ARCHITECTURE IN MOTION

KHAN ASIM REHMANI MOIN HASAN

Historically, a building's success has been judged depending on the ability to survive time and nature ravages but also by satisfying changing human needs and desires as well as the changing surrounding environments.

KEY ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE IN MOTION

FLUID ARCHITECTURE KINETIC ARCHITECTURE DYNAMIC ARCHITECTURE

FLUID ARCHITECTURE
It is philosophy of architecture which promotes harmony between human habitation and the natural world Design approaches so sympathetic and well integrated with its site, that buildings, furnishings, and surroundings become part of a unified, interrelated composition.

The theme park, located near the Emirate's Yas Marina racing circuit, is spread over 86,000 square metres (925,696 square feet), while its massive red roof covers 200,000 square metres (2.15 million square feet), and features the world's largest Ferrari prancing horse shield

KINETIC ARCHITECTURE Kinetic architecture is a concept through which buildings are designed to allow parts of the structure to move, without reducing overall structural integrity. A building's capability for motion can be used just to: - Enhance its aesthetic qualities. - Respond to environmental conditions. - Perform functions that would be impossible for a static structure.

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
The invention of the wheel was the motive of using kineticism in architecture. Adaption and mobility were first seen architecturally as movable stones, logs, or skins covering cave or hut openings.

An intriguingly simple device invented by Thomas Jefferson for his home to allow both doors to open simultaneously whenever any is opened. As the device was concealed beneath the floor, its principle was not known until it was uncovered in 1953 (Zuk, 1970, P. 29).

View of the entrance door and the drawbridge to Rocca Gradara , Italy

The Colosseum represented the first kinetic retractable roof covering the seating area around the arena (Pepe, 2001).

A sketch showing how a drawbridge at medieval castle .

The arena consisted of a removable rope and canvas roof over the Roman Colosseum (circa 70 A.D.), spanning the oval form 620 feet by 513 feet flexible roof supported by poles around the edge of the colosseum.

CASE STUDY-KINETIC ARCHITECTURE Villa Girasole

VILLA GIRASOLE 1930 Verzona, Italy Angelo Invernizzi, Romolo Carapacchi, Fausto Saccorotti, and architect Ettore Fagiuoli

Structural frame showing the spiral staircase as well as the tracks

Lower floor plan where the villa can rotate 360 degrees over rail tracks

As Girasole means sunflower, the villa traces the movement of the sun by rotating so that its front will always face the sun. The two storey (L) shaped villa rests on a 44 meter in diameter circular masonry base where the track that it revolves on is located.

Kinetic Trends in Architectural Environments Kinetics is divided into two categories: 1. Pragmatic On one hand, pragmatic applications concerned with solving problems, optimizing solutions, and implying space efficiency, shelter, security transportation,safety and economics. 1. Humanistic On the other hand, humanistic are concerned with the physical and psychological effect of the architectural environments' changes upon their users.

Example-Interlocking Transformation
The project aimed to create a responsive interior space configured by the users of a specific flight and could be partially reconfigured in-flight. The interior is divided

into three resizable sectors equipped with the technical

and the physical apparatus necessary for various parts of the program .

The Bloomframe Hofman Dujardin Architects

The Bloomframe is a window frame that can be transformed into a balcony. The system provides additional outdoor space for compact apartments, offices as well as hotel units. The system is made of steel, glass and aluminium. It consists of three components the maximum width is 3 meters. The system can be installed to new as well as existing facades. The Bloomframe can be automatically operated and single control that can open it in just 15 seconds open position is limited mechanically, and an optional infrared detection during electrical movements is installed.

Contextual Adaptability The aim of contextual adaptability is creating buildings that can deal with changes in site conditions that occur beyond codes and regulations and through flexibility built into the architecture itself. Contextual issues in architecture are categorized into three areas: form(space, shape, scale, and materials),activity patterns, and climatic patterns. Contextual adaptability will focus upon form and climatic patterns. As contextual architecture confirms the continuity of the present with the past , buildings should have the built-in life-cycle ability to adapt to long-term changes that occur over time such as changes in the built environment, traffic patterns, wind currents, etc. Natural environments should be considered in buildings equal to the architecture of historic buildings already present in an area through a comprehensive contextual approach.

Convertible umbrellas for the courts of the Prophet's Holy Mosque in an opened and closed state (SLRASCH-GMPH, N/D).

