Further Pure 1 Revision Topic 7: 3 by 3 matrices and systems of equations

The OCR syllabus says that candidates should: a) recall the meaning of the terms singular and non-singular as applied to square matrices, and, for ! matrices, e"aluate determinants and find in"erses of non-singular matrices# b) formulate a problem in"ol"ing the solution of equations in un$no%ns as a problem in"ol"ing the solution of a matri& equation, and "ice-"ersa# c) understand the cases that may arise concerning the consistency or inconsistency of linear simultaneous equations, relate them to the singularity or other%ise of the corresponding square matri&, and sol"e consistent systems'

Section 1: Solving simultaneous equations in 3 un no!ns

(n )*+, you need to be able to sol"e a set of simultaneous equations in"ol"ing un$no%ns' The usual elimination method can be used' )irst you try to eliminate one of the un$no%ns from the equations, to be left %ith , equations in , un$no%ns' Then you eliminate a second un$no%n to be left %ith one equation in one un$no%n' "#ample: -ol"e the equations: x . ,y . /z 0 1 x . ,y . 2z 0 ,+ /x . y . ,z 0 +/

Solution: (n these equations it is probably simplest to eliminate y first: ,x . z 0 +/ -0 2x 3 z 0 1 , - 0 4e&t %e can eliminate 5: 1x 0 ,+ .0 6e can no% see that x0 )rom equation , %e get: z 0 +/ 3 7 0 8 )rom equation , %e ha"e y 0 +/ 3 +, 3 +7 0 -+/ $eometrical interpretation: 9ach of the three original equations represents a plane in dimensional space' The three planes intersect at the point : , -+/, 8)' ;;; -ometimes %e ha"e a system of t%o equations in"ol"ing un$no%ns' (n such situations %e cannot find a unique solution, but %e can sol"e the equations by introducing a parameter' The solutions to the equations are then e&pressed in terms of this parameter' "#ample %: -ol"e the equations: x 3 y . /z 0 2 x . ,y 3 z 0 ,

Solution: 6e introduce a parameter: let z = t' Then, on rearrangement, the equations become: x 3 y 0 2 - /t x . ,y 0 , . t

:4ote %e could ha"e let y = t or x = t instead)

4e&t %e need to eliminate another "ariable, such as y: 1x 0 +, - 2t , . 0 2 +, x= 1 1t -o, 6e can then find y: y 0 x 3 2 . /t y = 17 +2 t 2 + /t 1 i'e' y=+ + +1 t 1
2t y = + ++ t x = +, 1 , 1 1 1 , z = t'

:from )

-o o"erall the solutions are:

$eometrical interpretation: The original t%o equations represent planes in three dimensional space' The t%o planes intersect to form a line' Our solutions gi"e all the points on this line' Occasionally %e need to sol"e a single equation in"ol"ing un$no%ns' (n such situations %e ob"iously cannot find a unique solution, but %e can sol"e the equations by introducing t%o parameters' The solution to the equation is then e&pressed in terms of these parameters' "#ample 3: -ol"e the equation ,x 3 /y . z 0 1 Solution: 6e introduce , parameters, such as y = t and z = u' Then x 0 '2 . ,y 3 <'2z (from ) -o x 0 '2 . ,t 3 <'2u Therefore the o"erall solution is x 0 '2 . ,t 3 <'2u, y = t and z = u' "#amination question &'une %(() *+*, -ol"e the simultaneous equations ,x + 1 y z = 2 x + y + z = +< 8x + 7 y = 1 =int: 9liminate z first as one equation already has no z in it :so you >ust need to eliminate z from the top , equations)'

1-1

.onsistent and inconsistent equations

?ll the equations that %e ha"e considered so far in this unit can be sol"ed :they ha"e all been consistent equations)' -ome systems of equations cannot be sol"ed because the equations are contradictory 3 such equations are called inconsistent' "#ample: -uppose %e tried to sol"e the equations x 3 ,y . z 0 / ,x . y 3 ,z 0 , x . 8y 3 2z 0 + 6e could try to eliminate x first: -,7y . +7z 0 + -+ y . 8z 0 < (f %e no% eliminate z: <0+ - , Clearly this is a contradiction' The equations therefore ha"e no solution' The equations are inconsistent' ;;; -ometimes %e may be gi"en equations, such as x . ,y . z 0 1 ,x 3 y . /z 0 + 2x 3 y . 2z 0 8 but one of the equations might be able to be e&pressed in terms of the other t%o :here the third equations is the sum of the top t%o equations)' The equations are then called linearly dependent equations and can then only be sol"ed by introducing a parameter' "#ample %: -ol"e the system of equations: ,x 3 y 0 + x . ,z 0 + y . /z 0 , Solution: 6e ha"e equations in un$no%ns' 6e could start by eliminating 5 :%hich is already not present in the top equation): ,x 3 y 0 + 0 7x 3 y 0 , - 0 6e can no% try to eliminate y: <0< - - 0 - , 0

