WEEK 1

Prehistoric Mohenjodaro Stamp seal Painted pottery Jade

Jade: nephrites (amphibole with a microstructure of randomly-oriented bundles of felted and twisted fiber) - fibers tightly packed , no clear structure not jadite, nephrite paler Jade-making techniques and socials implications abrading, grinding, magnification abundance in natural resources, human labor "expensive" materials in tombs As Kings: defense, food production priority, if surplus in natural resources -> do anything else (Inda --> burn dead body, preserve body- with social stratification objects) natural being and human (both features), political leader, or god? iconography Jade disk, plaque, thin and small jade axe with wood handle tube: circle and square

Week 2

Yin
last of the shang capitals c.1300-1050, cradle of early china Material Manifestations capital yin was a major cult center palace/ancestral temples and tombs

Ancestral worship Fu Hao

Tomb of FuHao Located in Anyang, henen, 1200BCE concort of King Wu Ding once sent with 3000 men to battle

Piece-mold bronze casting

piece-mold casting, time consuming, accident, not efficient, new mold every time typology and decor vessel for food and drinks Shang: partying for the living and the dead raised pattern juxtapose against blood Ding: food vessels, round and square Jue: drink elevated, Zun: combination of animal motifs

decorative motifs: animal like Zoomophoric, real anime, human Bronze Vessels pitcher with lid square caudron ~70% copper, rest tin, 5%lead, some zinc build a kiln to melt and mix metal (build on pattery technology) requires good road and people coordinate lots of people involved, cars sturdy sophisticated

Taotie
Taotie: ubiquitous, meaning? combination of animal features

Sanxingdui
SanXingDui located in Guanghan County, near Chengdu 4 major sacrifice pit Shang marks the beginning of (dynastic?) China Yangshao, Shannxi, dominted middle of China Yellow River and Yangtz River Liangzhu, Zhejiang (Shanghai), ready access to ocean, agreeable weather, network of trade - rich soil, delta, abundance of crops - Site of Yaoshan, Jade, - 3000bCE, sophisticated culture of making jade - Cemetary; 3 layers of soil, pound dirt vigoriously to make "stone"- foundation to structure many layers--> prepared carefully 12 holes distributed unevenly: upper row, jade axes, tubes, burried men lower row, neckness and spinning wheel, buried women reflect hiarchy, preserved in afterlife, projection of this life will carry over recurring theme; trace to neolithic time Bronze age - the Three Dynasty Xia, Shang, Zhou Xia, no script 1200BCE, contempory written record, writing system Late shang at Anyang Xia does not concrete historical evidence.... not globally accepted The Shang State 3 main capitals Shang defeated Xia, Xia became vessels Patrilineal hierarchy, delegate - give brothers land and they build feudal system Oracle Bone inscriptions material; ox scapula (shoulder blade), turtle plastron/Shell

use it with medicinal purposes 5000 characters 3000 deciphered made for specific purpose, communicate with some being, pass message giving birth to a child... concerns: good harvest? weather? what kind of ritual appropriate for ancester? Shang Royal cult King chief diviner in the state Cosmological hierachy Di/ Shang Di, high gold or dynastic progenitor nature spirit and remote ancestors recent ancestors king human subject shang notions of life, afterlife and cosmo

Mandate of Heaven Zhou ritual reform Warring States Marquis Yi of Zeng

Marquis Double coffins Symbolic compartmented Site plan, Marquis can travel freely in tomb Real people sacrifice

Lacquer
Lac, Sap of trees native to south China (warmer, humid weather) Production techniques and social implication Boil first to separate varnish Apply purified lac (mixed with pigment) to surfaces Laborious process - Elaborate handle Lacquer ware and bronzes share same characteristic Juxtaposition between black and red

First Emperor of Qin

Unification of China under Qin - previously Warring States period (450-221BCE) 7 states fighting each other Chinese stance on Taiwan sovereignty influenced