Mobility Mobile architecture is used in wars for encampments and hospitals, it is also used for world expositions, concerts, and street fairs where function is greatly needed. Mobile buildings are characterized by their ability to be easily constructed, deconstructed, moved from place to place, reassembled, and stored. Lighting, thermal performance, acoustics as well as waterproofing are factors that determine the mobile building life-cycle. Mobile architecture is also designed and implemented for a diverse range of life-cycles, which has implications on everything from materials to connections and ultimately the costs. Some projects are designed as an alternative to the financial problems of fixed living such as high land prices. Others are designed as emergency residence. Even hotels are being designed to be mobile with rooms that can be taken or delivered.

Figure 22: Mobile Dwelling Unit, the container plan while sub-volumes pushed out (fabprefab, N/D).

Figure 23: Mobile Dwelling Unit. (a) An exterior view while MDU in an opened state (Gardiner, 2003,P. 132). (b) An exterior view while the MDU in a closed state (Block, 2011).

Kinetic Design Key Elements will cover the main three principles in kinetic design which are Structures should not be independently but rather as a part of the whole system. The ways of kinetic structural solutions may include folding, sliding, expanding, and transforming in both size and shape, among others. Kinetic structures are classified into three main categories, which are embedded, deployable, and dynamic kinetic structures. Embedded kinetic Structures As defined by Michael A. Fox as "systems that exist within a larger architectural whole in a fixed location". The main function is controlling the architectural system as a whole in response to changing factors such as environmental changes especially seismic and wind conditions.

Diagram shows kinetic structures typologies (Fox, N/D).

The Muscles Tower while activated (Detwiler, 2006).

KINETIC BUILDINGS' ANALYSIS Institut du Monde Arabe: General Information: a. Completion Year: Construction completed in 1987. b. Architect: The project is designed by Jean Nouvel. c. Building Cost: 47,500,000 USD (52,000,000 Euro) approximately. d. Introduction: Institut du Monde Arabe (Figure 33) is built in Institut du Monde Arabe Paris, France. It is conceived as one of the new architectural landmarks of the capital. A first project had been prepared for that site for Institut du Monde Arabe and was designed by architect Henry Bernard. In the Institut du Monde Arabe, Jean Nouvel used Mashrabiya units. Mashrabiya is a type of a window cover that consists of combinations of backdrop of cut wood An external view for the flat southern faade of Institut du Monde Arabe shows the"Mashrabiya Diaphragms" that and latticework patterns were used (IMA, 2001). The architect combined the need for sun shading with a "Mashrabiya pattern and the idea of a light controlling diaphragm in a camera lens. The Muscles Tower while activated (Detwiler, 2006).

KINETIC BUILDINGS' ANALYSIS Kinetic Elements: The flat southern facade is composed of 240 squares panels reproducing vertically the horizontal pattern of the parvis. Constituted of 16320 kinetic modules, these diaphragms consist of lozenges, squares, hexagons, circles and combination of them whose reflection matches the mosaic patterns on the Institut's floors The mashrabiya unites are functioning as diaphragms of a camera shutter. These metallic irises filter the sunlight through the glazed surface, allowing 10% m to 30% of the light to be kept. All of the mashrabiya diaphragms are linked together and controlled by photo-voltaic cells that close or open them depending on the intensity of sunlight on that part of the faade.
An external view for the flat southern faade of Institut du Monde Arabe shows the"Mashrabiya Diaphragms" that were used (IMA, 2001).

Dynamic Tower, Dubai U.A.E.:

General Information: a. Completion Year: The tower was originally scheduled to open in 2010. Although the construction of the tower did not start until now, the architect insists that the reason is due to delays in land approvals not in financing and/or technical problems. b. Architect: The tower is designed by Dynamic Architecture Group. c. Building Cost: The tower will cost approximately 700 million USD. e. Location: The tower is planned to be located in Dubai, UAE. The architect aims to create a safer building that can last and resist for a longer time by building the Dynamic Tower. The tower will be 420 m (1380 ft) tall. It is designed to be self powered by sun and wind as well as being industrialized making it sustainable and smart. There will be 79 wind turbine systems installed horizontally. Photovoltaic solar cells will be installed on the roof of each floor to produce solar energy. The Dynamic Tower is made up of 80 pre-fabricated floors. The retail space is located in the first lower 20 floors, while the hotel takes place in the next 15 floors.

