.
seidman@psych.nyu.edu
Utilized a pattern-based approach to discover the different constellations of
perceived social transactions separately for family and peer systems and
explored the risk and protective functions of these microsystem profiles for
both depression and antisocial behavior among a sample of ethnically and
racially diverse urban adolescents living in poverty. Measures of perceived
social support, involvement and hassles with family and peers, as well as
perceived social acceptance and peers' values were entered into two sets of
iterative cluster analyses to identify distinct profiles of family and peer
transactions. From each of the perceived family and peer transactional analyses,
six replicated profiles emerged. Several of the profiles were consistent with
expectations from prior literature such as Enmeshing families and Rejecting peer
networks, while others were novel and intriguing such as Entangling peers.
Family profiles were consistent in their risk and protective associations for
both depression and antisocial behavior, while the peer profiles varied in their
effects for each developmental outcome. For example, the Rejecting peer profile
placed adolescents at increased risk for depression but protected them from
antisocial behavior. Implications for future research and preventive
intervention are discussed.
PMID: 10425700 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
177: Dev Psychol. 1999 May;35(3):868-79.
After-school activities and the development of low-income urban children: a
longitudinal study.
Posner JK, Vandell DL.
Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706,
USA.
After-school activities of 194 African American and White children from
low-income households were studied from 3rd to 5th grade to determine relations
with (a) child, family, and contextual variables and (b) children's adjustment
over time. Girls were more likely to engage in academic activities and
socializing, whereas boys were more likely to play coached sports. Children who
attended after-school programs spent more time on academic and extracurricular
activities, whereas children in informal care settings spent more time watching
varied across the type and context of stressors. Most notably, adolescent girls
experienced the highest levels of interpersonal stress, especially stress and
conflict that they generated within parent-child and peer relationships.
Preadolescent girls experienced the highest levels of independent stress and
conflict in the family context. Adolescent boys experienced the highest levels
of noninterpersonal stress associated with self-generated events. Girls
demonstrated particular vulnerability to depressive responses to dependent
stress. The results build on and extend previous theory and research on age and
gender differences in close relationships and stress, and illustrate the value
of more refined conceptual models and more sophisticated methodologies in child
life stress research.
PMID: 10368914 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
180: Int J Aging Hum Dev. 1999;48(1):1-15.
Place therapies for older adults: conceptual and interventive approaches.
Scheidt RJ, Norris-Baker C.
Lifespan Human Development Unit, School of Family Studies and Human Services,
Kansas State University, Manhattan 66502, USA. scheidt@humec.ksu.edu
The study of place transitions-moves between places as well as changes occurring
in environments of elders who age in place-is a relatively new, diverse research
area of high relevance for adult developmentalists and gerontologists. This
article explores the usefulness of a tractable model of environmental stress and
proposes three potential "place therapies" that may minimize the negative
impacts of place transitions upon older adults. Specifically, a transactional
model of environmental stress linked to behavior setting theory is proposed for
understanding both positive and negative outcomes associated with different
kinds of place transitions. Three distinct "place therapies" are considered as
interventions that may hold promise for preventing, ameliorating, and enriching
the diverse impacts of place transitions on older adults and their environmental
milieu.
PMID: 10363557 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
181: Genet Soc Gen Psychol Monogr. 1999 May;125(2):109-56.
Parent-child mediated learning interactions as determinants of cognitive
modifiability: recent research and future directions.
Tzuriel D.
School of Education, Bar-Ilan University, Israel. tzuried@mail.biu.ac.il
The main objectives of this article are to describe the effects of mediated
learning experience (MLE) strategies in mother-child interactions on the child's
cognitive modifiability, the effects of distal factors (e.g., socioeconomic
status, mother's intelligence, child's personality) on MLE interactions, and the
effects of situational variables on MLE processes. Methodological aspects of
measurement of MLE interactions and of cognitive modifiability, using a dynamic
assessment approach, are discussed. Studies with infants showed that the quality
of mother-infant MLE interactions predict later cognitive functioning and that
MLE patterns and children's cognitive performance change as a result of
target children during home visits to a purposive random sample of 171 intact
white families with a 10- to 12-year-old child, 85 with girls and 86 with boys.
RESULTS: Liberality in children's norms was associated with active,
sensation-seeking temperament, liberality in parents' norms and poor
parent-child relationship quality. Positive parent-child, particularly
father-child, relationships were associated with less liberal child norms even
when parents' norms were liberal and children's temperaments were active and
sensation oriented. CONCLUSIONS: Positive parent-child relationships have a
conventionalizing effect on children's alcohol use norms that moderates the
effects of temperament and parental norms. The development of alcohol use norms
is best described by transactional models.
PMID: 10225487 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
184: Can J Psychiatry. 1999 Apr;44(3):227-34.
Complementary development of prevention and mental health promotion programs for
Canadian children based on contemporary scientific paradigms.
Breton JJ.
Research Department, Riviere-des-Prairies Hospital, Montreal, QC.
jean-jacques_breton@hrdp.qc.ca
Confusion regarding definitions and standards of prevention and promotion
programs is pervasive, as revealed by a review of such programs in Canada. This
paper examines how a discussion of scientific paradigms can help clarify models
of prevention and mental health promotion and proposes the complementary
development of prevention and promotion programs. A paradigm shift in science
contributed to the emergence of the transactional model, advocating multiple
causes and dynamic transactions between the individual and the environment.
Consequently, the view of prevention applying over a linear continuum and of
single stressful events causing mental disorders may no longer be appropriate.
It is the author's belief that the new science of chaos theory, which addresses
processes involved in the development of systems, can be applied to child
development and thus to the heart of prevention and promotion programs. Critical
moments followed by transitions or near-chaotic behaviours lead to stable states
better adapted to the environment. Prevention programs would focus on the
critical moments and target groups at risk to reduce risk factors. Promotion
programs would focus on stable states and target the general population to
develop age-appropriate life skills. The concept of sensitive dependence on
initial conditions and certain empirical studies suggest that the programs would
have the greatest impact at the beginning of life. It is hoped that this effort
to organize knowledge about conceptual models of prevention and mental health
promotion programs will foster the development of these programs to meet the
urgent needs of Canadian children.
Publication Types:
Review
PMID: 10225123 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
185: Dev Psychopathol. 1999 Winter;11(1):1-13.
Implications of attachment theory for developmental psychopathology.
Review
PMID: 10074686 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
189: J Nurse Midwifery. 1999 Jan-Feb;44(1):57-64.
Creating off-campus/distance learning courses for midwifery education. A brief
introduction.
Carr KC.
Midwifery education is undergoing a curriculum revolution that is reflective of
current trends in other fields. Distance learning programs have developed in
response to these changes. This article provides an overview of a
student-centered transactional educational model, discusses the role of faculty
as midwife-teachers, and reviews the factors influencing technology decisions
for distance education. Curricular structure is discussed and ideas for learning
activities are presented to assist faculty considering the development of
off-campus, distance learning courses.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 10063226 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
190: Ann Behav Med. 1998 Spring;20(2):118-34.
The comparison of individuals with recurrent tension-type headache and
headache-free controls in physiological response, appraisal, and coping with
stressors: a review of the literature.
Wittrock DA, Myers TC.
Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105, USA.
It is widely accepted that stress plays an important role in the experience of
tension-type headache. This article reviews the literature in which individuals
with recurrent tension-type headache are compared to headache-free controls in
the experience and appraisal of stress, psychophysiological response to stress,
and coping with stress. A modified and extended version of the transactional
model of stress as it might apply to tension-type headache is used to organize
the relevant literature. In summary, there is evidence to suggest that
individuals with recurrent tension-type headache experience more stressful
events and are more sensitive and have a lower threshold to pain. There are some
suggestions that headache sufferers may use different coping strategies for
stress and pain. There is little evidence of differences in physiological
responses to stressful events. The shortcomings of this body of literature are
addressed and directions for future research are identified.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 9989318 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
adjustment. Within the limitations of the study, the data were interpreted to
support the utility of theoretical models in identifying areas in need of
intervention across chronic illness groups.
PMID: 9718895 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
200: J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1998 Aug;19(4):283-5.
Pygmalion in the cradle: observer bias against cocaine-exposed infants.
Woods NS, Eyler FD, Conlon M, Behnke M, Wobie K.
Department of Psychology, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, Tennessee
37044, USA.
This study examined whether the widely disseminated negative image of the
"cocaine baby" would lead adults to perceive a videotaped unexposed infant more
negatively simply because they had been told the infant was prenatally
cocaine-exposed. Two hundred and forty-nine students from three state
universities used a seven-point Likert scale to rate either an African-American
or a white female infant on 20 bipolar adjective-pairs. As predicted,
participants who observed a labeled infant rated her more negatively than did
those for whom the infant had not been labeled as cocaine-exposed. The
potentially negative consequences of this documented bias toward cocaine-exposed
infants should both alert and concern professionals and researchers. If adults
view the behavior of a nonexposed infant more negatively merely because they
believe that the infant has been exposed, then parents (biological and
adoptive), professionals, and researchers may view and respond to the behavior
of infants who are cocaine-exposed more negatively. Transactional models of
development suggest a potential for self-fulfilling prophecy.
PMID: 9717138 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
201: Behav Brain Res. 1998 Jul;94(1):11-24.
Clinical foundations of hyperactivity research.
Taylor E.
MRC Child Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.
Clinical research into the psychopathology of attention deficit/hyperactivity
disorder (AD/HD) has established reliable measures of the defining behavioural
problems: inattentiveness, overactivity, and impulsiveness. Experimental
measures have defined them with increasing accuracy, but research is still
needed before it is clear what processes need to be explained at the level of
brain dysfunction. Understanding the associations of AD/HD, and the way they
change over time, requires the approach of developmental psychopathology. This
paper outlines some key concepts. The possible heterogeneity of AD/HD is
stressed, with substantial differences being associated with the predominant
type of symptom, the situations in which it is expressed, and the types of
co-existing problems. Developmental influences on course need not be the same as
initiating causes and a transactional model is outlined. Cultural and familial
factors modulate the course of this biologically initiated disorder. Genetic
influences appear to be strong and a combination of behavioural and molecular
genetics with longitudinal study offers hope of advances in nosology.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 9708835 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
202: Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax. 1998 Jul 8;87(27-28):893-6.
[The dynamics of the dialogue situation]
[Article in German]
von Uslar D.
PMID: 9702093 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
203: Int J Eat Disord. 1998 Sep;24(2):157-66.
Stress, coping, and crisis support in eating disorders.
Troop NA, Holbrey A, Treasure JL.
Psychiatry Department, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom.
OBJECTIVE: Recent research has supported the role of stress in the development
and maintenance of eating disorders. However, coping and crisis support,
important aspects of this stress process, have received little systematic
attention. The cognitive-transactional approach to coping emphasizes the
importance of the relationship between the individual and the particular
problematic situation and yet most studies investigating coping in eating
disorders have failed to measure situation-specific coping. METHOD: The present
study used semistructured interviews to measure coping and crisis support in
response to severe events and/or marked difficulties in 12 women with anorexia
nervosa (AN), 21 women with bulimia nervosa (BN), and 21 women without an eating
disorder (non-ED). RESULTS: Women with eating disorders were more likely to use
cognitive avoidance or cognitive rumination and were less likely to downplay
their problems. In addition, BN subjects were more likely to blame themselves
and were less likely to receive crisis support from a core-tie. Overall, women
with eating disorders were less likely to be masterful in response to crises
than women without eating disorders. DISCUSSION: It is concluded that women with
eating disorders are less effective in their coping than women without eating
disorders.
PMID: 9697014 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
204: J Occup Health Psychol. 1998 Jul;3(3):227-42.
The structure of work-related stress and coping among oncology nurses in
high-stress medical settings: a transactional analysis.
Florio GA, Donnelly JP, Zevon MA.
Department of Psychology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
14263, USA.
A transactional approach was used to examine stress and coping among 59 oncology
nurses. Nine work stress clusters were identified: Physician-Related Stress,
Organizational Factors, Observing Suffering, Ethical Concerns, Death and Dying,
Carryover Stress, Negative Self-Thoughts, Inadequate Resources, and Coworker
Stress, with the first 3 rated as most frequent and most intense. Ten coping
clusters were also identified: Coworker Support, Positive Reappraisal,
Developing a Growth Perspective, Positive Involvement in Treatment, Affective
Regulation, Balancing Work Stress, Negative Coping, Apathy, Withdrawal, and
Catharsis, with the first 3 rated as most frequently used and most effective.
The relationships among the clusters, as well as the theoretical and clinical
implications of these results, were discussed.
PMID: 9684214 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
205: Hosp J. 1998;13(3):35-48.
Transformational leadership and the hospice R.N. case manager: a new critical
pathway.
Lafferty CL.
INOVA VNA Community Hospice, Arlington, VA, USA.
This article asserts that in light of changing conditions in the healthcare
environment, transformational leadership is the most appropriate leadership
style for the hospice registered nurse case manager. The author defines
transformational leadership and, tracing from early leadership theories,
demonstrates how the transformational-transactional leadership paradigm emerged
from preceding leadership theories. The components of transformational
leadership--transformational behavior and transformational characteristics--are
linked to hospice theory and hospice-specific nursing practices. The expanding
role of the hospice R.N. case manager is addressed in light of transformational
leadership and culture building. Specific actions are proposed in the arenas of
research, education, and community, corporate, and legislative involvement.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 9677956 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
206: Health Serv Manage Res. 1998 Aug;11(3):182-91.
Management of health system reform: a view of changes within New Zealand.
Ritchie D.
Faculty of Health Studies, School of Nursing and Health Administration, Charles
Sturt University, NSW, Australia.