Ying Zheng (259-210 BCE) Early years under the regency of Lu buwei (Chronicle of Spring and Autumn) forced to commit suicide Legalist policy o Human nature is capricious, you can never count on ppl virtue o There needs to be set of law, and violation will be punished o Han feizi, Li Si o To be a good leader, need to hide your face, must be dictator, not democracy o Han died in political struggle Qin first took over Han Assassination attempt by Jing ke o Need bait to ask for a audience, defected general head o Dagger in map end up getting stuck in column o YingZheng sped of conquest as a result Gave himself a new title ShiHuangDi original sovereign emperor Ego Centralized government Standardized weight, language Great Wall of China Construction began in warring state period, Qin adopted Wall made of straw and mud, not very tall Restrict mobility, control own people Cultural policies: dont want opinion to secure power, eliminate, kill intellectuals Burn books of different views

Lishan mausoleum
Began 237 and left unfinished in 210, under the supervision of Li si. Prime minister Conceptualization Tomb first discovered in 1974 (pit no.1); tomb proper remains unexcavated. Continuities and innovations

Li Si Mingqi
Definition; replica, surrogate or substitute, often made in some inexpensive medium Clay soldiers instead of real people Only for funeral purposes, not real life Wooden figurines from chu,th cent. BCE ChangAn/ Xian Had been capital for many dynasties Like to separate place for living and place for the dead Tomb is not completely excavated

Only salvage work, when need to build road Cannot afford the conservation Leave for time being Mechanical mercury river Man-made pyramid soil is pounded earth Kneeling figure Ceremonial hall, people living around to take care of tomb (possibly build a town around) Like real chariots but half size As soon as the tomb proper is finished, workers are killed off Terracotta soldiers are quite far from the round of chariot 4 pit only half done Fairly accurate representation of real army 1. Food soldiers 2. Calvary 3. Headquarter 7000 soldiers, not all are excavated Trenches Soldiers slightly larger than life, Includes actual weapon Chariot wood burned in fire Archer Outfitted with sward Many weapons were looted and sabotaged Pit No.2 1300 soldiers and cavalry unions Pit No.3 Command HQ higher rank Emperors Magic army Clay is preferred medium, cheaper, available, durable Legacy beyond this life Army had to be durable Had to be finished within a reasonable time frame Look real Made with expertise of drainage pipe makers Use of clay Not individualized portraits Prefabricated parts: plinth, feet, legs below garment, torso, arms, hands, head Modular system; efficient process, create appearance of variety - No portrait of emperor
th

Module
Standardization of society Module: a set of parts that can be connected or combined to build or complete something

Week 4

Emperor Wu of Western Han Mawangdui Liu Sheng Cult of Immortality Confucianism Koguryo
Koguryo: most of northern Korea, part of china o Close ties with China o Silla unified whole of peninsula o Teamed up with China River Mountain along the north, protection Silla isolated, but also limit expansion

Chronology of Koguryo 37 BCE founding of states legendary? 313 BC defeat of chinas lelang colony 391-531 dominance and territorial expansion o 427 removal of capital from Chip-an to Pyongyang o (to expand southward to conquer rest of peninsula 610, 612 CE invasion of Sui china o Disastrous for both sides sui collapsed after exhausted resources 668 defeated by Silla and Tang China Learned Chinese way of governing Chronology of Silla 57 BCE founding of saro around Kyongju o Nomadic beginning o Progenitor was born from an egg. 350CE rise of the kim clan (goldsmiths 417-458 introduction of Buddhism 562-668 period of conquest

Mounded tombs
4 century BCE Originated from china Adapted Above ground and below ground Lishan Mausoleum Mounded tombs in Kyongju Furnished tomb proper Wall decorated with paintings Koguryo model: horizontal, multi-chambered, accessible o Family burial, doors not completely sealed
th

people will see decoration, for dead and living o Some worship of the dead in the tomb Silla model: wood sub-terrain structure, topped with boulders, o stone-surround wooden chamber, inaccessible wood rot and collapse

Nations of japan, korea did not exist yet Commonality: built mounded tomb Have been claimed as multiple national heritage

