BEVERAGE PRODUCTION By PANKAJ KUMAR(IHM-GOA)

OBJECTIVES
Origin of alcoholic beverage To understand the classification of beverage Recognise the difference between Fermentation and Distillation Understand the processes of distillation

ORIGIN

Beverage = Drinking Liquor

Derived from Latin word bibere, which means to drink.

DEFINITION

Any potable liquid which can be either intoxicating, nourishing, stimulating or refreshing

CLASSIFICATION OF BEVERAGES

ALCOHOLIC

NON ALCOHOLIC Nourishing

Distilled

Fermented

Stimulating Refreshing

HISTORY
From the Arabs came the word Al Kohl, to describe the end product of the alembic. It is the Arabic name for a black powder obtained by distillation and widely used as a cosmetic eye shadow. The word today used is Alcohol.

HISTORY
From 1100 to 1300 AD, in northern Italy, France, Germany, Spain and Ireland, monks doctors, alchemists and philosophers were rediscovering distillation, primarily for extracting & infusing herbs. They all believed that distilled spirit was a new element, and called it the Water of Life. eau de vie in French usquebaugh in Gaelic aqua vitae in Italian

FERMENTATION

The process whereby unique cellular organisms called yeast break down the simple sugars in a substance, converting them into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. Alcoholic content after fermentation is usually not higher than 14%.

FERMENTED BEVERAGE
Grain
Beer Ale Sake Wine Cider Perry

Fruit

DISTILLATION
Archeological evidence suggests that Mesopotamia used very primitive distilling apparatus as early as 3500 BC to make perfumes & essences. Distillation is taken from the Latin word destillare meaning to drip.

DISTILLATION
Distillation is defined as a process whereby a liquid base is heated so that it evaporates and is subsequently condensed to form a liquid. The heat must be controlled so that it is possible to separate alcohol and water. Alcohol evaporates at 78.2C

METHODS OF DISTILLATION
Pot Still / Alembic Still Patent Still / Continuos Still / Coffey Still/Column Still

Pot Still Until the 19th century, all spirits were produced in more or less unsophisticated versions of the pot / alembic still. This was a copper kettle used for heating the base wine / cereal mash, with a tube taking the alcoholic vapours through a water bath for reliquification. Steam, Gas or Coal are used to heat the vessel.

METHODS OF DISTILLATION
Head : Initial liquid received at the start of the distillation. Will contain volatile substances, chemicals which vapourises before 78.2 deg C. Heart : The main portion of the run is acceptable in quality establishments. Tail : Chemicals evaporating when the temp is above 78.2 deg C Alcoholic content in pot still distillation is around 25 % v/v

Patent Still The patent / column still is a technological advance over the pot still. It is more efficient, requiring only a single distillation in a continuous operation. The still consists of 2 tall interconnected columns, each divided into chambers by horizontal and vertical plates. One column is called the Analyser and the other, the Rectifier.

Advantages / Limitations It can work continuously for 24 hrs Up to 97% v/v can be obtained by this process It does not retain flavour of the original grain.

DISTILLED BEVERAGE
Fermented & distilled Whisky Rum Vodka Brandy Tequila Fermented, distilled and flavoured Gin Liqueurs Akvavits

NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE
Stimulating Coffee Tea Refreshing Aerated Waters Squashes Non alcoholic cocktails Nourishing Juices Milk Based Waters

SPIRIT STRENGTH
There have been 3 main scales used in measuring alcoholic strength. 1. The Sikes scale, used widely in Britain & the Commonwealth. 2. The Gay-Lussac (GL) scale as used in France & most of Europe. 3. The American scale as used in USA. Alcoholic strength is expressed as a % of alcohol by volume.

 On the Sikes scale, absolute alcohol is given as 175. On the Gay-Lussac scale, it is given as 100. On the American scale, it is given as 200. To convert GL to US proof Multiple by 2 & vice versa. To convert from Sikes to GL Divide by 1.75 To convert from GL to Sikes Multiply by 1.75 Boiling point of alcohol is 78.2 deg C or 172.2 deg F