This paper reports on the context and process of health system reform in New
Zealand. The study is based on interviews conducted with 31 managers from three
Crown Health Enterprises (publicly funded hospital-based health care
organizations). A number of countries with publicly funded health services
(e.g., UK, Australia and New Zealand) have sought to shift from the traditional
'passive' health management style (using transactional management skills to
outpatient addiction recovery program addressed the question: What is the nature
of addiction recovery for pregnant and parenting-women in an addiction treatment
program? Grounded theory methodology was used to determine the nature of the
interpersonal and social processes that define addiction recovery for women in
this study. Over 2 years, audiotaped semi-structured interviews, document
reviews of medical records, treatment progress and group therapy notes, and
participant observation notes were collected and analyzed. The constant
comparison method of analysis involved an ongoing process of theoretical
sampling, memoing, and open and then axial coding to identify, group, link, and
reduce the categories produced. A developmental model of addiction recovery in
pregnant and parenting women emerged that consisted of the dimensions of
becoming drug and alcohol free, a partner in a relationship, a person, and a
parent. These four dimensions parallel and transform each other, yielding
different outcomes but similar patterns over time. This model of addiction
recovery provides a beginning framework for understanding the transactional
nature of addiction recovery for low-income women who are adapting to a drug and
alcohol-free lifestyle and the task and role of parenting a newborn.
PMID: 9573635 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
213: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1998 Feb;26(1):71-82.
Child and adolescent psychotherapy research: developmental issues.
Eyberg SM, Schuhmann EM, Rey J.
University of Florida, Gainsville 32610, USA. seyberg@hp.ufl.edu
Describes developmental issues that pose current challenges to the design of
treatment outcome investigation with children and adolescents. Normal childhood
development and the development of childhood disorders are discussed using the
transactional model of development. Challenges in diagnostic decision making,
the selection of the most appropriate treatment regimen, and the measurement
methods are highlighted. Recognition of the need to study child treatments
through long-term follow-up periods underscores the need for resolution of these
developmental issues.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 9566547 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
214: Hokkaido Igaku Zasshi. 1998 Jan;73(1):29-33.
[Informed consent in psychosomatic medicine]
[Article in Japanese]
Satohisa E.
Hoyuukai Sapporo Clinic of Obstetric and Gynaecology, Sapporo, Japan.
Obtaining informed consent perfectly is very difficult from the view of
psychosomatic medicine. Medical education regarding informed consent is
generally of a low level. However as it is important to defend patients' human
rights, we must educate them as to the precise meaning of both "informed" and
"consent". In this report I have tried to demonstrate that both the education of
medical students and their social consciousness are very important. I examined
students' opinions regarding the care of a sudden case of hysterectomy (Porro's
emergent operation). The following students were involved: 1st year medical
students (N = 73), 4th year (N = 85) and 6th year (N = 119), and 3rd year
nursing students (N = 42) and midwife students (N = 27). I examined their
answers by transactional analysis. The answers of the 1st year medical students
reflecting the view of the child ego state were significantly greater than those
of the other students (P < 0.01). But following my lecture the answers of the
same 1st year students altered to reflect the view of the adult ego more (P <
0.05). We opened "the key center of psychosomatic women's health in Japan" in
our clinic two years ago. Since then we have talked every month to people in
general about various women's diseases, and also discussed various problems of
the doctor-patient relationships during these talks. I feel that public
awareness concerning informed consent has increased gradually recently in Japan.
PMID: 9546143 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
215: Can J Nurs Res. 1997 Fall;29(3):79-91.
[Study of the relation between transformational leadership of the head nurse and
supplementary efforts of nursing personnel]
[Article in French]
Ouimet G, Tourigny L.
The present study proposes to show that the ethos of the Head Nursing staff is
related to the practice of transformational leadership, and to additional
efforts displayed by the treatment staff. Using a sampling of 57 nurses, it was
established that transformational leadership presented a positive influence on
additional efforts which were superior to that produced by transactional
leadership. Contrary to transactional leadership, transformational leadership
was shown to exert a positive effect on the ethos of the leader who in turn, had
a positive influence on the extra care supplied by the nursing staff.
PMID: 9505585 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
216: J Pediatr Psychol. 1997 Dec;22(6):811-25.
Adherence behavior among adolescents with type I insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus: the role of cognitive appraisal processes.
Murphy LM, Thompson RJ Jr, Morris MA.
Department of Psychology, Otterbein College, Westerville, Ohio 43081, USA.
Guided by a transactional stress and coping model, this study examined the
contribution of cognitive appraisal processes to diabetes adherence behavior
among adolescents 12 to 18 years old (n = 40). Multiple hierarchical regression
analyses indicated that esteem related to physical appearance accounted for a
significant 16% of the variance in checking one's blood sugar. Perceived control
when ill and attributional style for negative events each accounted for
significant increments of variance as well (10 and 6%, respectively), yielding a
total of 32% of the variance explained by appraisal processes. Results suggest
that adolescents who (a) have a negative perception of their bodies, (b)
perceive little internal control over health when ill, and (c) have an external
attributional style for negative events were at greatest risk for poor
compliance as indicated by less frequent checking of blood sugar.
PMID: 9494319 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
217: Am Psychol. 1998 Feb;53(2):167-84.
What matters? What does not? Five perspectives on the association between
marital transitions and children's adjustment.
Hetherington EM, Bridges M, Insabella GM.
Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22903-2477,
USA. emh2f@virginia.edu
This article presents an analysis of 5 views of factors that contribute to the
adjustment of children in divorced families or stepfamilies. These perspectives
are those that emphasize (a) individual vulnerability and risk; (b) family
composition; (c) stress, including socioeconomic disadvantage; (d) parental
distress; and (e) disrupted family process. It is concluded that all of these
factors contribute to children's adjustment in divorced and remarried families
and that a transactional model examining multiple trajectories of interacting
risk and protective factors is the most fruitful in predicting the well-being of
children.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 9491746 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
218: Child Care Health Dev. 1998 Jan;24(1):21-30.
Children's and adolescents' perception of their asthma bronchiale.
Noeker M, Petermann F.
Centre for Paediatrics, University of Bonn, Germany.
The present study examines the perception of asthma bronchiale in a large sample
of 382 children and adolescents (mean age = 12.5 years) across three different
treatment settings (outpatient, short-term rehabilitation, residential
treatment) by using a revised child version of the 'Asthma Problem Behavior
Checklist.' A PCA reveals two factors (eigenvalues: 26.3; 4.2; 0.9 ..) with a
complementary structure: 'appraisal of asthma-related distress' (explained
variance: 48.5%) and 'appraisal of resources in coping with asthma-related
distress' (explained variance: 20.9%). Implications for clinical psychological
assessment of young patients with asthma and the congruence with the LAZARUS
transactional conceptualization of stress and coping are discussed.
PMID: 9468777 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
219: Psychooncology. 1997 Dec;6(4):267-78.
Stress, social support and negative affectivity in children with newly diagnosed
cancer: a prospective transactional analysis.
Varni JW, Katz E.
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, School of
Medicine, USA.
Conceptually-driven investigations on the potentially modifiable predictors of
individual differences among children with newly-diagnosed cancer may facilitate
the identification of pediatric cancer patients at risk for maladjustment during
the profound adversity associated with this life-threatening disease and
aversive biomedical treatment. Within a risk and resistance theoretical
framework, perceived stress and social support were investigated concurrently
and prospectively within an exploratory design as predictors of negative
affectivity (anxiety and depressive symptoms composite construct) in
newly-diagnosed pediatric cancer patients at Time 1 (within one month after
diagnosis), Time 2 (6 months postdiagnosis), and Time 3 (9 months
postdiagnosis). Hierarchical multiple regression analysis findings indicate that
perceived stress and social support have direct and independent effects on
negative affectivity principally at the 9-month time interval. These findings
are discussed in terms of the cognitive-behavioral treatment implications for
enhancing child adjustment during the transition from the initial cancer
diagnosis and aversive biomedical treatment to subsequent school and social
reintegration.
PMID: 9451746 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
220: Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1997 Oct 17;109(19):781-91.
[Physician speechlessness in physician-patient communication. Discourse analytic
studies]
[Article in German]
Wodak R, Lalouschek J.
Institut fur Sprachwissenschaft, Angewandte Sprachwissenschaft, Universitat
Wien, Osterreich.
Publication Types:
Case Reports
PMID: 9441525 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
221: J Consult Clin Psychol. 1997 Dec;65(6):959-69.
Content analysis of archival data.
Lee F, Peterson C.
Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-1109, USA.
fionalee@umich.edu
Content analysis can be a particularly suitable method for measuring cognitive
variables from archived texts. Although content analysis has been underused by
used as a basis for describing patient responses in critical care. The authors
propose specific strategies to reduce stress and maximize coping in the
critically ill patient.
Publication Types:
Case Reports
PMID: 9397712 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
224: Dev Psychopathol. 1997 Summer;9(3):551-64.
Preventive intervention as means of clarifying direction of effects in
socialization: anxious-withdrawn preschoolers case.
LaFreniere PJ, Capuano F.
Department of Psychology, University of Maine, Orono 00469, USA.
Peterlaf@Maine.Maine.Edu
An indicated preventive intervention research program integrating attachment,
attributional, and behaviorist perspectives was conducted to test the hypothesis
that parent-child relationship disturbances directly effect the child's
adjustment to the preschool. Anxious-withdrawn preschool children and their
mothers were divided equally into treatment and control groups, and assessed on
maternal self-report of parenting stress, behavioral ratings of mother-child
interaction, and teacher ratings of the children in the preschool classroom.
Results showed significant changes in the treatment of group: mothers in the
treatment group moderated their level of control to a more appropriate, less
intrusive level, while children in the treatment group showed an increase in
cooperation and enthusiasm during a problem solving task with mother.
Teacher-rated social competence and anxious-withdrawn behavior indicated
improvement, although only the former was significant. The demonstration of
effects of this home intervention for the mother on the child's behavior in the
preschool confirm the transactional model underlying this study and demonstrate
the utility of a parent-child interaction training component for the prevention
of behavioral-emotional problems in young children.
PMID: 9327239 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
225: J Nerv Ment Dis. 1997 Sep;185(9):533-41.
Do attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and major depression share familial
risk factors?
Faraone SV, Biederman J.
Pediatric Psychopharmacology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114,
USA.
Comorbidity between ADHD and major depression has been reported from both
epidemiologic and clinical studies of both children and adults. Our goal was to
assess the validity of the association by reviewing family studies of the two
disorders. We examined this issue from a genetic epidemiologic perspective by
searching the literature for family studies of ADHD children that had assessed
depression in relatives and family studies of depressed children that had
assessed ADHD in relatives. Family studies of ADHD, family studies of
depression, and one population-based family study strongly support the assertion
of a familial link between ADHD and depression. ADHD families with antisocial
disorders show the greatest risk for depression. However, in the absence of
antisocial disorders, ADHD also imparts a familial risk for depression. ADHD and
major depression probably share familial risk factors, and the difference
between depressed and nondepressed ADHD patients can be attributed to
environmental factors. Depression in an ADHD child should not be routinely
dismissed as demoralization secondary to ADHD, and depression in mothers of ADHD
children should not always be attributed to the stress of living with an ADHD
child. The converse statements are equally valid: ADHD in depressed children may
not be secondary to depression, and ADHD in the children of depressed mothers
may not be a transactional response to the mother's depression.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 9307614 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
226: Clin Auton Res. 1997 Aug;7(4):191-7.
A novel psychophysiological treatment for vasovagal syncope.
Khurana RK, Lynch JJ, Craig FW.
Division of Neurology, Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of transactional
psychophysiological therapy (TPT) in a patient with recurrent vasovagal syncope
(VVS) and to quantify the capacity of human dialogue to effect significant and
consistent measurable therapeutic cardiovascular (CV) changes. A 31-year-old
nurse with recurrent VVS and a reproducibly abnormal tilt-table test was
refractory to pharmacological and conventional psychiatric treatments. She was
treated with TPT. Her CV responses during psychotherapy were incorporated into
the dialogue as an important source of communicative information, and she was
taught psychophysiological techniques to correct exaggerated CV responses. These
responses, during 16 weekly and 12 subsequent monthly sessions, were analysed
using a one-way multiple analysis of variance. As TPT progressed, the magnitude
and lability of CV responses as well as frequency of VVS were reduced. She has
been relatively asymptomatic for 14 years posttherapy. In conclusion, (1) TPT
may be an effective primary/adjunctive treatment for patients with VVS; (2) TPT
may reduce syncopal episodes, perhaps by normalizing limbic input to the
brainstem baroreflex system.
Publication Types:
Case Reports
PMID: 9292245 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
227: Soc Sci Med. 1997 Sep;45(6):957-66.
AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviour among South African street
youth: reflections on power, sexuality and the autonomous self.
Swart-Kruger J, Richter LM.
relationships that exist in families of children with IDDM and underscore the
importance of family systems or biobehavioral family treatment approaches in the
clinical management of children with chronic illnesses.
PMID: 9114645 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
233: J Pediatr Psychol. 1997 Apr;22(2):183-96.
Family context in pediatric psychology from a transactional perspective: family
rituals and stories as examples.
Fiese BH.
Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, New York 13244-2340, USA.
Reviewed the transactional model as applied to the family context of pediatric
psychology. A three-part sequence of child behavior, parent behavior, and family
interpretation was used to describe developmental adaptation and transitions. It
was proposed that families are regulated by practices that are proximal to the
child's experience and representations that are more distal to the child's
experience. Family practices are examined through family routines and rituals.
Family representations are examined through family stories. Case examples of low
birth weight premature infants and an adolescent referred for repeated
hospitalizations due to diabetic ketoacidosis were presented to illustrate the
model. Guidelines for the practicing pediatric psychologist are presented to
assess family organization through family rituals and family meaning-making in
the telling of family stories.
Publication Types:
Case Reports
PMID: 9114642 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
234: J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 1997 Mar;35(3):31-3.
Comment in:
J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 1997 May;35(5):11.
The 'no suicide contract': helpful or harmful?