Anak
Anak Tomb no.3, dated 357 CE, s. of Pyongyang o Entrances faces south, 2 side chambers 5 chamber o Mural painting o Looted only paintings remain o Plan; compare to Shandong, China proximity - Built entirely of stone o Body in north chamber o Main meeting space in the middle, o N. procession scene: - Man carriage, musicians, military guard - Procession of the dead. Tour the destination? o W. portraits of the deceased, new fashion - think accessibility, intended for offspring o E. scene from domestic life, storage space? Kitchen scene Meet rack, large pot, storage space Preparing food: how people ate back then the The dead expect to be fed.. well o Columns decorated with geometric patterns o Ceiling has a lotus flower, symbol in Buddhism - 4-6 center, religion practiced by the ruling elite o o o o Tongsu, ex-general from the state of yan, china who served under King Kogukwon 331-371 Defected Reflect: on his status after or before defect Frontal portrait, nice black hat, official?, mustache: adult man Fancy gown, holding a fan, seated inside tent, on raised background Not dressed as a general, multiple layer o Surrounded by male and female servants o Hierarchical scale: more important the bigger o Wife of tongsu, depicted on side wall view, suggest hierarchy to men Elaborate dress, embroidery? For women Men have conservative

 Sign of being well-fed Portrait of deceased, tomb at Anping, Hebei. Only one time to represent yourself Corridor (...missed)

Royal tombs outside Kyongju, Kyongsang (capital of Silla) o Not allowed for re-entry o Burial goods: gold works (kim clan) Gold crown and belt queens, hwangnam tomb, 550 - CE th Gold crown tomb 5 cent. Noth and central Asian prototypes North Afghanistan 100BCE-100ce Inner Mongolia th Dagger and sheath, Kyerim-no tomb no 14, 5 cent. From the Mediterranean Appearance of tree, tree of life Belief in shamanisms , o Ewer in the shape of a

Yamato
Kofun japan old tomb culture Rise of the yamato Between jamon period Osaka Kansai, nara People migrate to kyoshu

Haniwa
Haniwa circle of clay o Clay cylinders and sculptures placed around a tomb mound, not burial goods o Outer structure o Distribution across japan Barrel with hole west o Building model o Horses, warriors- Tokyo the east Imperial tomb at Suyama ,Nara 4-5 cent CE Barrels? Re-arranged Enforce periphery

Tomb of king Nintoku Located near Osaka, japan, th cent. CE keyhole layout Difficult to get material, ban from imperial household, o Non indigenous people inside?! Korean feature? OwO Prehistoric A term that describes something from early cultures of which there are either no written records or have writing records that have yet to be deciphered. An example of a prehistoric artwork would be the dancing girl of Mohenjodaro. Mohenjodaro A major Indus Valley civilization located in present day Pakistan that existed from 2600-