A perspective for the Dynamic Tower (DynamicArchitecture, N/D)

(a) Drawing representing the installation of wind turbines and the way they are involved in the design concept (Dynamic Architecture, N/D). (b) Drawing representing the use of solar panels on top of each rotating floor (Dynamic Architecture, N/D)

Building Components: The residential part of the tower is located in the top 45 floors, 35 floors are dedicated for apartments while the top 10 floors are for luxurious villa-style apartments (Figure a,b). The residential space will range in size from 124 m2 (1330 ft2) for apartments to 1200 m2 (12900 ft2) for villas and all are with a parking space inside. Kinetic Elements: The Dynamic Tower consists of 80 floors that rotate creating the first kinetic element in the tower. The second element is the 79 wind turbines located between each of those floors. While the tower's wind turbines produce energy, the floors may rotate to fulfill their users' desires of changing views or to follow sun and light to produce energy. Structural System: The Dynamic Tower will be pre-fabricated and industrialized. The tower central core will be constructed on-site is. Each of the tower floors will consist of 12 modules that will be fully built in factory.

Dynamic Tower floor plans (DynamicArchitecture, N/D).

(a) Drawing representing the installation of wind turbines (b) Drawing representing the use of solar panels on top of each rotating floor

Dynamic Tower floor plans (DynamicArchitecture, N/D).

Figure 52: An external view for the Milwaukee Art Museum Quadracci Pavilion (Smith, 2007).

Milwaukee Art Museum "Quadracci Pavilion": General Information: a. Completion Year: Building was completed in 2001. b. Architect: Extension is designed by Santiago Calatrava. c. Building Cost: Construction cost approximately 122 million USD. Introduction: The Museum is located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. The museum is located on the lakefront of Michigan Lake in Milwaukee. The Milwaukee Art Museum (MAM) project features the new Santiago Calatrava designed Quadracci pavilion renovated and reinstalled galleries in existing. Museum buildings designed by Eero Saarinen (1957) and David Kahler (1975). The Milwaukee Art Museum (MAM) commissioned Santiago Calatrava to design a 58,000 square foot addition to the Museum in 1994.
Dynamic Tower floor plans (DynamicArchitecture, N/D).

Kinetic Elements: The Museums signature wings, the Burke Brise Soleil, form a moveable sunscreen with a 217-foot wingspan. The brise soleil is made up of 72 steel fins ranging in length from 26 to 105 feet. The entire structure weighs 90 tons. The expansion of the Milwaukee Art Museum added a sense of sensitivity to the culture of the lake , the boats, the sails and the ever changing landscape. Concept: Calatrava, inspired by the dramatic, original building by Eero Saarinen, the topography of the city. Frank Lloyd Wrights Prairie-style architecture, initially proposed a small addition, A pedestrian bridge connecting the Museum to downtown. The halls chancel is shaped like the prow of a ship, with floor-to-ceiling windows looking over Lake Michigan. Building Components: The Quadracci Pavilion incorporates three major components: a central building, the Burke BriseSoleil an immense movable wing-like structure and a cable-stayed pedestrian bridge. The 142,050-square-foot Quadracci Pavilion was planned to primarily contain public spaces.

Water color sketch featuring the Quadracci Pavilion CALATRAVA, N/D-a). (b) A water color sketch featuring the pedestrian bridge

Kinetic Elements: The Museums signature wings, the Burke Brise Soleil, form a moveable sunscreen with a 217-foot wingspan. The entire structure weighs 90 tons. It takes 3.5 minutes for the wings to open or Reason for Motion: The movable wings the Burke Brise Soleil are used to control the temperature and light in the reception hall. But it is hard to deny that their primary purpose is to endow the museum with a landmark presence it never had underneath the war memorial.
The Burke Brise Soleil, the moveable wings of the museum ranging in motion from totallyclosed to completely opened

Calatrava, inspired by the dramatic, original building by Eero Saarinen, the topography of the city. Building Components: The Quadracci Pavilion incorporates three major components: a central building, the Burke Brise-Soleil an immense movable wing-like structure and a cablestayed pedestrian bridge. Embedded Computation / Control Mechanism: The fins of the Burke Brise Soleil are moved by hydraulic motors connected to sensors located on those fins and are automatically controlled. Those sensors continually monitor wind speed as well as direction. When the monitored wind speed exceeds 23 mph for 3 seconds, the wings are automatically closed.

Parabolic-shaped skylight in the Quadracci Pavilion, arched promenade, unique shapes of the arched support concrete structures