Egan MP, Rivera SG, Robillard RR, Hanson A.
Massachusetts Department of Mental Health, Boston, USA.
1. Contracting for Safety (CFS) has become an integral part of nursing practice
but never has been subjected to scientific scrutiny. 2. Clinical reasons for
avoiding the use of contracting with some patient populations exist, including
that some patients may construe CFS as a failure of empathy by the caregiver. 3.
CFS can, in some instances, be helpful in establishing a therapeutic
relationship or aiding in assessment, but never should be the sole basis for
determining a patient's lethality.
PMID: 9076707 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
235: Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 1997 Feb;11(1):46-51.
can be understood and studied. DATA SOURCES: Sources were obtained through the
MEDLINE database, using "bad news" as the primary descriptor and limiting the
sources to English-language articles published since 1985. STUDY SELECTION AND
EXTRACTION: All articles dealing specifically with bad news were examined. These
works included letters, opinions, reviews, and empirical studies.
Recommendations from these articles were examined, sorted into discrete
categories, and summarized. DATA SYNTHESIS: The 13 most consistently mentioned
recommendations (eg, delivering the news at the patient's pace, conveying some
hope, and giving the news with empathy) were examined. CONCLUSION: Although much
has been written on the topic of breaking bad news, the literature is in need of
empirical work. Research should begin with the simple question of whether how
the news is conveyed accounts for variance in adjustment before moving to more
specific questions about which aspects of conveying bad news are most
beneficial. It is suggested that the bad news process can be understood from the
transactional approach to stress and coping.
Publication Types:
Review
PMID: 8691562 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
246: Integr Physiol Behav Sci. 1996 Jul-Sep;31(3):210-8.
A transactional analysis of biobehavioral systems.
Germana J.
Dept. of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg 24061-0436, USA.
The system of behavior [B] consists of those transactional interrelationships
between organism [O] and environment [E] that govern their commerce. The
biological significance of such [O]-[E] interrelationships, their truing through
learning, as well as those systems involved in the subordinate and superordinate
regulation of behavior, are clear when life, itself, is seen as an emergent
property of the [O]-[E] complex. In addition, a systems view of these
hierarchically organized complexities suggests that they adaptively
self-stabilize and self-organize, over time, as they participate in [L], the
organism-environment complex. Such a transactional analysis of biobehavioral
systems resonates well with the most basic axioms of Pavlov's paradigm.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 8894722 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
247: J Soc Psychol. 1996 Jun;136(3):311-23.
Coping styles among adolescent competitive athletes.
Anshel M.
Psychology Department, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.
The use of approach and avoidance coping styles and task-focused and
emotion-focused coping strategies in competitive sport was explored. Four
hundred twenty-one adolescent males from New South Wales, Australia, who were
currently competing in team sports indicated their usual responses to each of 8
acute stressors commonly experienced in sport, using a 128-item inventory. The
reliability coefficient (Cronbach's alpha) for each stressor ranged from .81 to
.92. Twenty-six of the original 128 items on the inventory were retained, on the
basis of factor analysis. Correlations between stressors indicated that coping
styles were a function of type of stressor, providing support for the
transactional model. Goodness of fit was high (.87). The present results
partially support the construct of coping style among adolescent-aged sports
competitors.
PMID: 8758614 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
248: Pflege. 1996 Jun;9(2):120-6.
[Humanistic care--a vital dialog with myself as a nurse]
[Article in German]
Lobchuk MM.
The author documents the use of "humanistic care" as described by Paterson &
Zderad (1988) and presents two case studies. Humanistic care is a transactional
process, the carer entering into a relationship with the person for whom he/she
cares. At the same time the carer embarks on a conscious dialogue with him/her
self. To be "present" means being conscious of ones own thoughts, feelings,
impressions and reactions. During a course of graduate study in Canada, the
author enrolled in a "self-directed learning programme". She set herself the
task of self-analysis. She conducted interviews with two patients suffering from
cancer and with their relatives. She hoped that she would be able to reexamine,
in this new situation, feelings and emotions which she had repressed earlier in
her hospital nursing experience. The goal of the learning experience was to
develop personal "authenticity" by becoming aware of existential experiences
(her own and others').
PMID: 8717916 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
249: Nurs Stand. 1996 May 22;10(35):39-42.
Transactional analysis: how to improve communication skills.
Bailey J, Baillie L.
Transactional analysis (TA) can be a useful framework for promoting effective
communication. This article outlines the theoretical constructs of TA and
suggests a strategy for teaching the model to diploma student nurses. The
authors argue that an understanding of TA will allow nurses to analyse and
adjust their skills to communicate more effectively.
PMID: 8716935 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
250: Clin Lab Manage Rev. 1996 Mar-Apr;10(2):169-75.
Comparison of four methods (L/S ratio, TDx FLM, lamellar bodies, PG) for fetal
lung maturity using meta-analysis.
stimulated by those typologies. They focus on what researchers know and need to
know about moderators (characteristics of the child and the environment that
influence coping and outcome) and mediators (mechanisms linking stress, coping,
and adjustment). It is argued that important advances can be achieved through
efforts to (a) conceptualize and study pain and coping within a
multidisciplinary framework; (b) clearly distinguish among coping responses,
goals, and outcomes; and (c) replace simplistic conceptualizations with
transactional and goodness-of-fit models.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 7501740 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
257: Can J Nurs Adm. 1995 Sep-Oct;8(3):8-21.
How a better understanding of transformational leadership can help improve your
practice as a nurse administrator.
Skelton-Green JM.
Nursing administrators of today find themselves practising in an environment of
permanent whitewater--an environment of chaotic change. Not only is the
environment changing, so too are our employees: their needs, motives and
priorities are vastly different than those we knew 20 years ago. The challenges
of permanent whitewater cannot be overcome without effective leadership.
Theorists agree that most North American organizations are currently overmanaged
and underled. Certainly the leadership record of Canadian health care
institutions has not been impressive. This paper will examine a selected set of
concepts which the author believes are essential for nursing administrators who
wish to provide real leadership to their departments and organizations:
transformational (as compared to transactional) leadership; feminine (as
compared to masculine) leadership; and empowerment. The literature review draws
out both theory and practical applications.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 8603066 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
258: Rev Enferm. 1995 Sep;18(205):52-5.
[Psychological motivators "COMPLACE". Effects on the selection on the selection
of nursing]
[Article in Spanish]
Cea Ugarte JI, Marcal Lopez JA.
PMID: 8539521 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
259: Nurs Manage. 1995 Sep;26(9):64JJ-64LL, 64NN.
Transformational leadership and job satisfaction.
Sines D.
The aim of this paper is to present an informed argument in favour of changing
power relationships between learning disability nurses and their clients and to
do so through an examination of the influence that they have on quality of life
issues for people whose autonomy is impaired. The challenge of empowerment and
enhanced autonomy is considered to be at the 'cutting edge' of the
learning-disability agenda with its increasing focus on the provision of
supported living opportunities for clients in the community. Features related to
institutional methods of care delivery continue to exist in some services and as
a result clients may still be expected to conform to the dominant themes of
time, order, control and regimentation. The application of social and
environmental engineering techniques to the field of learning disability care is
prerequisite for the development of more positive alternatives to the
mental-handicap hospital as a focus for care provision. The main requirement for
persons whose autonomy is impaired will be the promotion of equal power sharing
between clients and carer. This process will involve a number of transactional
considerations such as advocacy, risk taking and shared action planning. The
emergence of a new paradigm for nursing practice will result in the solution for
shifting the balance of power in the emergent world of consumerism for clients
whose autonomy is impaired.
PMID: 7704380 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
270: J Abnorm Psychol. 1995 Feb;104(1):104-13.
"Balance of power": a transactional analysis of control in mother-child dyads
involving socially competent, aggressive, and anxious children.
Dumas JE, LaFreniere PJ, Serketich WJ.
Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
47907.
The authors compared mother-to-child and child-to-mother control exchanges in
dyads involving socially competent, aggressive, and anxious children (aged
2.5-6.5 years) observed in a laboratory setting. Competent children and their
mothers influenced each other positively and reciprocally, making prudent use of
control exchanges and setting firm limits to coercive attempts. Aggressive
children and their mothers were relatively positive, but children made regular
use of coercive control and mothers responded indiscriminately and failed to
oppose more extreme forms of coercion. Anxious children and their mothers were
generally aversive: mothers attempted to control their children by being
coercive and unresponsive, and children tried to manage their mothers by being
resistant and coercive. Results show that young children are active agents who
influence and are influenced by their relationship with their mother and who
behave--across contexts and with different social partners--in ways that reflect
this relationship.
Publication Types:
Clinical Trial
Randomized Controlled Trial
PMID: 7897032 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
271: Sb Lek. 1995;96(2):131-6.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 7844895 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
282: Curr Opin Pediatr. 1994 Oct;6(5):525-9.
Diagnosis, management, and implications of maternal depression for children and
pediatricians.
Green M.
Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis.
The past decade has witnessed a marked increase in the quantity and quality of
research relating to maternal depression and the children of depressed mothers.
Such children are at heightened psychological risk of problems in adjustment and
depression. The outcomes in this vulnerable group are determined by many
influences in the child, the mother, and the family. There is a reciprocal
relationship between psychological problems in the child and in the mother.
Recently, the contextual and transactional aspects of maternal depression has
been emphasized in the literature. Attention has to be given not only to the
mother and her child but also to acute and chronic family stressors. In this not
uncommon life event, the pediatrician has a key role in early identification and
intervention, both preventive and therapeutic.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 7820198 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
283: Psychol Bull. 1994 Sep;116(2):340-62.
Stress, appraisal, and coping in child sexual abuse: a theoretical and empirical
review.
Spaccarelli S.
Program for Prevention Research, Arizona State University.
A review of theories to predict the mental health effects of child sexual abuse
suggests that existing models have not adequately defined stress and coping
constructs and have not specified how those variables might interact with other
environmental factors. This article outlines a transactional model that
conceptualizes sexual abuse as a stressor consisting of a series of abuse
events, abuse-related events, and disclosure-related events that each tend to
increase risk for maladaptive outcomes. The model also proposes that cognitive
appraisals and coping responses mediate the effects of these events, that
developmental and environmental factors may moderate relationships between
sexual abuse stressors and victim responses, and that victims' initial responses
may effect subsequent levels of abuse-related stress. Empirical studies relevant
to the major components of this model are reviewed, and the implications of
these findings for future research are considered.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 7972595 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
284: Percept Mot Skills. 1994 Aug;79(1 Pt 1):259-64.
Assessment of cognitive appraisal and coping linkages using two forms of
canonical correlation.
Scherer RF, Coleman JC, Drumheller PM Jr, Owen CL.
Department of Management, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435.
As a conceptual framework for research on stress and coping, the transactional
model of Lazarus and Folkman is process-oriented and requires methodologies that
capture the process nature of cognitive appraisal and coping across stages of a
transaction. Two forms of canonical correlation were used to analyze strength of
association measures between pairs of cognitive appraisal and coping variable
sets for 138 student subjects. Analysis indicated that, when an environmental
transaction includes more than one time period, the generalized canonical
correlation approach may offer some advantages in assessing linkage strength
over the pairwise method.
PMID: 7991319 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
285: Can J Psychiatry. 1994 Aug;39(6):321-5.
Future of child psychiatry. I: Models and guiding principles.
Minde K.
Division of Child Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec.
This article reviews some concepts the author believes will guide scientific and
clinical work in child psychiatry during the next 25 years. Specifically, it is
postulated that the traditional biopsychosocial model may have to be expanded to
look at ways we can understand transactional events versus nonshared family
characteristics, the development of internal representations and risk factors
versus risk carriers.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 7987766 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
286: Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 1994 Aug;8(4):221-7.
Stress and coping in the context of psychoneuroimmunology: a holistic framework
for nursing practice and research.
McCain NL, Smith JC.
Thompson RJ Jr, Gil KM, Gustafson KE, George LK, Keith BR, Spock A, Kinney TR.
Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710.
Found moderate stability in the classification of maternal adjustment in two
longitudinal studies of mothers of children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis
and sickle cell disease. In terms of the transactional stress and coping model,
stable poor maternal adjustment was associated with higher levels of appraisal
of daily stress and palliative coping and low levels of family supportiveness.
With initial levels of maternal adjustment, demographic parameters, and
follow-up interval controlled, concurrent levels of daily stress accounted for
significant portions of variance in maternal adjustment at follow-up for both
illness groups. In addition, illness severity, child psychological adjustment,
and family conflict added significant increments to maternal adjustment at
follow-up in the cystic fibrosis group. Findings are discussed in terms of a
basis for subsequent intervention studies to enhance the adjustment of mothers
of children with chronic illness.
PMID: 8051601 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
292: Prax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatr. 1994 Apr;43(4):130-7.
[New decision making therapy in foster, adoptive and institutionalized children
with failed outcome]
[Article in German]
Heinemann C.
Westfalisches Institut fur Jugendpsychiatrie und Heilpadagogik Hamm.
A specific group of children, adolescents and young adults with failure
syndromes and courses of failure is described and a report is made on the new
decision-making therapy, which has been modified for young patients. This is
described from its transaction-analytical background as well as in its practical
implementation in the in-patient department of a clinic for child and adolescent
psychiatry. Here it is not a matter of a single method of therapy but of a
therapy direction. The objective of this is to help the young person to review
its earlier decisions that were made in connection with relationships in the
sense of one's own prohibition of admission, these being the main cause for
failure, and to code to a new decision of wanting to have successful
relationships in the future. In its implementation different psychotherapeutical
processes are applied according to the individual process situation. The new
decision-making therapy can be considered to be completed when the typical
failure syndrome symptoms have disappeared and the young person begins to open
itself towards development-promoting help and to enter into relationships.
Publication Types:
Case Reports
PMID: 8016023 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
293: Int J Eat Disord. 1994 Mar;15(2):179-85.