1900 BCE. The city was highly organized in urban planning and is well known for its Great Bath. Historical objects of art from this area include bronze sculptures, stone sculptures, and stamp seals. An example of art from this area would be the dancing girl of Mohenjodaro. Stamp Seal A distinctive artwork from the Indus Valley culture. It is carved from steatite, coated, and fired. It is generally inscribed with animal imagery and legends in the Indus Valley script. An example of a stamp seal would be the Shiva Seal from Mohenjo-daro. Painted Pottery A type of artwork characteristic of the Yangshao culture. The medium of these artworks was fired clay which was then painted. This painted pottery was used for many things including funerary urns. Common decorative motifs included cowrie shells and geometric designs. An example of painted pottery would be the Painted Basin from the Yangshao culture. Jade A hard, mineral gemstone that is either nephrite or jadeite. Jade was highly prized by the Chinese and was commonly carved and grinded into luxury items. Jade items illustrated abundance in a societys resources and labor. Jade also acted as a status symbol and was often buried in the tombs of noblemen. An example of a jade artwork would be the Jade cong tube from the Liangzhu culture. Yin The location of the Shang Dynastys last capital and present -day Anyang. Yin was the center of Shang ritual culture and possessed the grandest tombs including the tomb of Fu Hao, the twelfth ruler Wu Dings consort. An example of art from this area would be the Kneeling Jade Figurine from Fu Haos Tomb. Ancestral Worship A practice characteristic of Chinese cultures in which humans, animals, or food were sacrificed to appease the deceased. The belief behind this practice was that the dead existed as spiritual deities who still influenced the world of the living. An example of art involved in ancestral worship would be the Jia Vessel from the Shang Dynasty. Fu Hao A consort of Wu Ding, the twelfth ruler of Shang, who was also a military general and high priestess. Fu Haos tomb at Yin remains the only undisturbed royal Shang tomb and contains a treasure trove of Shang jades and bronzes. An example of art from Fu Haos tomb would be the Kneeling Jade Figurine. Piece-mold bronze casting A technique popularized in the Shang and used by the Chinese to create their bronzes. It required making an exact clay model of the bronze vessel-to-be which would create the outer mold and then a shaved down version of the clay model to become the core of the mold. An example of art created by this method would be the Bronze Jue Vessel from Fu Haos tomb. Taotie A motif that commonly appears on Chinese ritual bronze vessels from the Shang and Zhou dynasties. The motif consists of a humanoid face with eyebrows, bulging eyes, and bared teeth. Tao-tie literally translates to gluttonous ogre mask but this term is a misnomer because the mask may represent something else. An example of an artwork with this motif would be the Jia Vessel from the Shang Dynasty. Sanxingdui An area in Sichuan famous for revealing a new category of Shang bronze art life-sized standing figures of totemic or shamanistic type. Sanxingdui might have been the capital of an ancient kingdom known as Shu. Unlike at Anyang, Sanxingdui does not have any noticeable traces of human sacrifices nor oracle bones. An example of an artwork from Sanxingdui would be the Bronze Standing Figure, Pit No.2. Mandate of Heaven The idea that the right to rule was determined by divine favor and that the purpose of the ruling class was to carry out the will of heaven. This concept originated to support the rule of the Zhou rulers and their overthrow of the Shang. There is no visual example for the Mandate of Heaven. Zhou Ritual Reform An attempt by the Zhou Dynasty to shift away from animistic elements and standardize ritual paraphernalia to streamline ritual practices. This had the effect of making rituals more formal and increased the purity of the ceremony. Additionally, wine ritual vessels were eliminated

