CONTENT

1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2. INTRODUCTION 3. PART 1 4. PART 2 5. PART 3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I would like to thank god that finally, I had succeeded in finishing this project work. I would like to thank my beloved Additional Mathematic Teacher, Mrs. an !urhalina bt. """"""""""for all the assistance she has provided me during my job search. I appreciate the information and advice she have given, as well as the connections she have shared with me. #er e$pertise and help have been invaluable during this process. Also, thanks to my mom and my dad for giving me fully support in completing this project work and permission to use their notebook for further research in completing this project work. I sincerely appreciate their generosity. I would like to give my special thank to my fellow friends who had given me e$tra information on the project work and study group that we had done. Thank you for spending time with me to discuss about the coursework. %ast but not least, I would like to e$press my highest gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this coursework. I really appreciate all your helps. Again, thank you so much. &est 'egards,

INTRODUCTION
A circle is a simple shape of (uclidean geometry consisting of those points in a plane which are the same distance from a given point called the centre. The common distance of the points of a circle from its centre is called its radius. )ircles are simple closed curves which divide the plane into two regions, an interior and an e$terior. In everyday use the term *circle* may be used interchangeably to refer to either the boundary of the figure +known as the perimeter, or to the whole figure including its interior, but in strict technical usage *circle* refers to the perimeter while the interior of the circle is called a disk. The circumference of a circle is the perimeter of the circle +especially when referring to its length,. A circle is a special ellipse in which the two foci are coincident. )ircles are conic sections attained when a right circular cone is intersected with a plane perpendicular to the a$is of the cone.

PART 1
There are a lot of things are a lot of things around us related to circles or parts of a circle. )ircle e$ists in our everyday lives and without circles, we could not imagine what it would cause to this world as the most important thing, the (arth itself is a circle. In this project, I will use the principle of circle that I had studied to design a garden to beautify the school.

&efore I further my task, first, we have to know what do pi +-, related to a circle. hen referring to this constant, the symbol - is always pronounced like *pie* in (nglish, which is the conventional (nglish pronunciation of the .reek letter. In .reek, the name of this letter is pronounced /pi/. 0i or - is a mathematical constant whose value is the ratio of any circle1s circumference to its diameter. In (uclidean plane geometry, - is defined as the ratio of a circle1s circumference to its diameter. The ratio )/d is constant, regardless of a circle1s si2e. For e$ample, if a circle has twice the diameter d of another circle it will also have twice the circumference ), preserving the ratio )/d. Alternatively - can be also defined as the ratio of a circle1s area +A, to the area of a s3uare whose side is e3ual to the radius. These definitions depend on results of (uclidean geometry, such as the fact that all circles are similar. This can be considered a problem when - occurs in areas of mathematics that otherwise do not involve geometry. For this reason, mathematicians often prefer to define - without reference to geometry, instead selecting one of its analytic properties as a definition. A common choice is to define - as twice the smallest positive $ for which cos+$, 4 5.

The early history of pi is believed to be built during the Fourth 6ynasty of (gypt1s 7ld 8ingdom, the .reat 0yramid was constructed with an appro$imate ratio of height to circumference of the base of 9-. (ach side is ::5 cubits long, and the height is believed to have been 9;5 cubits tall at the time of its construction. This puts the value at appro$imately <.=:9, or 5.5:> above the e$act value. An (gyptian scribe named Ahmes wrote the oldest known te$t to give an appro$imate value for -. The 'hind Mathematical 0apyrus dates from the (gyptian ?econd Intermediate 0eriod@though Ahmes stated that he copied a Middle 8ingdom papyrus +i.e. from before =AB5 &),@and describes the value in such a way that the result obtained comes out to 9BAC;=, which is appro$imately <.=A, or 5.A> above the e$act value. As early as the =Dth century &), &abylonian mathematicians were using - E 9BC;, which is about 5.B> below the e$act value. The Indian astronomer Fajnavalkya gave astronomical calculations in the ?hatapatha &rahmana +c. Dth century &), that led to a fractional appro$imation of - E <<DC=5; +which e3uals <.=<;;;..., which is correct to two decimal places when rounded, or 5.5D> below the e$act value,. In the third century &), Archimedes proved the sharp ine3ualities 99<CG= H - H 99CG, by means of regular DAIgonsJ these values are 5.59> and 5.5:> off, respectively. +6ifferentiating the arctangent function leads to a simple modern proof that indeed <K=CG e$ceeds -., %ater, in the second century A6, 0tolemy, using a regular <A5Igon, obtained a value of <.=:=AAA...., which is correct to three decimal places.L=M The )hinese mathematician %iu #ui in 9A< A6 computed - with to between <.=:=59: and <.=:9G5; with inscribe DAIgon and =D9IgonJ the average of these two values is <.=:=;A:, an error of less than 5.5=>. #owever, he suggested that <.=: was a good enough appro$imation for practical purpose. %ater he obtained a more accurate result - E <D9GC=9B5 4 <.=:=A.

