FUNCTIONAL VARIETY OF LANGUAGE The study of language variation is an important part of sociolinguistics, to the extent that it requires reference

to social factors. Languages vary from one place to another, from one social group to another, and from one situation to another. The term variety is the label given to the form of a language used by any group of speakers or used in a particular field. A variety is characterized by the basic lexicon, phonology, syntax shared by members of the group. There are two ma or varieties of language based on the terms of the users and the use which are the standard variety, dialects !regional/ geographical and socioeconomics" and registers !functional varieties". The standard variety is the form of a language used by the government and communication media, taught in schools and universities and is the main or only written form. The standard variety is the most widely used in a community. #t is more fixed than other varieties, allowing less variation in pronunciation, spelling$writing and grammar. #n the following sections of the text, the explanation of other varieties of languages such as dialects and register will be provided. DIALECTS A regional, temporal or social variety within a single language is known as dialect. #t is the product of individual%s geographical and class origin. A dialect is the collection of attributes !phonetic, phonological, syntactic, morphological, and semantic" that make one group of speakers noticeably different from another group of speakers of the same language. #t differs in grammar, pronunciation and vocabulary from the standard language, which is in itself a socially favored dialect. &o a dialect is a variation of language sufficiently different to be considered a separate entity, but not different enough to be classed as separate language. There is no clear qualitative linguistic measure to indicate where difference of dialect becomes difference of language. The issue is political and social, not linguistic. 'verybody speaks a dialect, which is not seen as some kind of derivation from the norm of standard language. There is no linguistic ustification for saying that one dialect is better than another rather it is a social udgment that leads people to say that a particular dialect is the correct one. &o dialect is a variety related to user. A dialect spoken by one individual is called an idiolect. 'veryone has small differences between their language and the language which people use to communicate, creating a minimal dialect.

 The term dialect denotes a wider notion than the term accent. A dialect is a variety of a language that is distinctive from other regional varieties in vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation. The term accent is used for less drastic differences which are restricted to variation in pronunciation. (ariations by users are attributed to) a. *eographical +rigins *eographical or regional dialects are usually speech varieties pertaining to a particular local region !,ratt". -ardhaugh !./01" states) 2*eographical or regional variation in the way a language is spoken is likely to be one of the most noticeable ways in which we observe variety in language. -hen we travel throughout a wide geographical area in which a language is spoken, and particularly if that language has been spoken in that area for many hundreds of years, we are almost certain to notice differences in pronunciation, in the choices and forms of words, and in syntax. There may even be very distinctive local colorings in the language that we notice as we move from one location to another. &uch distinctive varieties are usually called regional or geographical dialects of the language.3 A regional dialect is a variety of a language spoken by people living in an area. This kind of language variation is most noticeable. -hen we travel throughout a wide geographical area where the same language is spoken, we are sure to notice differences in pronunciation, in the choices and forms of words, and even in syntax. &uch a situation is often referred to as dialect continuum. 4ialectologists may gather data from speakers of different regions and draw a dialect atlas. The 'nglish language has many regional dialects. 5ritish 'nglish, American 'nglish, Australian 'nglish, #ndian 'nglish, &outh African 'nglish, etc. are all regional varieties of the language. +ne dialect is distinctive from another phonologically, lexically and grammatically. 5etween 5ritish 'nglish and American 'nglish, differences can be easily found in pronunciation, in spelling, in words and in syntactic structure. The word hot, for example, is pronounced differently in the two regional dialects. The vowel is a mid back in 5ritish 'nglish, while in American 'nglish it is a low back. The same word is spelt differently, such as labour and labor. The same concept or ob ect is represented by different lexis !dialectal synonyms, such as flat and apartment". #n some sentences, the constituents are different. The auxiliary do may not be necessary in a yes$no question in 5ritish 'nglish if the predicate verb is have. 6or example 27ave you a match83 is equivalent to 24o you have a match83