This is a true, but unhelpful, equation@ This means that the equations must ha"e been linearly dependent equations :in fact 0 , - )' 6e therefore introduce a parameter, such as x = t' Then from equation , %e get y 0 + - ,t'

?lso from : ,z 0 + 3 t

i'e' z 0 7'2 3 +'2t'

Summary: Ai"en a system of equations in un$no%ns, there are possible scenarios: +) There is a unique solution# ,) There are an infinite number of solutions# ) There is no solution, (n cases :+) and :,) the equations are called consistent' (n case : ) the equations are called inconsistent' /or ed e#amination question &'anuary %((3 *+*, Three simultaneous equations are x y 2z = 2 :+) , x + y 2 z = +< :,) x + y + az = 1 : ) %here a is a constant' a) )or a B - , find the unique solution of the equations' b) (n the case %hen a 0 - find the general solution of the equations# Solution: a) (t is easiest to start by eliminating y 2x 3 +<z 0 +2 x -2z 3 az 0

:+) . :,) :,) 3 : )

The top equation abo"e can be simplified by di"iding by 2: x 3 ,z 0 :/) The bottom equation can be simplified by collecting the z terms together: x . :-2 - a)z 0 :2) 6e can sol"e equations :/) and :2) by eliminating &: -,z 3 :-2 3 a)z 0 < :/) - :2) -,z . 2z . az 0 < : . a)z 0 < :;) i'e' z0< :pro"ided a B - ) 6e can no% find x from equation :/): y can be found, e'g' from equation :,): -o the solutions are x 0 , y 0 / and z 0 <' b) 6hen a 0 - , equation :;) abo"e becomes <z 0 <' The equations are not inconsistent, but instead %e only ha"e , linearly independent equations' 6e can sol"e these using a parameter' Cet z = t' Then from equation :/) abo"e: Then from equation :,): =ence the solutions are: x 0 . ,z 0 . ,t y 0 +< . 2z 3 ,x 0 +< . 2t 3 ,: . ,t) 0 / . t y 0 / . t and z = t' x0 y 0 +< . 2z 3 ,x 0 /

x 0 . ,t ,

Section %: 0eterminants and inverses of 3 by 3 matrices

%-1 0eterminants of 3 by 3 matrices
The determinant of a general by matri& is defined as follo%s: a b c e f d f d e det d e f = a b +c h i g i g h g h i { 123 123
this is the matri& left %hen the ro% and column containing a are deleted this is the matri& left %hen the ro% and column containing b are deleted

this is the matri& left %hen the ro% and column containing c are deleted

4ote:

e h

f stands for the determinant of the , by , matri& i + 2 ' <

e h

f i

'

, "#ample: )ind det , + + / , , + det Solution: + /

+ + 2 , 2 , + 2 0 , : ) ++ 0 ,:-,<) . :2) . +:D) 0 -+7 / < + < + / <

/or ed e#amination question &'anuary %((1 *+*, The matrices P and + are defined in terms of the constant k by , + 2 / + P = + + k and + = k +' 2 , , 1 9&press detP and det+ in terms of k' Solution: , + + k + k + + det P = det + + k = , ++ , 2 , 2 2 , 0 :-, 3 k) - ,:, 3 2k) . +: . 2) 0 -7 - Dk - / . +<k . 8 0k-, 2 / + k + + k det + = det k + = 2 / ++ , 1 , 1 1 , 0 2:,k . ) 3 /:7 . 1) . +:D 3 1k) 0 +<k . +2 3 2, . D 3 1k 0 k - ,8

"#amination question &'anuary %(() *+*, The matri& * is gi"en by a 2 / * = / a < , a + %here a is a constant' 9&press det:*) in terms of a'

"#amination question &'anuary %((2 *+* )ind the "alue of the determinant , , + + < ' < + ,

%-%

Singular matrices

Recall that a matri& * is called singular if det* 0 <' "#ample: )ind the "alue of k for %hich the matri& + , k + / , < is singular'

Solution: + , + / k / k + det k + / = , + 0 ,: 3 <) 3 : $ 3 8) . :-+):< 3 ,) < , , < , < 0 7 3 D$ . ,/ . , 0 , 3 D$ The matri& is singular if , 3 D$ 0 <, i'e. k 0 D, '