Qualitative analysis and eating disorders: discourse analytic research on
anorexia nervosa.
Hepworth J.
School of Psychology, University of South Australia, Adelaide.
The absence of qualitative analysis in mainstream research on eating disorders
is discussed in the following article as being a weakness in developing theory
and clinical practice. This article includes an analysis of interviews with
British health-care workers who manage anorexic patients. This analysis presents
an example of qualitative methodology in the form of discourse analysis, which
is argued to provide a systematic, yet flexible approach to research on eating
disorders. The overwhelming prevalence of anorexia nervosa in women is
specifically examined within the context of the identification of the "discourse
of femininity." The research findings are discussed in relation to the use of
discursive practices that contribute to the maintenance and reproduction of
clinical processes and their relative efficacy.
PMID: 8173563 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
294: Pflege Aktuell. 1994 Mar;48(3):150-1.
[A profession in a dramatic triangle]
[Article in German]
Seipel P.
PMID: 8136953 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
295: Sygeplejersken. 1994 Feb 16;94(7):10-4.
[Prevention--humor is good for the heart. Interview by Mette-Marie Davidsen.]
[Article in Danish]
Petersen LG.
Publication Types:
Interview
PMID: 7940301 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
296: Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1994 Feb;29(1):40-5.
A strengthening experience? Mental distress during military service. A study of
Norwegian army conscripts.
Schei E.
Institute of Community Medicine, University of Tromso, Norway.
Conscription compels 70% of male Norwegians to invest 1 year of their lives in
military training. For 19-to 20-year-old men, the military service is an
important arena of secondary socialization. In a cross-sectional study of mental
health in army conscripts using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ),
the case prevalence was 48% (cut-off 2/3). This was remarkably high, given that
the study population had been screened for mental disease on several occasions,
and a large number of recruits with symptoms of mental disease had been excluded
before the survey began. Statistical analyses indicated that the high case
prevalence was mainly due to situational factors. Four dimensions were
identified: (1) social relations with officers, peers and family, (2) structural
factors inherent in the system of obligatory military service, (3) the
meaningfulness of daily tasks and (4) financial problems. GHQ caseness was
statistically associated with physical inactivity and consumption of junk-food,
tobacco, alcohol and cannabis. It is concluded that military service in its
present form may have undesirable consequences both for civilian society and for
military efficiency. Recruits need help to cope with the complex psychosocial
and transactional challenges of military service.
PMID: 8178221 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
297: Am J Ment Retard. 1994 Jan;98(4):463-80.
Relations among maternal stress, cognitive development, and early intervention
in middle- and low-SES infants with developmental disabilities.
Brinker RP, Seifer R, Sameroff AJ.
University of Illinois at Chicago.
Relations between maternal stress and the development of infants with handicaps
was examined in 72 middle-SES and 72 low-SES families who attended a weekly
early intervention program. Measures of maternal stress and development of
infants were obtained 10 months apart. Regression analyses predicted 81% of
variance in later developmental level with initial Bayley MA, initial Mental
Development Index (MDI), SES, initial stress, early intervention participation,
and SES x Initial Stress x Attendance interaction. Subsequent maternal stress
was predicted (42% variance explained) by initial stress, attendance, initial
MDI, number of intervention agencies and MDI x SES x Attendance. Results were
interpreted in terms of a transactional model.
PMID: 8148123 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
298: J Nurs Educ. 1994 Jan;33(1):21-8.
Description of a stressful encounter: appraisal, threat, and challenge.
Burns KR, Egan EC.
University of Minnesota School of Nursing, Minneapolis 55455-0342.
The purpose of this study was to examine a potentially stressful event for
students, the midterm examination, using the Lazarus transactional stress model.
At two time periods during an academic term, 50 students responded to
questionnaires focused on the midterm examination and its outcome. Responses
were used to identify changes in appraisals, personal stakes, perceptions of
threat and challenge; to determine these variables' relations to each other and
to the examination grade; and to determine the best predictors of threat,
challenge, and grade. Results indicated that threat and challenge perceptions
were the only variables that changed as the situation evolved; they were
negatively correlated. The best predictor of threat and challenge was control,
while the only variable that correlated with grade was harm.
PMID: 8133331 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
299: Psychoanal Rev. 1994 Summer;81(2):279-300.
What brings about change in psychoanalytic treatment?
Chessick RD.
The development of two general points of view regarding what brings about change
in psychoanalytic treatment is traced in this article. One set of conceptions
emphasizes interpretation, especially of the transference, and historical or
narrative reconstruction. The other set emphasizes the experiential and
transactional aspects of a new and better human relationship. Various current
versions of this difference in emphasis are discussed. Future investigation is
needed to distinguish the role of correction of expectations generated out of
actual infantile experiences through the new relationship to the analyst, from
the role of interpretation of early fantasy activity and reconstruction of how
this was generated and congealed in the patient's childhood. The danger of
avoiding the analysis of core infantile fantasy activity and its effect on the
patient's current perception, thinking, and behavior, by a premature termination
of the treatment when the relationships of the patient seem to be more
successful, mature, and realistic, is stressed. One must be careful not to
utilize self psychology or object relations theory beyond foundational repair in
psychoanalytic therapy without considering the consequences. One must ask
oneself always if one is utilizing such theories and practices and the
interpretations based on them defensively, in a collusion to avoid facing the
patient's core unique childhood oedipal and preoedipal fantasy activity and the
reverberations of it in the analyst's core fantasy activity. Continuing
self-analysis is required in each and every treatment process, which is why the
analyst also learns and matures from every case. The openness of the analyst
permits insight through interpretation, meliorative noninterpretive aspects of
the new object relationship or experience, regression due to the analyst's
reliability which gives the opportunity to undo developmental arrests through
the analysis of core fantasies, a symbolic holding environment, and the
collaborative creation of a narrative, all of which are known to have
therapeutic effects and work together to produce change in psychoanalytic
treatment.
PMID: 7972581 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
300: Z Klin Psychol Psychopathol Psychother. 1994;42(2):89-117.
[Coping-oriented therapy in schizophrenia]
[Article in German]
Wiedl KH.
Fachbereich Psychologie, Universitat Osnabruck.
After a discussion of general problems concerning the development of new and
innovative methods of psychotherapy, an approach based on the transactional
perspective of coping and aiming at therapeutic interventions on schizophrenic
persons' coping with their disease and related problems is presented. The
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 7511874 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
303: Biofeedback Self Regul. 1993 Dec;18(4):255-80.
An incremental model to isolate specific effects of behavioral treatments in
essential hypertension.
Goebel M, Viol GW, Orebaugh C.
Psychology Service, VA Hines Hospital, Illinois 60141.
To prove clinical effectiveness of behavioral treatments in essential
hypertension, an incremental repeated measures design was combined with findings
that positive expectancies (placebo factors) potentiate specific effects. If
positive expectancy effects were maximized in a Baseline Control Phase (6-26
weeks of BP stabilization), specific effects might be isolated as well as
potentiated in a Learning Phase (2a, 6 weeks, twice/week; 2b, 6 weeks,
once/week--fading). Follow-up Phase 3 was six weeks, once/week; six months,
once/month; and at 12 months. To equalize groups across seasons over 12 years of
regular clinical work, 117 volunteer outpatient veterans with borderline to
moderate essential hypertension (130-170/90-110) were assigned in order of entry
(10-20 each year) to one of four Treatments: R, simple relaxation; REMG, R + EMG
biofeedback; BP, BP biofeedback only; RBP, R + BP; or to an inert Control Group
(TA, reading about transactional analysis without skills training). The four
Treatment groups showed modest but consistent BP decreases during Phase 2 (p
range from .0001 to .01). Control Phase placebo effects matched those in the
Control Group (no BP decrease after Baseline). With a two-way mixed ANOVA
design, Learning Phase 2 isolated specific effects of behavioral treatments,
while the Control Phase 1 with liberal placebo factors potentiated specific
effects during regular clinical work.
PMID: 8130297 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
304: Br J Med Psychol. 1993 Dec;66 ( Pt 4):341-52.
Religiosity as a predictor of well-being and moderator of the psychological
impact of unemployment.
Shams M, Jackson PR.
MRC/ESRC Social and Applied Psychology Unit, University of Sheffield, UK.
This paper examines the relationship between employment status and psychological
well-being for a sample of British Asians; and explores the role of religiosity
both as a direct predictor of well-being and as a moderator of the impact of
unemployment. Two samples of male employed (N = 69) and unemployed (N = 71)
British Asians were interviewed, selected to be equivalent in age and a number
of demographic variables. Findings showed poorer psychological well-being for
the unemployed group, and especially for those of middle age; thus replicating
findings for white groups. Furthermore, the hypothesis of religiosity as
buffering the impact of unemployment was confirmed. Results are interpreted in
terms of transactional models of stress, and the benefits of religious belief
and practice for unemployed people of Asian background are discussed.
hyperactive group showed more problems than did the comparison group only from 3
to 4 years on. All three clinical groups had poorer academic performance than
did the controls. CONCLUSIONS: The findings are consistent with a transactional
model of development in which aggression (with or without hyperactivity) emerges
when difficultness in infancy interacts with a stressed environment.
Hyperactivity, when unassociated with aggression, may emerge later from poor
self-regulation when faced with societal, especially school, demands. The
pattern of group differences found suggest that risk indicators for specific
patterns of later maladjustment may be identifiable for early intervention.
PMID: 8282666 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
307: Nurse Pract. 1993 Nov;18(11):50-3.
Examining the common stressors and coping methods of rural adolescents.
Puskar KR, Lamb JM, Bartolovic M.
University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pennsylvania.
The major objective of this study was to explore and examine common stressors
and coping strategies of rural adolescents. Coping was defined as a cognitive
and transactional process between a person and the person's environment. A
survey of 222 normal adolescents attending a rural southwestern Pennsylvania
high school reported experiencing stressful events related to school, family,
friendship, health, and transportation. The coping strategy reported as being
the most commonly used was optimistic. However, the coping strategy reported to
be most effective in dealing with stressful events was supportant. The results
of this study contribute to the limited information on adolescent coping in
rural areas. This study should help health care providers further their
understanding of this vulnerable population. Clinicians can enhance the
effective coping and overall health of the rural adolescent by screening for and
discussing coping strategies.
PMID: 8278092 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
308: J Pediatr Psychol. 1993 Oct;18(5):549-59.
Psychological adjustment of mothers of children and adolescents with sickle cell
disease: the role of stress, coping methods, and family functioning.
Thompson RJ Jr, Gil KM, Burbach DJ, Keith BR, Kinney TR.
Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710.
Assessed the psychological adjustment of 78 mothers of children and adolescents
(7-17 years of age) with sickle cell disease. Support was provided for a
transactional stress and coping model in delineating the processes associated
with maternal adjustment. In particular, poor maternal adjustment was associated
with use of palliative coping methods and high levels of stress related to daily
hassles. Variables of the model accounted for 55% of the variance in maternal
psychological distress.
PMID: 8295079 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
309: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1993 Oct;21(5):493-518.
Thompson RJ Jr, Gil KM, Burbach DJ, Keith BR, Kinney TR.
Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710.
In this study, 64% of children aged 7-12 years with sickle cell disease were
found to have a parent-reported behavior problem, and 50% met the criteria for a
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed.) diagnosis based
on a structural clinical interview of the child. Internalizing types of behavior
problems and diagnoses were the most frequent. Support was provided for a
transactional stress and coping model in delineating the processes associated
with child adjustment. In particular, maternal anxiety accounted for 16%-33% of
the variance in mother-reported internalizing and externalizing behavior
problems, respectively, and child pain-coping strategies accounted for 21% of
the variance in child-reported adjustment problems.
PMID: 8326049 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
314: Pediatrics. 1993 May;91(5 Pt 2):1056-62.
Culture, ethnicity, and bicultural competence: implications for children with
chronic illness and disability.
Brookins GK.
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
PMID: 8479831 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
315: J Consult Clin Psychol. 1993 Apr;61(2):354-9.
Stress exposure and stress generation in children of depressed mothers.
Adrian C, Hammen C.
Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California,
Los Angeles 90024.
Two hypotheses were tested: (a) One mechanism contributing to the high rate of
disorder in children of women with affective disorders is elevated exposure to
stressful events and conditions and (b) the children of depressed women,
particularly women with unipolar depression, contribute to event occurrence
because of increased interpersonal conflict. Life stress interview assessments
were made at 6-month intervals for 3 years on 53 children of unipolar, bipolar,
medically ill, and normal women. Both hypotheses were confirmed. Transactional
models of risk and further studies of the interpersonal functioning of children
at risk for depression are needed.
PMID: 8473589 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
316: Br J Med Psychol. 1993 Mar;66 ( Pt 1):15-31.
Transactional escalation in rigidity and intensity of interpersonal behaviour
under stress.
Van Denburg TF, Kiesler DJ.
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 8456037 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
318: Psychiatry. 1993 Feb;56(1):96-118.
Toward an ecological/transactional model of community violence and child
maltreatment: consequences for children's development.
Cicchetti D, Lynch M.
Mt. Hope Family Center, Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, NY
14608.
In recent decades it has become increasingly apparent that violence affects a
significant proportion of families in the United States (Bureau of Justice
Statistics 1983). Violence, in fact, is becoming a defining characteristic of
American society. A recent comparison of the rates of homicide among 21
developed nations indicates that the United States has the highest homicide rate
in the world, and its rate is more than four times higher than the next highest
rate (Fingerhut and Kleinman 1990). What is even more alarming is the high
incidence of violent death and injury for children and adolescents in the United
States. Acts of violence are the cause of death for over 2000 children between
the ages of 0 and 19 years each year, and more than 1.5 million children and
adolescents are abused by their adult caretakers each year (Christoffel 1990).
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 8488217 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
319: J Neurosci Nurs. 1993 Feb;25(1):9-13.
Revised epilepsy stressor inventory.