 9egional varieties of a language may have their sub:varieties. 5ritish 'nglish has its standard form, which can be represented by the 55; broadcast, as well as other varieties of 5ritish 'nglish, those of Lancashire, <orkshire, *lasgow, etc. The same is true with American 'nglish and other regional dialects. American 'nglish can be divided into =orth, >id:north and &outh. A video tape on varieties of American 'nglish shows that people in these different regions use different syntactic structures. The sentence 2>y hair needs combing3 in the north becomes 2>y hair needs to be combed3 in the mid:north, and 2>y hair needs combed3 in the south. b. &ocio:'conomic &tatus Sociolects are forms of a language that characterize the speech of different social classes. This correlation between language and socio:economic status is often referred to as social stratification of language. A pioneering investigation was done by -illiam Labov in ./11. 7e studied the pronunciation of postvocalic ?r@ as in words like car, floor, four, etc. Labov !./11) 1A" predicted) 2#f any two subgroups of =ew <ork ;ity speakers are ranked in a scale of social stratification, they will be ranked in the same order by their differential use of ?r@.3 #n order to test this hypothesis, he recorded his conversations with the salespeople of three large department stores in >anhattan. They are ranked in the order) !." &aks 6ifth AvenueB !C" >acy%sB !D" &. Elein. 7e believed that obs in the three stores would be socially evaluated in the same order and the salespeople would talk the way the customers do. 7e elicited the response by asking questions like 2'xcuse me, where are the ...83 The answer would be 26ourth 6loor3. The results are as predicted. The salespersons, ranked according to the three stores, could also be ranked by their pronunciation of ?r@. &. Elein is a department store for lower class customers, &aks is one for upper middle class customers, and >acy%s for middle class people. There is a clear correlation between pronunciation of postvocalic ?r@ as a prestigious form and the socio:economic status of the speakers. A simple example within the community in #ndonesia is the use of ?f@ and ?@ in the pronunciation. ,eople who are less educated in the consonants mentioned, there is a mistake, as the word F7afalF to F7apalF, F>ansyurF to F>ansurF, FArifF to FArip,F REGISTER Register is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to 2varieties according to use3, in contrast with regional dialects and sociolects, both of which are 2varieties according to user3 !7alliday, >c#ntosh G &trevens ./1A". To put the distinction in simple terms, we may say

that one%s dialect shows who you are and where you are from , while the register shows what you are doing and with whom. 9egister, as a variety of language in use, is analyzed on three dimensions) field, mode and tenor. 6ield is concerned with the purpose and subject-matter of communication. >ode refers to the means by which communication takes place, through speech or writing. Tenor depends on the relations between the participants. #f you are doing an experiment, you may ask your partner) 2-ould you please pass me the sodium chloride83 #f you are having dinner with that person, you may say) 2,lease pass me the salt3. Sodium chloride and salt denote the same substance, but the two terms differ in field of communication. -hen you greet your friend face:to:face, you may select from expressions like 27i3and 27ello3. #n writing to your friend you will not use these expressions for greeting. This shows that mode of communication determines the choice of linguistic items. -hen you write to your boss you will not use the same expressions which you use in a letter to your close friends. The relation between the participants is another important factor that affects the choice of linguistic items. -hen you start a conversation with someone, the very first thing to consider is how to address the person. The appropriate form of address is determined largely by your personal relation with that person. To generalize) field is concerned with why and about what we communicateB mode is related to how we communicateB tenor is about with whom we communicate. All the three dimensions function simultaneously in determining the variety of language in use. 9egister as a variety of language in use is dependent on context. The main components of a context are the participants and their relation. As closeness or distance in relation between individuals is a relative notion, the formality of the language used is necessarily a gradient. Hoos !./1C" differentiated five grades of formality in 'nglish) frozen, formal, con !ltati"e, ca !al, and intimate. These styles of 'nglish are not all widely used. The frozen style is mostly used on ceremonies. The intimate style is used between family members and very close friends. The language may be highly abbreviated or even slangy. As styles are dependent on contexts, not all ideas can be expressed on all these levels of formality. The following sentences all express the same fact, but they vary in formality) !.a" >y father has deceased to oin the heavenly choir. !.b" >y father has passed away. !.c" >y father has died. !.d" >y dad has died.

!.e" >y old man ust kicked the bucket. As the examples show, the levels of formality are mainly distinguished by the choice of words. The stylistic differences of words are marked in contemporary dictionaries. #n Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, formal words are marked fml and informal ones as infml. Although only two levels are distinguished, the distinction is useful for learners of 'nglish as a foreign language, as the frozen style and the intimate style are hardly needed by speakers of 'nglish as a foreign language. Awareness of stylistic differences is absolutely important for all speakers. The use of language is after all a social interaction. The five grades of formality are analogous to the ways we dress ourselves) 6rozen : tailcoatB 6ormal : suitB ;onsultative : acket and trousersB ;asual : leisure wearB #ntimate : pa amas. -hereas dialects are the varieties according to the users, registers are the varieties of language associated with people%s occupation. -hat is considered standard is associated with prestige, a non:linguistic factor. 6rom a linguistic standpoint, what is considered standard has nothing to do with correctness or superiority. To exemplify, there is a specific register for describing any part of body utilized by doctors. These types of register are certainly alien for any common person in fact fulfilling the purpose of register. The specific register employed by doctors is as followsB #od$ %art 7ead 6orehead 'yeball 'ars 'ar ;anal =ostrils ;heeks CONCLUSION Language changes often along social changes. Language also changes from region to region, from one social group to another, and from individual to individual. The products of such changes are the varieties of language. Therefore, language varieties are related to region, social class, educational background, and the degree of formality of a situation in which language is used. REFERENCES &edical Term ;ranium 6rontalis *lobe ,inna 'xternal >eatus =ares >alar region

http)$$rua.ua.es$dspace$bitstream$.IIAJ$J.KA$.$9A'#L./LI/.pdf http)$$ccat.sas.upenn.edu$Mharoldfs$popcult$handouts$register$register.html http)$$www.doctorsecrets.com$medical:terms$medical:terms:body:parts.html