ABSTRACT

Project Name : The role of SMS (substation monitoring systems) in enhancing protection and control functions

Domain

: Embedded System

Microcontroller: AVR ATmega32 IEEE INSPEC Accessing Number: 4432673

The basis of modern, microprocessor-based station control is an information bus, connecting all feeder units together. The SMS (substation monitoring system) is a part of the SCS (substation control system). The SMS deals mainly with the analog measuring quantities, the signals and the settings of the measuring, protection and regulation functions. Basically, all feeder-orientated tasks are performed in feeder units, where all feeder-related data are also stored. These feeder units are linked by the mentioned (serial) information bus, allowing the free exchange of information between all feeder units and the hierarchical higher levels, like substation units, network etc. The functionality is given by the software and I/O circuits only and comprises protection, measurement, regulation etc. The protection functions are autonomous. Based on this concept-called `PYRAMID'-a lot of substations have been designed and equipped Now a days power consumption is increasing in a rapid rate. In our day to day life we use electricity for most of our needs. At the same time there is a tendency to misuse the electricity. But till now there is no proper way to identify this electricity theft. This Smart Power Distribution System is a new system to monitor measure and control the usage of electricity. This project is mainly focused on proper distribution and control of power. By the implementation of this project the authorities can identify the unauthorized usage of electricity.

Using this system the Electricity Board can access all datas regarding the consumed power in each home and in each station. By using this technology we can control the proper working of street light, identification of line failure, Power cut management, voltage measurement and cutting, and power theft identification. A GSM modem is placed near each of the Transformer and a GSM modem is connected to the KSEB. If there is any line break occurred, that can be detected by the KSEB through GSM and immediately break the supply. If there is any fault in any phase then it will automatically shift that phase. By measuring the voltage they can easily identify the over usage of power and immediately cut the supply. On/off control of street light and also power cut time management is done automatically. Here we are using GSM technology for sending datas for controlling the operation. A GSM modem is placed near each transformer and it will send the details regarding faults and other details to the KSEB so that the officer in KSEB can take appropriate action.

Advantages

1. Power theft identification 2. street light on/off control 3. line break or failure identification 4. Power cut management 5. voltage measuring and cutting

BLOCK DIAGRAM

1. TRANSFORMER SECTION

2. CONTROL SECTION

BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION

1. AVR Microcontroller The major heart of this project is AVR microcontroller, the reasons why we selected this in our project?, it has more features like 16bit timer, 10-bit ADC, USART, SPI, I2C, 256 bytes of EEPROM memory, and 32kbytes of flash program memory, then at last its speed of program execution is about to 1 microsecond or 10 MIPS (10 Million Instructions per second), etc. However, compare to other microcontroller it is fast and very ease to program in C language because of huge support can gain from the manufacturer for programming. The special IDE offered by the manufacture, it is named as AVR Studio IDE for it code generation purpose. 2. LCD (liquid-crystal display) A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, or video display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly. LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a generalpurpose computer display) or fixed images which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset words, digits, and 7-segment displays as in a digital clock. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made up of a large number of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements. 3. RELAY A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another.

Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations 4. LDR (Light Dependent Resistance) As the name suggests, LDR is a type of resistor whose working depends upon only on the light falling on it. The resistor behaves as per amount of light and its output directly varies with it. In general, LDR resistance is minimum (ideally zero) when it receives maximum amount of light and goes to maximum (ideally infinite) when there is no light falling on it. A critical factor that decides LDRs working is the frequency of light which should cross a threshold value so as to make LDR respond. 5. MAX 232 (Voltage Level Converter) The MAX232 is an IC, first created by Maxim Integrated Products, that converts signals from an RS-232 serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals. The drivers provide RS-232 voltage level outputs (approx. 7.5 V) from a single + 5 V supply via on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. This makes it useful for implementing RS-232 in devices that otherwise do not need any voltages outside the 0 V to + 5 V range, as power supply design does not need to be made more complicated just for driving the RS-232 in this case. The receivers reduce RS-232 inputs (which may be as high as 25 V), to standard 5 V TTL levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V, and a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V.