indicating new rituals centered upon presentation of food. An example of art that followed this reform would be the Gui Ceremonial Food Vessel of the Middle Zhou Period. Warring States A period that lasted from 481-221BCE where the seven Zhou states engaged in internecine warfare and that culminated in the Qin Unification of China. An example of art from this period would be the Jade Bi Disk from the late Zhou Dynasty. Marquis Yi of Zeng - A noble of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, who is famous for his intact tomb located in Sui Xian, China. One of the notable funerary items in his tomb is his double coffin, which contains symbolic compartments on the surface. The site plan allows the spirit of Yi to travel freely in his grave, and the tomb shows signs of human sacrifices. An example of artwork from the tomb of Marquis Yi would be A Set of Bronze Bells. Lacquer: A clear and polished coating on vessels that is made of extracted sap from Lac trees. The process is laborious due to the need to apply multiple coatings and thus the finished lacquer products were generally luxury items. The most famous example of lacquer was Marquis Double Coffins during the Zhou period. First Emperor of Qin: A man named Ying Zheng who unified China after the Warring States period. He erected a centralized government,imposed a Legalist policy upon his empire, standardized weight and currency, and built the Great Wall. He was buried in the Lishan Mausoleum which was famous for its clay Mingqi army. Lishan Mausoleum: A mounded tomb in Xian where the First Emperor of Qin is buried. Construction of the tomb began in 237 BCE but was left unfinished in 210 BCE. The tomb contains a large terracotta army meant to serve the Emperor in the afterlife. An example of artwork from the tomb would be the Archer from Pit no. 1. Li Si: A prime minister of the first emperor of Qin who supervised the construction of the Lishan Mausoleum and also assisted in Qin Shi Huang Dis enforcement of Legalist policies. Mingqi: Situation where cheaper substitutes are used in place of valuable sacrifices and offerings for funerary purposes. Mingqi served as symbolic representations of the object they resembled and were thought to be able to follow the deceased into the afterlife. The terracotta soldiers of the Lishan Mausoleum are an example of Mingqi to replace real human sacrifices. Module: A set of parts that can be connected or combined to build or complete something; an idea first popularized in the Qin dynasty during which the society was rapidly standardized. The fact that terracotta soldiers found in Lishan Mausoleum are made separately (hands, armors, faces etc) and then assembled is a good illustration of this concept. Emperor Wu of Western Han: The Seventh Han Emperor who ruled from 140-87BCE and was an avid promoter of Confucianism. Han Wu Di eventually overthrew the Korean state of Choson and incorporated Korea into the Chinese Empire. Mawangdui: A Western Han tomb located in Changsha, China. It is a modestly-sized vertical tomb that housed Lady Dai and her immediate family along with many artifacts. One example of the artifacts present is the Painted banner, silk from Mawangdui Tomb No. 1 Liu Sheng: Chinese prince in the Western Han dynasty whose tomb was located at Mancheng. Liu Shengs tomb contained a treasure trove of Han metalwork. An example of artwork from his tomb would be the Jade Burial Suit. Cult of Immortality: An enduring preoccupation with eternal life and the means to achieve them characteristic of the Han Dynasty. Taoism became deeply intertwined with this cult and practices such as embalming and ingesting jade or mercury rose during this period. Confucianism: A philosophy dating to the late Zhou period that emphasized political and familial relationships, a code of ethics, and regulation of government. This belief system was created by

Confucius and attempted to offer remedies to the social breakdown of the Warring States period. Koguryo: One of the Three Kingdoms of Korea and located around the northern Korean peninsula from 37BCE-668CE. A visual example of Koguryo culture would be the Anak Tomb no.3 located in Anak. Mounded Tombs: A special tomb structure in which the tomb is made by building a pyramidal mound of earth over the burial.This type of burial is shared by the Chinese, Korean and Japanese cultures. An example of a mounded tomb is the Lishan Mausoleum in Xian. Anak: An old Korean province in present-day Pyongyang. It is most known for Anak Tomb no.3, dated 357 CE, which was a chamber tomb of the Koguryo culture. Yamato: The name points to the line of rulers who ruled during the Kofun and Asuka period in the Nara region in Japan. The Kofun period is known for the mounded tombs built during this era and most tombs were built for the Yamato family. Emperor Nintoku, for whom was built a key-shaped mound tomb, was a part of the Yamato family. Haniwa: Clay cylinders and sculptures placed around the periphery of a Japanese tomb mound during the Kofun period to reinforce the boundary of the site. They are not burial goods, but can sometimes represent animal spirits, important ancestors, or guardians of the tomb site. Haniwa tended to be executed quickly and with less attention to detail. An example of haniwa would be the Haniwa: Warrior in Armor from the Kofun Period of Japan.

1. City of Mohenjodaro, Harappan or Indus Valleycivilization, Indic,2600-1900 BCE. Lee pl. 1 2. Dancing girl, copper, Harappan or Indus Valley civilization, Indic, 2600-1900 BCE. Lee pl. 5 3. Yogi, square stamp seal, steatite, Harappan or Indus Valleycivilization, Indic,2600-1900 BCE. Lee pl. 7

4. Painted

basin, Banpo,Shaanxi, Yangshao culture, China, c. 4000 BCE. Lee pl. 10 5. Black stem cup, Donghaiyu, Shandong, Longshan culture, China, c. 3000-2000 BCE 6. Jade cong tube, Yaoshan,Zhejiang, Liangzhu culture, China, c. 3000 BCE. Lee pl. 12

1. Plan of Fu Hao 's tomb, Anyang, Henan, Shang dynasty, China, c. 1200 BCE. 2. Kneeling figurine, jade, Fu Hao s tomb, Anyang, Henan, Shang dynasty, China, c. 1200 BCE.Lee pl. 23 3. Bronze jue vessel, Fu Hao s tomb, Anyang, Henan, Shang dynasty, China, c. 1200 BCE.