%-3

3nverse of a 3 by 3 matri#

0efinition: The minor determinant of an element in a by matri& is the determinant of the , by , matri& formed %hen the ro% and column containing the element are deleted' 0efinition: The transpose of a matri& is obtained by s%apping o"er the ro%s and columns of the matri&' , + + / , "#ample: / + < = + < , < , < T 4ote: * means the transpose of matri& *' ? by matri& can be in"erted if it is non-singular' by a b matri&, d e g h c f ' i
T

There are a number of steps in"ol"ed in finding the in"erse of a

Step 1:)ind the determinant of the matri&' Step %: )orm the matri& consisting of the minor determinants of e"ery element in the original matri&: A B C D ! " # $ a %here A 0 det d g b e h c e f 0 h i f , i a 0 det d g b e h c a c f 0 , etc g i i

Step 3: Change the sign of e"ery other element of the ne% matri&: A B C D ! ' " # $ Step 2: )ind the transpose of this matri& and di%ide by the determinant'

 , + + ' "#ample: )ind the in"erse of the matri& < + , + + Solution: , + + < < + < + = , + det + + :+) Step 1: )ind the determinant: + + , + , + , + + 0 ,:+ . ) 3 +:-7) 3 +:-,) 08.7., 0 +7' Step %: )orm the matri& of minor determinants:
+ + + + + + < , , , , < < , , , + + + +

+ + + +

+ + + +

/ 7 , 0 < / / ' / 7 , , + < +

Step 3: ?d>ust the signs of e"ery other element :starting %ith the second entry): / 7 , < / / / 7 , Step 2: Ta$e the transpose and di"ide by the determinant: + < + / < / / + / + 7 / 7 0 8 / +7 , / , 8+ + + 8 / 8 + / -o the in"erse matri& is 8 + 8 <
+ / + /

8 ' + 8
+ /

4ote: Eou can chec$ the ans%er if you %ish 3 if you multiply the in"erse matri& by the original matri& you should get the identity matri&' "#amination question &'anuary %((1 "de#cel,
k * 5 < D + + + , k , %here k is a real constant' <

:a) )ind "alues of k for %hich * is singular' :b) Ai"en that * is non-singular, find, in terms of k, *3+'

"#amination question &'une %(() "de#cel,

* 5 , / , < , / , k

:a) -ho% that det * 0 ,< 3 /k' :b) )ind *3+'

Section 3 6se of matrices to represent and solve equations

The equations ax + by + cz = l dx + ey + fz = m gx + hy + iz = n a b d e g h or x l * y = m ' z n The equations therefore ha"e a unique solution pro"ided that * is a non7singular matri&, i'e' pro"ided that det* B <' (f this is the case, then the solutions can be found as: x l y = * + m z n "#ample: The equations c x l f y = m i z n

can be represented in matri& form as

,x + y + z = 7 x + , y + z = 7'2 / x , y 2z = , , + + x 7 + , y = 7'2 ' / , 2 z ,

can be represented as:

, + + + , ' det To see %hether a solution e&ists %e need to find / , 2 , + + , + ++ This determinant is , 0 ,:-/) 3 :-+1) . :-+<) 0 -+ , 2 / 2 / , Therefore %e $no% that the equations do ha"e a unique solution' , + + ' To find the solution %e need to find the in"erse of the matri& + , / , 2 6e follo% the / steps from the pre"ious section:-

Step 1: )ind the determinant: %e ha"e already found that this is -+' Step %: )orm the matri& of minor determinants :%hich, for a particular entry in the matri&, is the determinant of the , by , matri& that is left %hen the ro% and column containing the entry are deleted): / +1 +< +/ 8 + 2 Step 3: ?d>ust the signs of e"ery other element :starting %ith the second entry): / +1 +< +/ 8 + 2 Step 2: Ta$e the transpose and di"ide by the determinant: / + / + + +1 +/ 2 = +1 +/ 2 +< 8 + +< 8 / + -o the in"erse matri& is +1 +/ 2 ' +< 8 =ence the solutions to the equations are found by x / + 7 ,'2 y = +1 +/ 2 7'2 = + ' z +< 8 , , Therefore x 0 ,'2, y 0 -+ and z 0 ,' /or ed e#amination question &'une %(() *+*, Three simultaneous equations are gi"en by x + y y + x y )ind, in either order: a) e&pressions for x, y and z in terms of a, b and c# b) the in"erse of the matri& + + < + + +

= a ,z = b z = c

< ,

'