Snyder M.
School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455.
The relationship between high levels of stress and the occurrence of seizures
has been postulated, and findings from studies are beginning to substantiate
this hypothesis. Identifying stressors experienced by each person will help
health care workers in developing plans of care. In the original epilepsy
stressor inventory (ESI) persons selected stressors they had experienced that
were associated with epilepsy. To facilitate congruency of the ESI with the
Lazarus Transactional Stress Model, revisions were made that allow the person to
rate the degree of stressfulness the stressor causes. An alpha of .93 was found
indicating high internal consistency of the revised epilepsy stressor inventory
(ESI-R). A test-retest reliability of .76 was found. Because the ESI-R is short
(22 items) and easy to administer, it can be readily used in practice settings.
PMID: 8445279 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
320: J Psychol. 1993 Jan;127(1):5-15.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 1437411 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
326: Nippon Rinsho. 1992 Nov;50(11):2758-63.
[Psychosomatic treatment of irritable bowel syndrome]
[Article in Japanese]
Sasaki D, Sutoh T, Abe T.
Health Administration Center, Hirosaki Univ.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) may be defined as a psychosomatic disease. Most
primary care physicians do not want to undertake psychosomatic treatment, but
may find it necessary in refractory patients. Brief psychosomatic treatments,
providing patients with betterways to cope with stress, reduce the symptoms. The
literature on the psychosomatic treatment for IBS is summarized. Supportive
therapy and autogenic training that produce relaxation response appear to be
effective. Other special psychological therapies that require specialized
training, such as hypnosis, biofeedback, cognitive therapy, transactional
analysis may be used for IBS but adequately controlled trials are lacking. It is
certain that psychosomatic treatment take part in the management of IBS.
Additional studies are needed to verify the effectiveness of these treatment for
IBS.
Publication Types:
Review
PMID: 1287250 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
327: Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi. 1992 Nov;39(11):839-47.
[Study on the relationship between toddler temperament and development (second
report)--the relationship between toddler temperament and developmental delay]
[Article in Japanese]
Asahara K, Murashima S, Ida S.
School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shinshu University.
The purpose of this study is to clarify the relationship between toddler
temperament and developmental delay, and to examine whether the result could be
adapted to the health practice of mother and child. As the conceptual framework,
we used A. J. Sameroff's transactional model. Questionnaires concerning toddler
temperament, rearing environment and toddler development were sent to mothers
whose children were scheduled to receive 1 year and 6 months child health
examinations, and collected 306 responses. We assessed the developmental status
of 41 children among the 306 by means of the Japanese edition of the Denver
Developmental Screening Test. All 306 children were classified into either the
developmental delayed group (30) or the normal group (275). The data analyses
were conducted both quantitatively and qualitatively with the following results.
[Article in Japanese]
Asahara K, Murashima S, Iida S.
School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shinshu University.
The purpose of this study is to clarify how a child's temperament and maternal
perception influences the rearing environment. As the conceptual framework, we
used A.J. Sameroff's transactional model and Miyake's conceptual model of mother
and child. The following process was hypothesized: toddler temperament
influences maternal perception, which in turn influences rearing environment
under which children are developing. Questionnaires concerning toddler
temperament, maternal perception and rearing environment were sent to mothers
whose children were scheduled to receive 1 year and 6 months child health
examinations, and results from 306 mothers and children who answered the
questionnaires were analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) Child temperament
showed a tendency to accord with maternal perception of how easy it is to handle
him/her. (2) Maternal perception was related to rearing environment. (3)
Temperamental characteristics were related to rearing environment. (4) While the
influence of child temperament and maternal perception on the rearing
environment was not shown to be strong, the hypothesized process of this study
was supported to a certain degree. From these results, it appears that it is
important to pay attention to a child's temperament as a contributing factor in
the health practice of mother and child.
PMID: 1292744 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
332: Health Soc Work. 1992 Aug;17(3):207-13.
Implications for expressed emotion therapy within a family therapeutic context.
Fox P.
Adolescent Day Treatment Program, Tualatin Valley Mental Health Center, Tigard,
OR 97223.
Expressed emotion instruments measure variant levels of criticism, blaming, and
anger within families of mentally ill people. Some theorists believe that high
levels of expressed emotion predispose schizophrenic patients for relapse.
However, recent trends in family therapy indicate that high expressed emotion
may naturally result from caring for an ill family member. Families may
therefore often feel unfairly blamed by practitioners for causing mental
illness. The author examines the usefulness of integrating expressed emotion
measures into family therapy from three theoretical perspectives: the
transactional perspective, the coping and adaptation perspective, and the
systems perspective. Each of these perspectives provides a framework for
incorporating expressed emotion measures into the broader context of research on
and treatment of schizophrenia. The author postulates that appropriate controls
designed to reduce pent-up emotion in families must accompany expressed emotion
interventions in family therapy. Appropriate controls might include exercise,
meditation, spiritual focus, or membership in a support group.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
distress and school performance. Both stress and support variables made
significant contributions to the prediction of subsequent psychological
distress. Stresses, but not supports, made a significant contribution to the
prediction of subsequent school performance. Evidence for reciprocal and
interactive linkages was also found, including effects of psychological distress
and school performance on subsequent stresses and supports, and greater adaptive
impact of school-based supportive resources under conditions of heightened risk
outside of school. Implications for ecological and transactional models of
development relating to the targeting and efficacy of preventive efforts are
discussed.
PMID: 1600821 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
340: Br J Addict. 1992 Jun;87(6):832-3; discussion 833-5.
Davidson's dilemma.
Orford J.
Department of Psychology, University of Exeter.
PMID: 1525526 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
341: Acta Psiquiatr Psicol Am Lat. 1992 Jun;38(2):119-22.
[Gender role and anorexia nervosa]
[Article in Spanish]
Behar R.
Depto. Psiquiatria, Universidad de Valparaiso, Chile.
The gender role is defined; its physiognomy, adopted by women since the
occurrence of the Industrial Revolution, and the intricate status that
characterizes the present feminine role are described. Finally, a psychosocial
approach of anorexia nervosa is made. This disorder is considered as a paradigm
of the present ambiguity of the femininity concept likely to become a
transactional phenomenon between sexual identities.
PMID: 1305362 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
342: Am J Clin Hypn. 1992 Apr;34(4):245-54.
Fairy tales as a trance experience: possible therapeutic uses.
Stevens-Guille ME, Boersma FJ.
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
The psychological literature contains little documentation of the therapeutic
use of fairy tales. We suggest that fairy tales are uniquely suitable for
hypnotherapy and for helping clients reframe existential issues. We propose that
the structure of fairy tales allows the meaning of the story to be applied
personally and that they also stimulate unconscious search. We examine the way
in which hypnosis is achieved when fairy tales are read to children, as well as
possible therapeutic uses of this learning set in therapy with both children and
adults. We conclude by suggesting that fairy tales need to be given serious
consideration as an alternative therapeutic trance procedure.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 1580231 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
343: Fam Process. 1992 Mar;31(1):3-18.
Illness, family theory, and family therapy: I. Conceptual issues.
Wynne LC, Shields CG, Sirkin MI.
University of Rochester School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, NY.
This article examines and clarifies controversies about the concept of illness
in the field of family therapy. We contend that illness, as traditionally
understood in all cultures, is a relational, transactional concept that is
highly congruent with core principles of present-day family theories. Family
therapists need not buy into a biotechnical, reductionistic reframing of illness
as disease. Rather, it is more appropriate to conceptualize and work with
illness as a narrative placed in a biopsychosocial context. Such a narrative
includes how shared responsibility for coping and for finding solutions can take
place, without becoming involved in disputes about causal models.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 1559594 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
344: Z Psychosom Med Psychoanal. 1992;38(2):101-14.
[New approaches to revision of the psychoanalytic theory of development. II. The
J. D. Lichtenberg concept and principles of a new psychoanalytic theory of
development]
[Article in German]
Schussler G, Bertl-Schussler A.
Abteilung fur Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie, Universitat Gottingen.
Both D.N. Stern and J.D. Lichtenberg have outlined new models of a
psychoanalytic theory of development taking into account the results of
empirical infant research. The theory of Lichtenberg is described, whereas part
I centered about the model of Stern. Both theories are discussed and central
principles of development are specified: activity, social adaption, the
influence of genetic factors, the importance of affect and a transactional model
of development.
PMID: 1598793 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
in a negative manner as did those subjects with high state and TA.
Recommendations include further revision of the multidimensional stress
management approach and continued use of the transactional theoretical
framework.
PMID: 1658267 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
352: J Pers. 1991 Sep;59(3):507-38.
Predicting the everyday life events of older adults.
Zautra AJ, Finch JF, Reich JW, Guarnaccia CA.
Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe 85287-1104.
Predicting the everyday life events of people is a relatively unexplored topic,
although several major theoretical approaches deal with related issues. The
dispositional approach would assign a causal role to personality, while the
situational approach would locate causation in the person's environment.
Variations on these two extreme themes invoke an interactionist interpretation.
Beyond this, a genuinely transactional approach focuses on the enduring
person-environment relationship established as people deal with major and
everyday life events. This study investigated a wide range of predictors of
daily positive, negative, and ill-health events over time in a sample of 206
older adults. Results showed that personality variables played only a minor role
in predicting daily events, although an interaction between extraversion and
social network size was significant. Background demographic variables and the
major stressors of recent conjugal bereavement and physical disability played a
role in daily event occurrences. Overall, the strongest degree of predictability
of events came from the events themselves: The high degree of event stability
over time indicated the value of a genuinely transactional model in
understanding the occurrence of everyday events.
PMID: 1960641 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
353: J Pers. 1991 Sep;59(3):453-72.
Personal strivings, daily life events, and psychological and physical
well-being.
Emmons RA.
Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis 95616.
Interactional models of life events and personality posit domains of
vulnerability within which individuals are most likely to be affected by
negative life events. A variation of this model was tested in a study of the
separate as well as interactive effects of daily life events and personal
strivings on psychological and physical well-being. Subjects listed 15 of their
personal strivings,which were later categorized as reflecting either
achievement, affiliation, intimacy, or power. For 21 consecutive days, subjects
recorded up to eight events that most influenced their moods each day, and
completed mood and physical symptom checklists. Power strivings were negatively
correlated with well-being. Affiliation strivings were correlated with positive
affect. No significant between-subject interactions occurred between strivings
and events. However, within-subject analyses revealed several significant
the baby's active role in the relation, we seek better understanding of how the
infant shapes up throughout transactions. Different assessment methods of the
interactions are analyzed both within a clinical framework and a research
framework, and examples of assessment format are given. The transactional
perspective in clinical practice with the infant introduces a new model for
understanding the pathogenesis of relational disturbances. It appears necessary
to conceptualize a specific nosology of interactive pathology, beyond the
reference to parental or infant pathology; we thus propose a classification of
interactive disturbances by integrating the three levels (behavior, affect,
fantasy). The aim of this investigation of interactions, based on an attempt to
synthetize anglo-saxon and european research in the field, is to outline a new
perspective in clinical concepts and practice which is not solely focused on the
description of behaviors in infant interactions with its partners. This
viewpoint, resolutely psychopathological in its orientation, implies an empathic
approach which leads to important therapeutic changes and legitimizes early
preventive interventions.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 1946802 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
361: J Soc Occup Med. 1991 Winter;41(4):151-6.
The cardiovascular perfusionist as a model for the successful technologist in
high stress situations.
Friday PJ, Mook WJ.
Shadyside Hospital, Pittsburgh.
This study investigates the psychological profiles of highly stressed medical
technologists. One hundred and four individuals representing a cross-section of
the United States who function as operators of heart-lung machines during open
heart surgery (perfusionists) were studied using both internal and external
models based on the works of Eric Berne and Karen Horney. Daily exposure to life
and death responsibilities combined with the constant pressures of maintaining
current technical skills can make the profession selected for this study
representative of high technology professions that require a great deal of
coping. Results of this study indicate that there is a balanced psychological
profile in successful technologists functioning in long-term, high-stressed
occupations. Female perfusionists appear to be more aggressive and critical than
their male counterparts. This is seen as an attempt by female perfusionists to
compensate for what has historically been a male dominanted, highly technical
and high-stressed occupation. Generalizations for candidate selections to high
stressed occupations could be made as well as projections of foundations for
possible progressive disillusionment (burn out).
PMID: 1779670 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
362: J Health Soc Policy. 1991;2(3):23-38.
Females' use of alcoholic beverages: a study in context.
Lesch WC, Celuch KG.
Wales, Bangor.
The development of community care policy and the inadequacies of professional
responses to the needs of informal carers were described in an earlier paper. A
qualitative analysis of carers' replies to a questionnaire survey demonstrated
that the most potent stressors, contrary to what has previously been assumed,
were linked more to subjective perceptions of events or circumstances than to
the objective features of the events and circumstances themselves. This paper
presents a quantitative analysis of data from the same survey which confirm the
impressions gained from the analysis of the qualitative data. These findings
prompt a reconceptualization of carer burden within a transactional model of
stress, which is then considered as a basis for understanding how carers adapt
to stress in their lives. Practice implications are assessed.
PMID: 2358572 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
370: J Nurs Adm. 1990 Apr;20(4):28-34.
Transformational leadership and the nurse executive.
Dunham J, Klafehn KA.
College of Nursing, University of Akron, Ohio.
Effective nurse executive leadership is paramount in today's health care
environment. Such leadership includes the qualities of a transformational leader
and, to a lesser extent, a transactional leader. A study conducted among
excellent nurse executives and members of their immediate staff showed that all
executives were predominantly transformational leaders but also possessed
transactional leadership skills.
PMID: 2324835 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
371: Clin Perinatol. 1990 Mar;17(1):31-45.
The Mother-Infant Transaction Program. The content and implications of an
intervention for the mothers of low-birthweight infants.
Rauh VA, Nurcombe B, Achenbach T, Howell C.