PART 2
6iagram = shows a semicircle 0N' of diameter =5cm. ?emicircles 0A& and &)' of diameter d= and d9 respectively are inscribed in 0N' such that the sum of d= and d9 is e3ual to =5cm.

Diagram 1
+a, I had completed the Table = by using various values of d= and the corresponding values of d9, in which d= K d9 4 =5cm, to determine the relation between the lengths of arcs 0N', 0A&, and &)'. To find the length of arc, I had used the formulaO Arc of !micirc"! # $%& %ength of arc 0A& in %ength of arc &)' in terms of terms of +cm, +cm, = D PD/9 9 ; :< G </9 G/9 : A 9<B B B/9B/9 A : <9G < G/9 </9 ; 9 :D = D/9 PTable 1 From the Table =, we know that the length of arc 0N' is not affected by the different in d= and d9 in 0A& and &)' respectively. The relation between the length of arcs 0N', 0A& and &)' is that the length of arc 0N' is e3ual to the sum of the length of arcs 0A& and &)', which the e3uation isO 'P(R # 'PA) * ')CR %et d=4 <, and d9 4G ?0N' 4 ?0A& K ?&)' B- 4 P - +<, K P - +G, B- 4 </9 - K G/9 B- 4 =5/9 B- 4 B d= +cm, d9 +cm, %ength of arc 0N' in terms of +cm, BBBBBBBBB-

6iagram 9 shows a semicircle 0N' of diameter =5 cm. ?emicircles 0A&, &)6, and 6(' of diameter d=, d9, and d< respectively are inscribed in the semicircle 0N' such that the sum of d=, d9, and d< is e3ual to =5 cm.

Diagram 2
+b,+i, &y using various values of d=, d9, and the corresponding values of d<, in which d= K d9 K d< 4 =5cm, I had make a table to determine the relation between the lengths of arcs 0N', 0A&, &)6, and 6('. All the results are tabulated in Table 9 belowO d= +cm, = 9 9 9 9 d9 +cm, 9 9 < : B d< +cm, G A B : < %ength of arc 0N' in terms of +cm, BBBBB%ength of arc 0A& %ength of arc in terms of &)6 in terms of +cm, +cm, =/9 </9 9B/9 Table 2 %ength of arc 6(' in terms of +cm, G/9 <B/9 9</9 -

From the Table 9, we know that the length of arc 0N' is not affected by the different in d=, d9, and d< in 0A&, &)6, and 6(' respectively. The relation between the length of arcs 0N', 0A&, &)6, and 6(' is that the length of arc 0N' is e3ual to the sum of the length of arcs 0A&, &)6, and 6(', which the e3uation isO 'P(R # 'PA) * ')CD * 'DER %et d= 4 9, d9 4 B, d< 4 < ?0N' 4 ?0A& K ?&)6 K ?6(' B - 4 - K B/9 - K </9 B-4 B+b,+ii, Therefore, we can generalise that the length of arc of outer semicircle is e3ual to the sum of the length of arc of inner semicircle for $ 4 9, <, :, BQ.. 'o+,!r # '1 * '2 * '3 * '4 * '5 +c, Assume that the diameter of the outer semicircle is <5cm and : semicircles are inscribed in the outer semicircle such that the sum of d= +arc=,, d9 +arc9,, d< +arc<,, d: +arc:, is e3ual to <5cm. Again, by using various values of d=, d9, d<, and the corresponding values of d:, in which d= K d9 K d< K d: 4 <5cm, I had make a table to determine the relation between the lengths of arc=, arc9, arc<, and arc:. All the results are tabulated in Table < belowO d= +cm, d9 +cm, d< +cm, d: +cm, %ength of arc of outer semicircle in terms of - +cm, =B =B =B =B %ength of arc = in terms of +cm, BAG=B/9 %ength of arc 9 in terms of +cm, %ength of arc < in terms of +cm, %ength of arc : in terms of +cm, <B9G/9 -

=5 =9 =: =B

; < ; B

A B : <

A =5 : G

:<</9 B/9 :9B/9 </9 Table 3

From the Table <, we know that the length of arc 0N' is not affected by the different in d=, d9, d<, and d: in arc=, arc9, arc<, and arc: respectively. The relation between the length of arc of outer semicircle, arc=, arc9, arc<, and arc: is that the length of arc of outer semicircle is e3ual to the sum of the length of arc=, arc9, arc<, and arc: which the e3uation isO 'o+,!r
!micirc"!

# 'arc1 * 'arc2 * 'arc3 * 'arc4

%et d=4=5, d94;, d<4A, d:4A ?outer semicircle 4 ?arc= K ?arc9 K ?arc< K ?arc: =B - 4 B - K : - K < - K < =B - 4 =B Therefore, we can conclude that length of arc of outer semicircle is e3ual to the sum of the length of arc of inner semicircle for $ 4 9, <, :, BQ.. 'o+,!r # '1 * '2 * '3 * '4 * '5......