Solution: The equations can be represented as + + < x a < + , y = b ' + + z c ?ns%ering part :b) first: To find the in"erse of the matri& %e follo% the / steps: + + < + , < , < + + +< Step 1: )ind the determinant: det < + , = + + + + + + + 0 +:-+) 3 :-,) . < 0+ Step %: )orm the matri& of minor determinants: + , + , , , + Step 3: ?d>ust the signs of e"ery other element :starting %ith the second entry): + , + , , , + Step 2: Ta$e the transpose and di"ide by the determinant: + + , + + , + -o the in"erse is , + , , , ' + , + , = , + + , , , +

a) To get e&pressions for x, y and z: x + y = , z + , , a a + b + ,c , b = ,a b ,c + c a + ,b + c

"#amination question &8.R, , + + < * = + , %here a B +' The matri& * is gi"en by + + a a) )ind the in"erse of ?' b) =ence or other%ise sol"e the equations ,x 3 y . z 0 < y&z0+ x & y & az 0 '

"#amination question &8.R, , < + (t is gi"en that the matri& 9 0 < / a is non-singular' D 2 1 a) )ind the set of possible "alues of a' b) )ind the in"erse of 9' c) -ol"e the equations ,x - z0+ /y . az 0 Dx 3 2y 3 1z 0 , for x' y and z in terms of a'

/or ed e#amination question &8.R 'une %((2 adapted, Consider the follo%ing three equations: x + y z =+ x y + kz = 1 , x + ky z = + a) )ind the possible "alues of the constant $ for %hich the equations do not ha"e a unique solution' b) )ind the solution to the equations x + y z =+ x y+z =1 , x + y z = + Solution: + + + + k ' a) The matri& of coefficients is: , k + + + + + k 0 <' The equations do not ha"e a unique solution if det , k + + + + k + k + + det + + k = + + : +) Fut k + , + , k , k + 0 :+ 3 k,) 3 :-+ 3 ,k) 3 :k . ,) 0 3 k, . + . ,k 3 k 3 , 0 , . k - k, -o determinant is < if , . k - k, 0 <, i'e' if k, 3 k 3 , 0 <, i'e' if : k . ,):k 3 +) 0 < -o the equations do not ha"e a unique solution if k 0 -,G or k 0 +' b) The equations in part :b) are the equations in part :a) %ith k 0 +' )rom part :a), %e $no% that %hen k 0 + the equations do not ha"e a unique solution' -o %e cannot sol"e these equations using a matri& method' (nstead the equations need to be sol"ed by elimination: x + y z =+ x y+z =1 , x + y z = + Try to eliminate z first: /x 0 8 x07 :+) . :,) 0 :/) :,) . : ) 0 :2) :+) :,) : )

4otice that by eliminating z %e ha"e also eliminated y' These t%o equations both tell us that x 0 ,' ?s there is not a unique solution, %e need to introduce a parameter' Cet z = t' Then, from equation :+): y 0 + . z 3 x 0 + . t 3 7 0 t 3 2'

-o the solutions are: x 0 ,, y 0 t 3 2, z = t'

"#amination question &8.R 'anuary %((), :i) )ind the "alues of the constant $ for %hich the matri& 1 k + k + + 1 is singular' :ii) -ol"e the simultaneous equations 1x 3 y & z 0 D -x . y . z 0 x . 1y . z 0 e&pressing your ans%er in terms of a parameter'

"#amination question &4orthern 3reland, Consider the follo%ing system of simultaneous equations: x y + ,z = 7 ,x + y z = 1 x + D y 8 z = / :i) Fy e"aluating an appropriate determinant, sho% that this system does not ha"e a unique solution' :ii) -ol"e this system of equations'

/or ed e#amination question &'une %((3 *+* adapted, The matri& * is gi"en by , + + * = k k ' , a) :i) -ho% that det* is independent of k' :ii) 9&plain %hy the equations ,x . y 3 z 0 kx . y & kz 0 , x . ,y 3 z 0 + ha"e a unique solution %hate"er the "alue of k' b) Ai"en that k 0 +, find *-+' Solution: a) , + + k k k k det k k = , + + :+) , , , = ,:D ,k ) : k k ) :,k D) = +8 /k + 7k ,k + D = D This determinant is independent of k :since k is not included in the e&pression for the determinant)' b) :i) The equations ha"e a unique solution pro"ided that the determinant of the coefficient matri& is non-5ero' -ince the determinant is -D, it can ne"er 5ero :%hate"er the "alue of $)' -o the equations al%ays ha"e a unique solution' , + + + ' :ii) -uppose k 0 +' Then * = + , To find the in"erse of * %e need to follo% the / steps' Step 1: )ind the determinant' This is -D' Step %: )orm the matri& of minor determinants: ++ 7 1 + + / 2 Step 3: ?d>ust the signs of e"ery other element :starting %ith the second entry): ++ 7 + / 1 + 2

++ + / + 7 Step 2: Ta$e the transpose and di"ide by the determinant: D 1 + 2 This is the in"erse matri&'