School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York.
A brief, economic neonatal intervention based on the transactional model of
development and influenced predominantly by the conceptual design of the
Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale was implemented in an intensive care
nursery with the mothers of a group of low-birthweight infants. The development
of the intervention group was compared with that of a similar group of
low-birthweight infants who did not receive the intervention and contrasted with
that of a group of normal-birthweight infants. The intervention had a
significant effect on maternal adjustment and perception of the infant at 6
months. No significant effect on infant cognitive development was apparent until
36 months (that is, 31 months after the intervention had ceased). The
intervention effect was even more significant at 48 months. It appeared that the
two low-birthweight groups had progressively diverged after 12 months, the
intervention group rising until it approximated the normal-birthweight group in
cognitive development, whereas the low-birthweight control group deteriorated.
The economical nature of the MITP, its unique (although delayed) benefits, and
the apparent durability of the intervention effect, suggest that this
intervention program has important theoretical and practical implications and
potentially far-reaching applications.
PMID: 2318015 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
372: Am J Psychother. 1990 Jan;44(1):116-28.
Towards breaking the cycle of intergenerational abuse.
Leifer M, Smith S.
La Rabida Children's Hospital and Research Center, Chicago, IL 60649.
A quantitative single case study of an adolescent mother with a history of being
abused as a child is presented. It illustrates the diagnostic and treatment
issues during an intervention designed to break the cycle of intergenerational
abuse. Drawing upon an ecological, transactional model of development, the case
study utilized a multimethod, longitudinal approach to assess the mother's
history and current psychosocial functioning, the infant's developmental
competence and attachment status, patterns of mother-infant interaction and
components of the family's social ecology. Measures were administered during a
baseline period and systematically repeated throughout the one-year period of
intervention. The treatment involved two weekly therapy sessions; one, an
individual session for the mother and the other, a session in which mother and
infant were seen together. The findings at the one-year evaluation showed
improved maternal psychosocial functioning, the infant's shift from an insecure
to a secure attachment classification and improved patterns of mother-infant
interactions. The implications of this therapeutic approach and the use of
single-case methodology are discussed.
Publication Types:
Case Reports
PMID: 2327514 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
373: Perspect Psychiatr Care. 1990;26(2):14-20.
The abused woman and her family of origin.
Leach CL.
The abuse of women in significant heterosexual relationships is an important
societal problem in the United States. Structural family therapy offers a useful
perspective to nurse therapists working with abused women who have left the
abusive relationship to rejoin their families of origin. Common errors are
avoided if the abused woman and her family are diagnosed within the system's
context of structural family therapy. Dysfunctional transactional patterns that
originated in the abused woman's childhood or adolescent years can be challenged
at their source.
Publication Types:
Case Reports
PMID: 2216666 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 2669500 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
380: Fam Process. 1989 Jun;28(2):169-81.
Is expressed emotion an index of a transactional process? II. Patient's coping
style.
Strachan AM, Feingold D, Goldstein MJ, Miklowitz DJ, Nuechterlein KH.
UCLA Department of Psychology 90024-1563.
This article examines the extent to which expressed emotion (EE) indexes not
only relatives' behavior toward schizophrenic patients but also patients'
behavior toward their relatives. The coping styles (CS) of schizophrenic
patients were assessed during interactions with their parents and were compared
with parental EE attitudes assessed during an acute hospitalization and during
the aftercare period. It was found that parental EE attitudes measured during
the inpatient period strongly predicted patients' outpatient transactional
behavior: patients interacting with low-EE relatives showed significantly fewer
critical and more autonomous statements than patients interacting with high-EE
relatives. Further, the dominant patient coping style (autonomous, neutral,
externalizing, or internalizing) was strongly related to the relatives'
interactional affective style (AS) and to their pattern of EE attitudes. Patient
coping style was not related to clinical attributes of these patients
themselves. This article and its preceding companion (17) together suggest that
EE indexes a transactional process so that the quality of both parents' and
patients' transactional behaviors may predict subsequent patient functioning.
PMID: 2731609 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
381: J Pediatr Psychol. 1989 Jun;14(2):293-314.
Family context in pediatric psychology: a transactional perspective.
Fiese BH, Sameroff AJ.
The degree to which the family is seen as a significant contributor to child
health conditions impacts directly on the successful functioning of the
pediatric psychologist. A transactional model of family functioning is proposed
for pediatric psychology. Development is considered to be the result of a
three-part process that starts with child behavior that triggers family
interpretation that produces a parental response. Family interpretation is
presented as part of a regulatory system that includes family paradigms, family
stories, and family rituals. Corresponding to the proposed three-part regulation
model, three forms of intervention are discussed: remediation, redefinition, and
reeducation. Clinical decision making based on this model is outlined with
examples given from different treatment approaches. Implications for the
treatment of families in pediatric psychology are discussed.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
Case Reports
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 2702298 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
390: Soc Sci Med. 1989;29(4):555-61.
Family response in head injury: denial ... or hope for the future?
Ridley B.
University of California, San Francisco 94143.
Denial is often seen as a major obstacle to successful adaptation in the family
of the head-injured. In fact, it is typically inadequately understood in the
rehabilitation setting. The term is frequently used in a simplistic way, with
the social and cultural factors behind the denial, particularly the stigma of
head injury, not examined or confronted. There is very little hard data on what
constitutes successful family adaptation over the long term. Professionals have
a tendency to focus exclusively on the patient's deficits and the family's
difficulties, ignoring the positive ways in which people cope. This article
suggests that there is a need for a paradigm shift, based on the transactional
theory of stress and coping, in which denial is seen as a positive response in
some situations. Instead of becoming locked into trying to dispel what is
usually called denial and adopting an adversary stance to the family, it may be
more beneficial for rehabilitation staff to work together with family members to
understand why head injury is so difficult to deal with, develop positive models
for living with the sequelae, and encourage hope for the future.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 2667149 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
391: Nurs Pract. 1989;3(1):7-8.
Nursing practice. Stress and attitudes towards the work environment.
Thomas M.
This paper discusses a survey carried out within four wards in an elderly
services' unit. There were two main aims of the study. One was an attempt to
determine the degree of burn-out present in the wards, and the second was to
ascertain the nursing staff's perceived areas of stress within their work
environment. Clarke (1) relies heavily on the transactional view of stress,
while Selye (2), suggests that coping with stress involves the individual in
direct action in changing the demands put upon him or her. This direct action is
aided by information on how to cope with stressors and, therefore, knowledge of
stress symptoms are required. She suggests that giving information changes an
uncertain situation into one of certainty, and at the very least, will change an
individual's view of a new event from something frightening into a more familiar
experience.
PMID: 2615866 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Rosenbaum PL.
Department of Pediatrics, Chedoke-McMaster Hospitals, Hamilton, Ont.
Children with chronic illness and disability are at considerably increased risk
of psychosocial problems, such as neurosis, attention deficit and poor
adjustment to school. Health care professionals, especially primary care
physicians, can do a great deal to prevent such problems in these children and
their families. The approach outlined here is based on an understanding of the
transactional model of development, in which the child interacts with--and to
some extent creates--the social environment, and on a "noncategorical" concept
in which common elements in chronic illness are recognized and emphasized. The
physician's role is to inform the family of the child's condition as soon as
possible, to offer hope, encouragement and guidance, to watch the child's
development, to maintain a shared view of the child and family, and, if
possible, to ensure continuity of care.
Publication Types:
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 2456852 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
396: Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1988 Jul-Aug;10(4):305-13.
12- and 24-month neurobehavioural follow-up of children prenatally exposed to
marihuana, cigarettes and alcohol.
Fried PA, Watkinson B.
Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario.
The motor, mental, and language development plus the home environment was
examined in 217 twelve-month and 153 twenty-four-month-old children for whom
prenatal exposure to marijuana, alcohol and cigarettes was previously
ascertained. With this low-risk sample multiple regression analysis was used to
assess the association between outcome measures and prenatal drug exposure while
adjusting for potential confounding factors. Prenatal exposure to marijuana was
uniquely positively associated with a series of items evaluating the child's
attitudes and interests that reflect a cognitive factor. Moderate levels of
alcohol were significantly associated with lower mental scores at 24 months of
age. Prenatal maternal cigarette smoking was significantly associated with lower
mental scores at 12 months of age and altered responses on auditory items at 12
and 24 months. However, at 24 months, the strong relationship of postnatal
environmental factors with cognitive outcomes and with prenatal maternal smoking
resulted in loss of significant, unique predictive power for maternal smoking.
Based on the present work and supplemented by previously reported data
pertaining to maternal attitudes during pregnancy and neonatal behaviour, a
transactional interpretation is presented.
PMID: 3226373 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
397: J Adolesc. 1988 Jun;11(2):139-53.
Cultural and cognitive considerations in the prevention of American Indian
adolescent suicide.
LaFromboise TD, Bigfoot DS.
School of Education, Stanford University, California 94305.
A description of cultural considerations associated with American Indian
adolescent coping is presented within a transactional,
cognitive-phenomenological framework. Select cultural values and cultural
beliefs of American Indians associated with death are discussed in terms of
person variables and situational demand characteristics that interplay in the
transactional coping process. Three situational demand characteristics
(ambiguity of identity, frequency of loss, and pervasiveness of hardships) are
then presented to illustrate the reciprocal relationship between environmental
contingencies and American Indian individual and community efforts at coping.
The dynamic interdependence between person and environmental variables is
emphasized and considered essential for inclusion in the design of interventions
to prevent suicide. Existing intervention efforts with American Indian
adolescent suicide attempters are reviewed and a school-wide cognitive
behavioural approach based on the transactional model of coping with suicide is
described. It is suggested that on-going cognitive restructuring, social skills
training, and peer counselling training activities be culturally adapted and
integrated into relevant areas of the school curricula in order that coping be
enhanced and suicide ameliorated.
PMID: 3403749 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
398: Child Dev. 1988 Jun;59(3):554-70.
Longitudinal predictors of developmental status and social interaction in
premature and full-term infants at age two.
Greenberg MT, Crnic KA.
Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195.
This investigation involved the longitudinal assessment of 30 mother-preterm and
40 mother-full-term dyads from birth to 2 years of age. Measures of maternal
attitudes, maternal perception of the infant, and parental functioning were
obtained at 1 and 8 months of infant age. Mother-infant interactions were
observed at 4, 8, 12, and 24 months. Infant cognitive, motor, and language
development was assessed at 4, 12, and 24 months. Results indicated that by age
2 years, no group differences were apparent on any child development,
mother-child interaction, or maternal attitudinal measures; the lone exception
was that preterms were significantly poorer in motor skills. This similarity in
functioning at age 2 years was in marked contrast to earlier findings of major
group differences at 12 months. Correlational and regression analyses indicated
that the developmental and social interaction outcomes were predicted by
different factors in the two groups; moreover, whereas 40%-60% of the variance
in preterm infants' social and cognitive outcomes could be accounted for, only
15%-30% was accounted for in the full-term group. These results are discussed in
terms of compensatory mechanisms that may characterize the parenting of
high-risk infants, and of the applicability of transactional models of
development.
PMID: 3383667 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Staton M.
PMID: 3642117 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
411: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1986 Nov;27(6):719-59.
Thirty years of child psychology: a selective review.
Clarke AM, Clarke AD.
A selective review of the literature in child psychology over the last 30 years
reveals substantial changes in methodology, in analysis and the interpretation
of findings. Evidence on the multifactorial nature of development is drawn from
genetic/environmental research, longitudinal studies and a consideration of
potential long-term effects of early experience, including planned intervention.
It is increasingly recognized that individuals play some part in causing their
own development, via ongoing transactional processes. Eight themes form the
basis for discussion, including the belated emergence of Piaget's theory and the
changing outlook for the mentally retarded. In addition, the explosion of
research upon infancy and the growing influence of behavioural psychology are
noted.
Publication Types:
Historical Article
Review
PMID: 3539955 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
412: Psychiatry Res. 1986 Aug;18(4):365-77.
Information processing and communication deviance in schizophrenic patients and
their mothers.
Wagener DK, Hogarty GE, Goldstein MJ, Asarnow RF, Browne A.
Tests of attention/information processing, the continuous performance test (CPT)
and the span of apprehension task (SAT), were given to 25 schizophrenic patients
and their mothers. Measures of communication deviance also were obtained from
the mothers. Comparison of these assessments in the mothers revealed different
transactional profiles for good attenders and poor attenders on the CPT and on
the SAT. The relationships between generations (patient and mother) differ from
the within-individual relationships. CPT performance by the patient is not
significantly correlated with scores from the mother. However, SAT performance
by the patient could be related to SAT performance by the mother and specific
communication deviance factor scores.
PMID: 3749393 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
413: Health Educ. 1986 Aug-Sep;17(4):37.
Transactional analysis applied to family living.
Mackey RT.
PMID: 3152340 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
the volume of which was measured by convolution method, against the amount
dosed. Absorption was corrected by GE-STAR method using cut off level of 42%. In
order to determine normal range, measurement was made for 40 kidneys of each of
10 male and female volunteers confirmed of having normal kidneys both
morphologically and functionally. The average volume of the kidney was 220.4 ml
for the right and 239.3 ml for the left for males, and 205.9 ml and 236.5 ml,
respectively for females. The renal uptake of radioactivity (at 2 h after
injection), was 26.8% for the right and 27.6% for the left for males, with
corresponding figures for females being 26.4% and 27.9%, respectively.
Distribution range of renal volume and renal uptake was obtained by bivariate
analysis with 90% and 95% probability. From these results, our method of renal
function determination based on renal uptake of 99mTc-DMSA obtained from renal
transactional tomogram by SPECT is considered to be accurate and potentially
useful for clinical purpose.
PMID: 3012660 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
418: J Stud Alcohol. 1986 Jan;47(1):34-40.
Resilient offspring of alcoholics: a longitudinal study from birth to age 18.