PART 3
The Mathematics ?ociety is given a task to design a garden to beautify the school by using the design as shown in 6iagram <. The shaded region will be planted with flower and the two inner semicircles are fish ponds.

Diagram 3
+a, The area of the flower plot is y m9 and the diameter of one of the fish pond is $ cm.

Area of flower plot 4 y m9 y y y y y y y y 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 +9B/9, - I +=/9+$/9,9 - K =/9++=5I$ ,/9,9 -, +9B/9, - I +=/9+$/9,9 - K =/9++=55I95$K$9,/:, -, +9B/9, - I +$9/; - K ++=55 I 95$ K $9,/;, -, +9B/9, - I +$9- K =55- R 95$ - K $9- ,/; +9B/9, - I + 9$9 R 95$ K =55,/;, +9B/9, - I ++ $9 R =5$ K B5,/:, +9B/9 I +$9 I =5$ K B5,/:, ++=5$ R $9,/:, -

Therefore, the area of flower plot is e3ual to ++=5$ R $9,/:, -. +b, &y using - 4 99/G, we can find the diameters of the two fish ponds if the area of the flower plot is =A.B m9.

Area of flower plot 4 =A.B m9 4 ++=5$ R $9,/:, =A.B AA AA+G/99, 5 5 $4G 4 4 4 4 4 , ++=5$ R $9,/:, +=5$ I $9, 99/G =5$ R $9 $9 I =5$ K 9= +$IG, +$ R <, $4<

Therefore, the diameter of fish pond ( is < m while the diameter of fish pond F is G m. +c, e can reduce the nonIlinear e3uation obtained in +a, to simpler linear form. y 4 ++=5$ R $9,/:, y/$ 4 ++=5$ R $9,/:$, y/$ 4 +=5/: I $/:, To determine the area of the flower plot, we have to plot a straight line graph by using the e3uationO y/$ 4 +=5/: I $/:, y/ x 1 G.= 2 A.< 3 B.B 4 :.G 5 <.D 6 <.= 7 9.:
Y/x
8.0

7.0

6.0

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

From the graph, we can determine the area of the flower pot if the diameter of one of the fish pond is :.B m. Area of flower plot 4 y hen $ 4 :.B, y/$ 4 :.< y 4 y/$ S $ y 4 :.< S :.B y 4 =D.<Bm9

fore, the area of the flower pot if the diameter of one of the fish pond is :.B m is e3ual to =D.<Bm9. +d, The cost of constructing the fish ponds is higher than that of the flower plot. There are two methods to determine the area of the flower plot such that the cost of constructing the garden is minimum. The area of the flower plot can be determined by using differentiation method and completing s3uare method. +i, 6ifferentiation methodO dy/d$ 4 ++=5$I$9,/:, 4 + =5/: R 9$/:, 4 B/9 - R $/9 ?ince the cost of constructing the garden is minimum, thus dy/d$ is e3ual to 5. 5 4 B/9 - R $/9 B/9 - 4 $/9 $ 4 B +ii, )ompleting ?3uare methodO y = ((10x x2)/4) = 10x/4 - x2/4 = -1/4 (x2 10x) = -1/4 (x 5)2 - 52 = -1/4 (x - 5)2 25 ?ince the cost of constructing the garden is minimum, thus +$IB,9 is e3ual to 5. x5=0 x=5 Therefore, the area of the flower pot is B m9. +e, The principle suggested an additional of =9 semicircular flower beds to the design submitted by the mathematics society as shown in 6iagram :. The sum of the diameters of the semicircular flower beds is =5 m.

Diagram 4
The diameter of the smallest flower bed is <5 cm and the diameter of the flower beds are increased by a constant value successively. e can determine the diameter of the remaining flower beds by using the formula O '. # ./2 02a * 0. 1 12 & n 4 =9, a 4 <5cm, ?=9 4 =555cm =555 4 =9/9 +9+<5, K +=9 R =, d, =555 4 A +A5 K ==d, =555 4 <A5 K AAd =555 R <A5 4 AAd A:5 4 AAd d 4 D.ADG ?ince d is e3ual to D.ADG, thus, we can find the diameter of the following flower beds Tn +flower bed, T= T9 T< T: TB TA TG T; TD T=5 T== T=9 6iameter +cm, <5 <D.ADG :D.<D: BD.5D= A;.G;; G;.:;B ;;.=;9 DG.;GD =5G.BGA ==G.9G< =9A.DG =<A.AAG The diameter of the remaining flower beds 4 TB K TA K TG K T; K TD K T=5 K T== KT=9 4 A;.G;; K G;.:;B K ;;.=;9 K DG.;GD K =5G.BGA K ==G.9G< K =9A.DG K =<A.AAG 4;9=.;9 cm Therefore, the diameter of the remaining flower beds is e3ual to ;9=.;9 cm.