4. Bronze owl-shaped zun vessel, Fu Hao s tomb, Anyang, Henan, Shang dynasty, China, c. 1200 BCE.
5. Bronze square ding vessel, Fu Hao s tomb, Anyang, Henan, Shang dynasty, China, c. 1200 BCE. 6. Bronze standing figure, Pit no. 2 of Sanxingdui, Sichuan, China, 1200-1050 BCE. Lee pl. 41.

1. Bronze panvessel, Zhuangbo Hoard no. 1, Fufeng, Shaanxi province, 10 th-9thcenturies BCE, Western Zhou dynasty, China. 2. Bronze tiger, Freer Gallery of Art, WashingtonD.C., 10 th century BCE, Western Zhou dynasty, China. Leefig. 4647.

3.Reconstructed model of Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng, Sui County, Hubei, China, 433 BCE.

4. set of bronze bells, Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng,Sui County, Hubei, China, 433 BCE. Lee fig. 52.

5. Bronze zun-panvessel, Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng, Sui County, Hubei, China, 433 BCE
6.Plan of Lishan Mausoleum for First Emperor of Qin, Lintong, Shaanxi, 237-210 BCE, Qin dynasty, Ch

7. Overview of the underground army in Pit no. 1, Lishan Mausoleum, Lintong, Shaanxi, late 3rd century BCE, Qin dynasty, China. Lee fig. 71. 8. Archer from Pit no. 1, Lishan Mausoleum, Lintong, Shaanxi, late 3rd century BCE, Qin dynasty, China

9. Different facial types for members of the underground army, Lishan Mausoleum, Lintong, Shaanxi, late
3rd century BCE, Qin dynasty, China. 10.Bronze chariots discovered west of tumulus, Lishan Mausoleum, Lintong, Shaanxi, late 3rd century BCE, Qin dynasty, China. Lee fig. 73.

1.Layout

of Mawangdui Tomb No. 1, Changsha, Hunan, China, early 2

nd

centuryBCE

2.Second outer coffin (2 China,early 2

nd

from outside),lacquer, Mawangdui Tomb No. 1, Changsha, Hunan,

nd

century BCE. Lee fig. 75 (detail).

3. Painted banner, silk, Mawangdui Tomb No. 1, Changsha, Hunan, China, early 2 BCE. Lee fig. 77 and color pl. 6 (detail)

nd

century

4.Tray with

cups and bowls, lacquer, Mawangdui Tomb No.1, Changsha, Hunan, China,early

nd

century BCE

5. Reconstruction diagram of Liu Shengs tomb, Mancheng, Hebei, China, c. 113 BCE.

6.Burial

suit, jade pieces and goldthread, Tomb of Liu Sheng, Mancheng, Hebei, China, c. 113

BCE 7.Incense burner, Tomb of Liu Sheng, Mancheng, Hebei,China, c. 113 BCE. Lee fig. 91. 8.Plan of Anak Tomb no. 3, Pyongyang, Hwanghae Namdo, North Korea, dated 357, Koguryo Kingdom

9. Portrait

of Tongsu (Dong Shou), painted mural, west side chamber in Anak Tomb no. 3, Pyongyang, Hwanghae Namdo, North Korea, dated 357, Koguryo Kingdom

10. Scenes

of kitchen, painted mural, east side chamber in Anak Tomb no. 3, Pyongyang, Hwanghae Namdo, North Korea, dated 357, Koguryo Kingdom 11. Warrior, earthenware, Kofun period, Japan, 3

rd

-6

th

centuries CE. Lee fig. 103.