Werner EE.
This study focuses on child characteristics and on the qualities of the
caregiving environment that differentiated between offspring of alcoholics who
did and those who did not develop serious coping problems by age 18. The 49
subjects (22 male) are members of a multiracial cohort of 698 children born in
1955 on the island of Kauai, Hawaii, who were followed at ages 1, 2, 10 and 18.
In this group, males and the offspring of alcoholic mothers had higher rates of
psychosocial problems in childhood and adolescence than females and the
offspring of alcoholic fathers. Children of alcoholics who developed no serious
coping problems by age 18 differed from those who did in characteristics of
temperament, communication skills, self-concept and locus of control. They had
also experienced fewer stressful life events disrupting their family unit in the
first two years of life. Results of the study support a transactional model of
human development and demonstrate bidirectionality of child-caregiver effects.
PMID: 3959559 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
419: Adolescence. 1986 Winter;21(84):785-96.
Late adolescents' identity formation: individuation from the family of origin.
Anderson SA, Fleming WM.
This study explored the relationships between late adolescents' self-reported
ego identity and individuation from their family of origin. Individuation was
defined as adolescents' subjective perceptions of how psychologically enmeshed
they were in the transactional processes of fusion and triangulation within
their family of origin. The results indicated a significant relationship between
adolescents' perceived involvement in their family's patterns of fusion and
triangulation and the total score, and three of the five subscale scores, from
the identity measure. The implications of the findings and directions for future
research are discussed.
PMID: 3825661 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Winneke G, Kraemer U.
Following a short and selective summary of findings from psychological studies
on lead-induced cognitive dysfunction in man, our own studies in lead-exposed
children are briefly described in more detail. These studies, run in the cities
of Duisburg and Stolberg, were based on tooth lead levels as the principal
indicator of long-term cumulative lead exposure. From a comprehensive sample of
neuropsychological outcome measures, only few significant findings emerged,
namely lead-related deficits of visual-motor integration and of reaction
performance, but not of general intelligence. Without exception, the observed
lead effects were small compared to those of social background. An interesting
interaction was found between lead exposure and social background for
visual-motor integration and for reaction performance: for both these measures,
but not for intelligence, the degree of association between performance deficit
and lead exposure was more pronounced in socially disadvantaged children than in
those from a more middle-class background. This finding was tentatively
discussed within a transactional model of development. The common practice of
simply controlling the effects of confounding social factors by analysis of
covariance or related techniques appears doubtful in this context.
PMID: 6472605 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
443: Am J Phys Med. 1983 Dec;62(6):271-86.
Structural treatment approach for families in crisis. A challenge to
rehabilitation.
Wiley SD.
Disability is viewed as a crisis occurring within the context of the family. Its
impact on family structure can be understood through the study of transactional
patterns and communication of the family system. Crisis is defined as a
challenge to the system for which the usual transactional patterns are
ineffective. The crisis of disability provides the family system with an
opportunity to modify its structure, developing new and more effective patterns
of interaction. The opportunity for family development may be realized through a
structural family treatment approach. The origins of this conceptualization are
reviewed. Clinical material is used to exemplify aspects of family assessment
and treatment.
PMID: 6650673 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
444: Kangogaku Zasshi. 1983 Dec;47(12):1393-404.
[Reevaluation of the improvement of health education for diabetics by the
analysis of each interactive scene]
[Article in Japanese]
Usuki K, Fukushima M, Hatayama I, Iwasaki T, Matsuda M.
PMID: 6559950 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
445: J Nurs Educ. 1983 Nov;22(9):367-71.
[Article in Norwegian]
Lonstad A.
PMID: 6557707 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
457: Recent Dev Alcohol. 1983;1:79-103.
How environments and persons combine to influence problem drinking. Current
research issues.
Braucht GN.
In this chapter, a brief review of existing empirical research on environmental
correlates of problem drinking is presented. The review shows that environmental
factors do relate to the prevalence of drinking problems and also to the way
drinking problems are expressed. In the major section of the chapter, however,
it is shown that our present knowledge of how environmental and personal factors
combine to influence problem drinking is quite limited, perhaps because almost
all of the existing empirical research has attempted to account for problem
drinking by means of individual variables alone, environmental variables alone,
or in terms of linear combinations of individual and environmental variables. It
is shown that alternative approaches offer more promise for understanding how
individual and environmental factors combine to influence problem drinking;
these approaches are aimed at accounting for problem drinking in terms of the
mutual interdependence between persons and their environments. Within two
hypothetical sets of data, a number of conceptual and methodological issues,
problems, and features of these kinds of interactional or transactional
approaches are then illustrated. It is shown that although such approaches offer
a promise of greater understanding, they also present a set of interrelated
problems which run the gamut from measurement, statistical analysis,
experimental design, and sampling issues to paradigm issues lying close to the
realm of the philosophy of science.
Publication Types:
Review
PMID: 6390561 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
458: Clio Med. 1983;18(1-4):101-11.
[Physician-patient relations in the light of medical and psychiatric
development]
[Article in French]
Ors Y.
The doctor-patient relationship in the light of medical and psychiatric
evolution. The doctor-patient relationship can be studied from different points
of view--social, economic, scientific, psychological. Considerable clarity has
been brought to the matter by the application of the transactional approach of
contemporary psychiatry. In the light of this approach, the relationship can be
considered dynamically and in different societies of the past as well as in our
time. This relationship, called also the doctor-patient communication, is
closely related to what has been known as "the medical art" and is influenced by
such different factors as specialization in medicine, medical education,
personality of the physician, characteristics of the society, and so on. Such a
relationship is not found, as a rule, in other scientific fields with man as
their subject matter, and appears to be an almost exclusive characteristic of
the medical profession. This evidently arises from the fact that medical
practice has always been directed to concrete human situations.
PMID: 6085959 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
459: Child Health Care. 1982 Winter;10(3):83-6.
Effects of hospitalization on young children: implications of two theories.
Hodapp RM.
In this article the effects of hospitalization on the young child are analyzed
from the perspective of two theoretical models of development. The first model,
the critical periods model, asserts that there is an hypothesized critical
period for the development of certain skills and competencies. In this model
early experiences are crucial to the skills which either cannot develop or
develop with much difficulty after the critical period has passed. The second
model is a transactional model of development which asserts that, although early
experiences are important, each interaction of the child and the environment
makes a difference in development and only through continuous assessment of
these transactions can we determine how the child changes and evolves. Data from
studies of the effects of hospitalization on children are used to illustrate the
utility of these models in the study and management of children who are
hospitalized.
PMID: 10262131 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
460: Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1982 Dec;5(3):529-42.
An integrative approach to marital therapy: transactional analysis.
Magran BA.
Publication Types:
Case Reports
PMID: 7177934 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
461: Kangogaku Zasshi. 1982 Dec;46(12):1421-4.
[Application of transactional analysis. 19. Examples of application (3)]
[Article in Japanese]
Shirai S.
PMID: 6925048 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
462: Soins Psychiatr. 1982 Nov;(25):41-5.
[New psychosociologic and therapeutic approaches. A danger for whom?]
[Article in French]
Adam E.
PMID: 6926166 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
463: Kangogaku Zasshi. 1982 Nov;46(11):1301-4.
[Application of transactional analysis to nursing. 18. Examples of application
2]
[Article in Japanese]
Shirai S.
PMID: 6925033 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
464: Semin Perinatol. 1982 Oct;6(4):340-52.
TRANSACT--a model for integrating clinical practice and longitudinal research.
Liden CB, Nichter CA, Murphy TF.
To effectively deal with the high-risk infant and his outcome, it would appear
that clinicians and researchers must, in a sense, place themselves "at-risk."
They must recognize the limitations of a reductionistic, biomedical model when
applied to this population and its problems. They must move beyond this
traditional model to a so-called "biopsychosocial model" which acknowledges the
uncertainties of human development and its transactional character. To do so,
they must also seek to break down many traditional "boundaries" that have served
to inhibit a better understanding of the high-risk infant. These boundaries
include those between disciplines, between clinicians and researchers, between
assessment and treatment, between cost efficiency and comprehensiveness, and
those between quantitative and qualitative methodologies to name a few. This
process must not be one of all or none exclusion, where a uniform perspective is
adopted in isolation and applied to all aspects of the problem. Rather it must
be a combination and synthesis of many perspectives. In essence, the construct
used to understand and study the high-risk infant and his outcome should be
consistent with the transactional and multifactorial nature of the problem.
These tasks are formidable and threatening to undertake, particularly when they
do not always yield the type of outcomes we have been conditioned to expect:
"hard" data; narrow etiologies; and successful cures. However, failure to take
such "risks" would seem to impede a further understanding of the at-risk infant.
The T.R.A.N.S.A.C.T. model presented here is offered as a working construct
which has yet to be fully operationalized. Its perceived limitations will
reflect the background, biases and perspectives of the reader. Hopefully, it
will serve to stimulate those interested and involved in the high-risk infant
and his outcome to modify, refine or build upon their current approaches.
PMID: 7156992 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
465: Prax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatr. 1982 Oct;31(7):271-7.
[Families with drug-dependent adolescents]
[Article in German]
Stiksrud A, Margraf J.
PMID: 7145834 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
466: J Am Diet Assoc. 1982 Oct;81(4):450-3.
Incorporating Transactional Analysis into a weight loss program.
O'Brien MH, Samonds KW, Beal VA, Hosmer DW, O'Donnell J.
PMID: 7119325 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
467: Kangogaku Zasshi. 1982 Oct;46(10):1181-4.
[Nursing application of transactional analysis. 17. Clinical application (1)]
[Article in Japanese]
Shirai S.
PMID: 6925018 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
468: Fam Process. 1982 Sep;21(3):313-20.
Transactional theories but individual assessment: a frequent discrepancy in
family research.
Fisher L.
PMID: 7128768 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
469: Kango Kyoiku. 1982 Sep;23(9):555-61.
[Application of transactional analysis in clinical training of adult nursing for effective interpersonal relationship between nursing students and patients
in clinical training]
[Article in Japanese]
Saeki K, Soga H, Yasumori Y.
PMID: 6923029 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
470: Kangogaku Zasshi. 1982 Sep;46(9):1061-4.
[Transactional analysis used in nursing. 16. Transactional analysis in terminal
care]
[Article in Japanese]
Shirai S.
PMID: 6922999 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Stress coping.
Sethi AS.
PMID: 6754057 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
476: Kangogaku Zasshi. 1982 Jun;46(6):701-4.
[Transactional analysis in nursing. 13. Decision making in changing goals in
life]
[Article in Japanese]
Shirai S.
PMID: 6921310 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
477: Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax. 1982 May 4;71(18):752-7.
[New psychotherapeutic methods]
[Article in German]
Kind H.
PMID: 7100116 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
478: Kangogaku Zasshi. 1982 May;46(5):581-4.
[Transactional analysis in nursing. 12. Analysis of the "life script"]
[Article in Japanese]
Shirai S.
PMID: 6921295 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
479: Kangogaku Zasshi. 1982 Apr;46(4):461-4.
[Transactional analysis used in nursing. 11. Analysis of a human drama. 1]
[Article in Japanese]
Shirai S.
PMID: 6918536 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
480: J Nerv Ment Dis. 1982 Mar;170(3):143-53.
Interpersonal aspects of blood pressure control.
Lynch JJ, Thomas SA, Paskewitz DA, Malinow KL, Long JM.
Recent observations of large, consistent increases in blood pressure during
human communication prompted a reassessment of the role of interpersonal factors
in the behavioral control of hypertension. It was noted that the conceptual
framework around which earlier behavioral studies have been carried out, as well
as in the physical methods of pressure determination themselves, have
contributed to a general lack of information about the role of interpersonal
interactions in hypertension. An awareness of the relationship between speaking
and pressure elevations has led to the development of a new conceptual approach
to understanding the etiology and treatment of hypertension. Using techniques
developed out of transactional psychophysiology, hypertensive patients have been
able to observe the importance of interpersonal communications in the regulation
of their own blood pressure. Evidence from the clinical use of such information
suggests that a new way can be developed to help patients lower their blood
pressure.
Publication Types:
Case Reports
PMID: 7061999 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
481: Kangogaku Zasshi. 1982 Mar;46(3):341-4.
[Transactional analysis used in nursing. 10. Analysis of psychological games
(2)]
[Article in Japanese]
Shirai S.
PMID: 6918518 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
482: Kangogaku Zasshi. 1982 Mar;46(3):302-7.
[Bedside nursing. Assistance in self-care of a patient with non-specific
complaints - use of transactional anaylsis]
[Article in Japanese]
Ashikawa E.
Publication Types:
Case Reports
PMID: 6918511 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
483: Kangogaku Zasshi. 1982 Feb;46(2):221-4.
[Transactional analysis in nursing. 9. Analysis of psychological games (1)]
[Article in Japanese]
Shirai S.
PMID: 6918501 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
484: J Sex Marital Ther. 1982 Spring;8(1):44-56.
Cognitive and social aspects of sexual dysfunction: sexual scripts in sex
therapy.
Publication Types:
Clinical Trial
Randomized Controlled Trial
PMID: 7309955 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
489: Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1981 Dec;20(12):792-6.
Severe psychosomatic illness in children: effect on a pediatric ward's staff.
Fialkov MJ, Miller JA.
Observations of a pediatric ward's response to the repeated hospitalization of
an asthmatic child revealed a close parallel to the transactional patterns
described in families of children with psychosomatic illnesses. Characteristics
of such families include enmeshment, overprotectiveness, rigidity and resistance
to change, lack of conflict resolution, and use of the child's sick role to
relieve tension and discomfort within the family. In this article we have
attempted to demonstrate the similarity of responses between these families and
groups of hospital ward personnel. Resolution of the ward personnel's internal
conflict was followed by changes in the coping abilities of the staff, with a
successful outcome for a second child with a similar clinical condition.
