INSTRUCTION MANUAL.

PITOT TUBE.
SET UP
DESCRIPTION
SPECIFICATIONS
INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
INSTALLATION AND CONNECTIONS
PRECAUTIONS
TROUBLE SHOOTING

EXPREMENTATION
THEORY
OPERATING PROCEDURE
SYSTEM CONSTANTS
OBSERVATION TABLE
CALCULATIONS

NOMENCLATURE:

d = inside diameter of pipe, cm.

g = acceleration due to gravity, cm/s.

h = head of fluid, cm.

hm, = manometer readings, cm of manometer fluid.

Q = flow rate of air in tube, lit/min.

V = point velocity measured by Pitot tube, cm/s.

V avg. = average velocity in the tube, cm/s. (obtained by dividing flow rate in
cm/s by cross section of tube cm.

NRe = Reynoldss number, d V avg /.

m = density of manometer fluid, g/cm.

a = density of air, g/cm.

f = density of fluid, g/cm.

INTRIDUCTION:
When fluid flows through a circular conduit, the velocity is given by dividing the
volumetric flow rate by the area of cross section of the conduit. This velocity is
average or mean velocity of the fluid through the conduit. Actually the velocity of
the fluid is not the same at all points in the pipe. Whether the flow is laminar or
turbulent, the velocity is maximum at the axis of the pipe and tapers off to zero at
the wall of the pipe.
Pitot tube is used for determining the local velocity at carious points in the pipe. It
is consists of an impact-static tube which is positioned parallel (static tube) to the
direction of flow and perpendicular to the direction of flow (impact tube).
Manometer is connected to the impact tube.
The resultant difference in the manometer level indicates the difference between
the sum of kinetic and pressure heads registered by the Pitot tube.
hm = cm.

V = 2gh where hm = hm (m f)/f.

The velocity Vis the point velocity and not the average velocity. It is the velocity
corresponding to the position of Pitot tube.

PROCEDURE:
1. Start with maximum flow rate of air in tube. Adjust the position of Pitot
tube at a definite point. Measure its distance from the centre.
2. When steady state reached, record the manometer reading and flow rate
with help of calibrated orifice meter.
3. Set Pitot tube for different position at same flow rate and note
manometer readings.
4. Repeat procedure for different flow rates.

CALCULATIONS:
Determine the velocity at different positions by using the expression
V= 2.g.h
If hm is the difference of the liquid level in the manometer fluid,
h = hm(m a)/pa. (Density of air calculated to the temperature of air and the
gauge pressure as recorded by manometer.
Plot V as a function of distance from the centre. Read from the graph of Vmax the
maximum velocity at the centre. If Q lit/min. is the rate of flow as recorded, the
average velocity is determined by dividing the vol. flow rate by d/4.
V avg. = (1000Q/60)/ d/4.
Calculate NRe for the flow.
Repeat calculations for different flow rates.