Publication Types:
Case Reports
PMID: 7307415 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
490: Kangogaku Zasshi. 1981 Dec;45(12):1429-32.
[Transactional analysis. 7. A desire for stroking (2)]
[Article in Japanese]
Shirai S.
PMID: 6801345 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
491: Pediatr Clin North Am. 1981 Nov;28(4):981-9.
Audiologic aspects of learning and behavior.
Liden CB.
To effectively deal with learning and behavioral problems, physicians must
acquire a new knowledge base and interact meaningfully with professionals from a
variety of disciplines. They must be aware that audiologic factors are only one
part of a complex matrix of components contributing to learning and behavior.
Although the exact nature of these components is still being defined, their
interrelationship can be hypothesized. An individual can overcome the
uncertainties and avoid inappropriate diagnoses in this field by applying a
comprehensive, descriptive diagnostic process. With a broad understanding of the
transactional model of learning and behavior, physicians can ensure that
audiologic problems are defined and addressed appropriately. By acknowledging
this approach in the identification, assessment and management of children with
Publication Types:
Case Reports
PMID: 7274404 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
510: Br J Psychiatry. 1980 Dec;137:572-3.
The assessment of the ego states.
Falkowski W, Ben-Tovim DI, Bland JM.
The hypothesis that ego states, as defined in Transactional Analysis, are
distinct and identifiable phenomena was tested. Ten TA therapists were asked to
assess which of the three ego states, Parent, Adult or Child, were present in
forty statements extracted from the tape of a family therapy session. The level
of agreement reached was statistically highly significant. There was a certain
amount of interrater variability, and potential sources of disagreement are
discussed.
PMID: 7214111 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
511: Am J Psychiatry. 1980 Nov;137(11):1475.
Reconsidering some recent trends in psychotherapy.
Mitchell RA.
Publication Types:
Letter
PMID: 7435703 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
512: Am J Psychiatry. 1980 Nov;137(11):1436-9.
Research directions in child psychiatry.
Philips I.
Current research in child psychiatry emphasizes the understanding of biological
mechanisms of behavior and its aberrations but neglects the transactional
relationships in interpersonal phenomena. This situation may led to an
unwarranted enthusiasm for biological forms of treatment. The author calls
attention to the importance of biopsychosocial elements of behavior in the
understanding of growth and development. He discusses research directions to
incorporate all elements of the behavioral sciences in the study of child
behavior.
PMID: 7435681 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
513: Rev Med Suisse Romande. 1980 Jul;100(7):577-82.
[Indications for family therapy]
[Article in French]
Masson D.
PMID: 7466095 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
514: Kangogaku Zasshi. 1980 Jul;44(7):718-29.
[Patients' participation in terminal care: a trial with transactional analysis.
Psychological changes in patients after participation]
[Article in Japanese]
Mase M.
PMID: 6772852 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
515: Kangogaku Zasshi. 1980 Jul;44(7):709-16.
[Participation by patients in transactional analysis. A discussion]
[Article in Japanese]
Shirai Y, Kaizuka R, Mase M, Murakami K, Koga R, Nawagawa H, Suzuki T.
PMID: 6772851 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
516: Kangogaku Zasshi. 1980 Jul;44(7):699-707.
[Terminal care with patients' participation: transactional analysis and
patient's psychology. Case study: recordings of conversation between the
physician and patient in truth disclosure and changes after the disclosure]
[Article in Japanese]
Mase M.
Publication Types:
Case Reports
PMID: 6772850 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
517: Kangogaku Zasshi. 1980 Jul;44(7):691-7.
[Terminal care with patient participation: transactional analysis and patient's
psychology]
[Article in Japanese]
Shirai S.
PMID: 6772849 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
518: J R Army Med Corps. 1980 Jun;126(2):73-6.
Quality in general practice.
Kilpatrick WG, Carroll J, Martin A.
Perdomo Rivera J.
PMID: 263775 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
539: Nurs Res. 1979 Sep-Oct;28(5):295-8.
Measures of transactional analysis ego states for nurses.
Di Marco N.
Factor analysis of 432 registered nurses' responses to three measures of the
transactional analysis ego states of parent, adult, and child were run in order
to develop shorter scales tailored to nurses. The analysis resulted in four
10-item scales labeled parent, adult, adapted child, and natural child.
Reliability coefficients ranged from .79 to .85. Interscale correlations ranged
from -.20 to .18. Means, standard deviations, and percentile scores were
presented for each scale. Implications for nursing research are discussed.
PMID: 257405 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
540: TIC. 1979 Jul;38(7):4-5.
TA and the dentist.
Andersen JA.
PMID: 298695 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
541: Perspect Psychiatr Care. 1979 Jul-Aug;17(4):176-86.
Problems displayed "in vivo" - a particular advantage of group therapy.
Sanderson MR, Blackley JJ.
Publication Types:
Case Reports
PMID: 258784 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
542: Health Serv Manager. 1979 Jun;12(6):8-9.
Using TA for better staff-patient relations.
Wells B.
PMID: 10241728 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
543: Tijdschr Ziekenverpl. 1979 Apr 10;32(8):363-9.
[Transactional analysis--a short survey. II]
[Article in Dutch]
Hellinga G.
to both patient and physician. The physician may function as co-therapist with a
more experienced group leader; it is essential, also, that competent supervision
be available. Such a group was established in a family practice center; it met
for 20 weekly sessions. Patient improvement ranged from minimal to considerable;
in addition, the frequency of visits to the Center for essentially non-medical
reasons decreased considerably, with the greatest decrease in such visits
occurring 6 to 15 months after termination of group treatment. This is the first
part in a four-part series dealing with group therapy in family medicine.
PMID: 660105 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
555: Z Krankenpfl. 1978 May;71(5):187-92.
[Human relations in geriatric activities]
[Article in French]
Poletti R.
PMID: 247834 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
556: Acta Psychiatr Belg. 1978 Mar-Apr;78(2):256-68.
Psychotherapy of the family as a measure for preventing relapses and improving
the prognosis in schizophrenic patients.
Cazzullo CL, Carta I.
The increasing interest in the relationship among psychoanalysis, linguistics
and higher nervous activity (neurodynamic) is recalled. As most of the works on
the therapy of the family have been based upon psychodynamic interpretations,
the authors shall try to speculate on how much room this field should be given
in the phenomena related to higher nervous activity. The study of Pavlov, Gantt
and others on biological and social factors influencing human behaviour have
been discussed in relation to the system represented by the family nucleus. Some
aspects have been taken in consideration like the double bind, the perverse
triangle and the formation of a scapegoat. Double bind theory and praxis is
representing a paradoxical situation similar to unavoidable conditioned
patterns. The behaviour of the "designed patient" may be interpreted as a
tentative escape to express his disagreement to the fixed situation. What
happens is a kind of abnormal conditioning which is realized through a
progressive stratification of discordant learning. The final result is the
disorganisation of cognitive processes. In the meantime, we observe a
discordance of the activity of the first and the second signaling system
because, very often, an apparent external calm is accompanied by intense
cardiovascular or visceral turmoil. Every kind of communication should take care
of both processes, the congnitive and the neurodynamic. The analysis of the
verbal, as well as the non-verbal communication in the family setting, may be
fruitfully based upon the study of the progressive significance of the
cognitive-emotional dissyntony, as well as the dissyntony between the 1st and
the 2nd S.S., and the transactional dissyntony implicit in the double bind. A
group of 25 families of schizophrenics followed by one up to five years has been
examined following the concepts above mentioned.
PMID: 676773 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Madanes C, Haley J.
This article is a description of different approaches to therapy with a family
orientation. There are general categories of family therpay which had their
origins in individual therapy, such as the approaches based upon psychodynamic
theory, those derived from experiential procedures, and the behavioral
approaches. There are also family therapies which have not developed from
individual therapy, such as the extended family system approach and the
communication school of family therapy. The different therapy approaches are
described within a set of dimensions which characterize most therapy. Such
dimensions include whether the past or present is emphasized, whether the
therapist uses interpretation or directives, whether the approach is in terms of
growth or specific problems, whether hierarchy is a concern, and whether the
unit is an individual, two people, three people, or a wider network.
Illustrations of the different family therapy approaches are given in terms of
the kinds of information that would interest the therapist of each school and
the kinds of actions he or she would take to bring about change.
PMID: 886313 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
569: Genet Psychol Monogr. 1977 May;95(2):267-330.
The diagnosis, epidemiology, and etiology of childhood schizophrenia.
Marsh RW.
About half the Australian population of children who were functioning at a
moderate or greater level of intellectual subnormality and who also presented
schizophrenic behaviors were surveyed. From more than 300 such cases only 21
were confirmed as schizophrenic. Their average age was seven years eight months,
four were girls, and eight had histories of normal physical health. Individual
data were collected on antenatal and perinatal factors, childhood health,
developmental progress, family history, physical characteristics, neurological
signs, biochemical anomalies, and behavioral and psychiatric characteristics.
These data sustained the hypotheses that the (a) incidence of the condition is
slight, that (b) childhood schizophrenia is the result of a multicausal
transactional process; that (c) there is a continuum from organic to functional
conditions and that (d) the intellectual potential of these children is
generally overrated.
PMID: 559610 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
570: ASHA. 1977 Apr;19(4):244-8.
The application of transactional analysis to therapy with wives of adult aphasic
patients.
Porter JL, Dabul B.
PMID: 869965 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
571: J Psychiatr Nurs Ment Health Serv. 1977 Apr;15(4):17-23.
Family therapy: using a transactional approach.
Lantz JE.
The family can be viewed as a natural group which includes a mutual influence
phenomenon. Intervention follows relationship building and assessment and is
geared towards helping the family members challenge and change dysfunctional
coding, decoding and structural transactions which inhibit the family group from
meeting its idividual psychological needs.
PMID: 191600 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
572: Am J Nurs. 1977 Mar;77(3):408-9.
Scapegoating among professionals.
Wachter-Shikora N.
PMID: 584655 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
573: Schweiz Arch Neurol Neurochir Psychiatr. 1977;120(1):153-71.
[The anosognostic psychosyndrome. Studies and reflections on a case of acoustic
agnosia]
[Article in German]
Ulrich G, Simon J.
We analyse structure and dynamics of anosognostic behavior by means of a case
with auditory agnosia for both linguistic and non-linguistic material. First we
investigate on the observational level the structural interweaving of
conditions. Second we make an attempt of a structural dynamic analysis with
inclusion of both neurophysiological and psychodynamic aspects within a frame
which is orientated towards system theories. By doing this, the anosognostic
syndrome which is describable in a phenomenalistic sense as a disturbance of
body-scheme, neuropsychologically as a neglect-or extinction-syndrome and
psychodynamically as regressive Ego dissolution, appears as disintegration of
the transactional coherence between specific and non-specific functional
systems. At the time also the relations to the structure of focal brain
syndromes and organic psychoses are dealt with.
Publication Types:
Case Reports
PMID: 854712 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
574: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1977 Jan;34(1):71-4.
Parental transactional style deviance as a possible indicator of risk for
schizophrenia.
Jones JE, Rodnick EH, Goldstein MJ, McPherson SR, West KL.
The presence of a pattern of parental transactional style deviance on the
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) (a significant attribute of parents of
offspring with schizophrenia spectrum disorders) was used to identify a group of
disturbed nonpsychotic adolescents hypothesized to be at high risk for
Cerkevich TJ.
PMID: 1236407 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
606: J Consult Clin Psychol. 1975 Dec;43(6):758-79.
Comparative effectiveness of behavior modification and transactional analysis
programs for delinquents.
Jesness CF.
PMID: 1194473 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
607: J Med Assoc State Ala. 1975 Nov;45(5):40-2.
TA for physicians: psychological games.
Cerkevich TJ.
PMID: 1236351 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
608: J Psychiatr Nurs Ment Health Serv. 1975 Nov-Dec;13(6):5-10.
Concepts of transactional analysis and anxiety with persons in crisis.
Klingbeil GA, Alvandi OM.
PMID: 171399 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
609: J Psychiatr Nurs Ment Health Serv. 1975 Nov-Dec;13(6):20-2.
Women's lib and psychotherapy.
Hutchinson SA.
PMID: 171395 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
610: J Med Assoc State Ala. 1975 Oct;45(4):36-8.
Transactional analysis for the physician: stroking hunger and time structure.
Cerkevich TJ.
PMID: 1236346 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
611: Am J Psychiatry. 1975 Oct;132(10):1045-8.
Basic concepts in family therapy: a differential comparison with individual
treatment.
Robinson LR.
The author presents basic differences between the approaches of family therapy
and of the individual therapies on three dimensions: personality development,
symptom formation, and the approach to producing therapeutic change. Family
therapy bases its view of these factors in psychotherapy on the idea that they
Review
PMID: 4585814 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
635: Mod Hosp. 1973 Sep;121(3):85-8.
The "crisis minister" at work: reducing hostility, maintaining dignity, and
controlling emotions in the emergency room.
Downey GW.
PMID: 4786618 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
636: Z Psychosom Med Psychoanal. 1973 Jul-Sep;19(3):272-8.
[Technic of marriage and family therapy]
[Article in German]
Sperling E.
PMID: 4770636 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
637: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1973 May;28(5):722-6.
Psychotherapy of narcissistic injuries.
Goldberg A.
PMID: 4700685 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
638: Psychother Psychosom. 1973;22(2):334-40.
Gestalt therapy and transactional analysis as new methods for the treatment of
psychosomatic ailments.
Kertesz R.
PMID: 4770543 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
639: Int J Psychiatry Med. 1973 Summer;4(3):291-300.
Psychiatric consultation to the non-physician staff of an outpatient oncology
clinic.
Craig TJ.
PMID: 4742686 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
640: Nurs Forum. 1973;12(1):82-95.
Transactional analysis in sensitivity groups for students of nursing.
George JA, Gowell EC.
PMID: 4488454 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]